Labour is said to be ostructed

when when in spite of adequate

uterine contractions there is an
OBSTRUCTED arrest in its progress due to
LABOUR mechanical factors and further
progress/delivery is impossible

Demi
without surgical assistance

Uterine rupture is a non –surgical

separation of the myometrium
with or without the serosa of the
UTERINE uterus and
RUPTURE with or without expulsion of the
fetus and placenta.

Demi
A clinically significant mismatch
between the size or shape of the
FETOPELVIC presenting part of the fetus and
DISRUPTION the size or shape of the maternal
pelvis.

Demi
Preconception care is a specialized
form of care for women and couples
of reproductive age, before the
onset of pregnancy, to detect, treat
PRECONCEPTION or counsel them about pre-existing
CARE medical and social conditions that
may militate against safe

Demi
motherhood and the delivery of a
healthy offspring.
 Antenatal care is the regular and
periodic medical care given to a
ANTENATAL woman during pregnancy by
skilled health care practitioners to
CARE
improve feto-maternal outcomes.

Demi
Gestational diabetes mellitus
GESTATIONAL (GDM) is defined as any degree of
glucose intolerance resulting in
DIABETES hyperglycemia of variable
MELLITUS severity with onset or 1st

Demi
recognition during pregnancy.

Gestational hypertension
(pregnancy induced hypertension
(PIH) is the development of
GESTATIONAL hypertension in the second half of
HYPERTENSION pregnancy or during labour
without other evidence of pre-
(PIH)

Demi
eclampsia or chronic hypertensive
vascular disease.

Pre-eclampsia is a multi-systemic
disorder characterised by
hypertension and proteinuria with or
without oedema, occurring in the
PRE-ECLAMPSIA second half of pregnancy in a
previously normotensive, non-

Demi
proteinuric woman and resolving
completely within 6 weeks of
delivery.
 Eclampsia is the occurrence of
generalized convulsions in a pre-
ECLAMPSIA eclamptic patient during
pregnancy, labour or in early
puerperium in the absence of

Demi
underlying neurological disease.

Chronic hypertension in pregnancy

CHRONIC is hypertension occurring in
pregnancy in a woman known to
HYPERTENSION be hypertensive before the
IN PREGNANCY pregnancy, with or without

Demi
oedema.

Pre-eclampsia superimposed on
PRE-ECLAMPSIA chronic hypertension is the
condition in which a patient with
SUPERIMPOSED known chronic hypertension
ON CHRONIC develops proteinuria and/or

Demi
oedema during pregnancy.
HYPERTENSION

Antepartum Hemorrhage is
bleeding from the genital tract
ANTEPARTUM
after the age of fetal viability and
HAEMORRHAGE prior to the onset of labour.

Demi
 Placenta previa is placenta that is
PLACENTA wholly or partially inserted in the
PRAEVIA lower uterine segment.

Demi

ABRUPTIO Abruptio placentae is bleeding

following premature separation of
PLACENTA a normally situated placenta.

Demi

RETAINED Retained Placenta is the failure of

placental delivery within 30
PLACENTA minutes after delivery of the fetus.

Demi
Primary Postpartum Hemorrhage is
PRIMARY blood loss in excess of 500ml from
the vagina within 24hrs of birth or
POSTPARTUM any amount of bleeding that would
HAEMORRHAGE compromise the cardiovascular

Demi
status of the patient.
 Secondary Postpartum
SECONDARY Hemorrhage is abnormal vaginal
POSTPARTUM bleeding that occurs after 24hours
till the 42nd day following
HAEMORRHAGE

Demi
delivery.

Episiotomy is the intentional

surgical incision of the perineum
and the posterior vaginal wall with
EPISIOTOMY the aim of increasing the soft
tissue outlet dimensions to aid

Demi
vaginal delivery.

Perineal tear is an unintended

laceration of the soft tissues
PERINEAL TEAR between the vagina and anus
usually due to overstretching of

Demi
the vagina during delivery.

Destructive operations are

operative interventions performed
on a dead fetus through the
DESTRUCTIVE
vagina in other to effect a vagina
OPERATIONS delivery and thus avoid a

Demi
caesarean section.
 ANATOMIC: A pelvis where the
essential diameters of one or more
planes are shortened by 0.5cm.

CONTRACTED OBSTETRIC: An alteration in the size

PELVIS and/ or shape of the pelvis of

Demi
sufficient degree as to alter the
normal mechanism of labor in an
average size baby.

Caesarean section is an
operative procedure involving
delivery of the fetus through
CAESAREAN incisions made into the uterus and
SECTION abdomen from 28 weeks of

Demi
gestation.

Cervical cerclage is a surgical

procedure performed in cervical
CERVICAL insufficiency to keep cervical os
closed during pregnancy.
CERCLAGE

Demi
Manual Vacuum Aspiration is a
surgical procedure that uses
MANUAL VACUUM manually-generated suction to
evacuate the uterus up to 12
ASPIRATION weeks of pregnancy.

Demi
 The second twin is said to be
RETAINED retained if undelivered after
30minutes of delivery of the first
SECOND TWIN twin.

Demi

Multiple pregnancy is the presence

MULTIPLE of more than one fetus in the
PREGNANCY uterus at the same time.

Demi

Active Management of Labour is

ACTIVE the strategic approach to the
MANAGEMENT OF management of active phase
labour aimed at the prevention of
LABOUR

Demi
prolonged labour.

This is the artificial initiation of

uterine contractions in a parturient
with intact fetal membranes, after
the age of fetal viability and prior
INDUCTION OF to its spontaneous onset with the
aim of vaginal delivery by medical
LABOUR

Demi
or surgical means, when risk of
continuation of the pregnancy is
greater than extrauterine life.
 The second twin is said to be
STIMULATION retained if undelivered after
OF LABOUR 30minutes of delivery of the first

Demi
twin.

Bishop score is a scoring system

used to evaluate the favourability
BISHOP of the cervix for induction of
SCORE labour with the aim of vaginal
delivery.

Demi

Stimulation of labour is the use of

oxytocics to initiate uterine
STIMULATION OF contractions in a situation where
fetal membranes are already
LABOUR

Demi
ruptured.

Augmentation of labour is the use

of oxytocics to improve frequency,
duration, and/or strength of
AUGMENTATION OF
uterine contractions in a parturient
LABOUR already in active phase of labour

Demi
but with slow cervical dilatation
rate (< 1cm/hour)
 Lie is the relationship of the fetal
LIE spine to the long axis of the
maternal spine.

Demi

The presenting part is the part of

the fetus occupying the lower pole
PRESENTING of the uterus or at the pelvic brim
PART and felt at vaginal examination.

Demi

Position refers to the relationship

of selected portions of the
POSITION presenting part (denominator) to
the fixed part of the maternal

Demi
pelvis.

Attitude describes the position of

ATTITUDE
the fetal head and limbs in relation
to the trunk.

Demi
 Station is the relationship of the
STATION presenting part to an imaginary
line drawn between the ischial

Demi
spines.

False labour is a retrospective

diagnosis of a parturient at term in
FALSE LABOUR which latent phase persists for 24
hours or more.

Demi

Engagement is the passage of the

widest diameter of the presenting
ENGAGEMENT
part through the pelvic brim.

Demi

Crowning is said to have occurred

when the fetal head no longer
CROWNING
recedes from the introitus
between uterine contractions.

Demi
 Puerperium is the period from the
NORMAL delivery of the placenta up to 6
PUERPERIUM weeks (42 days) postpartum.

Demi

Lochia is discharge from genital

LOCHIA tract during the puerperium

Demi
Maternal Mortality is the death of
a woman while pregnant or within
42 days of termination of
pregnancy, irrespective of the
MATERNAL duration and site of pregnancy,
from any cause related to or
MORTALITY

Demi
aggravated by the pregnancy or
its management but not from
accidental or incidental causes.

Essential Obstetric Care refers to

ESSENTIAL medical interventions to manage
life-threatening obstetric
OBSTETRIC CARE complications at the basic level.

Demi
 Perinatal Mortality is fetal demise
PERINATAL after 20 weeks' gestational age
MORTALITY through the first 7 days of neonatal
life.

Demi

Caput succedaneum is a benign

CAPUT swelling of a newborn's scalp that
occurs due to pressure on the head
SUCCEDANEUM during delivery.

Demi

Moulding is the overriding of the

MOULDING fetal skull bones due to pressure on
the head during delivery.

Demi
ANATOMIC: The part of the uterus
which lies below the level at which the
LOWER UTERINE peritoneum on the anterior surface of
the uterus ceases to be intimately
SEGMENT
-->Anatomic applied to the uterus.
-->Histologic HISTOLOGIC: The transition between

Demi
the endocervix inferiorly, and the
lower portion of the uterine corpus at
the anatomical internal os superiorly.
 PHYSIOLOGIC: The portion of the
uterus which passively stretches
LOWER UTERINE during labour and hardly takes any
SEGMENT contractile part in the expulsion of the
-->Physiologic fetus.
-->Metric

Demi
METRIC: The portion of the uterus
which towards term lies within 3
inches (7.5cm) from the internal os.

Gravidity is the total number of

GRAVIDITY pregnancies irrespective of
duration, site or outcome.

Demi

Parity is the total number of

pregnancies carried up to fetal
PARITY viability (28 weeks in this
environment).

Demi
Hyperemesis gravidarum is
unexplained, intractable nausea or
HYPEREMESIS vomiting beginning in the first
GRAVIDARUM trimester, resulting in dehydration,
ketonuria and weight loss of more

Demi
than 5% of pre-pregnancy weight.
 Labour is the onset of painful,
palpable, intermittent uterine
contractions of progressively
NORMAL increasing frequency and intensity,
associated with cervical effacement,
LABOUR dilatation and descent of the

Demi
presenting part leading to delivery of
the fetus and placenta per vaginum,
with good fetomaternal outcome.

Unstable lie refers to a term

pregnancy which changing lie
between 2 consecutive obstetric
UNSTABLE palpations (1-2weeks apart) in the
LIE absence of a space occupying
lesion in the lower uterine

Demi
segment or multiple pregnancy.

DIC is a consumptive coagulopathy

DISSEMINATED characterized by inappropriate
INTRAVASCULAR activation of coagulation and
fibrinolytic systems resulting in a
COAGULOPATHY hypercoagulable state and
(DIC)

Demi
ultimately severe bleeding.

Puerperal pyrexia is oral

temperature of 38°C on 2 or more
PUERPERIAL occasions at least 6 hours apart
PYREXIA during the first 10 days of the
puerperium, excluding the first 24

Demi
hours.
 Abortion is termination of
pregnancy before the period of
ABORTION fetal viability (28 weeks in this
environment) or fetal weight
<500g.

Demi
Unsafe abortion is the termination
of an unwanted pregnancy either
UNSAFE by persons lacking the necessary
ABORTION skills or in an environment lacking
minimal medical standard or both.

Demi
Post-abortal care is a
comprehensive bundle of care
administered to a woman following
POST-ABORTAL termination of pregnancy, to
CARE address immediate physical needs,
prevent future complications, and

Demi
provide long-term support.

Ectopic pregnancy refers to the

ECTOPIC implantation of the fertilized ovum in
PREGNANCY any site other than the uterine
endometrium.

Demi
 Menarche is the first menstrual
MENARCHE bleeding in a female.

Demi
Menstruation is the periodic
vaginal bleeding as a consequence
MENSTRUATION of cyclical changes in hormonal
activity, in a female of
reproductive age.

Demi
Menopause is a retrospective
diagnosis made by cessation of
MENOPAUSE menstruation (amenorrhea) for
6months in a regular cycle or
12months in an irregular cycle due

Demi
to depletion of ovarian follicles.

Climacteric is the period of

waning ovarian function before
menopause
characterised by decreasing
CLIMACTERIC
fertility, decreasing hormone
levels and typical symptoms of

Demi
menopause even though the
menstruation is still present.
 Premature ovarian failure is the
PREMATURE spontaneous cessation of menses
before 40 years.
OVARIAN

Demi
FAILURE

Primary amenorrhea is the failure

to reach menarche by the age of
PRIMARY 16 years with secondary sexual
characteristics OR 13 years
AMENORRHEA without secondary sexual

Demi
characteristics.

Secondary amenorrhea is
cessation of menstruation for 6
months in a woman who has
SECONDARY previously menstruated, or 12
AMENORRHEA months in a woman who has been
previously diagnosed with

Demi
oligomenorrhoea.

Precocious puberty is defined as

the exhibition of any secondary
PRECOCIOUS
sex characteristics before the age
PUBERTY of 8 or menstruation before the

Demi
age of 10.
 Infertility is the inability of a
INFERTILITY couple to achieve a pregnancy
after one(1) year of regular
unprotected vaginal intercourse.

Demi
PRIMARY INFERTILITY: Implies that
the couple have never achieved a
PRIMARY INFERTILITY pregnancy in life
SECONDARY INFERTILITY: Implies a
SECONDARY INFERTILITY previous pregnancy irrespective of its
STERILITY outcome.

Demi
STERILITY: Implies an intrinsic
inability to achieve pregnancy.

Fecundity: is the probability of

achieving a live birth per
FECUNDITY menstrual cycle.

FECUNDABILITY Fecundability: is the likelihood of

Demi
getting pregnant per month of
sexual exposure.

Assisted reproductive technology

ASSISTED (ART) is the application of
laboratory or clinical technology to
REPRODUCTIVE gametes (human egg or sperm)
TECHNOLOGY (ART) and/or embryos for the purposes

Demi
of reproduction.
 Endometriosis is this is the
ENDOMETRIOSIS occurrence of endometrial glands
and stroma outside the uterine
cavity and myometrium.

Demi

Adenomyosis is the presence of

ADENOMYOSIS endometrial tissue within the
myometrium.

Demi

Uterine fibroids are benign

UTERINE FIBROID monoclonal tumours of myometrial
origin composed of smooth muscle
and connective tissue.

Demi
PCOS is a syndrome of ovarian
POLYCYSTIC dysfunction characterized by
OVARIAN oligo/anovulation,
hyperandrogenism, and polycystic
SYNDROME (PCOS) ovarian morphology.

Demi
 Screening is a public health
intervention provided to an
asymptomatic target population
SCREENING that is not undertaken to diagnose a
disease, but to identify individuals
with increased probability of having

Demi
either the disease itself or a
precursor of the disease.

PID is a clinical syndrome associated

with ascending spread of micro
organisms from the lower genital
PELVIC tract to the endometrium
INFLAMMATORY (endometritis), fallopian tubes
(salpingitis), ovaries (oophoritis)
DISEASE (PID)

Demi
and/or contiguous structures (pelvic
peritonitis and tubo-ovarian
abscess).

AUB refers to any deviation from

the normal menstrual cycle in
ABNORMAL terms of frequency, duration,
UTERINE BLEEDING and/or volume of bleeding.

Demi
(AUB)

Genital Prolapse is the descent or

GENITAL downward displacement of one or
more of the pelvic organs below
PROLAPSE their normal anatomical positions.

Demi
 Heavy Menstrual Bleeding is
HEAVY menstrual bleeding in excess of
MENSTRUAL 80ml or lasting longer than 7days
or bleeding sufficient enough to
BLEEDING

Demi
affect quality of life.

Genital fistula is an abnormal

GENITAL communication between the genital
FISTULA tract and the surrounding structures
(urinary tract or intestinal tract).

Demi

Cervical insufficiency is the

CERVICAL inability of the cervix to support
pregnancy to term due to
INSUFFICIENCY structural and functional defect.

Demi
GTDs are a spectrum of tumour
GESTATIONAL and tumour-like conditions
characterized by an abnormal
TROPHOBLASTIC proliferation of pregnancy
DISEASE (GTD) associated trophoblastic tissue of
varying propensities for invasion

Demi
and metastasis.
 Contraception is a voluntary
prevention of pregnancy by
CONTRACEPTION interrupting the chain of events
that lead to conception.

Demi
FGM is any procedure that
involves partial or total removal
FEMALE GENITAL
of the external genitalia and/or
MUTILATION (FGM) injury to the female genital
organs, whether for cultural or

Demi
any other non-therapeutic
reasons (WHO).

Urinary incontinence refers to the

URINARY
involuntary leakage of urine.
INCONTINENCE

Demi
Laparoscopy is the endoscopic
visualization of the abdominal
cavity for diagnostic or
LAPAROSCOPY therapeutic purposes.

HYSTEROSCOPY Hysteroscopy is the endoscopic

visualization of the uterine cavity

Demi
for diagnostic or therapeutic
purposes.
 OBSTETRICS AND
GYNAECOLOGY

Demi
FLASHCARDS

Objective:
The objective of this flashcard is to provide a basis for recalling the key points in standard
definitions for Obstetrics and Gynaecology. I give thanks to God Almighty for the inspiration
and grace and to my coursemates for the support ™
Instructions: References:
1. Organize the flashcards into categories Lecture Slides and Notes
of your choice and study in groups. Olalekan Abudu, Joseph Otubu (Eds.).
2. Establish a regular routine for reviewing (2021). Agboola's Textbook of Obstetrics
the flashcards. and Gynaecology for Medical Students (3rd
ed.). HEBN Publishers Plc
3. Shuffle the deck to prevent memorization
Kenny, L.C., & McCarthy, F. (Eds.).
in order.
Obstetrics by Ten Teachers (21st ed.). CRC
4. Practice with active recall; look at the Press
heading and attempt to define it before S. A. Uzoigwe, J. I. Ikimalo (Eds.). (2009)
turning over. Practical Labour Ward Handbook.
5. Use spaced repetition. University of Port Harcourt Press
6. Feel free to write key points and Muslim Students’ Society of Nigeria. The
mnemonics relevant to the topic on your Guide Obstetrics and Gynaecology. First
cards. Print

OBSTETRICS GYNAECOLOGY

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DEMI VAL-UGBOMA S.
https://www.linkedin.com/in/demivalugboma
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The government should provide

free college education to all
Claim eligible students to promote
equal opportunities and reduce
financial burdens.

Soccer is a better sport than

Claim baseball.