Long Answer Type Question
Q.1. Describe in detail (i) Loose connective tissue and (ii) Dense connective tissue.
[KVS-2008]
Ans. Connective tissue : Connective tissue is a fundamental animal tissue that has
scattered living cells embedded in matrix. The matrix and cells are different in different
connective tissues.
Based on the nature of matrix, connective tissue is divided into three types:
(i) Connective tissue proper : It is type of connective tissue that has jelly-like matrix and
three types of fibers: white collagen, yellow elastin and reticular fibres. The living cells present
may include fibroblasts, mast cells, plasma cells, Macrophages and lymphocytes.
It is of two types :
(a) Loose connective tissue : In this, cells (fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells etc) and
fibres are loosely arranged in a semi-fluid matrix. It has fewer fibres and more of matrix.
It is of two types: Areolar tissue and Adipose tissue.
1. Areolar Tissue : It is the most widely spread connective tissue in the body. The non-living
intercellular matrix contains irregular shaped cells and two kinds of fibres.
Location : Areolar tissues are found inside organs, around blood vessels, muscles and nerve.
It also occurs below sub-cutaneous tissue and structures like muscles and skin.
2. Adipose Tissue : It is a type of connective tissue that is specialized to store fat called
adipose cells. The fats are stored inside cells called adipocytes. Adipocytes are large cells
with one or more globules of fat and peripheral cytoplasm with nucleus at one end.
Location : The tissue is found below the skin, around internal organs and inside yellow bone
marrow.
(b) Dense connective tissues: In this, fibres and fibroblasts are compactly packed. It has
more of fibres and less amount of matrix. It is of two types:
1. Dense regular connective tissues : They show regular pattern of fibres. Collagen fibres
are present in rows between many parallel bundles of fibres. e.g., tendons and ligaments.
Tendon : Tendon is a tough, non-fibrous, dense. white fibrous connective tissue. It has
great strength but limited flexibility.
Function: It joins a skeletal muscle to a bone, thereby helping the bone to move on
contraction and relaxation of the muscle.
Ligament: Ligament is a dense yellow fibrous connective tissue. It has considerable
strength and high elasticity.
Function: Ligament binds a bone with another bone.
2. Dense irregular connective tissues : They have irregular pattern of fibres. It
has fibroblasts and many fibres (mostly collagen) that are oriented differently. This tissue
is present in skin.
Q.2. Describe the supportive connective tissue in detail.
(ii) Supportive connective tissues: It is a connective tissue in which matrix is rigid and the
living cells occur in fluid filled spaces called lacunae.
(a) Cartilage:
1. Cartilage is a non-porous, firm but flexible supportive tissue.
2. It has solid matrix which is composed of chondrin. Secreted by the chondrocytes.
Chondrocytes lie in the matrix singly or in groups of two or four surrounded by fluid filled
space called lacunae.
3. Cartilage is present in the tip of nose, outer ear, joints in the vertebral column, limbs and
hands in adults.
4 It provides support and flexibility to various parts of the body.
(b) Bones:
1. Bone is a strong, rigid and non- flexible tissue. Bone is the hardest tissue of the
body.
2. It consists of solid matrix with fluid filled lacunae having osteocytes or bone cells.
3. Matrix is composed of collagenous protein complex called ossein and mineral matter like
salts of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium.
4. The hardness of bone is due to deposition of mineral matter (calcium salts and collagen
fibres).
5. The matrix in mammalian bone like in thigh bone is arranged in concentric rings or lamellae
around nutrient filled haversian canals.
6. The osteocytes lie on the lamellae and give out branched processes which join with those
of the adjoining cells.
7. The soft connective tissue present in the bone cavity is known as bone marrow. Sheath of
bone is called peri steum. A layer of osteoblasts or bone forming cells lie below it.
Location : Bones are found all around the body. It forms the supportive framework of the
body.
(iii) Fluid connective tissue : It consists of cells and matrix without fibers. Plasma is the
extra cellular fluid of matrix, the ground substance. Blood and Lymph are two types of fluid
connective tissue.
Q.3. Differentiate between striated, smooth and cardiac muscles.
Ans.
S.No. Striated Muscles Smooth Muscles Cardiac Muscles
(i) These are present in the These are present in wall of They form myocardium
limbs, tongue, pharynx, visceral organs and also in of heart.
beginning of oesophagus. hair muscles.
(ii) These are arranged in They act as sheets in visceral They form continuous
bundles. organs. network in the body.
(iii) These are long cylindrical They are short, spindle They are short
with blunt ends. shaped with pointed ends. cylindrical with flat
ends.
(iv) These are multinucleated. They are uninucleated. They are uninucleated.
Nuclei are peripheral. Nucleus is central. Nucleus is central.
(v) Presence of dark and light No bands are present. Bands present in
bands. them.
(vi) These are unbranched. They are unbranched. They unbranched.
(vii) Contract rapidly for short They contract slowly for long They contract rapidly,
period as soon as get period and do not get rhythmically and never
fatigued. fatigued. get fatigued.
Q. 4. Write any four important functions of each :
(i) Epithelial tissue
(ii) Connective tissue
(iii) Muscular tissue.
Ans. (i) Functions of Epithelial Tissue:
(a) These protect the underlying tissues from mechanical and chemical injuries, dehydration
and infection.
(b) It act as selective barriers.
(c) Surface epithelia produce skeletal structures like scales, feathers, hair, nails, claws,
horns, hoofs etc.
(d) Ciliated epithelia moves mucus or other fluids in the ducts, they line.
(ii) Functions of Connective Tissues:
(a) They primarily join one tissue to another in the organs.
(b) Skeletal connective tissues like bone and cartilages, form a supporting framework for the
body.
(c) Adipose tissues acts as shock absorber around some organs, such as eye balls and kidneys.
(d) Fluid connective tissue, like blood and lymph, carry materials from one part to another in the
body.
(iii) Functions of Muscular Tissues:
(a) They are involved in the movements of the body parts and locomotion of the organism.
(b) They are responsible for the heart-beat, production of sound and peristalsis in tubular
viscera.
(c) They support the bones and other structure.
(d) They play an important role in parturition (child birth).
Q.5. Draw a labelled diagram of alimentary canal of cockroach. What is the function of
crop and gizzard in the digestive system of cockroach ?
Ans. Labelled diagram of alimentary canal of cockroach : Refer to SAQ-IIQ 2.
Functions :
Crop : The oesophagus dilates to form a large thin walled pear shaped crop. The crop is very
large part of the alimentary canal of the cockroach where food is stored. It opens into gizzard.
Gizzard : It is a thick walled, rounded structure whose walls are muscular and greatly folded.
It has six muscular folds which are covered by chitinous conical plates, the teeth, used for
grinding the food. Its wall consists of strong circular muscles which are needed by the gizzard
for grinding.
Q. 6. Draw a labelled diagram of male reproductive system of cockroach. What is the
function of testes in the reproductive system of cockroach.
Ans. Reproductive system of male cockroach.
Function of testes : There are two testes which occupy dorso-lateral position just beneath
the 4th to 6th abdominal terga. The testes are prominent in young insects, but get reduced in
adults. They are full of sperms. The sperms produced by the follicles of the testes are
transferred to the vas deferens through the vasa efferentia.
Q. 7. (i) Name the three regions of alimentary canal of Cockroach.
(ii) Mention the role of gizzard, hepatic caeca and malpighian tubules in the alimentary
canal of Cockroach.
(iii) How many segments are there in the thoracic region of Cockroach?
(iv) What does paurometabolous mean with reference to Cockroach?
(v) Why is the eye of cockroach called as compound eye?
Ans. (i) (a) Fore gut, Mid gut and Hind gut
(ii) Role of Gizzard, Hepatic caecae and Malpighian tubules are as follows:
(a) Gizzard: The crop opens posteriorly into a small thick walled, muscular gizzard. They
help in grinding the food.
(b) Hepatic caecae: Hepatic caecae open at start of midgut and secrete many digestive
enzymes-lipase, protease, peptidase, amylase, maltase, lactase, invertase and chitinase.
(c) Malpighian tubules: The malpighian tubules help in removal of excretory products from
the haemolymph.
(iii) Three segments.
(iv) Paurometabolous with reference to cockroach means a simple, gradual direct
metamorphosis in which immature forms resemble the adult except in size and referred to as
nymph.
(v) Cockroach eyes are called compound eyes because they are made up of repeating units,
the ommatidia, each of which function as a separate receptor.
Q. 8. Describe the external morphology of cockroach.
Ans. Body of cockroach is elongated and dorsoventrally flattened. It is red brown in colour.
Males are larger than females. Body is covered by brown chitinous exoskeleton. Cockroach is
nocturnal and the body is segmented. It is divided into three distinct parts:
(i) Head: The head is triangular. It lies anteriorly at right angles to the longitudinal body axis.
Head is formed by the fusion of six segments. The head is flexible and is covered by head
capsule, The head bears two sessile compound eyes, one on each of its side. Two thread-like
long antennae arise from membranous sockets. They are very sensitive, The anterior end of
head bears mouth. Mouth part comprises labrum, a pair of mandibles, a pair of maxilla and
labium. There is a medium lobe, hypopharynx which acts like tongue.
(ii) Thorax: It consists of 3 segments: (i) Prothorax, (ii) mesothorax, (iii) metathorax. Head is
connected with the thorax by a short extension of the prothorax called the neck. Large
sclerites covers the prothorax and shields the mesothorax Each thoracic segment bears two
walking legs, each leg has 5 segments: (1) coxa, (ii) trochanter, (iii) femur, (iv) tibia, (v) tarsus.
The first and second pairs of wings arises from mesothorax and metathorax respectively. The
fore wings are called tegmina. Wings are used for flight.
(iii) Abdomen: In both mnale and female it consists of 10 segments. The seventh sternum is
boat-shaped in females and together with eighth and ninth sterna makes a broad genital
pouch. The tenth segment bears two jointed filamentous structures which are known as anal
cerci. The 9th segment bears a pair of short, thread-like style which lies ventral to anal cirri.
The anal styles are not found in female cockroach.
