1.

) Me and my family

- Personal details
- Relatives
- Family holidays, traditions
- Multigenerational household
- How has family life changed in the past decades?
- Traditional or modern family?
- Raising children
- A woman’s place
1A: Család
Beszéljen a rokonairól. Milyen gyakran és milyen alkalmakor találkoznak?
Milyen előnyei és hátrányai vannak több generáció együttélésének?

1B: Családi ünnepek, hagyományok

Melyik a legkedvesebb ünnepe és miért?
Milyen egy átlagos vasárnap az Ön családjában?

Personal details

My name is Zoltán Bődi and I am 16 years old. I live in ___Hajdúböszörmény_____,

Hungary.

I go to Mechwart András vocational school.

In my free time I like to go to the gym, play football with my friends and play video games…

Family, relatives

Fortunately, I have a loving relationship with my family. Family is the most important part of
my life. I have the most supportive and caring parents. They have always wanted the best for
me.

My mother’s name is ____Krisztina she is 48 years old and she does an office job ______.

My father’s name is Zoltán, he is 50 years old and he works as an engineer _____.

Both of them are fairly busy and spend most of their days working.

My brother’s name is Márk, he 15 years old and he goes to secondary school.

My parents have always treated us as equals and let us have our own way. They always
allowed us to decide what we wanted to do in life.

I am lucky that my grandparents are both very healthy and fit. They always help and support
us. My grandmother helps us with the cooking and with housework. My grandparents are
retired.

It is significant for our family to spend quality-time together. We celebrate birthdays, and
name days together. We also celebrate the holidays (like Christmas, Easter, New Year’s Eve)
together.

Family Holidays, Traditions

Which is your favourite holiday and why?

My favourite holiday is Christmas. It holds a special place in my heart because it's a time
when my family gathers. The atmosphere is filled with warmth and joy, and we exchange
heartfelt gifts that show our love and appreciation for one another. We usually decorate the
house and the Christmas tree together. I like baking delicious treats such as ginger bread. We
also love playing board games with the family.

What is a typical Sunday like in your family?

A typical Sunday in my family is a day of rest and togetherness. It starts with a late breakfast
where we all gather around the table, sharing stories and discussing our plans for the day.
During the day we might enjoy a family walk or outdoor activity, weather permitting. In the
afternoon, we do personal hobbies or relax with a good book or movie. Sunday evenings are
reserved for a special family dinner where we come together to recap the week and prepare
for the days ahead. It's a day when we focus on each other and recharge.

Multigenerational household

In traditional societies many households are still multigenerational. It means not only the
parents and the kids live at the same house, but they share their home with the grandparents
and probably with the great grandparents. This situation has benefits and drawbacks.

Pro:
 - Grandparents can help a lot with the housework and children upbringing. When the
parents work they can do their duties at home.

- Family members can share the bills so the cost of living can be lower.

- Children have a happier childhood if they enjoy the company of their grandparents on
daily basis.
Con:

- However, living together is not always a choice, sometimes it is a must. Some young
adult cannot afford to buy or rent a place and they must stay with their parents.

- Western people can’t tolerate these situations. We prefer separated households

because we don’t want anybody to interfere into our life. We want privacy.

- Differences in values, parenting styles, and expectations can lead to conflicts among
family members.

- The physical space in the home may become crowded.

Raising children

Raising children is a full-time job that never ends. Even though most people plan the arrival
of their children, when the babies are born many parents feel overwhelmed and helpless.
Mothers feel isolated and exhausted, and fathers miss the attention they used to get from their
partners. Although men and women enjoy equal rights, it is usually the mother who bears the
brunt of childcare. She is the one who stays at home on maternity leave. However, things are
changing slowly and in some families it's the father who takes time off work and goes on
paternity leave. In families where both parents work full-time, it's difficult to manage
childcare without the help of grandparents or reliable babysitters.

A woman’s place

The family, the smallest unit of society, has been undergoing important changes in the past
few decades. One of the results of these changes is the different role and position of women in
modern society. Nowadays most women go out to work and therefore the traditional way of
raising children has changed. Mothers no longer spend most of their time at home looking
after the children and preparing meals for the family. Instead they join the many people who
leave their homes early in the morning and return late in the afternoon. They spend their days
as doctors, teachers or shop assistants, playing an important role in society. In return, they get
paid and contribute to the family budget. Women do not play a secondary role as they used to
when they were at home all the time. These days children are either looked after by nannies or
spend their days in childcare facilities such as nurseries or kindergartens. These days the
woman's place is not only in the kitchen. There are many working mothers who manage to
find a good work-life balance. It is not easy though.

Only Child pro – con

Benefits:

Benefits:

1. Undivided Attention: One of the primary benefits of being an only child is receiving
undivided attention from parents. With no siblings competing for attention, parents
can focus more on the only child's needs, interests, and development.

2. Financial Resources: Only children often enjoy better financial resources. Since there
is only one child to support, parents may have more disposable income for education,
extracurricular activities, and other enriching experiences.

3. Close Parental Bond: The absence of sibling rivalry can lead to a closer bond
between the only child and their parents. This close relationship can provide emotional
support and a strong foundation for the child's overall well-being.

4. Privacy and Space: Without siblings sharing the same living space, only children
may enjoy more privacy and personal space. This can be particularly beneficial during
adolescence when individuals often crave independence.

Drawbacks:

1. Loneliness: One of the main drawbacks of being an only child is the potential for
loneliness. Without siblings, there may be times when the only child feels isolated or
lacks companionship, especially if their parents are busy or unavailable.
 2. Social Skills: Growing up without siblings can make it harder for only
children to develop social skills because they miss out on regular
interactions with peers at home, which are important for learning
how to navigate social situations.

3. Responsibility Overload: As the whole focus of their parents' attention, only children
might feel a sense of pressure and responsibility. The expectations placed on them can
be overwhelming, and they may struggle with the burden of meeting their parents'
high expectations.

What is the ideal age to start a family?

1. Financial Stability: Financial security is a crucial factor. Waiting until a stable

income is established can provide a more comfortable environment for raising
children.

2. Emotional Maturity: Parenthood demands emotional maturity. Waiting until

individuals feel ready to take on the responsibilities of raising children contributes to a
healthier family dynamic.

3. Career Development: Balancing career goals with family life is essential. Some
prefer to establish themselves professionally before starting a family, achieving a more
harmonious work-life integration.

4. Health Considerations: Biological factors play a role, particularly for women.

Considering fertility and consulting healthcare professionals can inform decisions
about the right time to start a family.

5. Support Systems: Having a reliable support system, including family and friends, is
crucial. It can provide both emotional and practical assistance during the journey of
parenthood.

In conclusion, the ideal age to start a family varies based on individual circumstances and
preferences. Achieving a balance between financial stability, emotional maturity, career
development, health considerations, and having a strong support system contributes to a
positive parenting experience. Ultimately, there is no one-size-fits-all answer to this complex
and personal decision.
2. Az + és a szűkebb környezet

2A: Lakóhely

(Miért) szeret a lakóhelyén lakni? Mit változtatna a lakásában, ha módja lenne rá?

Hogyan osztják meg a házimunkát? Miért?

2B: Lakókörnyezet

Beszéljen a településről/környékről/utcáról, ahol él.

Mutassa be lakóhelyének legszebb/legérdekesebb részét/nevezetességeit.

2. At home

Where do you live? Do you like living there?

I live in Hungary, Nyíregyháza. I enjoy living in this town as I got used to its buildings, the
churches, the busy main square and the forests on the outskirts. There are a lot of man-made
sights – historic and modern buildings, statues, parks and ponds.

What facilities are there in your neighbourhood?

I live in the city centre. It has all the necessary things we need every day. There are schools,
supermarkets, a cosmetics shop, a post office, a hospital and a pharmacy. We have an open
street market with vegetables, clothes and flowers. There is a fitness centre, a skating rink and
a spa. There is also a library and a cinema.

In what way would you improve the area where you live?

I have a few ideas to improve where I live. First, we could add more parks and green areas.
These spaces are not only good for relaxation but also make our neighbourhood look nicer.
Another thing we could do is make public transportation better. This would help people move
around more easily and reduce traffic. It's also better for the environment.

Additionally, we could have more community events, like festivals or clean-up days. These
activities can bring people together and make our neighbourhood a friendlier place to live.

What would you like to change about your house/flat?

I have a few changes in mind for my house. Firstly, I'd like to update the kitchen and
bathroom. They currently have an outdated design, and I believe giving them a modern touch
would not only enhance(fokoz) the aesthetics but also make these essential spaces more
functional and comfortable for everyday use. I am satisfied with the rest of my house.

What would you do to protect your house from being burgled?

I would install a security system with door and window sensors, motion detector and indoor
sounder to detect intrudes (behatolók). I would also light the house properly outside, as bright
light can deter (elrettent) a would-be burglar. Keeping guard dogs is another good idea. They
would guard the house and frighten strangers away.

Living in a House vs a Flat

Advantages of Living in a House:

1. Space and Privacy: Houses typically have more space, both inside and outside.
People have more privacy with this extra space. Houses are an ideal option for
families or individuals who value personal space.

2. Outdoor Living: Houses often come with a yard or garden, providing residents with
the opportunity for outdoor activities such as gardening, barbecues, or simply enjoying
the fresh air.

3. Customization: Homeowners have the freedom to personalize and modify their

houses to suit their preferences. This includes decorating, renovating, and even
expanding the living space.

4. Pets: Having a house with a yard is advantageous/beneficial for those with pets. Pets
have more room to play, making it a more comfortable environment for them.

Disadvantages of Living in a House:

 1. Maintenance: Houses generally require more maintenance, both inside and outside.
This includes tasks such as lawn care, roof repairs, and other responsibilities that can
be time-consuming and costly.

2. Costs: Buying a house is more expensive than buying a flat. (The average cost of
purchasing a house is often higher than buying a flat.) Additionally, utility bills
(közüzemi számla pl gáz, víz, tv, telefon) and property taxes (ingatlan adó) for houses
can be more expensive.

3. Isolation: Houses might be situated in the outskirts, which may feel isolating for some
people who prefer the vibrant city life. (Depending on the location, houses might be
situated in more secluded (elszigetelt) areas, which can result in a sense of isolation.
This might be a disadvantage for those who prefer a more vibrant, urban lifestyle.)

Advantages of Living in a Flat:

1. Affordability: Flats are often more affordable than houses, making them a practical
choice for individuals or families on a budget.

2. Low Maintenance: Flats generally require less maintenance compared to houses.

Outdoor maintenance tasks, such as lawn care, are typically taken care of by the
building management.

3. Community Living: Living in a flat provides the opportunity to be part of a

community. Shared places like gyms, pools, or common areas can help to create a
sense of community among residents.

4. Location: Flats are often located in urban areas, providing easy access to public
transportation, shopping centres, and entertainment options.

Disadvantages of Living in a Flat:

1. Limited Space: Flats typically have less space than houses, which can be a drawback
for those who value spacious living arrangements.

2. Noise and Privacy: Because of the closeness to neighbours, flats may be noisier, and
residents might have to compromise on privacy compared to living in a standalone
house.
 3. Lack of Outdoor Space: Flats usually don't come with a private yard or garden,
limiting outdoor activities for residents.

City or Countryside:

Introduction: Deciding whether to live in a city or the countryside is a personal choice

influenced by various factors such as lifestyle, job opportunities, and personal values. Each
place has its own good and bad aspects, depending on different needs and desires.

Advantages of Living in a City:

1. Job Opportunities and Career Growth: Cities are busy places with many job
opportunities in different industries. People can find various jobs and have the chance
to grow in their careers, often leading to higher income.

2. Cultural Diversity and Entertainment: Urban areas are diverse, offering different
cultures, foods, music, and traditions. There are many entertainment options like
theatres, museums, and restaurants, making life vibrant and dynamic.

3. Education and Research Facilities: Cities usually have good schools, universities,
and research centres. This provides residents with access to quality education and the
latest developments in different fields.

4. Public Services and Infrastructure: Cities have good facilities like public transport,
healthcare, and emergency services. These services contribute to a better quality of life
and a feeling of safety.

Disadvantages of Living in a City:

1. Cost of Living: City life can be expensive, with high costs for housing, transportation,
and daily expenses. This can put financial pressure on residents.

2. Noise and Pollution: Cities are noisy and often have air pollution. The constant
activity and busy life can affect people's health and well-being.

3. Overcrowding and Limited Space: Cities can be crowded, leading to traffic jams
and limited space. Green areas may be scarce, affecting people's ability to relax and
enjoy nature.
Advantages of Living in the Countryside:

1. Natural Beauty and Peace: The countryside is peaceful with beautiful landscapes
and a slower pace of life. Residents can enjoy cleaner air, quiet surroundings, and a
closer connection to nature.

2. Community and Strong Social Bonds: Rural areas often have close-knit
communities, where neighbours know each other well. This sense of community can
provide support and a strong social network.

3. Lower Cost of Living: Living in the countryside is usually cheaper than in cities.
Housing, groceries, and other essentials may be more affordable, allowing for a
simpler and more financially sustainable lifestyle.

Disadvantages of Living in the Countryside:

1. Limited Job Opportunities: Rural areas may not offer as many job options,
especially in specialised or high-demand professions.

2. Limited Access to Amenities (Szolgáltatások): Countryside living may require

longer travel times to access services like healthcare and education. Limited public
transportation options can be a drawback.

3. Cultural and Entertainment Limitations: Rural areas may have fewer cultural and
entertainment options compared to cities. The lack of theatres, museums, restaurants
can be a downside.

Conclusion: Deciding where to live depends on personal preferences, priorities, and

circumstances. While cities offer busy opportunities and a cosmopolitan lifestyle, the
countryside provides peace and a closer connection to nature. The decision is about finding a
balance that aligns with one's values as each place offers a unique and enriching way of life.

What changes need to be made to large towns in order to improve the lives of the people
living in them?

The urban environment needs to become a better place to live. First of all, the problems of
road congestion (torlódás) and traffic jams during rush hours should be solved by developing
public transport, encouraging walking and cycling. Local councils should invest in a greener
infrastructure, they should create new parks and gardens. The crime rate should be lowered by
having a stronger police force and more cameras should be installed in busy places. New jobs
should be created to provide people with the opportunity to earn their living.

Why do people move to live in the green belt areas of big cities?

In the city houses and small flats are very expensive: most people simply can't afford them.
The cost of the maintenance of flats on a housing estate (lakótelep) has increased significantly
in recent years, and many people have swapped their flats for small cottage houses on the
outskirts. Moreover, city centres have become unliveable as you cannot find peace and quiet
there. The roads are crowded day and night, if you want to be in the fresh air you have to
travel several kilometres. In a suburb you can sit in your garden, and children can play
outdoors all day long.

3.School

to attend to school/a course/university good community

classmates inspiring atmosphere

peers frustrating atmosphere

fellow students to apply to university

to get down to study to go on my studies

to revise teaching staff

to prepare for the lesson to get admitted to university

to cram – magolni educational facilities

standard of education conditions

to meet the requirements circumstances

to meet the expectations fee-paying course

to put off getting down to study state supporting course

to put off studying to pay tuition fee

a school of good reputation to take the final exams

to fail

to pass

to be straight 5’s

to be weak at something

to keep up with the others

My school

I go to Mechwart András vocaton school. I’m in grade 11. I go to a special

Software Developer class. We usually have 7 lessons a day, they’re 45
minute long. We have ten minute breaks between classes and also a 20
minute long lunch break. I am happy with our timetable because we start
school early and so we finish early as well. My favouitre subjects are math
and programming. The reason why I interested in these subjects is
because it’s easy to understand and I’m very good at them. I don’t like
letaure and history because for me they are boring. I do quite well at
school. I usually get good gardes – fives or fours.

School

+ 23 topics for teenagers’ page 28

1. The personality of a teacher

2. Equal chances in education

3. Choosing a profession

4. Life-long learning

The personality of our teachers is very determining. All of us have some bad and good
memories about someone from the elementary or the secondary school years. The teachers
create the atmosphere in the class that can be frustrating or motivating. Some people choose a
certain profession because they are inspired by a teacher, or others hated a subject because of
the teachers’ attitude.

Good Teacher:

- is up-to-date and well-trained, he/she keeps up with the changes and the latest
scientific researches.

- is respectable, he/she does not only keep the lesson, but the teacher must show a
good example with his/her behaviour as well.
 - can keep discipline: It is a prerequisite (precondition) of a good lesson. Teaching
is impossible when there is chaos in the class.

- can explain well: the explanation must be clear and even the weakest students
must be able to follow it.

- is consistent: a teacher must introduce standard rules in class and they must not be
changed week by week. Students must know what they can expect for.

- is fair: he/she must not be biased towards some students. Moral is hurt if the
teacher has some pets.

- is passionate towards teaching: it is a profession that can’t be pursued only for

money. A teacher must enjoy it.

- can shape a good relationship with students: he/she should be neither too strict,
nor too lenient.

- uses a wide range of teaching materials and the modern teaching equipment
(interactive teaching board for example)

Bad teacher:

- a bad teacher is tired of teaching and burned out: he/she has already lost
motivation towards teaching and they just try to survive till retirement.

- is neglectful: he/she does not care about anything and does not find pleasure in
this job.

- shouts at students: he/she is not patient enough to teach. What is even worse is
that some teachers are completely a nerve wreckage.

- humiliates and bullies the students: this behaviour has a really frustrating
influence on kids.

- check the tests late: students often have lost their interests by the time they get
back the paper.
2. Equal chances in education

In an ideal case, all kids must be provided (biztosítva) with the chance to study regardless
(függetlenül) their financial conditions. Unfortunately, it works only in a few countries.
Money really makes difference between kids even in Hungary. The number of the state
support courses is gradually (fokozatosan) decreasing, most students pay tuition fee in the
higher education and the amount of fee is pretty high. Many students need private lessons in
secondary school to pass a language exam or some advanced final exam in a subject. If
parents cannot finance these lessons, kids must be almost genius or extremely hardworking to
achieve the high scores of the supported courses. Not to mention the cost of university years.
In the capital city, many students are forced to stay in a rented flat and it is very expensive
these days. After all, it is not surprising that more and more students go abroad to study.
Western European universities often provide much better opportunities for students to learn.
Unfortunately, it can have a very negative effect on the Hungarian society. We are losing a
lot of intelligent, hard-working young people, who will probably never come back to
Hungary.

3. Choosing a profession

Choosing a profession for life at the age of 18 is far very difficult for all of us. First, we do
not have enough experience to decide what we really would like to do. Secondly, we
obviously would like to do something that we enjoy, but we also must take into account the
demands (kereslet) of the job market. Most of us would like to choose a profession which
will help us to earn a good living. In many cases parents try to persuade us to choose a career
that pays well, but we do not want to forget about our dreams either. Universities offer a wide
range of courses, but we have to think over thoroughly what to invest our time and money in.
Some courses have a really attractive name but later on some of them turn out to be useless
when we start to look for a job. By now there has been differences between universities as
well. Some institutions (intézmény) are much better acknowledged than others. It is worth
studying harder at these universities for some years because our diploma will have a higher
value on the job market later on.

5. Life-long learning
Life-long learning has been really emphasized (hangsúlyozni) recently. The sad news is that
we cannot stop learning after graduation. We live in a fast-changing world and if we do not
keep up with the changes we will soon lag behind. In addition, companies hire people who
are up-to-date and great professionals. Unfortunately, new developments turn to be out-of-
date very quickly in every field, especially in the field of telecommunication and IT.
Professionals are expected to take part in different trainings and the improvement of language
skills is also significant in multinational companies. We always have to be ready to learn new
things because sometimes professions die out due to the technical development and new ones
appear.

4. A munka világa, napi tevékenység

3A: Munkahelyválasztás
Beszéljen (választott) foglalkozásáról és munkájáról.
Írja le (választott) munkahelyét (feladatok, kollégák, munkahelyi légkör stb.)

3B: Napirend otthon és az iskolában/munkahelyen

Ön korán kelő vagy későn fekvő típus? Mikor kezdi és fejezi be a(z) iskolát/munkát?
Szeretne-e ezen változtatni? Mi lenne az ideális?
Hogyan tölti a hétvégéket? Szokott-e hétvégén is tanulni/dolgozni? Mi a véleménye a hétvégi
tanulásról/munkavégzésről?

I work as a (...) My primary responsibilities involve (…) I collaborate closely with a team of
skilled and diverse colleagues who bring a range of expertise to the table.

On a typical day, I engage in (...) The collaborative atmosphere in our workplace fosters
creativity and effective problem-solving. We often share ideas and insights, which enhances
the overall quality of our projects.

The workplace environment at (…) is dynamic and supportive. The company values
innovation and encourages continuous learning. We have regular training sessions and
workshops to stay updated on the latest technologies and methodologies in the software
development field. This commitment to professional development contributes to a positive
and motivating atmosphere.
Overall, I find my work both challenging and rewarding. The combination of interesting
projects, a supportive team, and a focus on personal and professional growth makes XYZ
Software Solutions an excellent place to pursue a career in software development.

1. Daily Schedule at Home and School/Work

At home and at school/work, I try to maintain a structured daily schedule. In the morning, I
focus on tasks that require more concentration, and as the day progresses, I handle less
demanding activities. This helps me stay organized and manage my time effectively.

2. Morning or Night Person? School/Work Hours

I am more of an early riser. I usually start my day around 7 AM and finish my school/work
by late afternoon. I find that I am most productive in the morning. However, I am open to
adjusting my schedule if it proves to be more efficient or if circumstances require a change.

3. Weekends and Study/Work Habits

During the weekends, I enjoy a balance of relaxation and productivity. I reserve some time
for leisure activities, socializing, and pursuing hobbies. While I don't have a strict rule against
studying or working on weekends, I prefer to use this time for rest. I believe it is essential to
recharge to maintain effectiveness during the week.

4. Is it easy to find a job nowadays?

No, it isn't. Companies don't have as much money as they used to. Therefore, a lot of
employers are cutting salaries and laying people off. In addition, there are a lot of people
without jobs right now, so there's a lot of competition. Also, not all companies advertise
publicly that they need help. That is why it's important to get active and inquire. Like the old
saying goes, it's not what you know, but who you know. Despite all these facts it's not totally
hopeless to get employed. The most important thing is you shouldn't give up. Persistence is
very important.
5. Where/how would you search for a job?
There are several possibilities when looking for a job. You should look through the classified
advertisement sections in newspapers and magazines. You can also browse job websites on
the Internet. They are very popular and convenient to use as, if you find an appropriate job,
you can send an application form and a covering letter through the net. If you have a dream
company you can write straight to them enquiring about any vacancies. There are
employment offices in each big town and the officials will deal with you personally. They'll
interview you and will offer you a job or jobs that suit your interest, skills and qualifications.

6. What are the most important considerations in finding a job?

First of all, your workplace shouldn't be too far from your home, otherwise you have to live
in lodgings spending the weekdays far from your family, or commute every day spending
hours in a car or on a train. Secondly, the number and mode of working hours play a great
role. There are nine-to-five jobs, jobs with flexi-time and jobs with shifts; at some places you
have to work overtime or perhaps at weekends too. Thirdly, you should do a job where you
can use your skills, certified knowledge (knowledge of foreign languages, computer skills
etc.) or qualifications. You can start a totally new job for which you will be trained, but then
the chances of promotion will definitely be lower. A good job opens perspectives for climbing
up the career ladder. Finally, the pay (salary or wages) is also important (for some people the
most important factor), as basically this is the main reason for looking for a job. We all work
to earn our living.

7. What features make a job attractive to you?

A job should be creative and challenging. I hate monotonous work and can't sit at one place
for hours, so a nine-to-five office job is not for me. Being your own boss is the best form of
work, but I’m also like to work in team.

8. What should you write in a letter of application?

At the beginning of the letter you should explain why you are writing the letter, where you
saw the advertisement and which post you are interested in. Then, you should give personal
information including your qualifications, work experience, and certain skills you have that
could be useful in the job. If you have several certificates list them. Try to prove that you are
totally suitable for that job highlighting your characteristic features and emphasising your
strengths. You should also enclose your CV and, if you can, send some references. You may
inform them about the date of your availability for an interview.

9. Is earning a lot of money important?

Yes, it is. Although it is true that "Money doesn't buy happiness", as the saying goes, but
without it there is no life. In our material world, unfortunately, personal success is often
measured by financial success. High salary provides financial security which is extremely
important. Moreover, if you have good wages you feel your work is valued and appreciated.
Being successful at work and experiencing work satisfaction have a great impact on your
general well-being and personal happiness.

10. What is an ideal workplace like for you?

I'd like to work for a big multinational company, which does cutting edge, modern business.
I'd like to be part of a team, and would have to share the work and responsibility with my
colleagues. The salary should be good, and I wouldn't want to work overtime.

11. What kind of benefits do employees get from their companies?

The purpose of the benefits is to increase the economic security of employees. Some of these
benefits are: housing (employer-provided or employer-paid), group insurance (health, dental,
life etc.), retirement benefits, day care, tuition reimbursement, sick leave, holidays (paid and
non-paid), funding of education, travel contribution and other specialized benefits. The term
perks is often used colloquially to refer to the benefits of a more discretionary nature.
Common perks are: a company car, free mobile phone, free internet access, leisure activities
in work time or at work place (golf, tennis, etc.), stationery, luncheon vouchers or traveller's
cheques.

5.Kommunikáció

5A: Kommunikációs eszközök

Milyen kommunikációs eszközöket használ és milyen gyakran?
Milyen hatással vannak az emberi kapcsolatokra a technikai eszközök?

5B: Nyelvtanulás
Mi motivál/hat/ja az idegen nyelv tanulását?
Mennyire jó az iskolai nyelvoktatás? Elegendő-e vagy különórákra is szükség van?

What communication tools do you use and how often?

I use a wide range of communication tools. In daily life, my most frequently used
communication tool is my mobile phone, allowing me to stay in touch with friends and
family through text messages, calls, and various internet applications. The mobile phone has
become an integral part of my daily life, and I carry it with me almost constantly. Through
applications, I can easily access emails, my calendar, and other important information,
making organization and time management significantly more convenient.

I also use my laptop when it comes to studying and school projects. I use different
programmes such as Word or Power Point. Overall, it can be said that modern technology
and communication tools have become an integral part of my everyday life.

The Impact of Technical Tools on Relationships

Nowadays, technical tools have become an integral part of our daily lives, influencing
various aspects, including how we communicate and build relationships.

One of the positive aspects of technical tools on relationships is the improvement of

communication. The arrival of smartphones, social media, and messaging applications has
made it easier for individuals to stay connected regardless of geographical distances. These
tools facilitate instant communication, enabling friends and family to share their experiences,
thoughts, and emotions in real time. Video calls, for instance, bridge the gap between
physical distances, fostering a sense of closeness and intimacy.

However, the widespread use of technical tools in relationships also raises concerns about the
quality of communication and the depth of connections. The convenience of quick text
messages and emojis may replace meaningful face-to-face conversations,(diminishing
(csökken) the emotional richness of interactions.) The constant notifications and updates can
lead to distractions, making it challenging to fully engage in meaningful conversations and
connect on a deeper level.

Social media and couples

Social media has changed the way we talk and connect with each other. It's like a double-
edged sword, bringing both good and bad stuff to our relationships.

Positive Side:
Firstly, social media helps us to talk with people, even if they live far away. Apps like
Facebook and Instagram make it easy to keep in touch with friends, family, and partners. This
can make us feel close, even if we're physically far apart.

Secondly, we can share our happy moments and feelings online. Couples often post pictures
and thoughts, creating a virtual album of their experiences.

Also, social media provides chances to create new connections. Couples can connect with
others who share similar interests with them.

Negative Side:

But, there's a downside too. Some people feel that they have to share too much on social
media, invading their privacy. This can lead to misunderstandings and fights in relationships.

Another problem is feeling jealous or insecure because of what we see on social media. When
we compare our relationships to others' perfect-looking posts, we might feel not good
enough.

Moreover, spending too much time on social media can take away from spending quality
time together in real life. Staring at screens instead of talking face-to-face can weaken our
relationships.

5B: Language learning

Why is it important to learn foreign languages?

Learning foreign languages offer numerous benefits on both personal and professional levels.
In today's interconnected world, the ability to communicate in multiple languages has become
increasingly important.

Firstly, language skills can open up more career opportunities. Many employers value
multilingualism, especially in a globalized job market. Proficiency in a foreign language can
open doors to international job opportunities. So individuals can work with people from
various cultural backgrounds.

Secondly, learning foreign languages helps you understand different cultures better.
Languages are like a window into how people live and what they believe. When you learn a
new language, you also learn about the history and traditions of the people who speak it. This
makes you more open-minded and understanding towards others.
Moreover, learning a new language is good for your brain too. It makes your brain work
better and faster. People who speak more than one language are often better at solving
problems and being creative.

Besides all these practical things, learning a foreign language is fun and interesting. It lets
you enjoy books, movies, and music from other countries. You get to discover new things
and have more exciting experiences.

Why do you learn English?

I personally learn English because it’s an international language and I can use it almost
everywhere I go. To tell the truth, I also really like the rhythm and the intonation of this
language.

Not to mention the fact, that many multinational companies use English as their primary
language for communication and documentation. By acquiring proficiency in English, I aim
to enhance my career prospects (kilátás) and increase my opportunities for international
collaboration.

On top of all these, I also learn this language because I prefer reading books or watching
films in English. Watching a film or reading a book in its original language is a much better
experience.

Is the teaching of English efficient in Hungarian schools?

I don't consider language teaching efficient enough in Hungarian schools. The biggest
problem seems to be the high number of students in a group and the low number of lessons
per week. Also, most teachers have already lost all their motivation towards teaching, which
really affects the efficiency of a language class. Besides, many schools have to cope with
financial difficulties as they are given less and less money from the Ministry of Education.
Therefore, it is no wonder that they cannot afford to buy modern teaching equipment when
there is hardly enough money for chalk (kréta).

The sad truth is that having English lessons at school, in most cases, is far not enough to
actually learn the language. Most students need private lessons to pass a language exam or
some advanced final exam in a subject. If parents cannot finance these lessons, kids must be
almost genius or extremely hardworking to achieve well at school.
6. Kapcsolatok más emberekkel: magánélet és közélet

6A: Barátok és ismerősök

Milyen tulajdonság/ok a legfontosabb/ak egy (új) barátban? Miért?

Milyen emberekkel (nem) barátkozik szívesen? Miért?

6B: Kapcsolattartás régen és ma

Ön hogyan tartja a kapcsolatot rokonaival/ismerőseivel?

Hogyan változtak a kapcsolattartás lehetőségei az elmúlt időkben?

Why do we need friends?

First and foremost, besides relatives, we need other people to talk to, to spend time with or to
have fun with. After the family, friends can help us the most.

Secondly, friends provide essential emotional support during challenging times. Life often
brings difficulties, and friends serve as a crucial support system, offering comfort,
understanding.

Moreover, friends help us grow as people. By talking and hanging out with them, we learn
more about ourselves and what matters to us. They're like friendly mirrors, showing us our
strengths and helping us become better.

In addition, friends make us feel like we belong. Being part of a friend group means having
buddies to share experiences with, making us feel less alone in this big world.

What characterises a good friend?

A friend should be first of all reliable, helpful and patient. As the proverb says "A friend in
need is a friend indeed". It means a friend is a person you can trust and can turn to when in
trouble. If you ask for help he/she comes and helps you without hesitation. It is also an
advantage if he/she is cheerful and has a good sense of humour. So, when you are together
you can laugh a lot, and you have a really good time.
What kind of people do you avoid when making friendships?

I am trying to avoid individuals who are constantly negative. They can drain your energy and
drain your own positivity. If someone consistently focuses on the downside of every
situation, it may be challenging to maintain a cheerful and optimistic outlook (szemléletmód)
when spending time with them.

Trust is fundamental in any friendship. Individuals who are consistently unreliable, whether
they frequently cancel plans or fail to keep promises, can make it challenging to build a solid
and dependable relationship.

Friends should celebrate each other's successes rather than feeling envious. Jealousy can
destroy the friendship, so it's crucial to choose friends who are genuinely happy for your
achievements.

Describe your best friend. How did you meet him/her? Why do you like her?

How often do you see your friends and what do you do together?

We meet every day. We go to school together as we live close to each other. After school we
hang around in the town, or in a shopping centre. We like eating out, going window-shopping
or just walking in the centre. My friend has a dog and we walk it almost every afternoon or
evening. On Friday or Saturday night we have pyjama-parties, watch films, make pop-corn or
play board games like Activity or Monopoly.

Question: What is better: to have one close friend or multiple friends? Why?

6B

How do you maintain contact with your relatives and acquaintances (ismerősök)?

I mostly use messaging applications and social media platforms to stay in touch with my
relatives and acquaintances. Additionally, I make regular phone calls and video calls to keep
the communication personal.
How have the possibilities of communication changed in recent times?

Over the years, the options for communication have undergone significant transformations. In
the past, communication was primarily limited to face-to-face interactions, letters, and
occasional phone calls. Today, however, we have a bunch of digital tools such as emails,
instant messaging, video calls, and social media platforms that enable us to connect instantly
with people around the globe. This has not only facilitated quicker and more efficient
communication but has also bridged geographical gaps, allowing us to stay connected with
our loved ones regardless of distance.

1. Szórakozás, kultúra
7A: Szabadidő, hobbik
Hol szeret kikapcsolódni: otthon vagy inkább elmegy valahova? Miért?
Mik a szabadidő eltöltésének hasznos és kevésbé hasznos módjai?

7B: Tévé, mozi, színház, zene

Otthon vagy moziban szeret jobban filmet nézni? Miért? Milyen előnyei vannak az egyiknek
és a másiknak?
Miért (nem) járnak az emberek moziba/színházba/koncertre?

7A:

Why is it important to have hobbies?

Hobbies are important for a few reasons. First, they help us relax and take a break from our
busy lives. Life can be stressful, so having a hobby like drawing or playing music gives us a
chance to chill out.

Second, hobbies let us learn and do new things. Whether it's painting or playing sports,
hobbies help us discover what we enjoy and get better at it. This is good for making us feel
proud and happy.

Lastly, hobbies are a way to meet new people. Joining a club or group with the same hobby
lets us make friends who like the same things. This is cool because it stops us from feeling
alone and gives us a sense of belonging.
Do you have any hobbies?

Where do you prefer to relax? Do you like staying at home or do you prefer going out?

I enjoy relaxing both at home and going out, depending on my mood and the situation.
Spending time at home has a comfortable feeling, being surrounded by familiar things and a
sense of security. I usually watch series and films at home to relax. I also love baking as it
makes me feel calm. On the other hand, going somewhere else offers a change of scenery and
the opportunity to explore new places or socialize with friends. So, I like staying at home and
going out as well. It depends on how I feel and what I would like to do at that time.

What are the useful and less useful ways to spend your free time?

Useful ways to spend leisure time include engaging in activities that promote personal growth
and well-being. Hobbies such as reading, exercising, or learning a new skill contribute
positively to mental and physical health. Additionally, spending quality time with friends and
family helps social connections, which are essential for overall happiness.
On the other hand, less useful ways of spending leisure time may involve activities such as
excessive television watching or aimless internet browsing. These activities, while providing
short-term entertainment, might not contribute significantly to personal development or social
interaction.

7B:

Do you prefer watching films at home or in the cinema? Why? What are the advantages
of one or the other?

I personally appreciate both watching films at home and experiencing them in the cinema,
each offering distinct advantages. The choice often depends on what I prefer at that moment.
Firstly, the comfort of watching films at home is undeniable. Home-viewing provides the
flexibility to create a personalised and relaxed environment. Viewers can enjoy their
favourite snacks, pause the movie at their convenience.
Additionally, the cost of watching films at home is generally lower, because there are no
expenses for tickets or snacks at cinema prices.
On the other hand, the cinema offers a unique experience that cannot be replicated at home.
The big screen, the sound systems, and the atmosphere creates a sense of excitement. The
cinema provides an escape from daily routines and allows the audience to fully engage with
the film without distractions. Moreover, the shared experience of watching a movie with a
large audience can enhance the emotional impact of the story.
In conclusion, both home and cinema viewing have their benefits. Watching films at home
offers convenience and affordability, while the cinema provides a more unique experience.

Why do people (not) go to the cinema/theatre/concerts?

People's decisions to attend or skip cinema, theatre, or concerts are influenced by a variety of
factors. One major reason for attending such events is the desire for a unique live experience.
The cinema, theatre, and concerts offer an opportunity to witness performances in real-time,
fostering a sense of connection with the artists or actors.
Furthermore, the social aspect plays a crucial role. These events provide a platform for
individuals to share the experience with friends or family, creating lasting memories. The
communal atmosphere of a packed cinema hall or a live concert adds to the enjoyment,
allowing people to bond over a shared appreciation for the arts.
However, various factors may hold people back from attending these events. Financial
considerations, such as ticket prices or transportation, can be a significant factor.
Additionally, the convenience of home entertainment, with the availability of streaming
services and comfortable living room setups, can tempt individuals to opt for the ease and
cost-effectiveness of staying at home.
Another factor influencing attendance is personal preference. Some people may find the
environment of a cinema or theatre too crowded or overwhelming, preferring the intimacy of
a private setting. Others might choose to skip live events due to their lack of time.
In summary, people attend cinema, theatre, and concerts for the live experience, social
interactions, and shared enjoyment. On the other hand, factors like cost, convenience, and
personal preferences may contribute to the decision to stay home and engage with
entertainment in a more private setting.
8. Egészség, egészségmegőrzés, sport
8A: Egészséges életmód
Egészségesen élnek-e a magyarok? Miért (nem)?
Mi a véleménye a dohányzásról és az alkoholfogyasztásról? Hogyan lehet abbahagyni?8B:
Sport/olás
Milyen nyári/téli sportok népszerűek hazánkban? Miért?
Jónak tartja-e a mindennapos iskolai testnevelést? Fontos-e, hogy osztályozzák is?

How can you preserve your health?

To maintain good health, it is essential to adopt a balanced lifestyle that includes regular
exercise, a nutritious diet, and sufficient rest. Engaging in physical activities, such as
walking, jogging, or cycling, helps to keep the body in shape and keeps you healthy.
Consuming a variety of nutrient-rich foods, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and
lean proteins, provides the necessary vitamins and minerals for overall well-being.
Additionally, staying hydrated by drinking plenty of water supports various bodily functions
and contributes to optimal health. Avoiding excessive consumption of processed foods,
sugary snacks, and high-fat meals is crucial in preventing health issues like obesity and
cardiovascular (szív és érrendszeri) diseases. Sleeping enough is equally important, as it
allows the body to recover.
Regular health check-ups can help detect potential issues early on, allowing for timely
intervention. Furthermore, managing stress through relaxation techniques, such as meditation
or deep breathing exercises, can positively impact both mental and physical health. By
incorporating these habits into one's daily routine, individuals can strive to preserve their
overall health and well-being.

Do you think Hungarians live a healthy lifestyle?

Generally, there are both positive and negative aspects to consider.
On the positive side, Hungary has a rich cultural heritage that emphasises a diverse and
healthy cuisine. Traditional Hungarian dishes often incorporate fresh vegetables, lean meats
(sovàny húsok), and dairy products, contributing to a balanced diet. Additionally, the
country's landscapes and favourable climate encourage outdoor activities, promoting a
physically active lifestyle.
One significant health concern is the rise in lifestyle-related diseases like heart problems and
obesity. Urbanization and modernization have altered diets, increasing processed food intake
and reducing physical activity. Sedentary jobs and dependence on cars worsen this sedentary
lifestyle. (mozgàsszegèny életmód).
Smoking:
It is a really wildly spread addiction. Although people are aware of its harmful effects there
are many who can’t put it down. Most people light their first cigarette in their early teens.
Psychologists say that there is no problem with it. Most teenagers rebel against the rules with
secret smoking. They want their peers to accept them. Smoking is often the symbol of
belonging to a group. The influence of peers is really important at this age.
Although, there are shocking images and warnings on the packaging of cigarettes, heavy
smokers are not scared of them.

Smoking causes a lot of health problems. Artery narrowing, bronchitis, lung cancer,
premature birth at the case of pregnant woman, respiratory diseases. (légzőszervi
megbetegedès)
People often light a cigarette to relieve stress and it easily turns to be a routine that is hard to
quit. First, it is the smoker’s determination that is necessary to put down the cigarette. There
are some nicotine plasters and chewing gums that can help. Nowadays many people have an
e-cigarette. It is said to be harmless, and smokers can substitute for (pótolni vmit) real
smoking without giving up the routine.

Alcohol:
Alcoholism is one of the most serious addictions. It ruins not only the health of individuals
but their social and family life too.
According to psychologists many people become alcohol addicts because they suffer some
trauma or failure in life. Whatever the reason is drinking alcohol is always a bad answer for
our problems. Heavy drinking seriously damages people’s health. It can cause liver cancer
(majrak), brain damage, weight loss, stroke, depression, high blood pressure and so on.
Party drinking:
Most teenagers start drinking alcohol at parties. It is said to be a natural part of teenage years.
It doesn’t cause any difficulties if they know where the limit is. Usually, this teenage
experience teaches people how to handle alcohol and they will be able to manage it by the
time they grow up.
Withdrawal: It is only the addicts who could tell how difficult the withdrawal is. There are
many social programs for them where they can get a lot of professional help. However, all
these worth nothing without the strong determination and persistence of individuals. There
are a lot of rehabilitation centres to help them but the greatest challenge for them is to refuse
the temptation of alcohol after being released.

Why is it important to keep fit?

Society's attitude towards health and fitness has changed over the past few years and we are
all much more aware of the need to be positive than ever before about our health and
recognise the importance of physical fitness. Remaining physically fit is important for the
following reasons: maintaining a good level of physical fitness will give you a feeling of
better health through increased energy and vitality, making you feel better about yourself and
about your life. Being fit makes the activities in your life easier to manage; it keeps your
body in shape and keeps you looking good, which in turn provides "the feel-good factor"
making you work more efficiently and effectively. Keeping fit can help improve your quality
of life and help maintain a good standard of health, preventing or delaying heart related
diseases. Furthermore, keeping physically fit through exercise helps reduce stress and control
your weight and body shape. Team sports such as football or rugby can even improve your
social life.

Do you pursue any sports?

-

What are the popular winter and summer sports activities in Hungary?
In Hungary, people enjoy a variety of winter and summer sports activities.
During the winter months, ice skating is a favourite pastime. Many people go to outdoor or
indoor rinks to glide across the ice. Ice hockey is also quite popular.
While Hungary doesn't have mountains suitable for skiing or snowboarding, many
Hungarians travel to nearby countries like Austria or Slovakia to enjoy these winter sports.
In the summer, football takes centre stage. It's the most beloved sport in Hungary, with
passionate fans cheering for their favourite teams.
Swimming is also very popular, people swim in pools, lakes, and even the Danube River.
Water polo is another summer favourite. Hungary has a strong water polo tradition, and
matches can draw large crowds of spectators.
Canoeing and kayaking are enjoyed on Hungary's many rivers and lakes. These activities
allow people to explore the country's beautiful natural landscapes.
Cycling is a common way to enjoy the summer weather while staying active.
Tennis is also popular in Hungary, with many clubs and facilities available for players of all
skill levels.
Overall, Hungary offers a wide range of winter and summer sports activities for people to
enjoy throughout the year.
Do you consider daily PE lessons a good idea?
In my view, daily physical education (PE) lessons may not necessarily be the best approach
for several reasons. While physical activity is undoubtedly important for overall health,
mandating daily PE sessions may not suit every student or school environment.
Firstly, it's crucial to consider the diverse needs and interests of students. Not all students may
enjoy the traditional forms of physical activity. Forcing daily PE lessons upon them could
lead to disengagement and even dislike towards exercise. This might interfere the intended
benefits of promoting a healthy lifestyle.
Secondly, there's the issue of resources and facilities. Not all schools have the necessary
space, equipment, or qualified instructors to conduct daily PE sessions effectively.
Anyway, if you like sports, you also do them in your free time and practice sessions usually
take longer than 45 minutes. There is nothing more annoying than having to get changed in
ten minutes in the middle of the schoolday and go to the next lesson tired, sweaty and smelly
as there is no time to take a decent shower.

Do you think that PE lessons should be graded?

Giving grades on PE lessons may add unnecessary stress and pressure on students. Physical
activity should be seen as a joyful and voluntary activity, not something to be graded and
judged. Grading could also increase the feeling of insecurity or creates competitiveness
among students.
In conclusion, while physical education is undoubtedly important, mandating daily PE
lessons and grading them may not be the most effective or suitable approach for all students
and school contexts. It's crucial to consider individual needs, resource limitations, and the
overall well-being of students when designing physical education policies and practices.

9. Vásárlás és szolgáltatások
9A: Vásárlási szokások
Milyen üzletek vannak a lakóhelyén? Melyik a kedvenc üzlete? Miért?
Szokott-e piacra járni? Miért (nem)? (Mit) szeret vásárolni? Miért (nem)?
9B: Reklámok és szolgáltatások
Szereti-e a reklámokat (az utcán, TV-ben, interneten stb.) vagy inkább zavarják Önt? Hol és
hogyan érdemes reklámozni? Miért?
Milyen szolgáltatásokat szokott igénybe venni (posta, bank, fodrász, kozmetikus, szerelők
stb.)?
Shopping habits
I usually do my big weekly shopping in one of the supermarkets in our neighbourhood.
To avoid buying a lot of unnecessary things, I always prepare a shopping list before I go. I
divide the items I have to buy into different groups: dairy products, meat and poultry,
vegetables and detergents (tisztítószer). I do this because it makes shopping faster and in this
way I do not buy al the discounted products that I do not need and will never use in spite of
the ads that suggest the opposite.
I always buy the same brands because I trust the quality produced by particular companies. If
it is ketchup or mustard, it must be a particular brand, and I rarely go for something I have
never tried. Before buying a product, I read the list of ingredients and check the best-before
date to make sure that the food is not off.
First I buy fresh fruits and vegetables, then I go to the cheese, meat and bread counters. I
always buy lots of mineral water, both still and fizzy. Most of the toiletries, detergents and
other household products I use come from supermarket shelves because they are usually
cheaper there.
When I finaly get to the cashdesk after queuing for a while, I have the choice of deciding
whether to pay by cash or credit card. I like paying by card because it makes it easier to keep
a record of the shopping I have done.

Small corner shops or huge supermarkets? Which suits us better?

With the appearance of supermarkets, which have a big selection of products and goods,
people's shopping habits have changed considerably. Earlier, most people went to the nearest
market or corner shop to buy fresh food and groceries every day. These days, very few of the
corner shops remain and people have got into the habit of buying all the necessary items in
bulk, once a week. When it is time for me to embark on (belevág) the big weekly shopping
spree, I choose one of these supermarkets. I usually do my shopping on Friday afternoon.
Apart from the wide range of goods, it's the free parking and the big parking lots which make
supermarkets really popular: you leave your car in the parking lot, take a trolley and walk
into the supermarket. When you've finished shopping, you take the trolley to your car and put
everything in the trunk. You don't have to carry plastic bags full of things you've bought all
the way home.
There are rules to supermarket shopping. For example, never shop on an empty stomach and
leave your kids at home so that you can concentrate on your shopping list. Food retailers use
all sorts of marketing tricks to encourage us to put more and more items into our trolleys.
There is always something on sale. Marketing managers of supermarkets work hard to draw
our attention to products that we apparently can't live without we just never noticed it before.
Visual marketing is another strategy used by supermarkets to influence our shopping habits:
they place sweets at the check-out, which will make bored children bag their parents for
sweets while they are waiting in the queue.
In spite of the crowd around me in the supermarket I often feel lonely there. It is a kind of
alienation that I would never feel in a corner shop, where the owner would ask me about my
family, the weather or my cat. In the small shop I am the customer. In the supermarket I am
one of the many other customers, and that makes a difference. In both kinds of shop the aim
of the owners is to sell their goods, but the way they do it is very different, and I prefer the
way they do it in a corner shop even if I sometimes pay more for the same item.

Online shopping
Twenty years ago, it wasn't easy to find a shop that was ready to take your orders whenever
you felt like shopping. These days making a purchase on a Sunday night is nothing out of the
ordinary. Almost all the prestigious and less prestigious stores use the Internet to attract busy
shoppers by adding an online shopping section to their websites. The first online shop was
opened in 1994. Since then, thousands of webstores have been launched. Shopping online is
easy: you just need a valid credit or debit card, and you can start browsing the net for your
favourite shop. Besides being easy and handy, shopping on the net is often less expensive
than going to an ordinary shop. If you are a regular customer, your loyalty is often rewarded
with a customer card which entitles you to all sorts of special discounts. Knowing that you
can treat yourself to a trendy dress or a new pair of jeans any time makes a lot of people,
especially shopaholics, spend a great deal of money on the Internet.
If you want to fly with a budget airline, the only way to book is online. It's the easiest way of
buying a ticket with all the other airlines as well. After you've booked your flight, you can
start looking for accommodation online. All you have to type in is the dates of your stay, the
location and rating of the hotel. With the help of this information, it's easy to pick the hotel
that you like and that you can afford.
When it comes to entertainment, the fastest and easiest way of booking a ticket to the theatre
or the cinema is the Internet. While you are busy working in the office, you click on an
entertainment website, choose a show or a film and buy the tickets.

Do you buy goods on the market?

Yes, I frequently buy goods from the market as it offers a diverse range of products that suit
my needs. I find it particularly convenient for purchasing fresh fruits and vegetables. The
market provides a vibrant atmosphere where I can interact with local sellers , learn about the
origin and quality of the products, and sometimes even negotiate prices. Additionally, I
appreciate the opportunity to support small businesses and local farmers by choosing to shop
at the market. Overall, it's not only a practical choice for buying groceries but also an
enjoyable experience that connects me to my community.

Do you like advertisements (on the street, on TV, on the internet, etc.) or do they bother
you more? Where and how is it worth advertising? Why?
I have mixed feelings about advertisements. While some ads can be informative or
entertaining, others can feel intrusive (tolakodó) and annoying, especially when they interrupt
my favorite TV shows or pop up while browsing the internet. In terms of where it's worth
advertising, I believe it depends on the target audience and the nature of the product or
service being promoted. For instance, for a local business, advertising in the community
newspaper or through targeted social media campaigns might be more effective than a large
billboard on a highway. Ultimately, the key is to reach the right people, at the right time, with
the right message.

What services do you usually use (post office, bank, hairdresser, beautician, mechanics,
etc.)?

I regularly use various services depending on my needs. For example, I sometimes visit the
post office to send packages or mail letters. I also rely on banking services for managing my
finances, whether it's depositing money, paying bills, or applying for loans. Additionally, I
visit the hairdresser for haircuts and styling, and occasionally I seek the expertise of a
beautician for skincare treatments or makeup consultations. When my car needs maintenance
or repairs, I turn to mechanics to ensure it stays in good condition. Overall, these services
play a crucial role in my daily life, helping me to manage tasks efficiently and maintain my
well-being.
10. Étkezés

10A: Étkezési szokások

Hol és mit szokott enni hétköznapokon/hétvégén?
Melyik a kedvenc cukrászdája/kávézója/étterme és miért?
10B: Otthoni étkezés, vendéglátás
Írja le családjának egy átlagos étkezését. Fontos-e, hogy a család időnként együtt étkezzen?
Miért (nem)?
Meséljen egy alkalomról, amikor vendégül látott valakit az otthonában vagy kerti partyn

Are you a healthy eater?

I would consider myself to be a fairly healthy eater. I make conscious choices to include
plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains in my diet. I try to limit my intake of processed
foods and sugary snacks. Additionally, I pay attention to portion sizes and aim to balance my
meals with protein, carbohydrates, and healthy fats. While I do enjoy treats occasionally, I
believe in moderation and overall strive to maintain a balanced and nutritious diet.

Would you consider becoming a vegetarian? Why? Why not?

No, I wouldn't. I am convinced that the human body needs protein which can be found in
meat. It is not healthy if you cut out entirely one group of food from your diet. In addition, as
mankind has been hunting for thousands of years, why should we interfere with nature?
Anyway, I can't imagine my meals without meat.

Where do you usually eat during the weekdays/weekends and what do you typically eat?
During the weekdays, I typically eat at home or sometimes at school/work. I usually have
homemade meals or grab a quick bite at a nearby café or restaurant. On the weekends, I often
eat out with family or friends, exploring different restaurants or trying out new recipes at
home.

What is your favorite pastry shop/café/restaurant and why?

My favorite pastry shop is [Name of the shop] because they offer a wide variety of delicious
pastries and cakes. The atmosphere is cozy and inviting, making it a perfect spot to relax and
enjoy some sweet treats. As for cafes, I love [Name of the café] because of its cozy
atmosphere and excellent coffee selection. When it comes to restaurants, [Name of the
restaurant] tops my list due to its diverse menu options and exceptional service.

Describe a typical meal for your family. Is it important for the family to eat together
occasionally? Why (not)?
A typical meal for my family usually involves gathering around the dinner table in the
evening. We start with a salad or soup, followed by a main course which often includes a
meat with side dishes like rice, potatoes, or vegetables. Dessert is not always a part of our
meals, but we enjoy it occasionally. Eating together as a family is quite significant for us. It
provides an opportunity to bond, share our day's experiences, and strengthen our family ties.
Additionally, it promotes communication and fosters a sense of belonging among family
members.

Tell us about a time when you hosted someone in your home or at a garden party.
One memorable occasion when I hosted someone at my home was last summer when I
organized a barbecue party in my backyard. I invited close friends and family members to
enjoy a sunny afternoon together. We grilled various meats and vegetables, enjoyed
refreshing drinks, conversations and laughter. The atmosphere was relaxing and festive, with
everyone enjoying the delicious food and each other's company. It was a wonderful
opportunity to create lasting memories and strengthen our relationships in a warm and
welcoming environment.

stuff cabbage, fried meat, gulash soup, fish soup,

11. Urban Transportation

11A: Traveling to School or Work
How satisfied are you with public transportation in your area and why (not)? What is
more cost-effective: driving, taking a taxi, or using public transportation? How
expensive do you find public transportation?
Urban transportation is an essential part of daily life, especially when it comes to traveling to
school or work. Many people rely on public transportation, but satisfaction levels can vary
widely depending on where you live. Some areas have well-developed public transit systems
that are efficient, reliable, and affordable. In such places, residents often express high
satisfaction. However, in areas where public transportation is infrequent, unreliable, or
expensive, people tend to be less satisfied.
When considering what is more cost-effective – driving, taking a taxi, or using public
transportation – several factors come into play. For those who drive, the costs include fuel,
maintenance, parking fees, and sometimes tolls (útdíj). Taking a taxi can be convenient but
often becomes expensive, especially for daily commutes. Public transportation, on the other
hand, usually offers the most affordable option, particularly with monthly or yearly passes,
even though it might require more time due to waiting and transfers.
The cost of public transportation can also affect satisfaction. In some cities, public transit is
heavily subsidized (támogatás) and thus quite affordable. In others, high ticket prices can
make it a less attractive option. Evaluating (értékelni) the cost-effectiveness of each mode of
transportation depends on individual circumstances, such as distance traveled, frequency of
travel, and personal preferences.
11B: Transportation in Hungary
What is your favorite means of transportation and why?
Bus: Buses are another option I frequently use. They cover areas that trams or the metro
might not reach, making them very convenient for getting to suburban areas or less central
parts of the city. I appreciate the extensive bus network and the affordable ticket prices.
Modern buses are comfortable, with good seating and air conditioning, which enhances my
travel experience.
Bicycle: Cycling is my go-to choice when I prefer an active and environmentally friendly
mode of transportation. Many cities in Hungary, including Budapest, have invested in bike
lanes and bike-sharing programs, which make cycling easier and safer. I enjoy the flexibility
of biking, as I can avoid traffic jams and explore the city at my own pace. It's also a great way
to combine exercise with travel.
Car: My favorite means of transport is the car. It offers me independence and flexibility,
allowing me to travel whenever I want without relying on public transport schedules. Driving
is often more comfortable and faster, especially for long journeys or trips to places not well-
served by buses or trains. Additionally, it's convenient for traveling with others, making group
trips enjoyable and easy. Despite the costs of fuel, maintenance, and parking, the convenience
and comfort of driving make it my preferred mode of transport.
What advice would you give to a foreigner using public transportation in Hungary for
the first time?
For a foreigner visiting Hungary for the first time, I would offer a few key pieces of advice.
First, it’s important to buy tickets in advance and validate them before boarding, as inspectors
frequently check for valid tickets. Second, check the main lines and stops, especially if you
plan to visit popular tourist destinations. Maps and apps can be very helpful in navigating the
system. Lastly, be aware of the peak hours, usually in the morning and late afternoon, when
public transportation can be crowded. Planning your travel outside these times can enable a
more comfortable journey.
12A: Forms of Travel
What long-distance means of transport do you know? Which do you prefer to travel by
and why?
When it comes to long-distance travel, there are several means of transportation that I am
familiar with. Airplanes are incredibly fast and efficient, making them ideal for international
travel. Trains, on the other hand, offer a comfortable and scenic experience, suitable for both
national and cross-border journeys. Buses are an affordable and flexible option, although they
tend to be slower compared to trains and airplanes. Finally, cars provide the ultimate
flexibility and convenience, making them perfect for road trips and exploring rural areas.
Personally, I have a few preferences for traveling, each depending on the context of my
journey:
1. Airplanes: I prefer traveling by airplane for long-distance or international trips. The
primary reason is the speed and efficiency that airplanes offer. For example, when I
travel overseas, flying significantly reduces travel time compared to other means of
transport. Additionally, airports often provide a wide range of services and amenities
that make the travel experience more comfortable and convenient.
2. Trains: When I travel within a country or between nearby countries, I often choose
trains. Trains are comfortable and allow me to enjoy the scenery. They also offer more
space to move around compared to buses or airplanes, and I find them more relaxing
 overall. Moreover, train stations are usually located in city centers, making it easier to
access accommodation and attractions.
3. Cars: For short distances or road trips, I prefer traveling by car. The main advantage
of car travel is the flexibility it offers. I can plan my route(útvonal), stop whenever I
want to explore, and carry more luggage without worrying about restrictions. This
mode of transport is especially convenient for exploring rural areas or destinations not
well-served by public transportation.
4. Buses: Although not my top choice, I sometimes travel by bus for cost-effective
journeys. Buses are generally more affordable than trains and planes, making them a
practical option for budget travel. Modern buses also offer comfortable seating and
amenities like Wi-Fi and power outlets, which can make the journey more pleasant.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of individual and group travel?
When considering individual travel versus group travel, there are distinct advantages and
disadvantages to each. Traveling individually offers flexibility in the programs, personal
space, and the ability to travel at your own pace. However, it can be more expensive,
especially if you are traveling alone, and there is the potential risk of feeling lonely. On the
other hand, group travel has the benefit of shared costs, making it more affordable. Traveling
with others can be more enjoyable and provides a sense of security, along with opportunities
to make new friends. The downsides include less flexibility in planning, as you need to
consider the preferences of the group, and it can be challenging to find personal time and
space.
12B: Travel Experiences
How often and where do you usually travel? Where and how do you usually book
accommodation? What type of travel do you prefer: seaside vacations, mountain hiking,
or city visits, and why?
I usually travel two or three times a year. I often visit nearby countries in Europe for short
city breaks and occasionally go on longer vacations to more distant destinations. When it
comes to booking accommodation, I typically use online platforms like Booking.com or
Airbnb. I prefer to read reviews and compare prices to find the best options. Sometimes, I
also look for special deals or packages that include both flights and hotels.
As for the type of travel I prefer, city visits are my favorite. I love exploring new cities
because of their rich culture, history, and architecture. Each city has its unique vibe, and there
is always something new to discover, whether it's museums, restaurants, or local markets.
Seaside vacations have their own appeal, offering a relaxing environment, beautiful scenery,
and opportunities for water activities. However, they can be crowded during peak seasons and
sometimes expensive. Mountain hiking is another enjoyable option, providing fresh air,
stunning views, and great exercise. Yet, it requires good physical fitness and can be
challenging in bad weather.
City visits, in my opinion, offer the best experience. They are rich in culture and history,
provide a wide range of activities, and usually have good public transportation systems. The
disadvantages include potential high costs and crowds, especially in popular tourist cities, but
these are outweighed by the hundreds of experiences and discoveries one can make.

13. Environmental Issues

A: What extreme weather phenomena have you heard/read about recently?
What are your personal experiences? What do you think is threatening most to the
environment? What are you doing to protect your environment at home and elsewhere?
Global Warming and Climate Change
Global warming is one of the most serious environmental problems today. Experts say that
the Earth's average temperature is gradually increasing, and if we do not take action, it could
have catastrophic consequences. This warming is caused by greenhouse gases, which
accumulate in the atmosphere, forming a layer that traps the sun's heat near the Earth's
surface.
The main contributors to global warming are the burning of fossil fuels and modern
agricultural practices. The long-term effects of global warming are unpredictable, but some
consequences are already evident. For instance, the ice at the poles is melting rapidly, leading
to rising sea levels. If this continues, low-lying areas like the Netherlands and the Maldives
could be flooded. Climate change also causes severe droughts, extreme weather events like
hurricanes, and shrinking agricultural lands. Rivers like the Yellow River in China are drying
up before reaching the sea, and coral reefs are disappearing due to rising sea temperatures.
To address global warming, international cooperation is essential. The United Nations has
initiated efforts, with the most notable being the Paris Accord, signed by 196 countries in
2016. This agreement aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, with countries like China and
the US taking significant steps. However, challenges remain, such as the US's temporary
withdrawal from the agreement under President Donald Trump.
Alternative Energy Resources
Experts agree that fossil fuel burning is a major cause of high greenhouse gas emissions. Our
future depends on using renewable energy sources like wind, solar, and geothermal energy.
These should be widely adopted in industries, households, and transportation. In recent
decades, alternative energy technologies have advanced significantly. Large solar power
stations have been built in Australia, Africa, and China, including a floating solar power
station in China. However, storing energy for times when the sun isn't shining remains a
challenge. Wind power is also growing, with cities like Copenhagen aiming to meet their
electricity needs through wind turbines.
Geothermal energy, which uses the Earth's natural heat, is another promising resource.
Hungary has abundant geothermal resources, but they are not yet fully utilized.
Sustainable Development
The future of humanity depends on sustainable development, which means advancing society
and technology without harming the natural environment. This requires eco-awareness and a
shift to alternative resources.
Recycling and Reuse
Recycling and reusing materials can save significant resources. By separating waste, we can
recycle materials like paper, metal, plastic, and glass. Hazardous materials, such as batteries
and used oil, should be collected in special bins to prevent environmental harm. Reusing
materials means finding new uses for items instead of discarding them, like repurposing
paper boxes or car tires.
Carbon Footprint
A carbon footprint measures the environmental impact of all human activities. Every action,
like using electric lights, has a negative effect on the environment.
Individuals and the Environment
Experts say individuals are more likely to protect the environment if it saves them money, but
they are often unwilling to sacrifice comfort. For example, people may use energy-saving
bulbs but still prefer cars over public transport. Some green technologies, like hybrid cars or
solar panels, are still too expensive for many consumers. While the oil industry resists the
shift to alternative energy, insurance companies support environmental efforts due to the high
costs of climate-related damages like floods and hurricanes in the US.
Extinction of Animals
Many species are becoming extinct each year due to factors like global warming and
deforestation. This loss of biodiversity can have unforeseeable consequences on ecosystems.
Polar animals and species around coral reefs are particularly at risk as their habitats change
dramatically. Deforestation also threatens many species by destroying their natural habitats.
Poaching
Poaching is another threat to wildlife, driven by the illegal trade in animal parts like elephant
ivory and rhino bones. Despite protections, poaching remains a significant problem,
especially in poor countries where it is a tempting source of income. In Hungary, smugglers
often target protected birds, which are considered delicacies in Italian cuisine.
Water Pollution
Water pollution is a growing concern, with massive floating garbage islands in the oceans,
primarily made of plastic. Reducing this pollution is challenging, but campaigns aim to raise
awareness. Simple steps, like avoiding plastic bags and over-packaged goods, can help. For
instance, fast-food packaging is often excessive.
Nuclear Pollution
The use of nuclear energy is controversial. It is efficient and environmentally friendly during
energy production, but it generates radioactive waste that requires secure storage for
centuries. Accidents, like those at Chernobyl and Fukushima, have had disastrous
consequences, highlighting the risks associated with nuclear power.
13B: Natural Environment: Garden, Hiking
Do you like gardening and taking care of plants? Why (not)?
I enjoy gardening and taking care of plants for several reasons. Firstly, I find it very relaxing
and therapeutic. Spending time outdoors, working with soil(talaj), and taking care of my
plants helps me de-stress and disconnect from my daily routine. Additionally, gardening gives
me a sense of accomplishment. Watching a plant grow from a tiny seed to a full-grown plant
with flowers or fruits is incredibly rewarding.
Another reason I like gardening is that it allows me to be creative. I can design my garden,
choose different plants, and arrange them in various ways to create a beautiful and
harmonious space. Gardening also has practical benefits. Growing my own herbs
(gyógynövény), vegetables, and fruits ensures that I have fresh and organic produce at home,
which is healthier and more economical.
However, gardening can also be challenging. It requires a lot of patience and knowledge
about plants, soil, and weather conditions. Sometimes, plants get diseases, and it can be
difficult to save them. Despite these challenges, I still find gardening to be a fulfilling and
enjoyable activity.
Do you prefer hiking alone or with others? Why?
When it comes to hiking, I prefer to go with others rather than alone. Hiking with friends or
family members is more enjoyable and safer. It is a great opportunity to bond with people,
share experiences, and create memories together. Conversations during the hike make the
journey more interesting and less tiring.
Another advantage of hiking with others is the added safety. In case of any emergency, such
as getting lost, injured, or encountering wildlife, having companions ensures that help is
available. It also feels more reassuring to have someone by your side in unfamiliar or
challenging terrains.
Moreover, hiking with a group can be motivating. When I hike with others, we encourage
each other to keep going, especially during difficult parts of the trail. This mutual support
makes it easier to complete long or tiring / strenuous hikes.
However, there are times when I appreciate the solitude of hiking alone. It allows me to move
at my own pace, reflect on my thoughts, and connect more deeply with nature. But overall, I
prefer the companionship and shared experiences that come with hiking in a group.
14A: Leisure Time, Hobbies
Do you prefer active or passive relaxation? Why?
Leisure time and hobbies play an essential role in our lives, offering a break from daily
routines and a chance to pursue personal interests. When it comes to relaxation, people have
different preferences. Some enjoy active relaxation, engaging in activities like sports, hiking,
or dancing. These activities not only keep them physically fit but also provide a sense of
accomplishment and exhilaration. On the other hand, passive relaxation, such as reading,
watching movies, or meditating, allows people to unwind and recharge their mental energy.
I enjoy both active and passive relaxation, but if I had to choose, I lean towards active
activities like hiking and cycling. Being outdoors and physically engaged helps me clear my
mind and stay fit. It's a great way to release stress and feel refreshed.
How has your attitude towards hobbies and collecting changed over your life?
In my youth, I was passionate about collecting comic books and action figures. It was more
about completing sets and owning rare items. Now, I focus more on hobbies that provide a
sense of fulfillment and growth, like learning a new language or practicing photography. I
value experiences and skills over material collections.
What hobbies do you currently enjoy?
· Cooking and Baking: Exploring new recipes, experimenting with flavors, and sharing
delicious meals with friends and family can be a rewarding hobby.
· Photography: Capturing moments, landscapes, or portraits and experimenting with
different techniques can be both artistic and meditative.
· Reading: Diving into books across various genres, from fiction to self-improvement,
provides mental stimulation and relaxation.
· Fitness and Sports: Engaging in activities like yoga, running, or team sports not only
keeps you fit but also fosters a sense of community and achievement.
· Art and Crafting: Creating artworks, whether painting, knitting, or woodworking, allows
for self-expression and the satisfaction of making something with your hands.
· Music: Playing a musical instrument, singing, or simply listening to music can be a hobby
that soothes the soul and connects you with others.
· Gardening: Cultivating plants, tending to a garden, and watching plants grow can be
therapeutic and rewarding.
· Traveling: Exploring new places, cultures, and cuisines broadens horizons and creates
lasting memories.
· Writing: Whether it's journaling, blogging, or creative writing, expressing thoughts and
ideas through words can be cathartic and fulfilling.
· Volunteering: Giving back to the community through volunteer work or charitable
activities can provide a sense of purpose and satisfaction.
· Collecting: From stamps to vintage items, collecting can be a hobby that combines history,
aesthetics, and the thrill of discovery.
· DIY Projects: Building furniture, home improvement projects, or crafting decorations can
be both practical and creatively fulfilling.
· Film and TV Series: Watching and analyzing movies or binge-watching TV series can be
a hobby that provides entertainment and sparks discussions.
· Board Games and Puzzles: Solving puzzles, playing strategic board games with friends or
family, or even exploring escape rooms can be intellectually stimulating and fun.
· Learning New Languages: Studying languages, practicing speaking with native speakers,
and exploring different cultures through language learning can be a hobby that opens new
doors.
B: What is your clothing style like?
My clothing style can be described as eclectic yet functional. I like mixing classic pieces with
modern trends. I often opt for comfortable yet stylish outfits that can transition from day to
night.
What kind of clothes do you avoid wearing?
I don't particularly like overly extravagant or tight-fitting clothes. Comfort is key for me, so I
prefer pieces that allow me to move freely. Additionally, I hate overly patterned or
excessively shiny clothes, opting instead for more nude colors and minimalist patterns.
What experiences do you have with online clothes shopping and second-hand stores?
Online clothes shopping has been convenient, but I've learned to be cautious about sizing and
quality. Returns can sometimes be a hassle, so I prefer sites with clear size charts and good
customer reviews.
Regarding thrift shopping, I have had positive experiences. I often find unique pieces at
affordable prices, which adds a special touch to my wardrobe. It's important to me that
thrifted clothes are in good condition and of decent quality. It's environmentally friendly too,
which aligns with my values of sustainability.
15. Hungary and the Target Country
What would you show to a foreign acquaintance in Budapest/Hungary?
Why? What is Hungary and the Hungarians famous for worldwide?
Compare the chosen country and Hungary (climate, culture, customs). Would you like
to live in that country? Why (not)?
Let's start with Hungary and what it offers to someone visiting Budapest or exploring the
country. Hungary, located in central Europe, has a fascinating culture that attracts people
from all over the world. Budapest, its capital city, is famous for its beautiful buildings like the
Parliament and the Chain Bridge. Visitors also love Budapest's relaxing thermal baths, such
as Széchenyi and Gellért.
Hungary is known globally for its contributions to music, literature, and science. Hungarian
inventions like the Rubik's Cube are famous for their creativity. Hungarian food, including
dishes like goulash and kürtőskalács (chimney cake), is also popular worldwide. The
country's lively folk traditions and festivals, like the Sziget music festival, add to its charm.
Now, let's compare Hungary to the target country, which is England. The two countries have
different climates: Hungary has hot summers and cold winters, while England has milder
weather with more rain throughout the year. Culturally, both countries appreciate art and
literature, but Hungary focuses more on traditional music and relaxing in thermal baths,
whereas England is known for its royal history and modern music and theater scenes.
Living in England could be exciting because of its diverse culture, global connections, and
job opportunities in finance and technology. English is also widely spoken, which is helpful
for international careers. On the other hand, Hungary offers a more affordable lifestyle, rich
history, and a slower pace of life, which can be appealing for those seeking a close-knit
community and cultural immersion.
In conclusion, both Hungary and England have their unique attractions based on climate,
culture, and lifestyle. Whether someone prefers the busy streets of London or the historic
charm of Budapest would depend on their personal interests and career goals. Both countries
promise interesting experiences and opportunities to grow personally and professionally.
16. Illnesses
Health problems are a part of everyday life, and it's essential to understand the most common
ones. These include colds, the flu, headaches, stomachaches, and back pain, among others.
Many people experience these minor issues, and often they can be managed without
professional medical help.
For instance, some health problems can be cured at home, such as mild colds or headaches.
Resting, staying hydrated, and using over-the-counter medicines (vény nélkül kapható
gyógyszerek) like painkillers can often resolve these issues. Home remedies such as herbal
teas, steam inhalation, and eating certain foods like garlic or ginger can also be effective in
treating symptoms.
When it comes to the common cold or flu, symptoms usually include a runny nose, sore
throat, sneezing, coughing, headaches, and sometimes a mild fever. While these symptoms
can be uncomfortable, they are usually not serious and will resolve on their own with time.
The flu, however, can cause more severe symptoms such as a higher fever, body aches, and
fatigue.
Traditionally, people treat colds and flu with home remedies. Many rely on drinking hot
liquids like tea with honey and lemon, using mentholated balms, or taking warm baths to
relieve symptoms. In some cultures, specific foods such as chicken soup are believed to have
healing properties.
General Practitioner (GP)
A General Practitioner (GP) plays an essential role in primary health care. Routine
examinations at the GP’s office usually include checking vital signs like blood pressure, heart
rate, and temperature. GPs are trained to handle common health problems such as colds, flu,
minor injuries, and chronic conditions like asthma or diabetes.
Different age groups often have different health problems. For example, children are more
prone to infections, while adults may experience more chronic conditions like high blood
pressure or arthritis (izületi gyulladàs). Older adults may face additional issues like memory
loss. GPs are skilled at managing these age-specific conditions and can provide the
appropriate treatment or advice.
However, GPs can't treat all health problems. In more serious cases, such as when a patient
presents with symptoms of cancer, heart disease, or a complex neurological disorder, GPs
refer patients to specialists for further diagnosis and treatment. Specialist care is crucial for
dealing with issues beyond the scope of a GP’s general knowledge.
Hospital
Hospitals provide critical care for individuals with serious or life-threatening health issues.
People are typically taken to hospitals for emergencies, surgeries, or when they require
specialized tests and treatments. Emergency situations like heart attacks, severe injuries, or
strokes demand immediate attention from hospital staff. Other reasons for hospitalization
include surgeries or treatments that cannot be administered at home or at a GP's office.
Good doctors and nurses possess several key characteristics. A good doctor should be
knowledgeable, compassionate, and able to communicate effectively with patients. Nurses,
who often spend more time with patients, should be empathetic, attentive, and able to manage
stress. Both professions require patience and the ability to stay calm in high-pressure
situations.
There are both advantages and disadvantages to being a doctor or nurse. On the positive side,
they have the opportunity to make a difference in people’s lives and enjoy a sense of personal
satisfaction from helping others. However, the job can be highly stressful and demanding,
with long hours and emotional strain.
When it comes to healthcare systems, the quality can vary. In Hungary, for example, the
healthcare system faces challenges such as long waiting times, understaffing, and outdated
facilities. However, there are also positive aspects, such as the country’s commitment to
providing affordable healthcare through its public system. While some may seek private care
for faster service, the overall quality of doctors and medical staff remains high.

17. Seasons
The four seasons—spring, summer, autumn, and winter—each bring distinct weather
patterns, natural phenomena, and activities.
Spring (March to May) marks the season of rebirth. Flowers bloom, and temperatures
gradually rise. In the garden, this is the time for planting seeds and preparing the soil for
growth. Typical leisure activities include enjoying outdoor walks, cycling, and spring
festivals such as Easter and May Day celebrations. A famous tradition in many countries is
spring cleaning, a time to refresh homes after winter.
Summer (June to August) is characterized by warm, sunny weather, often leading to outdoor
activities like swimming, sunbathing, barbecues, and outdoor sports. Gardens are in full
bloom, and regular watering and weeding (gyomlálás) are necessary to keep plants healthy.
The Summer Olympic Games, held every four years, showcase global talent in athletics,
swimming, and other sports.
Autumn (September to November) brings cooler weather and falling leaves. It is a time for
harvesting crops, including grapes for wine. Gardeners clean up, plant bulbs for the next
spring, and compost fallen leaves. Autumn festivals like Halloween and Thanksgiving are
common, and the wine harvest festival is widely celebrated.
Winter (December to February) is the coldest season, often bringing snow in certain regions.
In the garden, winter is a time for protecting plants with covering them. Typical leisure
activities include skiing, ice skating, and winter sports like the Winter Olympic Games.
Holidays such as Christmas and New Year are widely celebrated, with traditions like gift-
giving, decorating homes, and gathering with family.
The Weather
Weather has a profound effect on people’s daily lives, influencing their routines, clothing,
holidays, and even mood.
Everyday activities are often planned based on the weather. For example, sunny days
encourage people to spend more time outdoors, while rainy days might lead to staying inside.
Clothing choices are also weather-dependent—light, breathable fabrics are preferred in the
heat, while layers and waterproof clothes are essential in cold or wet weather.
The weather plays a crucial role in holiday plans. Many people prefer to travel in the
summer for beach holidays or in winter for skiing trips. Unexpected weather changes can
disrupt these plans, leading to cancellations or delays. The weather can also affect people’s
mood. Research suggests that sunny days lift spirits, while dark, rainy weather can lead to
feelings of sadness or lethargy.
Bad Weather Conditions
Bad weather can present challenges that require preparation and caution.
In hot weather, people should protect themselves by staying hydrated, wearing light
clothing, and avoiding exposure to the sun. In extreme cases, heatwaves can cause heatstroke
and dehydration. Cold weather demands layers of warm clothing, hats, and gloves to prevent
getting cold. During cold seasons, it's essential to heat homes and avoid icy conditions that
could lead to accidents.
Wind and rain pose their own risks. Strong winds can knock down trees and power lines,
while heavy rain can lead to flooding. Wearing waterproof clothing and staying indoors when
storms are predicted can help reduce these risks. However, bad weather can still cause
problems like road closures, flight cancellations, and power outages, impacting daily life.
The Weather Forecast
The weather forecast is an essential tool for planning everyday activities. For example,
deciding whether to bring an umbrella or wear a jacket depends on it. In outdoor jobs, such
as farming or construction, knowing the weather in advance is critical. Farmers rely on
forecasts to protect crops from frost or heavy rain, while builders may need to delay work due
to storms.
The reliability of weather forecasts is improving with technology, but they are still
predictions, not guarantees. Small changes in wind patterns or temperature can lead to
unexpected outcomes, so while forecasts are important, it’s always wise to prepare for sudden
changes.
18. Physical appearance- clothes and fashion
Different Situations, Different Clothes
Clothing choices often depend on various factors, and people dress differently according to
the occasion, activity, and social expectations. One of the main factors determining what
clothes we wear is age. Children might wear comfortable, bright clothes, while teenagers
often experiment with trendy styles. Adults tend to focus on practicality, and older individuals
often choose clothes that reflect comfort or elegance.
Another key factor is the weather. For instance, light fabrics are worn in summer, while
heavy coats and scarves become necessary in colder months. Additionally, others'
opinions can influence our clothing choices. In social settings or environments where we
interact with others, we might feel pressure to dress according to what’s expected of us.
Clothes also change depending on the type of activity. For school or work, uniforms or
formal wear are often required, while for leisure or sport, casual and comfortable clothes like
tracksuits, T-shirts, or sneakers are more suitable. Special occasions such as weddings or
business meetings may require formal clothing, such as suits or dresses, to show respect for
the event.
In the workplace, the importance of a dress code is often emphasized. Many companies
require their employees to dress in a professional manner, as appearance can affect how one
is perceived. Dressing appropriately can give the impression of being competent and serious
about the job.
Wearing uniforms can be beneficial in some environments, as it promotes equality and unity,
especially in schools or professions like healthcare. However, it can also limit personal
expression. The pros include saving time in choosing clothes, while the cons may involve
discomfort or lack of individuality.
Different People, Different Tastes
Men’s and women’s clothing often differ in terms of design, accessories, and overall style.
For example, women’s fashion may focus on details such as jewelry, handbags, or shoes,
while men's wear is typically more straightforward, with a focus on functionality.
Generational differences also play a major role in fashion. Older generations often prefer
classic styles that they’ve grown up with, while younger people are more inclined to adopt
current trends, reflecting their desire to stand out or fit into a specific social group.
There’s also the debate between ready-made and tailor-made clothes. Ready-made clothes
are convenient and widely available, but they may not always fit perfectly. On the other hand,
tailor-made clothes are customized to fit the individual, offering a higher level of comfort and
uniqueness, though they tend to be more expensive and time-consuming to produce.
Fashion
Fashion is constantly changing due to cultural shifts, technological advancements, and the
influence of designers and celebrities. One reason why fashion changes so frequently is that
people enjoy expressing their individuality in new ways. Designers are always exploring new
ideas, leading to regular changes in trends.
Despite the ever-changing nature of fashion, certain items like jeans and denim
jackets remain timeless. These pieces are versatile, comfortable, and adaptable to various
styles.
Some people choose to follow the latest fashion trends to stay current, fit in with their
peers, or express themselves. This can be influenced by social media, magazines, or fashion
shows, where celebrities or influencers showcase new trends. Fashion blogs, online stores,
and even TV shows provide insight into what’s in style, offering inspiration for those who are
interested.
Fashion and beauty magazines often provide information about upcoming trends, styling tips,
and advice on hairstyles or makeup. They also highlight differences between designer and
second-hand clothing. Designer clothes are expensive and exclusive, symbolizing status and
wealth, while second-hand clothes are more affordable and sustainable, promoting eco-
friendly fashion.
Many young girls aspire to become fashion models because of the glamorous lifestyle and
the opportunity to be in the spotlight. However, the fashion industry can be highly
competitive, and appearance plays a significant role in determining success.
Judging people by their clothes or appearance can be problematic, as it often leads to
stereotypes and superficial judgments. While clothes are an expression of personal style, they
do not always reflect a person’s character or values.
New trends in fashion, such as tattoos, piercings, and body modifications, have gained
popularity in recent years, especially among younger people. These trends reflect a growing
interest in self-expression and individuality, moving away from traditional norms of beauty.