Unit 9: Object Oriented Programming

>>>Review of Fundamentals of Procedural Programming,

>>>Class and Objects,
>>>Data Abstraction,
>>>Information Hiding & Encapsulation,
>>>Constructors, destructors, and object creation,
>>>Name space and references ,
>>>Class Methods , Methods Overloading ,
>>>Inheritance ,
>>>Polymorphism ,
>>>Abstract Classes,
>>>Abstract Methods ,
>>>Exceptions , Exception Handling.
 INTRODUCTION OF OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

➢ As the name suggests, Object-Oriented Programming or OOPs

refers to languages that use objects in programming.

➢ Object-oriented programming aims to implement real-world

entities like inheritance, hiding, polymorphism, etc in
programming.

➢ The main aim of OOP is to bind together the data and the functions
that operate on them so that no other part of the code can access
this data except that function.
 INTRODUCTION OF OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

➢ OOPs Concepts:

➢ Class
➢ Objects
➢ Data Abstraction
➢ Encapsulation
➢ Inheritance
➢ Polymorphism
➢ Dynamic Binding
➢ Message Passing
 OBJECT

➢ It is a basic unit of Object-Oriented Programming and represents

the real-life entities. An Object is an instance of a Class. When a
class is defined, no memory is allocated but when it is instantiated
(i.e. an object is created) memory is allocated. An object has an
identity, state, and behavior.
➢ Each object contains data and code to manipulate the data. Objects
can interact without having to know details of each other’s data or
code, it is sufficient to know the type of message accepted and type
of response returned by the objects.

➢ For example “Dog” is a real-life Object, which has some

characteristics like color, Breed, Bark, Sleep, and Eats.
 CLASS

➢ A class is a user-defined data type. It consists of data members and

member functions, which can be accessed and used by creating an
instance of that class. It represents the set of properties or methods
that are common to all objects of one type. A class is like a
blueprint for an object.

➢ For Example: Consider the Class of Cars. There may be many cars
with different names and brands but all of them will share some
common properties like all of them will have 4 wheels, Speed Limit,
Mileage range, etc. So here, the Car is the class, and wheels, speed
limits, and mileage are their properties.
 CLASS

➢ Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.

➢ A class can also be defined as a blueprint from which you can

create an individual object.

➢ Class doesn't consume any space.

 CLASS

➢ A class describes the state or behavior of an object. A class can

have attributes and methods:

➢ Attributes: An Attribute is a public variable inside the class/object.

For example, Length is an attribute of int data type. In other
words, **class attributes** are the variable within a class. You can
access attributes by creating an object of a class and by using dot
syntax(.).

➢ Methods: A method is a group/block of code that takes input from

the user, process it, and provides the output. The method runs only
when it is called.
 DATA ABSTRACTION

➢ Data abstraction is one of the most essential and important

features of object-oriented programming.
➢ Data abstraction refers to providing only essential information
about the data to the outside world, hiding the background details
or implementation.
➢ Consider a real-life example of a man driving a car. The man only
knows that pressing the accelerators will increase the speed of the
car or applying brakes will stop the car, but he does not know
about how on pressing the accelerator the speed is increasing, he
does not know about the inner mechanism of the car or the
implementation of the accelerator, brakes, etc in the car. This is
what abstraction is
 DATA ABSTRACTION

➢ Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as

abstraction.

➢ For example phone call, we don't know the internal processing.

➢ In Java, we use abstract class and interface to achieve abstraction.

 ENCAPSULATION

✓ Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single

unit are known as encapsulation. For example, a capsule, it
is wrapped with different medicines.

✓ A java class is the example of encapsulation. Java bean is

the fully encapsulated class because all the data members
are private here
 ENCAPSULATION

➢ Encapsulation is defined as the wrapping up of

data under a single unit.
➢ It is the mechanism that binds together code and
the data it manipulates.
➢ In Encapsulation, the variables or data of a class
are hidden from any other class and can be
accessed only through any member function of
their class in which they are declared. As in
encapsulation, the data in a class is hidden from
other classes, so it is also known as data-hiding.
 ENCAPSULATION

➢ Consider a real-life example of encapsulation, in a company, there are different

sections like the accounts section, finance section, sales section, etc.
➢ The finance section handles all the financial transactions and keeps records of all
the data related to finance.
➢ Similarly, the sales section handles all the sales-related activities and keeps
records of all the sales. Now there may arise a situation when for some reason an
official from the finance section needs all the data about sales in a particular
month. In this case, he is not allowed to directly access the data of the sales
section. He will first have to contact some other officer in the sales section and
then request him to give the particular data. This is what encapsulation is. Here
the data of the sales section and the employees that can manipulate them are
wrapped under a single name “sales section”.
 INHERITANCE

➢ Inheritance is an important pillar of OOP(Object-Oriented

Programming).
➢ The capability of a class to derive properties and characteristics from
another class is called Inheritance.
➢ When we write a class, we inherit properties from other classes.
➢ So when we create a class, we do not need to write all the properties and
functions again and again, as these can be inherited from another class
that possesses it. Inheritance allows the user to reuse the code whenever
possible and reduce its redundancy.
 INHERITANCE

➢ When one object acquires all the properties and behaviors of a parent
object, it is known as inheritance.
➢ It provides code reusability.
➢ It is used to achieve runtime polymorphism
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 POLYMORPHISM

➢ The word polymorphism means having many forms.

➢ In simple words, we can define polymorphism as the ability of a message
to be displayed in more than one form.
➢ For example, A person at the same time can have different
characteristics. Like a man at the same time is a father, a husband, an
employee. So the same person posses different behavior in different
situations. This is called polymorphism.
 POLYMORPHISM

➢ If one task is performed in different ways, it is known as polymorphism.

➢ For example: to convince the customer differently, to draw something,

for example, shape, triangle, rectangle, etc.

➢ In Java, we use method overloading and method overriding to achieve

polymorphism.

➢ Another example can be to speak something; for example, a cat speaks

meow, dog barks woof, etc.
POLYMORPHISM
 DYNAMIC BINDING

➢ In dynamic binding, the code to be executed in response to the function

call is decided at runtime.
➢ Dynamic binding means that the code associated with a given procedure
call is not known until the time of the call at run time.
➢ Dynamic Method Binding One of the main advantages of inheritance is
that some derived class D has all the members of its base class B. Once D
is not hiding any of the public members of B, then an object of D can
represent B in any context where a B could be used. This feature is
known as subtype polymorphism.
 MESSAGE PASSING

➢ It is a form of communication used in object-oriented programming as

well as parallel programming.
➢ Objects communicate with one another by sending and receiving
information to each other.
➢ A message for an object is a request for execution of a procedure and
therefore will invoke a function in the receiving object that generates the
desired results. Message passing involves specifying the name of the
object, the name of the function, and the information to be sent.
 COUPLING

➢ Coupling refers to the knowledge or information or dependency of

another class. It arises when classes are aware of each other.

➢ If a class has the details information of another class, there is strong

coupling.

➢ In Java, we use private, protected, and public modifiers to display the

visibility level of a class, method, and field.
 ASSOCIATION
➢ Association represents the relationship between the objects. Here, one
object can be associated with one object or many objects. There can be
four types of association between the objects:

➢ One to One
➢ One to Many
➢ Many to One, and
➢ Many to Many

➢ For example, One country can have one prime minister (one to one), and
a prime minister can have many ministers (one to many). Also, many
MP's can have one prime minister (many to one), and many ministers
can have many departments (many to many).
 AGGREGATION

➢ Aggregation is a way to achieve Association.

➢ Aggregation represents the relationship where one object contains other
objects as a part of its state.
➢ It represents the weak relationship between objects.
➢ It is also termed as a has-a relationship in Java.
➢ Like, inheritance represents the is-a relationship.
➢ It is another way to reuse objects.
 COMPOSITION

➢ The composition is also a way to achieve Association.

➢ The composition represents the relationship where one object contains

other objects as a part of its state.

➢ There is a strong relationship between the containing object and the

dependent object.
➢ It is the state where containing objects do not have an independent
existence.
➢ If you delete the parent object, all the child objects will be deleted
automatically.
 EXCEPTION HANDLING

➢ Exceptions: Exceptions are runtime anomalies or unusual conditions

that a program may encounter while executing .

➢ Anomalies might include conditions such ass division by zero, accessing

an array outside of its bounds or running out of memory or disk space.
When a program encounters an exception condition, it must be
identified and handled.

➢ Exceptions provide a way to transfer control from one part of a program

to another. C++ exception handling is built upon three keywords: try,
catch, and throw.
 EXCEPTION HANDLING

➢ Types of exceptions:There are two kinds of exceptions

1.Synchronous exceptions
2.Asynchronous exceptions

1. Synchronous exceptions: Errors such as “Out-of-range index” and “over

flow” are synchronous exceptions

2. Asynchronous exceptions: The errors that are generated by any event

beyond the control of the program are called asynchronous exceptions
 EXCEPTION HANDLING MECHANISM

➢ An exception is said to be thrown at the place where some error or

abnormal condition is detected. The throwing will cause the normal
program flow to be aborted, in a raised exception.
➢ An exception is thrown programmatic, the programmer specifies the
conditions of a throw.
➢ In handled exceptions, execution of the program will resume at a
designated block of code, called a catch block, which encloses the point
of throwing in terms of program execution. The catch block can be, and
usually is, located in a different function than the point of throwing.
➢ C++ exception handling is built upon three keywords: try, catch, and
throw.
 EXCEPTION HANDLING MECHANISM

➢ Try is used to preface a block of statements which may generate

exceptions. This block of statements is known as try block.

➢ When an exception is detected it is thrown by using throw statement in

the try block. Catch block catches the exception thrown by throw
statement in the try block and handles it appropriately.
EXCEPTION
HANDLING
MECHANISM
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Q. Who invented OOP?

a) Andrea Ferro
b) Adele Goldberg
c) Alan Kay
d) Dennis Ritchie
Alan Kay invented OOP, Andrea Ferro was a part of SmallTalk
Development. Dennis invented C++ and Adele Goldberg was in
team to develop SmallTalk but Alan actually had got rewarded for
OOP.
Q. Which is not a feature of OOP in general definitions?

a) Efficient Code
b) Code reusability
c) Modularity
d) Duplicate/Redundant data
Q. Which feature of OOP indicates code reusability?

a) Abstraction
b) Polymorphism
c) Encapsulation
d) Inheritance
Inheritance indicates the code reusability. Encapsulation and
abstraction are meant to hide/group data into one element.
Polymorphism is to indicate different tasks performed by a single
entity.
Q. What is encapsulation in OOP?

a) It is a way of combining various data members and member

functions that operate on those data members into a single unit
b) It is a way of combining various data members and member
functions into a single unit which can operate on any data
c) It is a way of combining various data members into a single unit
d) It is a way of combining various member functions into a single
unit
Q. Which of the following is not true about polymorphism?

a) Helps in redefining the same functionality

b) Increases overhead of function definition always
c) It is feature of OOP
d) Ease in readability of program
Q. What is an abstraction in object-oriented programming?

a) Hiding the implementation and showing only the features

b) Hiding the important data
c) Hiding the implementation
d) Showing the important data
Q. Which feature of OOP reduces the use of nested classes?

a) Inheritance
b) Binding
c) Abstraction
d) Encapsulation
Q. Encapsulation and abstraction differ as ____________

a) Hiding and hiding respectively

b) Binding and Hiding respectively
c) Hiding and Binding respectively
d) Can be used any way
Q. Which of the following can be overloaded ?

A. Variable
B. Objects
C. Class
D. Function
Q. The major goal of object - oriented programming is

A. Speed
B. Reuse
C. User - interface
D. Top - down program development
Q. Which of the following most accurately describes "multiple
inheritance"?

A. When two classes inherit from each other.

B. When a child class has two or more parent classes.
C. When a base child has two or more derived classes.
D. When a child class has both an "is a" and "has a" relationship
with its parent class.
Q. Assertion (A): C++ is an object-oriented programming
language.

Reason (R): C++ supports class, inheritance, templates, and

exception handling.

A. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is correct explanation of (A).
B. Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation
of (A).
C. (A) is true, but (R) is false.
D. (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Q. An object-oriented programming concept that refers to the
ability of a variable, function, or object to take on multiple forms is
:

A. Inheritance
B. Hierarchy
C. Polymorphism
D. State Transition
Q. If a class C is derived from class B, which is derived from class
A, all through public inheritance, then a class C member function
can access

A. Only protected and public data of C and B

B. Only protected and public data of C
C. All data of C and private data of A and B
D. Public and protected data of A and B and all data of C
1. public inheritance:
In this, public members of the base class remain
public in the derived class and protected
members of base class remains protected in base
class.

2. private inheritance:
in this, each protected and public member of
base class remains private in the derived class.

3. protected inheritance:
In this, each private and public member of base
class remains protected in the derived class.
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