Siseveeteede

ajalugu
Maarja Kaaristo
TLÜ antropoloogia dotsent / Manchester
Metropolitan University, Senior Lecturer
[email protected]
Tänane loeng
• Kanalite ja jõgede ajalugu: üldine sissejuhatus
• Veeteed Suurbritannias: „kanaliajastu“ ja
tööstusrevolutsioon
• Põhja-Inglismaa kanalid
• Muutuv maastik ja kohabiograafia looduse ja kultuuri
vahel: kanalite „elulugu“
 Paiknemine maapinna suhtes:
• Pinnaveekogud
• Maa-alused veekogud
Tekkeviis:
Siseveekogud
• Looduslikud veekogud
on
• Tehislikud (inimtekkelised) veekogud
maailmamerest
Püsivus:
eraldatud
• Alalised veekogud
veekogud
• Ajutised veekogud
Veevool:
• Vooluveekogud
• Seisuveekogud
 Emajõgi
• Ainus täies ulatuses laevatatav jõgi Eestis on Emajõgi, pikkus on 100 km.
• Emajõe Laius on 40-100m, sügavus enamasti 2-4m (kohati 10m).
• Ajalooliselt oluline kaubateede osa
• Kirjalikud teated lodjast 15. saj, suurimad kuni 23m pikad
• Veeti karusnahku, soola, rauda, kalevit, teravilja, vaha, mett
• Eesti Vabariigi ajal aurulaevad nii Peipsi kui Võrtsjärve suunal
• Nõukogude ajal jõetrammid ja Tartu-Pihkva transiitliin
• Taasiseseisvunud Eestis 1993 kolm laeva jätkasid reisijate vedu, 1999 AS Tartu Sadam.
2006 Emajõe-Peipsi lodi “Jõmmu”. Huvisõidud. Väiksemad erapaadid.

Adamson, Ain 2019-2020. Peipsi vesikonna olemusest ja ajaloost. Ülevaade AB Artes töö “Peipsi, Pihkva ja Lämmijärve,
Emajõe ning seotud jõgede kalda- ja veealade kasutamise uuring” jaoks.
Kanal – pinnasesse rajatud kindla ristlõikega
voolusäng

• Laevatatavad kanalid
• Veevarustuskanalid
• Niisutuskanalid,
kuivenduskanalid
• Hüdroelektrijaamade
kanalid
• Reoveekanalid

Panama kanal Atlandi ja Vaikse ookeani vahel, läbib Panama maakitsuse ja Gatúni järve; pikkus 81,6 km, sügavus 14,3 m,
3 lüüsipaari. Avatud 1914. Kanal ja Panama kanali tsoon (1442 km2) kuulus aastani 2000 USA-le.
Mis kanali kohta need meemid käivad?

Suessi kanal asub Egiptuses Suessi maakitsusel, mis ühendab

Vahemerd Punase merega. Kanali pikkus on 163 km.
 Lühike ajalooline
ülevaade

• Niiluse, Amazonase, Yangtze, Mississippi jt

suurte jõgede tähtsus inimtsivilisatsioonide
aregus.
• Kanaleid ehitati nii niisutuse kui transpordi
otstarbel nii Mesopotaamias, Vanas
Egiptuses, Rooma impeeriumis, Hiinas.
• Lingqu kanal Guangxis Hiinas (214 eKr).
• Suur Hiina kanal (Da Yunhe), 1776 km Põhja-
ja Ida-Hiinas (esimesed osad ehitati 5. saj
eKr) – maailma pikim kanal.

Lingqu Canal by Farm, CC BY 3.0,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6907371
 Euroopa
• Stecknitzi kanal (1398), üks vanimaid
kanaleid Euroopas, 1890ndatel
inkorporeeriti Elbe-Lübecki kanalisse
• Singel (aastani 1585 vallikraav),
Amsterdamis
• Exeter Canal (1566) – Exe’i jõe „laiendus“
• Canal de Briare (1642) – ühendas Loire’
jõe Seine’iga
• Canal du Midi (Languedoc) (1681) –
ühendas Garonne’i jõe Aude’iga ja seega
Atlandi ookeani Vahemerega.
Canal du Midi
“The canal demonstrated the efficacy of a new kind of power,
engineering the land as a form of government. It was a model of
impersonal rule, exercising a power over Languedoc distinct from that
of local nobles and even the king. It was legitimated by stewardship
principles, carrying the sanction of God’s will. Those who excavated the
channel and filled it with water, endlessly inventing their way around
obstacles, produced more than new engineering knowledge or a piece
of French infrastructure. They helped elaborate a modern logic of
territorial administration based on “works” rather than “words.””
(Mukerji, 2009: 5)
Inglismaa ja Walesi
siseveeteede
võrgustik on enam
kui 11 000 km
(waterways.org.uk)

Enamikku neist omavad ja

haldavad Canal and River Trust
või Environment Agency
 Briti kanalite „elulugu“ 1: Tööstusrevolutsioon:
u.1760 – u. 1840
TRANSPORT ja TÖÖSTUS
• Rivers as basis of the internal
transport system in pre-
industrial times (Thames,
Severn, Mersey, Dee, Humber,
Trent, Tyne, Exe)
• The Canal Age (1761–1830)
(Bridgewater, Trent and Mersey,
Leeds and Liverpool, Kennet and
Avon, Grand Union, Regents). Th. H. Shepherd, Manchester boats 'City Basin' and 'The
Tiger’ in Islington on the Regent’s Canal, c. 1800.
Canal Mania: 1790s–1810s. © Canal and River Trust Collection
collections.canalrivertrust.org.uk
 Industrial Revolution and Manchester waterways
• Rivers Irwell, Irk, Medlock // Bridgewater, Ashton, Bolton and Bury, Manchester
and Salford Junction Canal (which joined Irwell with Rochdale canal)
• Continuous water route from Liverpool to Hull
• Manchester waterfront section (incl. 23 private canal branches) from Castlefield
to Piccadilly basin: the canalside areas of Ancoats, Piccadilly and Oxford St
(undeveloped in 18 century, became main sites of factory industry). Only six of
Manchester and Salford’s 107 cotton mills were located more than 175 yards
(160m) from the waterfront.
• Some of Manchester’s largest mills were located along Rochdale canal: Adam &
George Murray, McConnel & Co., Hugh Shaw & Co (fine-spinning factories). Main
industries: cotton mills, mechanical engineering, glass and stone works, saw mills.
On rivers: chemical manufacturing, paper mills, tanneries.
• Waterside factory locations allowed to supply water for industrial purposes
(boilers and engines), to provide access to coal and other raw materials, to
transport manufactured articles, and to carry away waste products.
James Brindley (1716-1772)
• A mill wright, self-taught
surveyor and engineer.
• Preferred contour canals.
• Envisioned the ‘grand cross’
joining Trent and Mersey to
the Severn and Thames,
completed after Brindley’s
death.
• Bridgewater Canal included
Barton Aqueduct.
Bridgewater Canal, Manchester, 1761
Anna Laetitia Barbauld
(1743–1825),
luuletaja, esseist, kriitik, toimetaja

The sons of toil with many a weary stroke

Scoop the hard bosom of the solid rock;
Resistless thro' the stiff opposing clay,
With steady patience work their gradual way;
Compel the genius of th' unwilling flood
Thro' the brown horrors of the aged wood;
'Cross the lone waste the silver urn they pour,
And cheer the barren heath or sullen moor.
The traveller with pleasing wonder sees
The white sail gleaming thro' the dusky trees;
And views the alter'd landscape with surprise,
And doubts the magic scenes which round him rise.
 “I have lately been viewing the artificial
wonders of London, but none gave me so
much pleasure as the Duke of
Bridgewater’s Navigation. His projector, the
ingenious Mr. Brindley, has indeed made
such improvements in this way, as are truly
astonishing. At Barton Bridge, he has
erected a navigable canal in the air; for it is
as high as the tops of the trees. Whilst I was
surveying it with a mixture of wonder and
delight, four barges passed me in the space
of about three minutes, two of them being
chained together, and dragged by two
horses, who went on the terras of the
canal, whereon, I must own, I durst hardly
venture to walk, as I almost trembled to
behold the River Irwell beneath me.”
Barton Aqueduct in 1793 by G. F. Yates. Manchester Mercury, 1763
(Watercolour, pen and ink.)
The boatpeople

Christening party on
the narrowboat Elaine
on the Grand Junction
Canal. Sarah Roberts
holding her baby son
Edward. 1913.

Photo: Waterways Archive

 Narrowboat („ahaspaat“)
• A boat designed to fit the narrow
canals of United Kingdom
• Working boats (‘narrow boats’) used
to transport coal and other goods on
the canals since
the industrial revolution
• Today, the modern ‘narrowboats’ are
mostly redesigned for leisure
purposes.
• Maximum width 6ft10 (2.08m),
maximum length 72ft (21.95m)

A modern narrowboat. Photo: Helen Sandeland, 2015

Briti kanalite
„elulugu“ 2: Rochdale Canal in
Manchester,
Chorlton St Bridge,
UNUSTUS May 1974.
Herbert Dunkley
Collection, ©Canal

• Gradual decline from and River Trust

the 19th century

onwards
• Dereliction, Lancaster Canal,
Preston Wharf,
abandonment, hazard 1960,
Michael Ware
Image Collection,
©Canal and River
Trust
 Manchester Ship Canal: • Manchester Ship Canal Act
opened for traffic in 1894 1885
• Construction started in 1887
and lasted 6 years
• Chief engineer Edward Leader
Williams (1828–1910)
• 12,000 navvies worked on the
canal
• Estimated cost pre-
construction: £5 million
• Real cost: £15 million
• Became the third busiest port
in Britain

Navvies working on the construction of the MSC.

Photo: Canal and River Trust, Waterways Archive
 Map featuring the Port of Manchester,
published in 1909 (source: National Library of Scotland)
Manchester
Ship Canal:
opened for
traffic in
1894.
Became the
third busiest
port in
Britain
 Ted Gray recalling Pomona Docks in 1950s in his
book „A Hundred years of The Manchester Ship
Canal“ (1993).
„The main terminal docks [of Salford], with
their bevy of large, modern, smartly-painted
ships, possessed a certain air of romance,
redolent of far-off places. By contrast, the
smaller Pomona Docks lacked glamour, and
latterly acquired a definite down-market
flavour. Here were to be found the tramps
of the coastal trade, often dirty ancient coal-
burners, with grimy and chipped paintwork,
offering a generally neglected appearance.
The dockside equipment seemed to match,
with elderly steam cranes supplementing
the ships’ gear“ (Gray, 1993: 95).
 Manchester Ship Canal, 1894
• Acquired Bridgewater Navigation for the water supply from River Irwell.
• Brindley’s Barton Aqueduct replaced with Barton Swing Aqueduct (now
Grade II listed, only swing aqueduct in the world). 5 locks.
• Opened by Queen Victoria on the Royal Yacht Enchantress.
• Largest river navigation canal in the world at the time of building and
allowed the new Port of Manchester to become Britain’s third busiest
port despite being 40 miles inland.
• Growth of containerisation meant many ships became too big for the
canal and Salford Docks closed in 1982.
• Boat length limited to 160m and beam to 16.31m. Currently ships 8000
containers a year
• Peel Group is currently redeveloping the Port of Liverpool and the Ship
Canal as part of its Atlantic Gateway project.
L.T.C. (Tom) Rolt, „Narrow
Boat“, 1944
• Kanalivõrgustiku kaduv industriaalne
võlu.
• Paadielanike („veemustlaste“) kaduv
maailm.
• Kanalitel liikumise ja elamise
võimalikkusest.
• Idülliline ja sentimentaalne pilt
kanalitest.
 Kanalipaadireisikirja jätkuv traditsioon:
Paul Gogarty „The Water Road: Narrowboat odyssey
through England“ London: Robson Books, 2002
„Entering the world's most
concentrated canal network Gogarty
sails into England's past and future. [-
--] 'The Cut' is a hidden garden
flashed with kingfishers and
traditional narrowboats; a parallel
universe ringing with the laughter of
water gypsies, the thin cries of bats
and drunken congregations in
waterfront pubs.“
• Tom Rolt’s book Narrow Boat Briti kanalite „elulugu“ 3:
(1944) highlighted the fading TAASTAMINE
industrial beauty of the canals
and the vanishing world of the
boat people.
• Inland Waterways Association
1946: promoting canal restoration
and leisure/holiday use.
Waterway Recovery Group, est.
1970.
• Most of canal system nationalised
in 1948, waterways categorised:
commercial, cruising, remainder:
British Waterways (since 2012
Volunteers working in the pound between locks 15-16 on the Ashton
Canal and River Trust) Canal, Manchester, 1968. © Waterway Images / Harry Arnold MBE
www.waterwayimages.com
Kanalid ja suuline ajalugu
Alarum Productions have collected
stories from and about women from
the end of Second world war to the
1970s about the early days of
campaigning, stories of how they got
involved in waterways restoration and
protested, lobbied and took journeys
through tunnels and on canals to prove
that they were navigable.

‘I Dig Canals’ podcast:

https://soundcloud.com/alarumprod/sets/i-dig-canals
Briti veeteede tänapäev: TURISM, VABA AEG, HEAOLU

WATER TOWPATH
• Trip boats • Walking
• Restaurant • Running
boats • Cycling
• Self-drive • Angling
narrow boats
• Volunteering
• Hotel/Hostel
boats
• Canoes,
paddleboards
etc.
Why do people
go on the
waterways?
• Natural environment: water,
wildlife, green space
• Slow pace of life
• Sense of community
• Interest in industrial heritage
and history
• Active engagement with
heritage transport and
infrastructure
 Contemporary canals
• Sites for regeneration and development (waterfronts)
• Contributors to water supply, purification and transfer, drainage and flood
management, urban cooling
• Tourism, leisure, sport, wellbeing and recreation resources
• (Working) heritage landscapes: Canal and River Trust is the 3rd largest owner
of listed buildings after National Trust and the Church of England.
• Green and blue urban and rural spaces, ecological resources, wildlife habitats:
coot, moorhen, heron, water vole
• Sustainable modes of transport (less CO2 emissions, reduced road congestion,
carry abnormal indivisible loads, ‘last mile’ transport)
• Routes for telecommunication: more than 500 miles of fibre-optic cable in the
towpaths
 Aitäh kuulamast!
[email protected]

Lisalugemist UK kanalite tänapäevast:

Kaaristo, M., Medway, D., Rhoden, S., Burton, J.,

& Bruce, H. L. (2024). Towards liminal balance:
Unpacking the UK's urban canal space.
Transactions of the Institute of British
Geographers, DOI: 10.1111/tran.12667

Kaaristo, M., Medway, D., Burton, J., Rhoden, S.,

& Bruce, H. L. (2020). Governing mobilities on
the UK canal network. Mobilities, 15(6), pp. 844-
861 doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2020.1806507

Kaaristo, M. (2020) Waterway: a liquid place. In:

Edensor, T., Kalandides A. and & Kothari, U.
(Eds.) In: The Routledge Handbook of Place.
London: Routledge, pp. 168-178

Foto: Chris Chambers