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MR Chikonde

The document discusses various biological concepts, focusing on the structure and functions of bacteria, eukaryotic cells, and the processes of cell division and protein synthesis. It highlights the differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis, and the significance of various cellular structures. Additionally, it touches on the importance of DNA and RNA in genetic information transfer and the biochemical processes involved in metabolism.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
38 views49 pages

MR Chikonde

The document discusses various biological concepts, focusing on the structure and functions of bacteria, eukaryotic cells, and the processes of cell division and protein synthesis. It highlights the differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis, and the significance of various cellular structures. Additionally, it touches on the importance of DNA and RNA in genetic information transfer and the biochemical processes involved in metabolism.

Uploaded by

mwilanehemiah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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CHKonDe ce Celt BIOLOGY siganiee — an a Bs “Theory _of_ ous? : ot There aw | Keen Princip tes Oy Gb ts a baste tnt og ue (ait nhl Ces come dom 42 _rmpticactin e# ateandy_aiteing_ tee SS a Ci STRucTuge oF & BACTERIA © Scoot Cancer Froxaryotas = — 2 > Has no nucleus instead thay havea — +> Has ct _ceit ne ie eer > Har a —_capsute (ovich pragces tha cell st Bee foc aioe ee er | _r> Have ize Flagellum which allows. ho me women qeceena tom Ate, (ATP paint p> Thay have ribo somes \ushere _ prtein _synifesic Aakes sl Siferencsoai Pepsi'de glycan whic Car be bebween fe ellie @, hind offers ceti> nembrage «= _Rptidepiycon isto _Gotbina ton of mine _atielé ain _Carkydig Pepi — Proteins __Clyenn > Carhelgdeates Fe is fund only in Bacteria < and ton = Bacteria can_eitter be Gram -posi-tive ors Gram negatives — Gram positive owant> fey slinueisa (Rier layer OP a Ot = Thick» pepti Gram —figadive. rn chan yar 08 Ppitdegtyona| pee GEA hin, peptlde gt Ln sph Gam Simin 8 a test fat checee fc fe vqeterta ae ee (2) Ned a eaepe ote d ‘inteeaitn ££», =a | She _purpese op he 7) TO | ts Dicoveny ‘op “news species. pees , 2: To cheer iM) DARKS oF op ‘ ites pos he _toptidequycane Econe mic imperteinee — CF POkaryetes - Firductten of medtcing 2-4 Insuons— [Liat ilgesenrastaasn ee Carbon _cyeta ey _remeving. earbinediokt Ag _and_retetva Be i Boor productions _ = Maintain de the oct mos phere en iat Tie Gees 2 _| fuxargotes + - Have @ mucus, Wed etaby rate ON eae: systems (uembra sngrbound oxganan) and assenuatlys i is Repmduce setually Division is» measis (mbps + goers) ae Of oe enor Functions of. AR cok membranes = Garnier yo protein. - Focititated infusion Scomed ith Cancer ieee and Cnlowplans haV® Ae ON” | ehondete audinamors Sem’ [Rough g@ ——— __= Gniaine_gibeson L Syntta.is of —presing Exceysis ts the which eee ep ke cette =-Prduction_o¢ ATP. ——— Ly so somes > aamer —hybr hydmiyde engymas- (degrade wheter endest 4p _tysosome = Removing worn ott organcss S i Oye 'sketeton= fect sreteton. _ = Suppo dhe. calls = = Maintain Ake Shape op Ke cats ars la - Adin! “ntovement of ded cette 2 “ = Aid in col division « 5 | D tite Bp pe dear cr pres. [ice dubutes _@_ intermediate _fhlament @_tobn Plant _cens’ ‘Scomed ith Cancer fiers iat _pirreeenaane AN Ace coud BUNT ce — Plant cate Ma EE ob Ciempase Saisie a Be hon Sart te prducadCugat) +Fhtjegndene > yt baht Kas Ine) | eee a Ge . Set a ecru Sissy tenon, “ayia disks” 8S Gran « 2D twat 8 Presnee op tlutese wich mates primary sc noes Lignin igseied ea ee Brendan atl wate Also paies Mecari@l dren Strengths => Vacoute $ made up of HO + i Inaganic_-+ orgumte _ gubsianease Gon sap) = Mise called a _demapla ste ban) ali Scone ith Cancer = west hi vide » ——___ —— i Baka Ca _ diy ae \ i % 2 Noe S mvitne’ = Reenductnne ~ Groote replacement: of cus _ _ mepmdueten, hae Froxacyetie cu _dvicin a = Cirastor DNA (s Coa co sores) —Onrome somes: heead—Uve _ siquotsres fat comoiat DNAs a. 8 f= no cee fan 7 hobs tld as ah E Classify chamegemes aged on hermeromescondmmere- _.O_Metacentie— et fe centers —B Aencentete — towards ge ends — ___@ Reeerntie 5 wroacae ARG__pesrame ends: we Satan Varnnd Gedy tad 6 choma tones 28 edict ‘chammrémates on) bass Gotsgeriged wh 9} Qpaies— au semat. 4-93" path SR chrome genase 1 Chomessnul cndansnitn ( oft) 1 oie Te tentsia about ho‘ DONA 4 Goi aoe me oe uhh aa ere sa Scomed ith Cancer Ate number ot — he, Midpsts is an aqua divnal pracent maanin’ = M8 $04 Bag eee ne ae em ae Taos ue atech «> intnideste_chemesiat, (40 Areupiaid tas _4e0 types + Seer ee = Metaphase plate t dovides ate sonnel Scomed ith Cancer ___Meto sis. = 25 duction + = Daughter cx contain hal Ge numer _2¢ _shromememes as -B2_pecen us - = USS Germ ving cose n Ss 4 _ |p Rice Ceductinn -pmcearys ring Anaawa By sbeanat a; Stages” in _Malasise : if = TA has _teo_sigges. tne __ Tntericinest s A__clage _bettomn rao _metotic. Stages, a Meancis I ae Bie — __|| Mnterprdge iin sna os. is om He) _ eGemniGs SunG, = sis we 19 _ Ae _S seye _Reres ia lep-oP DNA repticathns JF sawing Ss ____ Fropha se _I. = formaaion 0 — Nuctear envelope break decors i zs __= Synapsis core > pairs o¢ Chev i stde ey Tetcad or _Bivatent or homelagaus _cheowefomagsnsi20) 9 eK cha come ith Cancer 12M _p Rice of chamoSeme—_srearata+ a * Se A Pars of chamasomes ace pulled _‘ewercs + — Disragpsarere oe he Spindle, * , : u ‘= Facmagin og 4a __nudear _mambranes s = Gyto winesis hanes place _le_dhe a! chamosomes as _dke Port 1 Mein SS Tess siesta — - = Go,G, Ga (Har co _syoferte je _Ne_ DNA. = Duplication ef organs. s 4 Becher iin: sede + Ne Snapsis. a zai — fl Hetopigge It ustornggn —spqesihiien 3 9a oe Micwbpuer _atincksi di tediyt : : Avcfie 2 : —sisab anind 2qnlo¥ne 91 _Gadivi dual: _Aheomatige an 12h’? unos sig Ttophases.! ae : 4 sabes ips sais ‘Send = Qtrrinests — ccure. aki a ee _ AHEM oat gS — rx aad a x Seale > (xx EE = Nuclear. jgiambrane is Remedi on? yd it sige A 3 2 Bese are large eratecuiae fat_condein oom _starty aeomas ty Se ce eee ern __ er g hy ee ne 4 Starch ¢ Qyagen = Rtease_onmgy’ yt ombusttone soon 20 Se 6H30 4 A: om ven) fe in__Abate__ Carbon structures. Charidas | Simpte US _ aa = We 6. ic apo CR Sins a ea nts amen AW Firteoes—> 5 Corben syae ubhratewd | ewses > Carbon sya 2UDsiom _ sropnes> — Werog 5 6 Catbon Sifece -o20u)p 90 elmer em so encthonst (neisoiyish) sp napenshi®) _Agwali Wiese Sduetuce Penis rig pteuciuee Scone ith Cancer iy 05% k-4% K Ses H Frsctase > Sucwse mn nSadi on : Gregletan + Coin Oe + Cea dg Cia My Oy +t Hed 2 K =A)4 Giycoss dic. Uninge > Gueose + Gliese - Satay t yO <5 Cahiade +O tly Og Fela ——ebatsasnanes.: ese a ey thee agen Sages cH Soa Stqroh gg Gigagen ak >nul i L Stneturat § R ey a Catutose Chitin » 2 wis Scomed ith CamScamer me | MU yogen heh AOL) 6 | a Highty branched is sites an __ = Cannot tae. eat all fwmen_bainge OT K Ohittin ok —_—_ i= Bind intangi A ensbnpads [cotta ceansp Gorton - We juss —p When enss Woved with oniine acids it femp a sgh tliat {Strwcturg used 0s a seoseclten in cotiacean’ Coos), _—_____ ee Muciete_qcidg > Sincmactivn cay jo ote canas « (oxa few) — —pfint_af inheritance moiccuias tt = —p—Made sy oe_aucleodiieg, Sg — hey camry ost: gectte. _infocmation et + deerme "le iaclans a] —Plystlegical —pncesses in Ae notuce of ognisinee oH : —Nuctendides Gnede up of of 0 pendese sugace ay = @ Nidngencous base. DKA ARNA oh AB LO Nitmgeneous baw, a. © Reivas Mage durte sage Neeel eran mveecutes Gunde “bot. Ret amen t G Adevine __@®_ Guanine (@) ae imi dines 1 matter single, ciygod tacute 2 ies Scars Qusive (Ce Boh DNA A RNA 8s iyvine (Cr) t DAA only. — © vet ait = RNA ony | Base Rseing a —— rae ‘Scone ith Cancer mRNA brings messages om DACA de Kikesemas during dranstation, FRNA is a heusiog rohere translation taker place. 2A __ Carry _apesomas _omvino _ acs _ p_riescoes ieasemes ducing _dxanatation. Peomeine _-Mads up of 91 escanttal amino acfde- _- | Bcgonatiy 7 __Fegymes + Th omayte pmeassess —_ _ Mormonee 2 — _~ they have __ NH, Coo on shoth ends» hee sl @-Feotes gol gees _ Lig = Ceo wi rewteyt Fripe eis Ainediondt jpop gigs __eevpinties) te i datenal al Hagmogtetin a: i C DWI) | Hotho)anst> @ Chaged ~ R~ aads [tases ID) fromaate Cao ten poiar) = R—_ Corben ving, pees | —Pnetion 2 ee ofa 4 = al 1 boll a : ie Rei ilies aes ‘ a aS \ Masses Ol eae Coot ¥ i < =a ie bees ep Mamas Coroner’) Levee of prtein ecqaigattons — © Primary _Stuttures ‘ ane Ske ___= Drear strand of amivo acids i . Se _@ seeonday guts 5 shawl = fein adds stare +» fid- be ane venx When ley QU) Hey firm Kafer tt Bate planted stent. Jaaishoe K obatees eux tauistag sume ‘@ Tebary Structure be 9d fos OF ie st «tit Bo wpleriod shentse) niu} on Se se nidonl y nigeria “ited stew 2 Crsq 000) » sats ni oid oagnby G ' Bonds _| @ Pinay ins = Peptide. bends = = Di seetde setts ~@ _Seordey stectuee_- = fydogen bande — frpiiie = binapasti @ poi sin 4 sip] apmteng | we Gerdtery and Reoy_tavgts _| | # Gurded and _sphert BE Sowble. ll } _|_Tasutin » - # finegional fy ‘neduee s! ips: [redirect ta cance « Coen polar) & Water Cae a fae a ee “YRS oe Lipids: Fhesehoteids © Rte and otto (4, te | @ sowie Crstesa’) @ Ruy acids, Higlycerite), Grae gyoued QO. Sawated ( storage) fats + Ln AU dee bonds are PiNed « met b tat COOK “- { FHM yg ie = Hyde lysis eats __gives rise tp ety acids and yyce oe = Wydeegenation hardens Re fats» hte -—__Seampiest : © tsentig fats Scone ith Cancer J ih s ia [In» Guycom phesphotipids? [PR Phocchnte ye —Guycomt _ ae» ita acids = Used iy dhe _Gumrdtyn of _membrongess here. yor) MicRoscory This is a ftetd that deals wide — didmeront: __pMicrscope te _adevice Ayper ot. miceore pes. it 482. cot of on. image 4p okject. e Magnification = Image Rote 100 =X it oheot ie —r“Bial_meget cation: dhis ts a pedune e- 4f2 oontor Lenser any ate! ‘i - shecttvye lenses. ____ Resewution 1 dtis 1s #2 minimum distance Rat tot pqutele> Bo = Skhamfn Uf too _ciesaly tocatat ea esourtion = 0-5 L NK objects , Also ann 29 Fash, ros where NA je the abi op a oan te _brac Night _faseing. Bough tt - (Wamertcal = Ps Apotum) Aim => sin @. SThe shorter Ake ave lengiR fia. greater the ceSoludtion ER IUR qreoder ape eoiuBon Be Grater je. tnaginestone Categories oF MICRoscoPpy \ Hight _ mtco, Ugtet a: mlonsarty.. He $+ Elzcton micwccogy- 2 Non- ke Ligue microscoey } uses Visible Ugh TB _Heve-a- bright ate Dare megs ageinee _beigh, degeen Isp K_ffeld + Brigne image oi dace _backg@und + Usd +p vipa POKaryores legcause Me Conetaing — Stetned i = Ths _intgortance of sorte and _Ugiet eld Yodo Wwe Oc _Ontest + @ _Diéterencal _Intertace nce _condeast, (oe) = USP2 400 boams magnidied fhm one Source + Scone ith Cancer Ugh 0s to_e henge __af.e outer op_Be__Samptes ed de tend untae ned Spestmans | Used tp sendy Wve __orpandsmde__ " Tugs on _cnnatar_ring._otnt Phase ring * The _undeviertect _Uptot._usttl__Stelwe df. _Fhase — devtertsad Lag iets rol th__ miss alge phase plate» z Os oouter —— Phase riog et — C2 ohectiva. re <> guide ata a > _ondenser ; ’ < L At Lage Soureg = anutar rea, 2 Soannt laser Jmicmscore « ih ail Uses laser, — Thick samptzs. fl = Ong or mor \esprs iWuminate on ong plane og eeu at. | a ‘Scone ith Cancer — Usd +p Mow speclmens ot motzen tar _Mcwscope dungowen tip. lev@l and atomte Lovet 2 fhe cqgon miceoscores = An _2tactron source» Stoges 2 how Bay wore. Sem | M — Scan sysrem + cate * i a fh A bank og —Hiolagy Aad dents 4 _boregicnt Chama Cniyd) ind there _in boritance paltry « 2. _& Hybridigation i Crscing af 90 -sqasiins Hehloh a8 ganestanly _—-digeecmstsin order t+ get a _hybrids Tote ih 8 =A -sechaique ot measures 4.2 sip 06 gemete simi lonty 89 GC DAL a ; ___ganedta. Grotors | Medaneps os ‘bo — glare es Pong Cal eed e Laws ox Mendel =a nas “ tas o¢ Seaye gation? individhat oganiom “ay pals op atleles Bx arch is. hen _an__ergarism maxes _gamater, each. gamete _eARVEE ony ON Wee (eee) hous Hono gids ag @® Law of _indopendont assortment Pe | re fpasced indepmedemdly af one anddter om. ferents > _ovieserdygse Te qpner [amu fot _afenet each offer as ey oz _(oesed Wem patie th OF singe. [ae Woeen ce a Bictybtd teeit- [cress Father 1 __ Meter Ve Be SuaPeS al = 4 Kah, ? Fhenetyes V2] > Geno ge ‘Scoot Cancer Meares peecerment —————ee > Round — “ello? _X_yiringied. — Giegen. RRR Masse itty, a. | Potente He RY ee ——— ee + y is] 1 “Tea tn eR Fi Garera-fon. Ceoseay) j _ beta GENes | 2 = Cause dea + seqanenaitat ee ae _seom- mee are oxpressed in crease Berne : = Weg aw usualy ag a _cesutt o¢ Sainesi, aiBiance. [nae = Bey inngrit 4&2 Wrctayficat Brot oe oxga.ciems« __ he = Tr axpresad MUS eon _immediadsly oc oder Bee +g Gaatic -fibmsis: emrots 42 news cuts, Lungs, Sweat glands ieee 8 Serena anaemia: Atecs 2 red Head coup 3 Tay sachs diseases: Mtoe dhe _broiwceus [nage tty until deat = TAXONO NA = Field c¢ biolegy Rat deale oth idendiqieation , desortbing saming and __—tsstegg sigan aan __ E Nomenctadire (naming "282 reese Niky do wo assign names a a =D awid descr pee Gacturas. (4 avid _ desceltag, Abert ee = Kids @mmunicodion ine Shane. I, deike (Claas tira 2 Genie nano 4 Speci name» (Taona) by ‘Aypieg,s Talicrged . D> Hancortten’ undertinad. Sort with a Smal Letter. ' TAxONOKIC RANKS & TAKONS 5 HPRACKY, = a chasytted as uate Wa Scone ith Cancer Specie + A jour se organ ___ King dem King | enya ne —tetrinse a _ Phytam Phitthe Niable aa eal _ Class Coma SS Gone ey a Cte w) One ~~ _ Family pb Conus Goa pth. Bgtc_set Sense ie ___ Speetes Soup. qeue_2f_foputatins het mambeeg | Capable of sacacl Sucressig (CUR __ Mpeduci ye. (aproductivdy _jsol | fiom otha grouse Repmiuctive \SelaS>ad 3 The ina fitibg _Speci#S tp Tueterforned Successfull —— be _olated species due do Ht dt _behewvitinaty — phayste _¥ Lp de Hey do, key _repmiuce _onespringe dead are = Sterttte —_off'spriugs ss J - casi 7a ea ae ee sie Ar Frraygoate _eeteaton? ae fst yori Wotan. = Mechanical _Meladin 2 Gamage incompaitiettty ¢ _Gpiedon oceuse but transgor 942 sparntd transfor aqqer lout ae seecipelae < i utRein Ad garden | — Temporat — Iselaaron wlth guevive bat - No fang because 2% active. _Sueniv2 and void | a mee . - - z ond Z fe Bivtogtcat _ Specteo Gone 8sc ) oe an oa maha, fea ees ageruatiys (et A Wert do? 7 ei do} _imiabte __tybride [gee seprduce a Lqenamt featanes r SE 2Uimination — nein Ty pes tes te te used Come wy : BE wk tice (Or — Advantages disad vandager Name « fe __Treoneomie eye C prorocnca Kets) i> Moo obey og umd aa ce a a Characters observa bie feats, Facts o€ organisms. Lu i Chamoter state + Attemat2 parte of a Character, = : x peter e Cea Leat veins hongitadinal => Mex av e248 _usad ip _oscign _namat_t»_eqanian _undar _etudye _ Coupl@ts Cantering _numbees« 3 Two yeas oe key __tenichete mous __G) Rayclave! Many options Ge As _gosily compuserigeds _ Ue Dichetomous key hag 0 opin ane very simete Jansy. Lr # -3 __ DINER SITY _OF ORGANISMS. 5 Ani sbterties hs 1 tevanpess (Gag, crinats OE 1 penne vlante a Pocogetes Cartan » Backed) —~] el ROKA COTES shonalina —— x ne = Those _ate__organism a nat ie = No nuctass instzad have a __nucleold secand ag DN) Consens Fos ribosomes a ~— Capsule eke peti: 5S = Q_advcnen . pe ssa SS a =| = Mow related 4 fucryetes Ran _fpacderfie » te Liecin — exacome® envimments ) il? ia oe a Classi giortion ¢ - Bi 1D Feemme —halopijiers Sou toving —¢xganteng. __ — #= Teg tre tn very Extreme) “Satine envionment» — Thy _sursiue such _frvivament —_ pacruse they _ noe sige Lesmopredectants (comenatiets Sue i = Thage fratano® 4ée indernal and _ external osmotic _presuna by nating, tie +00 _Souatons _isetonic. = And they aleg Survive _ because of dhe _precence Of _podastigm The odor name foc _haleprines Is __Crenag, : hw @ ne echeota, They prduce _ mattans » They are __snagmbic . Found in Fish pordl , deenines , Cuminands s Brrardeusn bo aterialss They _use__arumoriium, joe Cittig) os soucoe sie Ge a Aermoph\ tes. Cracacteose) Buns. Are 2 aoe WY Scone ith Cancer La Trey survived eeenuse of Alek chancel Compostetion + = FRers ae present ehh _ Contain she hydexyt geups — Mstatouise Sulpher and mostly anarebic. _®& Bacteria Bed RGanebacterta ye Tewn —ouctcert = > Sometimes Coated Blue-gom, a ba] __Latgaee » = Vay Comat phyColb\ ag! “ Gnd chlo mpiyt » ) - Phot synthe tic bacteria. < : © _Frycoanticin (ted). mateo? 5 © Arye gyarin Genet Chycobitins Lees) D> erotnehic baterta, «Gray produce fate aon fod)» “ip 23 *le> Gmeonty fund in) pends, aves, mile salts eng et | wordtand floors» ir > They exist as chalas tn AMlamantour gems ey They are aatso —_bugyginet Heterogyst geil » vibe SNmasitagoous Shoat» Muctlagerout — Srroti? Made up of _ Cacbohy phates T 7 = Heemfut Atgax Blooms Lag — When 4hey orm Clusters _ RAY, shy 5” % fredusse soxine 28 ti ad ions)» mnses lt. ing — Vive { rabeda ae wag — Skin se INS — Brin Scone ith Cancer a 45 va Coun 8205 estes) ——— a Be Rue sees Classifica sons © Cn twat eee Ge a _s _@) Modes __0¢ —eading ey trop ble 204 feds ___ Abtephic > Nave Absi~ won + : emma Choma serA pee Sc vSurvivale = _ ___ Heten tmp hic > Derend —2 nota ee 3 keg —dagaret On. _ dead St ganism&———____ _ Hetegoie ft meaning m Prasitc meaning Ay “ene heb elite hecorsing 4p Shape ae Coceus (spherical pr gound Sa _+Foem Chane. poe Form Clusters Staghlecocel) ne ‘pTh_patre_ (Gotta) ee . Beample op GOs _ bacteria ie enor baa — caused by Ne Gonacoceate — Seually deans’ Hed _dtemses (srs) 20 _Anosts Ahp _Ubethror Curae jnmoaton) - fus- DE vce mae ee ») Se anppants_ie_cfiterton tubes oR it 5, = Gens cocamt _cenjuctivitis Eo ‘tts Crod shaped wiliour _ cfragett Causes Anthea es ee — la on Om ands Viet Spirals ee = Aateots she Bowery Ceonete feat a —slbser' _tooder Arvin ee bed ' eee —desins _eatich fret Re Buel = Sutpouriag be watery ees ico -Andestinee ae —— pt a. (> Spieas Corser’) “i a [sia Sgimchastes Rig spi plcal_Steuctore L =Aerible — setrat basta Has a fagglia om bela sides ‘ = Endottagetia vat Mosary. querfic = Found -in8de_ vadies op FComeytobaciee Coneyisbacteioss) S| Wegonamal pa Wdum | ) | Bramle of Spimi baotata 1 Syphilis. | ee SANG = Saevatty drontmisied —teetions r=) i OND. ecured = Sores ore usually Arm and unde) 9 Soe fast fr 36 wens end heate yohieput Sein _tash ; Sores Inte _mow&,vogina or _qnuse ‘Scoot Cancer — Harm tess | — Ge)” Ba daing _pacterta- - fe dienus. > a =" = Rey ope _hecing __focteria becouse _9« = Repotuce fy budding a Sconomic__impoctance _of bacteria __Niguses = NetGer prokaryotes nor _euterryedoss = Nd Clascipicadion __Sysxema® — Refred & os paroles because oy -cannert: “teplicate on dete | eeed a. shost) 2901 2 G = They ame ot colts (ey tack eeplasm) + No cbosomps « = Te _prtect 6a Vita tt alee we = _AHtach mart > hoot cots. = Packages Gs enzimes Rat ara _tesponsible fir cepliaetinns & A Nims can also be termed as. 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