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ELSEVIER Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 54 (1994) 37-43
Power-law fluid flow of a hydromagnetic free jet
Magdy A. Ezzat
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
Received 24 February 1992; revised 16 November 1992
Abstract
A laminar two-dimensional viscous conducting free jet flow of a power-law non-Newtonian incompressible viscous
fluid immersed in nonconducting space is studied. A constant magnetic field transverse to the axis of the jet is
applied and the electrical conductivity is taken as an integral power of the axial velocity.
The method of Sherbnin (1973) is used to solve the problem.
Numerical values of the maximum velocity, the boundary-layer thickness and the discharge rate of the jet are
calculated and represented graphically.
Keywords: Magnetohydrodynamic; Non-Newtonian fluid; Power-law fluid; Jet flow
1. Introduction
Our aim in the present work is to study the free jet flow of a viscous conducting power-law
incompressible fluid subject to a transverse magnetic field, with the electrical conductivity
taken as an integral power of the axial velocity.
Schlichting [5] and Andrade and Tsien [l] solved corresponding problems to the one under
consideration for a nonconducting Newtonian fluid.
Peskin [4] extended the above-mentioned work to include the effect of magnetic fields using
expansion techniques. The stream function was expanded about the nonmagnetic jet solutions.
The parameter of expansion was the square of the Hartmann number divided by the Reynolds
number and the results were computed to the first order in the expansion parameter.
Smith and Cambel [ll] obtained an analytical solution using perturbation methods. The
stream function in the previous work was expanded in terms of the magnetic interaction
parameter, which is the ratio of the magnetic body force to the inertia force. The centerline
velocities of the nonmagnetic jet solution and the axial coordinate were taken as the character-
istic values in determining the interaction parameter. The basic results of the analytical solution
were identical with the numerical analysis presented in [4]. Moreau [3] obtained similar
self-solutions to this problem. Sherbnin [8] used the integral method to solve the same problem.
0377-0427/94/$07.00 0 1994 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
SSDI 0377-0427(93)E0012-H
38 M.A. Ezzat /Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 54 (1994) 37-43
Sherbnin [9], using the method of similarity solutions, obtained the exact solution for the
problem of Newtonian fluid flow of a hydromagnetic free jet. Djawgashtin [2] used the same
approach to obtain the solutions of spreading free and semi-infinite wall jets in a uniform
magnetic field. In all the above references, the electrical conductivity was assumed to be a
constant.
Shelova and Sherbnin [7] studied the problem of magnetohydrodynamic free jet flow of a
conducting Newtonian fluid with variable conductivity.
The problem of free jet flow of an incompressible power-law fluid was studied by Shulman
and Berkovesky [lo].
Sharikadza and Ezzat [6] solved an extension of the above problem which includes the effect
of magnetic fields. In their work the electrical conductivity was taken as a linear function of the
axial velocity.
In the present analysis the electrical conductivity (T is assumed to have the form
u = u#lm, (1)
where u is the axial velocity, a0 is a constant and m is a positive real number.
2. The basic equations and similarity solution
Let u and u be the components of velocity in the x- and y-directions taken along the axis of
the jet and normal to it, respectively.
The boundary-layer equations for the two-dimensional free jet flow of a conducting power-law
incompressible fluid with a transverse magnetic field are given by
(3)
In the above equations, p is the fluid density, B, the component of the electromagnetic
induction, k and IZare the fluid consistency and flow index of the power-law fluid, respectively.
The boundary conditions are
au
-=O,
aY
u=O, at y=O, u = 0, as y-+03. (4)
Substituting (3) into (2) and integrating the resulting equation with respect to y over the
interval ( - W, co), we get, upon using conditions (4), the integral relation
d m aoB2 m
U2dy= -- U m+l dy.
-I
dx --oo P / -cc
M.A. Ezzat /Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 54 (1994) 37-43 39
The continuity equation (3) enables us to introduce a stream function I/J defined by
a+ a+
u=- ,JJ= --
dY ’ ax . (6)
We assume that the stream function and similarity variable 17 have the form
1/(2-n)
* = a ~“(“-n’(x)f(~),
17 = [s(x);,(2n-l~ 3
i i
where 6(x) is the thickness of a propagating layer.
Invoking the above assumption, the basic equations (2) and (5) can be expressed in the form
n 1f” 1n - yrrr + cyf-ll _ pp _ &p-n + 1)/(2-n)g2n -m)/(2n ~ I)frm + 1 = ()
(8)
and
d
dx (9)
where
1 d+
Q=G-n,
(m-l)/(2-n)a B2
0 0
a= Y lm+’ dy, b=lm fr2 dq.
P ’ I -cc --m
The boundary conditions (4) expressed in terms of f and 17 become
f”=O, f=O, at 77 =O, f’ = 0, as 7 +a, (11)
where a prime denotes the derivative with respect to 7. Using (91, the constants cx and p can
be written as
1 d a(2n - l)N
4@- n+I)/(2 -nQ(2n - m)/(2n - 1)
7
“=3ndxS4- 3nb
(12)
Substituting (12) in (8), we get
.If” py+ ~(p+ff7-$4
(m-n+1)/(2-n)~(2n~m)/(Zn-l) ,m+l
a(2n - 1)
=N4 f + 3& ff"- (13)
40 M.A. Ezzat /Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 54 (1994) 37-43
The similarity solution satisfies d84/dx = constant. Without loss of generality, we take
1. (14)
Eliminating 4 from (9) and (14), we get the following equation satisfied by 6(x):
x d8 2(2n - 1) + a(2n - 1)(2 - n)N
--= x(m+1-“)/(2-n)~(n+1)(1-m)/((2n-1~2-n))~
6 dx 3n 3nb (15)
The above equation has the general solution
a(?2 + l)(l - m) ~(n+lXl-m)/((2n-lX2-n))
3nb
-(2n-1x2-n)/{(n+lXl-m))
x N(x) dx
/
(16)
Using the assumptions similar to those used in [9], we obtain the solution of (13) in the form
f, = (lJ-“i ;;ll)n’(zn-l)(, +) ,Cn+M _, f l(,+lVn)“+-l), (17)
n # +,
provided that
(n+ 1)/n
1 3n 1
a== m , m=;-1, (18)
( 1
where
n/(2n - 1)
3n/(2n - 1)
T(n/(n + 1) + (3n - 1)/(2n - 1))
fP)
r((2n + l)/(n + l))T((3n - 1)/(2n - 1)) ’
b= 1, (19)
(r is the gamma function).
If the magnetic field is uniform, i.e., N(x) = constant, then the impulse at the start of the
flow J, is given by
1 2/(2-n)
2/(2-n)a-1/(2n-1)
JO=!i_moop - 4 (20)
(P i
Using (20) in (16), we have
-r&2-n)/(n+l)
6 =~xXW(‘ll)(l
_& (-?tr+l)‘n, (n+ l)/(n(2-“))X(3n- 1Mn+ 1)/(3n2)
7
(21)
M.A. Ezzat /Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 54 (1994) 37-43
41
where
(22)
The maximum velocity u, and the volume rate of discharge per unit length of the jet Q are
given by
urn=h-l/(3n)(l _ &j/$3”- lXn+1)/(3n2))rr’(2N-1)
>
(23)
Q = Cx 1/(3n)( 1 _ BNx’3” - 1Xn + 1)/(3n’))“‘(” + ‘)
>
where
(24)
A = (f(i;l( ~+-l~)n)1’(2n-‘QcF,
3. Numerical results
The boundary-layer thickness 6 is plotted against x in Fig. 1 for a value N = 0.5 of the
magnetic field number and for three different values of the flow index n: y1= 1.3 (dilatant
4’
a.0 8.2 0.4 8.6 8.8 I.0 >x
Fig. 1. The boundary layer thickness 6 for N = 0.5.
42 MA. Ezzat /Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 54 (1994) 37-43
n = 0.7
---. n = 1
_ - _ n = 1.3
1
0.9 8.2 8.4 8.6 0.0 l.e
> x
Fig. 2. The maximal axial velocity u, for N = 0.5.
fluid), n = 1 (Newtonian fluid) and II = 0.7 (pseudoplastic fluid). This figure shows that S
increases with the decrease of yt. For all values of y1the boundary layer thickness 6 increases
with x.
Fig. 2 represents the relation between the maximal axial velocity U, and x for the same
values of the parameters mentioned above. The maximal velocity decreases with x starting with
infinite value at x = 0 until it reaches zero at the end of the boundary layer. It was found that
u, decreases with increasing II for small values of x, x < 0.7. For x > 0.7, u, increases with
increase of yt.
In Fig. 3 the discharge rate of the jet Q is shown against x for the same values of the
parameters as before. The discharge rate increases with x until it reaches a maximal value and
then it decreases with increasing x. Q increases with y1 for small values of x, x < 0.75. For
x > 0.75, Q decreases with ~1.
n = 8.7
n:,
n = 1.3
>
0.a 8.2 8.4 8.6 B.B 1.0 x
Fig. 3. The discharge rate of the jet Q for N = 0.5.
M.A. Ezzat /Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 54 (1994) 37-43 43
4. Concluding remarks
Due to the complicated nature of the governing equations for the magnetohydrodynamic
boundary-layer jet flow, few attempts have been made to solve them [3,4,8,11]. These attempts
utilized approximate methods valid only for a specific range of some parameters.
The method of Sherbnin [9] utilized in the present work gives exact solutions without any
assumed restrictions on either the applied magnetic field or the velocity distribution.
In [9] Sherbnin assumed that the electrical conductivity has a constant value throughout the
fluid. This is true only as a first approximation. In the present work the electrical conductivity is
assumed as an integral power of the axial velocity.
The method used in the present work is applicable to a wide range of problems. The method
is very sensitive to any change in the governing equations. It can be applied to problems of
hydromagnetic jet flows of a Newtonian fluid with constant conductivity. It can be applied to
problems of power-law fluid when the electrical conductivity is taken as an integral power of
the axial velocity.
The work of Sherbnin [9] is a special case of our work obtained by taking the limit as y1= 1.
References
[1] E.N. Andrade and M. Tsien, Proc. Phys. Sot. London 51 (1939) 784.
[2] K.E. Djawgashtin, J. Magnetohydrodynamics 1 (1970) 5.
[3] R. Moreau, Compt. Rend. 256 (1963) 2294.
[4] R.L. Peskin, Whys. Fluids 6 (1963) 643.
[S] H. Schlichting, Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 13 (1933) 260.
[6] J.V. Sharikadza and M.A. Ezzat, Proc. TGU G.S.S.R. 24 (1988) 239.
[7] E.U. Shelova and E.V. Sherbnin, J. Magnetohydrodynamics U.S.S.R. 3 (1968) 54.
[8] E.V. Sherbnin, .I. Magnetohydrodynamics 3 (1965) 30.
[9] E.V. Sherbnin, The jet flow of a viscous fluid in magnetic fields (Zenatne, Rug& 1973, in Russian) 304.
lo] Z.P. Shulman and B.M. Berkovesky, Boundary-layer of non-Newtonian fluid (Mir, Minsk, 1966, in Russian) 239.
111 D.C. Smith and A.B. Cambel, Phys. Fluids 8 (1965) 2107.
