PDF generated: 27 Apr 2022, 13:32

constituteproject.org

Djibouti's Constitution of 1992

with Amendments through 2010

English Translation © 2012 by William S. Hein & Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

This complete constitution has been generated from excerpts of texts from the repository of the Comparative
Constitutions Project, and distributed on constituteproject.org.
constituteproject.org PDF generated: 27 Apr 2022, 13:32

Table of contents
Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
TITLE I. OF THE STATE AND OF SOVEREIGNTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Article 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Article 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Article 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Article 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Article 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Article 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Article 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Article 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Article 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
TITLE II. OF THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE HUMAN PERSON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Article 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Article 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Article 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Article 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Article 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Article 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Article 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Article 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Article 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Article 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Article 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
TITLE III. OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Article 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Article 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Article 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Article 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Article 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Article 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Article 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Article 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Article 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Article 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Article 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Article 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Article 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Article 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Article 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Article 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Article 37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Article 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Article 39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Article 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Article 41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Article 42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

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Article 43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
TITLE IV. OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Article 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Article 45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Article 46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Article 47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Article 48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Article 49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Article 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Article 51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Article 52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Article 53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Article 54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
TITLE V. OF THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE LEGISLATIVE POWER AND THE
EXECUTIVE POWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Article 55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Article 56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Article 57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Article 58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Article 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Article 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Article 61 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Article 62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Article 63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Article 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Article 65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Article 66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Article 67 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Article 68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Article 69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
TITLE VI. INTERNATIONAL TREATIES, CONVENTIONS AND AGREEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . 17
TITLE VII. OF THE JUDICIAL POWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Article 71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Article 72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Article 73 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Article 74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
TITLE VIII. OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COUNCIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Article 75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Article 76 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Article 77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Article 78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Article 79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Article 80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Article 81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Article 82 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
TITLE IX. OF THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Article 83 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Article 84 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

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TITLE X. OF THE TERRITORIAL COLLECTIVITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Article 85 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Article 86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Article 87 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Article 88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
TITLE XI. OF THE MEDIATOR OF THE REPUBLIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Article 89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Article 90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
TITLE XII. OF THE REVISION OF THE CONSTITUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Article 91 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Article 92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
TITLE XIII. OF FINAL AND TRANSITORY PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Article 93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Article 94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Article 95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Article 96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Article 97 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

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Translated by Jefri J. Ruchti

Preamble
Preamble
Motives for writing constitution
Source of constitutional authority

God or other deities In the name of God All-Powerful

International human rights treaties The Djiboutian People solemnly proclaim their attachment to the principles of
Democracy and of the Rights of Man as they are defined by the Universal Declaration of
the Rights of Man and by the African Charter of the Rights of Man and of Peoples, of
which the provisions form an integral part of this Constitution.

They affirm their determination to establish a State of Law and of Pluralist Democracy
guaranteeing the full enjoyment of the individual and collective rights and freedoms as
well as the harmonious development of the national community.

Reference to fraternity/solidarity They affirm their will to cooperate in peace and amity with all peoples who share their
ideals of liberty, of justice and of solidarity, on the basis of mutual respect, of national
sovereignty and of territorial integrity.

TITLE I. OF THE STATE AND OF

SOVEREIGNTY

Official religion
Article 1
Islam is the Religion of the State

The State of Djibouti is a democratic, sovereign, one and indivisible Republic.

General guarantee of equality It assures to all equality before the law without distinction of language, of origin, of race,
of sex or of religion. It respects all beliefs.

National motto Its motto is "Unité - Egalité - Paix" (Unity - Equality –Peace).

Its principle is government of the people, by the people and for the people.

Official or national languages Its official languages are Arabic and French.

National capital
Article 2
The capital of the State is Djibouti.

National flag The emblem of the Republic is the blue, green and white flag bearing a red star of five
points.

National anthem The law determines the anthem and the seal of the Republic.

Article 3
Equality regardless of language The Republic of Djibouti as composed of the entirety of the persons that it recognizes as
Equality regardless of gender
Equality regardless of religion
members and who have accepted the duties, without distinction of language, of race, of
Equality regardless of race sex or of religion.

Referenda The national sovereignty belongs to the Djiboutian people who exercise it through their
representatives or by way of referendum. No fraction of the people nor any individual
may arrogate the exercise of it.

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No one may be arbitrarily deprived of the status of member of the national community.

Article 4
Claim of universal suffrage The popular legitimacy is the foundation and the source of all power. It is expressed by
Secret ballot
universal, equal and secret suffrage.

The executive power and legislative power shall proceed from universal suffrage or from
the instances elected through it.

Restrictions on voting
Article 5
All the Djiboutian nationals of majority, of both sexes, enjoying their civil and political
rights are electors within the conditions determined by the law.

Right to form political parties

Article 6
The political parties and/or groups of political parties concur in the expression of
suffrage.

They form and exercise their activities freely within respect for the Constitution, and for
the principles of national sovereignty and of democracy.

Prohibited political parties It is forbidden to them to identify themselves to a race, to an ethnicity, to a sex, to a
Regulation of political parties
religion, to a sect, to a language or to a region.

Restrictions on political parties The formalities concerning the administrative declaration of the political parties and/or
groups, and to the exercise and to the cessation of their activities are determined by the
law.

Article 7
The Institutions of the Republic are:

the executive power,

the legislative power,

the judicial power.

Each of these powers assumes the full and entire responsibility of its prerogatives and
attributions within such conditions that the continuity and regular functioning of the
republican institutions shall be assured.

Article 8
The institutions of the Republic must permit the normal and regular exercise of popular
sovereignty and guarantee the full expression of the public rights and freedoms.

International organizations
Article 9
The institutions must permit the participation of the Republic in regional and
international organizations, with respect for sovereignty, for the edification of peace and
of international justice and the economic, cultural and social development of peoples.

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TITLE II. OF THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE

HUMAN PERSON

Prohibition of capital punishment

Article 10
General guarantee of equality The human person is sacred. The State has the obligation to respect it and to protect it.
All human beings are equal before the law.

No one may be condemned to the penalty of death.

Right to life Every individual has the right to life, to the liberty, to the security and to the integrity of
his person.

Protection from ex post facto laws No one may be prosecuted, arrested, inculpated or condemned except by virtue of a law
Protection from unjustified restraint
Principle of no punishment without law
promulgated prior to the acts of which he is accused.

Presumption of innocence in trials All accused persons are presumed innocent until their culpability has been established
by the competent jurisdiction.

Right to counsel The right to a defense, and including that of assistance by the attorney of one's own
choice, is guaranteed at all the stages of the procedure.

Any person made the object of a measure deprivative of his liberty has the right to be
examined by a doctor of his choice.

No one may be detained in a penal establishment except on an order delivered by a

magistrate of the judicial order.

Freedom of religion
Freedom of opinion/thought/conscience Article 11
Every person has the right to the freedom of thought, of conscience, of religion, of
worship and of opinion within respect for the order established by the law and the
regulations.

Article 12
Right to own property The right to property is guaranteed by this Constitution. It may not be infringed except
Protection from expropriation
in the case of public necessity legally established, under reserve of a just and prior
indemnity.

Inalienable rights The domicile is inviolable. It may only be subjected to intrusions or searches in the forms
Right to privacy
and conditions specified by the law. The measures infringing the inviolability of the
domicile or circumventing it may only be taken to respond to a collective danger or to
protect persons in peril of death.

Right to privacy
Inalienable rights Article 13
The secrecy of correspondence and of all other means of communication is inviolable.
Restriction of this inviolability may only be ordered in application of the law.

Article 14
Freedom of movement All the citizens of the Republic have the right to move themselves and to establish
themselves freely on the entire extent of the Republic. This right may only be limited by
the law.

No one may be submitted to preventative measures, except in the cases specified by

the law.

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Article 15
Freedom of expression Each has the right to express and to disseminate freely their opinions by word, pen, and
image. These rights may be limited by prescriptions in the law and in respect for the
honor of others.

Freedom of association All the citizens have the right to constitute associations and trade unions freely, under
Right to join trade unions
reserve of conforming to the formalities ordered in the laws and regulations.

Right to strike The right to strike is recognized. It is exercised within the framework of the laws which
Right to work
govern it. It may in no case infringe the freedom to work.

Prohibition of cruel treatment

Prohibition of torture Article 16
No one may be submitted to torture, or to inhuman, cruel, degrading or humiliating
actions or treatment.

Any individual, any agent of the State, or any public authority rendered culpable of such
acts, either on their own initiative, or on instruction, shall be punished in accordance with
the law.

Article 17
The defense of the Nation and of the integrity of the Republic is a sacred duty for every
Djiboutian citizen.

Article 18
Any foreigner who is found regularly on the national territory enjoys, for his person and
for his assets, the protection of the law.

Article 19
The State protects the legitimate rights and interests of the Djiboutian citizens abroad.

Article 20
The authority of the State is exercised by:

the President of the Republic and his Government,

the National Assembly,

the judicial power.

TITLE III. OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER

Head of government powers

Name/structure of executive(s) Article 21
The executive power is assured by the President of the Republic who is also Head of the
Government.

Head of state powers

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Article 22
The President of the Republic is the Head of State. He incarnates the national unity and
assures the continuity of the State.

International law He is the guarantor of the national security, of the national independence, of the
territorial integrity and of the respect for the Constitution, and for the international
treaties and agreements.

Eligibility for head of state

Minimum age of head of state Article 23
Any candidate to the functions of President of the Republic must be of Djiboutian
nationality, to the exclusion of any other, enjoy their civil and political rights and be forty
years of age at least, and of seventy-five years at most on the date of the deposit of his
candidature.

Head of state term length

Head of state selection Article 24
The President of the Republic is elected for five years by direct universal suffrage and by
majority ballot in two rounds. He is re-eligible under the conditions specified in Article
23.

Head of state selection

Article 25
The presidential elections take place thirty days at least and forty days at most before
the expiration of the mandate of the President in office.

Head of state selection

Article 26
The law establishes the conditions of eligibility and of presentation of the candidatures,
of the procedures of conducting of the ballot and of proclamation of the results. It also
specifies all the provisions required so that the elections shall be free and regular.

Head of state selection

Article 27
The President of the Republic is elected with the absolute majority of the suffrage
expressed. If this is not obtained at the first round, it proceeds in a time of fifteen days
to a second round. This second round is open solely to the two candidates who have
received the greatest number of votes.

If one of the two candidates desists, the ballot remains open to the candidate ranking
next in the order of suffrage expressed.

If, in the seven days preceding the deadline of deposit of the candidatures, one of the
persons having, less than thirty days before this date, publicly announced their decision
to be a candidate, dies or is found to be incapacitated, the Constitutional Council can
decide to postpone the election.

If, before the first round, one of the candidates dies or is found to be incapacitated, the
Constitutional Council orders the postponement of the election.

In the case of death or of incapacity of one of the two candidates most favored in the
first round, before any eventual withdrawals, or that of one of the two candidates
remaining following any such withdrawals, the Constitutional Council can decide on the
repetition of the whole of the electoral operations.

The convocation of the electors is made by decree taken in the Council of Ministers.

Constitutional court powers The Constitutional Council controls the regularity of these operations, decides on the
complaints, and proclaims the results of the ballot.

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Head of government powers

Article 28
When the President of the Republic is prevented in a temporary fashion from fulfilling his
functions, his interim is assured by the Prime Minister.

Head of state replacement

Article 29
In case of vacancy of the Presidency of the Republic, for any cause that may be, or of
definitive incapacity determined by the Constitutional Council, referred to the matter by
the Prime Minister or by the President of the National Assembly, the interim is assured
by the President of the Supreme Court, who may not be a candidate for the Presidency
during the interim.

During this interim, the Government may not be dissolved or adjusted. Equally, it may
not proceed to any modification or dissolution of the republican institutions.

The election of the new President takes place thirty days at least and forty-five days at
most after the official determination of the vacancy or the definitive character of the
incapacity.

Head of state powers

Article 30
The President of the Republic determines and conducts the policy of the Nation.

He exercises regulatory power.

Article 31
The President of the Republic can address messages to the Nation.

Article 32
Designation of commander in chief The President of the Republic is the supreme head of the armies. He appoints the titular
Selection of active-duty commanders
officers of the grand commands and the heads of the corps.

He confers the decorations of the Republic.

Power to pardon He exercises the right of pardon.

Referenda
Article 33
The President of the Republic can, after consultation of the President of the National
Assembly and of the President of the Constitutional Council, submit any Bill of law to
referendum.

Article 34
The President of the Republic promulgates the laws adopted by the National Assembly
in a time of fifteen days counting from their transmission, if he does not formulate any
demand for a second reading by the said Assembly. He is responsible for their execution.

Constitutionality of legislation
Article 35
The President of the Republic refers the Constitutional Council to a matter when he
deems that a law is contrary to this Constitution.

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Article 36
The President of the Republic sees to the execution of the decisions of justice.

Head of state powers

Foreign affairs representative Article 37
The President of the Republic appoints and accredits the diplomatic and consular
representatives and the extraordinary envoys to the foreign powers. The ambassadors
and the extraordinary envoys of the foreign powers are accredited to him.

Article 38
The law establishes the benefits accorded to the President of the Republic and organizes
the modalities of concession of a pension to the former Presidents.

Article 39
International law When the institutions of the Republic, the independence of the Nation, the integrity of
its territory or the execution of its international engagements are threatened in a grave
and immediate manner and when the regular functioning of the public powers is
interrupted, the President of the Republic can, after the advice of the President of the
National Assembly and of the President of the Constitutional Council and having
informed the Nation by a message, take any measure tending to re-establish the
regular functioning of the public powers and to assure the safeguarding of the Nation,
with the exception of a constitutional revision.

The National Assembly convenes of plain right.

It is referred to the matter, for ratification, within fifteen days of their promulgation, of
measures of legislative nature brought into force by the President. These measures
become lapsed if the Bill of ratification is not deposited with the Bureau of the National
Assembly within the specified time. The ratification, if it is refused by the National
Assembly, does not have retroactive effect.

Article 40
Establishment of cabinet/ministers The President of the Republic is assisted, in the exercise of his functions, by a
Government of which the Prime Minister and the Ministers are members of plain right.

Advisory bodies to the head of state The Government is charged to assist and to be of counsel to the President of the
Republic in the exercise of his functions.

Cabinet selection The President of the Republic designates the Prime Minister, and on proposal by him,
Head of government selection
appoints the other members of the Government.

Cabinet removal He establishes their attributions and terminates their functions.

Head of government removal
The Prime Minister implements the policy of the President of the Republic, coordinates
and animates the action of the Government.

The members of the Government are responsible before the President of the Republic.

Powers of cabinet
Article 41
The President of the Republic presides over the Council of Ministers. It deliberates
obligatorily on:

the decisions determining the general policy of the State;

the Bills of law;

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the appointments to the superior offices of the State of which the list is
established by virtue of a law adopted by the National Assembly.

Article 42
The President of the Republic can delegate certain of his functions to the Prime Minister,
to the Ministers and to the high functionaries of the administration, within the
framework of their respective attributions.

Eligibility for head of government

Eligibility for cabinet Article 43
The functions of President of the Republic and of member of the Government are
incompatible with the exercise of any parliamentary mandate, of any public office and of
any professional activity.

TITLE IV. OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER

Structure of legislative chamber(s)

Article 44
The Parliament is constituted by a single Assembly, called the National Assembly, of
which the members carry the title of Deputies.

Article 45
First chamber selection The Deputies to the National Assembly are elected for five years by direct and secret
Term length for first chamber
universal suffrage. They are re-eligible.

Minimum age for first chamber All Djiboutian citizens, enjoying their civil and political rights, twenty-three years of age
Eligibility for first chamber
or more, are eligible.

Eligibility for first chamber

Article 46
The following may not be elected members of the National Assembly during the
exercise of their functions:

the President of the Republic,

the Prefects and Sub-Prefects,

the Secretaries-General of the Government and the Ministers,

the Magistrates,

the controllers of the State, and the inspectors of labor and education,

the members of the Armed Forces and of the National Force of Security,

Replacement of legislators
Article 47
An organic law determines the number of Deputies, their indemnities, the conditions of
eligibility, the regime of ineligibilities and incompatibilities, the modalities of the ballot,
and the conditions in which there is reason to organize new elections in case of vacancy
of seats of Deputies.

The Constitutional Council decides in case of dispute concerning the regularity of the
election of the Deputies and concerning their eligibility.

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Article 48
Each Deputy is the representative of the Nation. Any imperative mandate is null.

An organic law may authorize, exceptionally, the delegation of the vote. In such case no
one may receive the delegation of more than one mandate.

Article 49
The National Assembly is composed of the entirety of the representatives of the
national community.

Immunity of legislators
Article 50
The members of the National Assembly enjoy parliamentary immunity.

No Deputy may be prosecuted, investigated, arrested, detained or judged for reason of

the opinions or votes emitted by him in the exercise of his functions.

No Deputy may, during the time of the sessions, be prosecuted or arrested, in a criminal
or correctional matter except in the case of flagrante delicto, without the authorization
of the National Assembly.

No Deputy may, outside the sessions, be arrested without the authorization of the
Bureau of the National Assembly, except in the case of flagrante delicto, of authorized
prosecution or of definitive condemnation.

The detention or the prosecution of a Deputy is suspended if the National Assembly

requires it.

Public or private sessions

Article 51
The National Assembly meets of plain right in two ordinary sittings per year. The first
ordinary commences on March 1 and the second begins on October 1.

Length of legislative sessions The duration of each ordinary session is of four months. The Bureau of the National
Assembly may however decide to prolong it by a period that shall not exceed fifteen
days to permit the consideration of proposals of law of parliamentary origin which could
not be taken up in the course of the Ordinary Session.

The sittings of the National Assembly are public.

Publication of deliberations The complete record of the debates in public sittings is published in the Journal Officiel.

However, the National Assembly can meet in closed sittings according to the modalities
provided for by the Internal Regulations.

Finance bills The Law of Finance of the year is considered in the course of the second ordinary
Session, called the Budgetary Session.

Length of legislative sessions

Extraordinary legislative sessions Article 52
The National Assembly can be reunited in extraordinary session on a specific agenda at
the demand of the President of the Republic, of the President of the National Assembly
or at the demand of the absolute majority of the Deputies.

The duration of an extraordinary session may not exceed fifteen days. The National
Assembly recesses once the agenda is exhausted.

Leader of first chamber

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Article 53
The President of the National Assembly is elected for the duration of the legislature.

Standing committees
Legislative committees Article 54
The National Assembly establishes its internal regulations. The internal regulations
determine:

the composition, and the rules of functioning of the Bureau as well as the powers
and prerogatives of its President;

the number, mode of designation, the composition, the role and the competence
of its permanent commissions, as well as that of those which are special and
temporary;

the creation of parliamentary commissions of inquiry within the framework of the

control of the action of the Government;

the procedure of interpellation of the Government;

the regime of discipline of the Deputies;

the organization of the administrative services placed under the authority of the
President of the National Assembly, assisted by an Administrative Secretary
General;

the different modes of the ballot, with the exception of those expressly specified
in this Constitution;

in a general manner, all the rules having for their object the functioning of the
National Assembly within the framework of its constitutional competence.

TITLE V. OF THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE

LEGISLATIVE POWER AND THE EXECUTIVE
POWER

Article 55
The National Assembly exercises the legislative power. It alone votes the law by simple
majority, under reserve of the provisions of Article 67.

Article 56
The laws establishes the rules concerning:

the organization of the public powers;

the distribution of the competences between the State and the local collectivities
as well as the creation of offices, of public establishments, and of national
companies or enterprises;

the enjoyment and the exercise of the civil and civic rights, nationality, the estate
and the security of persons, the organization of the family, the regime of property
and of inheritance and of the law of obligations;

the fundamental guarantees accorded to the citizens for the exercise of their
public freedoms and the requirements imposed by the national defense;

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the electoral regime;

the fundamental guarantees accorded to the civil and military functionaries;

the determination of crimes and misdemeanors and the penalties applicable to

them, the criminal procedure, amnesty, the judicial organization, the status of
judges, of the ministerial officers and of the juridical and judiciary professions and
the organization of the prison regime;

the general principles of education;

the fundamental principles of the right to work, of the syndical right and of social
security;

the basis, rates and the modalities of collecting taxes of any nature;

the regime of issuance of money, of credit, and of banks and of insurance.

Article 57
The matters other than those that are of the domain of the law by virtue of this
Constitution belong to the regulatory power.

Constitutional court powers The texts of legislative form intervening in these matters can be modified by decree if
the Constitutional Council, at the demand of the President of the Republic, declares that
they have a regulatory character by virtue of the preceding paragraph.

Initiation of general legislation

Article 58
The initiative of law belongs concurrently to the President of the Republic and to the
members of the National Assembly.

The President of the Republic and the Deputies have the right of amendment.

Article 59
The proposals, Bills and amendments which are not of the domain of the law are
irreceivable. The irreceivability is declared by the President of the National Assembly
after the deliberation of the Bureau.

Constitutional court powers In case of dispute, the Constitutional Council, referred to the matter by the President of
the National Assembly or the President of the Republic decides in a time of twenty days.

Legislative oversight of the executive

Article 60
The Government periodically renders account on its activity action and its management
to the National Assembly.

The National Assembly has for the exercise of its rights of information and control, the
following means:

1. oral or written questions;

2. parliamentary commissions of inquiry;

3. interpellation of the Government;

4. the annual debate on the state of the Nation.

One sitting per two weeks is reserved by priority to the questions of the Deputies to the
members of the Government.

The procedure of interpellation of the Government or of one or of several Ministers may

only intervene at the initiative of at least ten Deputies. It is made the object of a special

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sitting, on a date established by the Bureau of the Assembly.

The debate can be followed by a vote of the Assembly on the resolution proposed by the
authors of the interpellation.

At the opening of each session, the Prime Minister makes a report to the Assembly on
the situation of the country, the achievements of the Government and the grand
orientations of the governmental policy. His presentation is followed by a debate.

The internal regulations of the National Assembly specify the conditions for the
implementation of these different procedures.

Article 61
Power to declare/approve war The declaration of war is authorized by the National Assembly meeting specially to this
effect. The President of the Republic informs the Nation of it by a message.

Emergency provisions The state of siege and the state of urgency are decreed in the Council of Ministers.

Emergency provisions The prolongation of the state of siege or the state of urgency beyond fifteen days may
not be authorized without the prior consent of the National Assembly.

Treaty ratification
Article 62
International law The peace treaties, the commercial treaties, the treaties or agreements concerning
International organizations
international organizations, the which treaties engage the finances of the State, those
which concern the status of persons, and those which involve cession, exchange or
acquisition of territory may only be ratified or approved by virtue of a law.

International law The ratification or the approval of an international engagement containing a clause
contrary to the provisions of this Constitution may intervene only after the revision of it.

Secession of territory No cession, no acquisition of territory is valid without the consent of the people who
Referenda
Accession of territory
decide by means of referendum.

Article 63
The President of the Republic can, on his demand, be heard by the National Assembly or
address messages to it. These communications do not give rise to any debate in his
presence.

Article 64
The members of the Government have access to the sittings of the National Assembly.
They are heard at the demand of a Deputy, of a Commission or at their own demand.

Finance bills
Article 65
The Laws of Finance determine the receipts and the expenditures of the State.

The regulatory laws control the execution of the Laws of Finance, under reserve of
subsequent auditing of the accounts of the Nation by the Court of Accounts.

Economic plans The program laws establish the objectives of the economic and social action of the
State.

Supermajority required for legislation

Constitutional court powers Article 66
The laws to which Constitution confers the character of organic laws may only be
adopted with the absolute majority of members of the National Assembly, and may only
be promulgated after declaration by the Constitutional Council of their conformity with
the Constitution.

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Article 67
The agenda of the Assembly is established by the Conference of Presidents composed
of the President of the Assembly, of the Vice Presidents of the Bureau, of the Presidents
of the Parliamentary Groups, of the Presidents of the Commissions and of the
Rapporteur-General of the Commission of Finance.

A representative of the Government participates in the work of this Conference.

Only texts arising from its competence by virtue of Article 57 may be included in the
agenda of the National Assembly.

The agenda includes, by priority and in the order that the Government has established,
the discussion of the Bills of law and of the proposals of law that it has accepted. It may
not be modified.

Urgency is of right when it is demanded by the Government.

Article 68
The proposals of law and amendments which would have for an effect, if they were
adopted, either a diminution of the public resources, or an increase of the public
obligations without a concurrent reduction of other expenses or creation of new receipts
of equal amount , are irreceivable.

Finance bills
Budget bills Article 69
The Law of Finance determines the resources and the obligations of the State.

The National Assembly is referred to the matter of the Bill of the Law of Finance of the
year (Budget of the State) from the opening of the ordinary session preceding the
budgetary period and in any case before 15 November. The Bill of the Law of Finance
must provide for the receipts necessary for complete coverage of the expenditures.

The Bill of the Law of Finance is voted at the latest in first reading within the time of
thirty-five days following its deposit. In case of rejection or amendment, a second
reading can be demanded.

If the budget is not voted before 1 January, the President of the Republic is authorized
to re-implement the budget for the previous year by provisional twelfths.

The budget may only be adopted in plenary session.

TITLE VI. INTERNATIONAL TREATIES,

CONVENTIONS AND AGREEMENTS

Article. 70

Foreign affairs representative The President of the Republic negotiates and approves the treaties and international
conventions, which are submitted to the ratification of the National Assembly.

Legal status of treaties The treaties or agreements regularly ratified have, on their publication, an authority
superior to that of the laws under reserve, for each agreement or treaty, to its
application by the other party and of its conformity with the relevant provisions of the
law of treaties.

Treaty ratification Without prejudice to the previous paragraph, the ratification or the approval of an
international engagement containing a clause contrary to the relevant provisions of the
Constitution may intervene only after the revision of it.

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TITLE VII. OF THE JUDICIAL POWER

Article 71
Judicial independence The judicial power is independent of the legislative power and the executive power. It is
exercised by the Supreme Court, the Court of Accounts and the other Courts and
Tribunals.

The Court of Accounts is the jurisdiction of control of the public finances.

Article 72
The judicial power sees to respect for the rights and freedoms defined by this
Constitution.

The judge is only obedient to the law. Within the framework of his mission, he is
protected against any form of pressure of such nature as to be prejudicial to his free
arbitration.

The presiding magistrates are not removable.

Establishment of judicial council

Article 73
The President of the Republic is the guarantor of the independence of the magistrature.
He is assisted by the Superior Council of the Magistrature, which he presides over.

Ordinary court selection The Superior Council of the Magistrature sees to the management of the career of the
magistrates and gives its opinion on any question concerning the independence of the
magistrature. It decides as a council of discipline concerning the magistrates.

An organic law establishes the composition, the functioning and the attributions of the
Superior Council of the Magistrature as well as the status of the magistrates, with
respect for the principles contained in this Constitution.

Protection from false imprisonment

Article 74
No one may be arbitrarily detained. The judicial power, guardian of individual liberty,
assures the respect for this principle under the conditions provided by the law.

Establishment of constitutional court

TITLE VIII. OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL
COUNCIL

Constitutional interpretation
Article 75
The Constitutional Council sees to respect for the constitutional principles. It controls
the constitutionality of the laws.

It guarantees the fundamental rights of the human person and the public freedoms.

It is the regulatory organ of the functioning of the institutions and of the activity of the
public powers.

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Article 76
Constitutional court term length The Constitutional Council consists of six members having a mandate lasting eight
Constitutional court selection
Constitutional court term limits
years and which is not renewable. They are designated as follows:

two appointed by the President of the Republic;

two appointed by the President of the National Assembly;

two appointed by the Superior Council of the Magistrature.

It is renewed by half every four years.

The President of the Constitutional Council is appointed by the President of the Republic
from among its members. He has the deciding vote in case of a tie.

The former Presidents of the Republic are members of right of the Constitutional
Council.

The members of the Constitutional Council enjoy the immunity accorded to the
members of the National Assembly.

Eligibility for const court judges The members of the Constitutional Council must be thirty years of age at least and be
Min age of const court judges
chosen principally from among the jurists of experience.

Constitutional court powers

Article 77
The Constitutional Council sees to the regularity of all the elections and of the
operations of referendum and proclaims the results of them. It examines the complaints
and decides on them.

The Constitutional Council is referred to the matter in case of dispute concerning the
validity of an election by any candidate or any political party.

Constitutionality of legislation
Article 78
The organic laws, before their promulgation, and the internal regulations of the National
Assembly, before their implementation, must be submitted to the Constitutional Council
which decides on their conformity with the Constitution.

Constitutional court powers

Article 79
To the same end, the laws may be deferred to the Constitutional Council before their
promulgation by the President of the Republic, the President of the National Assembly
or ten Deputies.

The referral to the matter of the Constitutional Council by the President of the Republic
must intervene within the six days following the transmission that is made to him of the
law definitively adopted; the referral to the matter by the President of the National
Assembly or the Deputies must intervene within the time of six days from the definitive
adoption of the law.

In the cases provided for by the two preceding paragraphs, the Constitutional Council
must decide within a time of one month. However, at the demand of the President of the
Republic, if there is urgency, this period is reduced to eight days.

In these same cases, the referral to the matter of the Constitutional Council suspends
the time of promulgation.

Constitutionality of legislation A provision declared unconstitutional may not be promulgated or implemented.

Constitutionality of legislation
Constitutional court powers

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Article 80
The provisions of law which concern the fundamental rights recognized to any person by
the Constitution may be submitted to the Constitutional Council by way of pleadings if it
involves an instance in course before a jurisdiction.

The pleadings of unconstitutionality may be raised by any plaintiff before any

jurisdiction.

The jurisdiction referred to the matter must then suspend its decision and transmit the
matter to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has a time of one month to reject the
exception if it is not founded on a serious issue or, in the contrary case, refers the matter
to the Constitutional Council, which decides in the time of one month.

A provision judged unconstitutional on the basis of this article ceases to be applicable

and will no longer be applied in procedures.

Article 81
The decisions of the Constitutional Council establish authority concerning the matter
judged. They are not susceptible to any recourse.

They are imposed on the public powers, on all the administrative and jurisdictional
authorities as well as on all physical or moral persons.

Article 82
An organic law determines the rules of organization and of functioning of the
Constitutional Council as well as the procedure to be followed before it. This organic law
equally establishes the modalities of application of Article 80.

TITLE IX. OF THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE

Article 83
A High Court of Justice is instituted.

Supreme court selection It is composed of members designated by the National Assembly at each general
renewal. It elects its President from among its members.

An organic law establishes its composition, the rules of its functioning as well as the
procedure applicable before it.

Article 84
Supreme court powers The High Court of Justice is competent to judge the President of the Republic and the
Ministers accused before it by the National Assembly.

Head of government immunity The President of the Republic is not responsible for the acts accomplished in the
Head of state immunity
exercise of his functions except in the case of high treason. The members of the
Government are criminally responsible for the acts accomplished in the exercise of their
functions and qualified as crimes or misdemeanors at the moment they were
committed.

Supermajority required for legislation The accusation is voted by public ballot with the majority of two-thirds of the Deputies
composing the National Assembly.

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Principle of no punishment without law The High Court of Justice is bound by the definition of crimes and misdemeanors, as well
Protection from ex post facto laws
as by the determination of the resultant penalties, specified in the criminal laws in force
at the time of the acts cited in the proceedings.

TITLE X. OF THE TERRITORIAL

COLLECTIVITIES

Article 85
The territorial collectivities are moral persons of public law which enjoy administrative
and financial autonomy.

The territorial collectivities are the regions, the communes and the other territorial
collectivities of specific status.

Article 86
The territorial collectivities are administered freely by councils with a view to
development and of promotion of the local and regional interests.

Article 87
The mission, the organization, the functioning and the financing regime of the territorial
collectivities are determined by an organic law.

Article 88
In the territorial collectivities, the delegate of government has the responsibility for the
national interests, of administrative control a posteriori and of respect for the laws.

TITLE XI. OF THE MEDIATOR OF THE

REPUBLIC

Ombudsman
Article 89
An organ denominated the Mediator of the Republic is constituted.

He is appointed by the President of the Republic for a time of five (5) years which is not
renewable.

He is not removable. He enjoys immunity in the exercise of his functions.

Article 90
The status, the attributions, the organization and the functioning of the Mediator of the
Republic are established by an organic law.

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TITLE XII. OF THE REVISION OF THE

CONSTITUTION

Constitution amendment procedure

Article 91
The initiative of revision of the Constitution belongs concurrently to the President of the
Republic and to the Deputies.

For it to be discussed, any parliamentary proposal for revision must be signed by one-
third at least of the members of the National Assembly.

The Bill or proposal of revision must be voted with the majority of members of the
National Assembly, and only becomes definitive after having been approved by
referendum with the simple majority of the suffrage expressed.

Referenda Nevertheless, the referendum procedure may be avoided on the decision of the
Supermajority required for legislation
President of the Republic; in this case, the Bill or proposal of revision is only approved if it
is adopted with the majority of two-thirds of the members composing the National
Assembly.

Unamendable provisions
Article 92
No procedure of revision may be undertaken if it questions the existence of the State or
infringes the integrity of the territory, of the republican form of the government or of the
pluralist character of Djiboutian democracy.

Transitional provisions
TITLE XIII. OF FINAL AND TRANSITORY
PROVISIONS

Referenda
Article 93
This Constitution will be submitted to referendum. It will be registered and published, in
French and in Arabic, in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Djibouti, the text in
French will prevail.

Article 94
The present Constitution will enter into force and will be executed as the Constitution of
the Republic within the thirty days of its approval by referendum.

The establishment of the institutions provided for in this Constitution shall begin at the
latest two months after its approval, and shall be completed eight months after that.

Article 95
The provisions necessary for application of this Constitution shall be the object of laws
voted by the National Assembly.

Article 96
The legislation in force remains applicable to the extent that it is not contrary to this
Constitution or where it is not the object of a specific abrogation.

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Article 97
The authorities established in the Republic of Djibouti shall continue to exercise their
functions and the current institutions are maintained until the establishment of the new
authorities and institutions.

The Senate shall be instituted when all the conditions necessary for its creation are met.

The provisions for, the organization and the functioning of the Senate shall be
established by an organic law.

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Topic index

A
Accession of territory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Advisory bodies to the head of state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

B
Budget bills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

C
Cabinet removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Cabinet selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Claim of universal suffrage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Constitution amendment procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Constitutional court powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 15, 16, 19
Constitutional court selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Constitutional court term length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Constitutional court term limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Constitutional interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Constitutionality of legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 19

D
Designation of commander in chief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

E
Economic plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Eligibility for cabinet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Eligibility for const court judges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Eligibility for first chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Eligibility for head of government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Eligibility for head of state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Emergency provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Equality regardless of gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Equality regardless of language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Equality regardless of race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Equality regardless of religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Establishment of cabinet/ministers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Establishment of constitutional court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Establishment of judicial council . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Extraordinary legislative sessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

F
Finance bills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 16, 17
First chamber selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Foreign affairs representative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 17
Freedom of association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Freedom of expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Freedom of movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Freedom of opinion/thought/conscience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

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Freedom of religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

G
General guarantee of equality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 7
God or other deities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

H
Head of government immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Head of government powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 10
Head of government removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Head of government selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Head of state immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Head of state powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 10, 11
Head of state replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Head of state selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Head of state term length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

I
Immunity of legislators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Inalienable rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Initiation of general legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
International human rights treaties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
International law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 11, 16
International organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 16

J
Judicial independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

L
Leader of first chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Legal status of treaties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Legislative committees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Legislative oversight of the executive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Length of legislative sessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

M
Min age of const court judges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Minimum age for first chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Minimum age of head of state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Motives for writing constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

N
Name/structure of executive(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
National anthem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
National capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
National flag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
National motto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

O
Official or national languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Official religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Ombudsman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

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Ordinary court selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

P
Power to declare/approve war . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Power to pardon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Powers of cabinet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Presumption of innocence in trials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Principle of no punishment without law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 21
Prohibited political parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Prohibition of capital punishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Prohibition of cruel treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Prohibition of torture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Protection from ex post facto laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 21
Protection from expropriation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Protection from false imprisonment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Protection from unjustified restraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Public or private sessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Publication of deliberations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

R
Reference to fraternity/solidarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Referenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 10, 16, 22
Regulation of political parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Replacement of legislators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Restrictions on political parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Restrictions on voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Right to counsel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Right to form political parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Right to join trade unions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Right to life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Right to own property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Right to privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Right to strike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Right to work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

S
Secession of territory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Secret ballot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Selection of active-duty commanders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Source of constitutional authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Standing committees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Structure of legislative chamber(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Supermajority required for legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 20, 22
Supreme court powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Supreme court selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

T
Term length for first chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Transitional provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Treaty ratification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 17

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U
Unamendable provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

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