To master DSA in 3 months with a dedicated 3-hour daily schedule, here's a structured

roadmap:

Month 1: Fundamentals and Problem Solving

Week 1: Arrays and Strings

 Concepts: Sliding window, two pointers, sorting, prefix sums.

 Practice: Solve 10-15 problems of increasing difficulty.

 Platforms: LeetCode, GeeksforGeeks, HackerRank.

Week 2: Stacks and Queues

 Concepts: Applications of stacks and queues, monotonic stacks, deque operations.

 Practice: Solve 10-12 problems on stack and queue problems.

Week 3: Recursion and Backtracking

 Concepts: Basics of recursion, subsequences, permutations, and N-Queens problem.

 Practice: Solve 10 problems focused on recursion and backtracking.

Week 4: Linked Lists

 Concepts: Singly and doubly linked lists, cycle detection, reverse linked list.

 Practice: Solve 8-10 problems, including merge and sort linked lists.

Month 2: Intermediate Topics

Week 1: Trees

 Concepts: Binary trees, binary search trees, traversal techniques, height, diameter.

 Practice: Solve 10 problems on basic tree operations and traversals.

Week 2: Binary Search and Divide & Conquer

 Concepts: Binary search on arrays, rotated arrays, search space problems.

 Practice: Solve 10 problems involving binary search patterns.

Week 3: Graphs - Part 1

 Concepts: BFS, DFS, adjacency matrix, adjacency list.

 Practice: Solve 10 problems on graph traversal.

Week 4: Graphs - Part 2

 Concepts: Shortest paths (Dijkstra’s, Bellman-Ford), topological sort.

 Practice: Solve 10 graph problems focused on shortest path and topological sort.
Month 3: Advanced Topics and Mock Practice

Week 1: Dynamic Programming - Part 1

 Concepts: Basics of DP, memoization, and tabulation.

 Problems: Solve 8-10 basic DP problems (knapsack, subsets).

Week 2: Dynamic Programming - Part 2

 Concepts: Advanced DP topics like matrix chain multiplication, LIS, LCS.

 Problems: Solve 8-10 advanced DP problems.

Week 3: Greedy Algorithms

 Concepts: Greedy techniques, Huffman coding, interval scheduling.

 Practice: Solve 8-10 greedy problems.

Week 4: Revision and Mock Interviews

 Activities:

o Solve 2-3 problems daily from previously covered topics.

o Attempt mock coding contests/interviews to simulate real-time problem-

solving.

o Revise weaker areas.

Tips for Success

 Consistency: Stick to the schedule rigorously.

 Track Progress: Maintain a log of problems solved.

 Learn From Mistakes: Analyze why a solution failed and improve.

 Join Communities: Participate in coding discussions for motivation.

Would you like suggestions for specific problem sets or online resources to use with this
roadmap?

Here's a clear breakdown of each DSA topic you need to master, along with a brief overview of
concepts to focus on:

Month 1: Basics and Foundation

Week 1: Arrays and Strings

1. Arrays

o Types of arrays: 1D, 2D.

 o Common operations: traversing, inserting, deleting, and searching.

o Important Techniques:

 Sliding Window (e.g., Maximum sum subarray, Longest substring without

repeating characters).

 Two Pointers (e.g., Pair sum problems, Remove duplicates from sorted
array).

o Sorting: Bubble, Selection, Insertion, Quick, Merge.

o Prefix Sum and Difference Arrays (for range queries).

2. Strings

o Basic operations: Concatenation, splitting, reversing.

o Palindromes, anagram checks.

o String pattern matching (e.g., KMP algorithm).

Week 2: Stacks and Queues

1. Stacks

o LIFO principle and implementation using arrays and linked lists.

o Applications:

 Valid Parentheses.

 Next Greater Element.

 Stock Span Problem.

2. Queues

o FIFO principle and implementation.

o Variants: Circular Queue, Deque, Priority Queue.

o Applications:

 Sliding Window Maximum.

 First non-repeating character in a stream.

Week 3: Recursion and Backtracking

1. Recursion

o Base case and recursive case.

o Tree Recursion vs Tail Recursion.

o Examples: Factorials, Fibonacci, Tower of Hanoi.

 2. Backtracking

o Framework: Choose, Explore, Unchoose.

o Applications:

 Subsets, permutations.

 N-Queens problem.

 Sudoku Solver.

Week 4: Linked Lists

1. Singly Linked List

o Insertion, deletion, searching.

o Reverse a linked list.

o Detect and remove loops (Floyd’s Cycle Detection).

2. Doubly Linked List

o Insertion and deletion.

o Applications: LRU Cache.

3. Circular Linked List

o Implementation and traversal.

Month 2: Intermediate Topics

Week 1: Trees

1. Binary Trees

o Traversals: Inorder, Preorder, Postorder (recursive and iterative).

o Properties: Height, Depth, Leaf Nodes.

2. Binary Search Trees

o Operations: Insertion, Deletion, Search.

o Applications: Find Kth smallest/largest element.

Week 2: Binary Search and Divide & Conquer

1. Binary Search

o Classic problems: Search in a sorted array, find peak element.

o Advanced: Search in rotated sorted array, search in 2D matrix.

 2. Divide & Conquer

o Merge Sort, Quick Sort.

o Applications: Find majority element.

Week 3-4: Graphs

1. Graph Representation

o Adjacency List vs Adjacency Matrix.

o Directed vs Undirected Graphs.

2. Graph Traversals

o BFS, DFS.

o Applications: Connected components, cycle detection.

3. Advanced Graph Algorithms

o Dijkstra’s Algorithm (shortest path).

o Topological Sorting.

Month 3: Advanced Topics

Week 1-2: Dynamic Programming (DP)

1. Basics

o Overlapping subproblems and optimal substructure.

o Memoization and Tabulation.

2. Problems

o Fibonacci, Climbing Stairs.

o 0/1 Knapsack, Subset Sum.

o Longest Common Subsequence (LCS).

Week 3: Greedy Algorithms

1. Key Principles

o Making local optimal choices.

o Applications:

 Interval Scheduling.

 Huffman Coding.
  Minimum Spanning Tree (Kruskal’s, Prim’s).

Week 4: Revision and Mock Practice

 Focus on weak areas.

 Attempt full-length mock tests or coding challenges.

 Analyze time and space complexity for each problem.

Let me know if you'd like additional details on any of these topics!

Here's a detailed breakdown of trees with all concepts and related problems to help you
master them:

1. Basics of Trees

Concepts:

 Definition: A hierarchical data structure with nodes connected by edges.

 Key Terms:

o Root: The top node of the tree.

o Parent and Child: A node connected to a lower-level node is its parent; the
lower-level node is its child.

o Leaf Node: A node with no children.

o Height: The longest path from the root to a leaf.

o Depth: The number of edges from the root to a node.

o Degree: The number of children of a node.

Problems:

1. Calculate the height of a binary tree.

2. Count the number of leaf nodes.

3. Count the total number of nodes in a tree.

2. Binary Trees

Concepts:

 A tree where each node has at most two children.

 Traversals:

o Inorder (Left-Root-Right)
 o Preorder (Root-Left-Right)

o Postorder (Left-Right-Root)

o Level Order (Breadth-First Search)

Problems:

1. Print all traversals (recursive and iterative).

2. Find the maximum depth of a binary tree.

3. Convert a binary tree into its mirror.

4. Check if two binary trees are identical.

3. Binary Search Trees (BSTs)

Concepts:

 A binary tree where the left child is smaller than the parent, and the right child is larger.

 Operations:

o Insertion.

o Deletion (handle three cases: no child, one child, two children).

o Search.

Problems:

1. Search for a value in a BST.

2. Insert a value into a BST.

3. Delete a node from a BST.

4. Find the in-order predecessor and successor of a node in BST.

5. Check if a tree is a BST.

4. Balanced Trees

Concepts:

 Trees with balanced heights for efficient operations (e.g., AVL trees, Red-Black trees).

 Balance Factor: Height difference between left and right subtrees.

Problems:

1. Check if a binary tree is height-balanced.

2. Convert a sorted array to a height-balanced BST.

5. Binary Tree Views

Concepts:

 Top View: Nodes visible from the top.

 Bottom View: Nodes visible from the bottom.

 Left View: Nodes visible from the left.

 Right View: Nodes visible from the right.

Problems:

1. Print the top view of a binary tree.

2. Print the left view of a binary tree.

3. Print the bottom view of a binary tree.

6. Tree Traversals

Concepts:

 DFS (Depth-First Search): Inorder, Preorder, Postorder.

 BFS (Breadth-First Search): Level order traversal.

Problems:

1. Print level-order traversal using a queue.

2. Zigzag (spiral) level-order traversal.

3. Vertical order traversal of a binary tree.

7. Lowest Common Ancestor (LCA)

Concepts:

 The lowest node that is an ancestor of two given nodes.

Problems:

1. Find the LCA of two nodes in a binary tree.

2. Find the LCA in a BST (optimized solution).

8. Tree Diameter

Concepts:

 The length of the longest path between any two nodes in the tree.

Problems:
 1. Calculate the diameter of a binary tree.

2. Find the path of the diameter.

9. Tree Conversions

Concepts:

 Binary Tree to Doubly Linked List.

 Binary Tree to Sum Tree: Each node contains the sum of its left and right subtrees.

Problems:

1. Convert a binary tree to a sum tree.

2. Flatten a binary tree to a linked list.

10. Advanced Problems

1. Construct a binary tree from its inorder and preorder traversals.

2. Serialize and deserialize a binary tree.

3. Check if a binary tree is symmetric.

4. Check if a binary tree is a subtree of another binary tree.

11. Special Types of Trees

Concepts:

 N-ary Tree: Nodes can have more than two children.

 Trie (Prefix Tree): Used for efficient string matching.

 Segment Tree: For range queries.

 Fenwick Tree (Binary Indexed Tree): For prefix sums.

Problems:

1. Implement a Trie for inserting and searching strings.

2. Construct a segment tree for range sum queries.

3. Use a Fenwick tree to compute prefix sums efficiently.

Recommended Practice Problems on Platforms:

 LeetCode: Tree, Binary Tree, Binary Search Tree sections.

 GeeksforGeeks: "Top 10 Problems on Trees."

  HackerRank: "Tree-related challenges."

Would you like specific solutions or explanations for any of these problems?

Here's a detailed breakdown of strings with all concepts and related problems:

1. Basics of Strings

Concepts:

 Strings are sequences of characters.

 Immutable: Strings cannot be changed after creation (in most languages).

 Common Operations:

o Accessing characters using indices.

o Slicing/substrings.

o Concatenation and repetition.

o Length of a string.

Problems:

1. Reverse a string.

2. Check if a string is a palindrome.

3. Find the length of the longest word in a sentence.

2. String Searching and Matching

Concepts:

 Naive Search Algorithm: Check each substring.

 Efficient Algorithms:

o KMP Algorithm (Knuth-Morris-Pratt): For pattern matching.

o Rabin-Karp Algorithm: Hash-based string search.

o Z-Algorithm: Find all occurrences of a pattern in a string.

Problems:

1. Find all occurrences of a pattern in a string.

2. Count the number of substrings matching a pattern.

3. Check if a string contains another string as a substring.

3. String Manipulation
Concepts:

 Modifying strings based on given conditions.

 Removing spaces, extra characters.

 Changing cases.

Problems:

1. Remove all spaces from a string.

2. Convert a string to uppercase/lowercase.

3. Replace vowels in a string with another character.

4. Anagrams

Concepts:

 Definition: Two strings are anagrams if they have the same characters with the same
frequency.

 Techniques:

o Sorting and comparing.

o Frequency array or hash map.

Problems:

1. Check if two strings are anagrams.

2. Find all anagrams of a pattern in a string.

3. Group all anagrams from a list of strings.

5. Substrings and Subsequences

Concepts:

 Substring: A contiguous sequence of characters.

 Subsequence: A sequence derived by removing characters (not contiguous).

 Use sliding window or dynamic programming for efficient substring operations.

Problems:

1. Find the longest palindromic substring.

2. Find the longest common subsequence between two strings.

3. Count all distinct substrings of a string.

6. String Compression and Encoding

Concepts:

 Compressing strings by encoding repetitive characters (e.g., "aaabbc" → "a3b2c1").

 Decode a compressed string to its original form.

Problems:

1. Implement run-length encoding for a string.

2. Decode a string from its compressed form.

3. Compress a string by removing duplicate adjacent characters.

7. Palindromes

Concepts:

 A palindrome reads the same forward and backward.

 Techniques:

o Two-pointer approach for checking palindromes.

o Expand around center for finding the longest palindromic substring.

Problems:

1. Check if a string is a palindrome.

2. Find the longest palindromic substring in a string.

3. Count all palindromic substrings in a string.

8. String Matching with Wildcards

Concepts:

 Patterns with wildcards (* and ?).

 Dynamic programming to solve complex matching problems.

Problems:

1. Match strings with * and ? wildcards.

2. Find all strings matching a pattern in a list.

3. Implement a basic regex matcher.

9. Frequency Analysis

Concepts:
  Count the frequency of characters in a string.

 Use hash maps or frequency arrays.

Problems:

1. Find the first non-repeating character in a string.

2. Count the frequency of each character in a string.

3. Find the most frequent character in a string.

10. String Permutations

Concepts:

 Generate all possible arrangements of a string’s characters.

 Use backtracking or recursion.

Problems:

1. Generate all permutations of a string.

2. Check if one string is a permutation of another.

3. Find the lexicographical rank of a string’s permutation.

11. Advanced Topics

1. Longest Repeating Substring: Find the longest substring that appears more than once.

2. String Rotation: Check if one string is a rotation of another.

3. Edit Distance: Minimum operations to convert one string into another (insert, delete,
replace).

4. String Tokenization: Split a string based on delimiters.

Problems:

1. Check if two strings are rotations of each other.

2. Calculate the minimum edit distance between two strings.

3. Tokenize a string into words or sentences.

12. Special String Problems

1. Manacher's Algorithm: Efficiently find the longest palindromic substring.

2. Suffix Arrays and Trees: For efficient substring searches.

3. Trie Data Structure: Efficiently store and search strings (common in autocomplete
systems).
Problems:

1. Build a trie for a list of words and perform searches.

2. Implement Manacher’s algorithm to find palindromes.

3. Use a suffix array to find repeated substrings.

Recommended Practice Problems

 LeetCode: Strings section.

 GeeksforGeeks: Top 50 string problems.

 HackerRank: String manipulation challenges.

Would you like me to elaborate on any specific topic or provide solutions for any problem?

Here's a detailed breakdown of stacks and queues with concepts and related problems:

Stacks

1. Basics of Stacks

Concepts:

 Definition: A linear data structure following the LIFO (Last In, First Out) principle.

 Operations:

o Push: Add an element to the top.

o Pop: Remove the top element.

o Peek/Top: Access the top element without removing it.

o IsEmpty: Check if the stack is empty.

 Implementation: Array or Linked List.

Problems:

1. Implement a stack using arrays.

2. Implement a stack using a linked list.

3. Design a stack to support push, pop, and get minimum in O(1) time.

2. Applications of Stacks

Concepts:

 Reversal: Reverse a string using a stack.

 Parenthesis Matching: Check for balanced parentheses.

  Expression Evaluation:

o Postfix Evaluation: Evaluate expressions like 23*4+.

o Infix to Postfix/Prefix Conversion.

Problems:

1. Check if a given string has balanced parentheses.

2. Evaluate a postfix expression.

3. Convert an infix expression to postfix.

4. Reverse a string using a stack.

3. Advanced Problems on Stacks

Concepts:

 Stock Span Problem: Find how many days before the current day had a price less than
or equal to today’s price.

 Next Greater Element: For each element in an array, find the next element greater than
it.

 Histogram Area: Find the largest rectangle area in a histogram.

Problems:

1. Solve the stock span problem.

2. Find the next greater element for an array.

3. Calculate the largest rectangle area in a histogram.

4. Sort a stack using recursion.

4. Special Stack Problems

1. Implement a stack with getMin() in O(1).

2. Implement two stacks in one array.

3. Implement a stack using a queue.

4. Implement a queue using stacks.

Queues

1. Basics of Queues

Concepts:

 Definition: A linear data structure following the FIFO (First In, First Out) principle.
  Operations:

o Enqueue: Add an element to the rear.

o Dequeue: Remove an element from the front.

o Peek/Front: Access the front element without removing it.

o IsEmpty: Check if the queue is empty.

 Implementation: Array or Linked List.

Problems:

1. Implement a queue using arrays.

2. Implement a queue using a linked list.

3. Implement a circular queue.

2. Types of Queues

Concepts:

1. Circular Queue: The rear wraps around when the end of the array is reached.

2. Priority Queue: Elements are dequeued based on priority, not FIFO.

3. Deque (Double-Ended Queue): Supports insertion and deletion at both ends.

Problems:

1. Implement a circular queue.

2. Implement a priority queue.

3. Implement a deque with all operations.

3. Applications of Queues

Concepts:

 Sliding Window Maximum: Find the maximum in each subarray of size k.

 Generate Binary Numbers: Generate binary numbers from 1 to n using a queue.

 First Non-Repeating Character: Find the first non-repeating character in a stream.

Problems:

1. Find the maximum in every subarray of size k (sliding window maximum).

2. Generate binary numbers from 1 to n using a queue.

3. Find the first non-repeating character in a stream of characters.

4. Implement a queue to simulate a ticket booking system.

4. Advanced Problems on Queues

Concepts:

1. LRU Cache: Use a queue and hash map to implement a Least Recently Used (LRU)
Cache.

2. Snake and Ladder Game: Simulate the game using a queue.

3. Rotten Oranges Problem: Use BFS to determine the time to rot all oranges.

Problems:

1. Implement an LRU Cache.

2. Solve the Snake and Ladder problem.

3. Solve the Rotten Oranges problem.

4. Implement a circular buffer for real-time data.

5. BFS Using Queues

Concepts:

 Breadth-First Search (BFS) for graphs uses a queue to traverse level by level.

Problems:

1. Perform BFS on a graph.

2. Find the shortest path in an unweighted graph using BFS.

3. Check if a graph is bipartite using BFS.

6. Double-Ended Queue (Deque)

Concepts:

 A deque supports insertion and deletion from both ends.

 Applications include:

o Sliding Window Problems.

o Palindrome Checking.

Problems:

1. Implement a deque using arrays.

2. Find the maximum of all subarrays of size k using a deque.

3. Check if a string is a palindrome using a deque.

Recommended Practice Problems

 LeetCode: Stacks & Queues sections.

 GeeksforGeeks: Important stack and queue problems.

 HackerRank: Queue and stack challenges.

Would you like more details or implementations of any specific problem?

Here’s a comprehensive breakdown of recursion and backtracking with related concepts and
problems:

Recursion

1. Basics of Recursion

Concepts:

 A function that calls itself directly or indirectly.

 Base Case: The condition under which the recursion terminates.

 Recursive Case: The part where the function continues to call itself.

 Types of Recursion:

o Tail Recursion (recursive call is the last operation).

o Head Recursion (recursive call happens before other operations).

Problems:

1. Print numbers from 1 to n using recursion.

2. Calculate the factorial of a number.

3. Find the nth Fibonacci number.

4. Reverse a string using recursion.

2. Recursive Tree

Concepts:

 Recursion often visualized as a tree structure.

 Time Complexity Analysis: Count the number of recursive calls.

 Space Complexity: Depends on the maximum depth of the recursion stack.

3. Divide and Conquer Using Recursion

Concepts:

 Break a problem into smaller subproblems, solve them recursively, and combine
results.

 Examples include binary search, merge sort, and quick sort.

Problems:

1. Implement merge sort.

2. Implement quick sort.

3. Search for an element in a sorted array using binary search.

4. Subset Generation

Concepts:

 Generate all subsets of a given set or string.

 Recursion is used to decide inclusion/exclusion of elements.

Problems:

1. Generate all subsets of a set.

2. Find all subsequences of a string.

3. Generate all permutations of a string.

5. Solving Mathematical Problems

Concepts:

 Recursion is often used to solve mathematical problems like:

o GCD and LCM calculations.

o Exponentiation (fast power algorithms).

Problems:

1. Calculate GCD of two numbers using recursion.

2. Solve the Tower of Hanoi problem.

3. Implement modular exponentiation.

6. Recursive Backtracking

Concepts:

 Explore all possible solutions for a problem.

  Use recursion to try a solution, and backtrack if it doesn't work.

Backtracking

1. Basics of Backtracking

Concepts:

 A systematic way of solving problems by exploring all potential solutions and

eliminating invalid ones.

 Uses recursion to explore solution spaces.

 Key Steps:

o Choose

o Explore

o Unchoose/Backtrack

2. Common Applications

1. Subset Problems: Generate all subsets.

2. Permutations: Generate all permutations of a string/array.

3. Combination Problems: Choose k elements from n.

Problems:

1. Generate all permutations of an array.

2. Generate all combinations of size k from n elements.

3. Solve the subset-sum problem.

3. N-Queens Problem

Concepts:

 Place n queens on an n×n chessboard such that no two queens attack each other.

 Backtracking is used to try placing queens row by row.

Problems:

1. Solve the N-Queens problem for n = 4.

2. Count all solutions to the N-Queens problem.

4. Maze Problems

Concepts:

 Find a path in a maze from start to end using backtracking.

 Mark visited cells to avoid revisiting.

Problems:

1. Solve a rat in a maze problem.

2. Find all possible paths from top-left to bottom-right in a grid.

3. Count the number of paths in a maze with obstacles.

5. Sudoku Solver

Concepts:

 Use backtracking to fill numbers in a 9x9 grid while ensuring the validity of the Sudoku
rules.

Problems:

1. Implement a Sudoku solver using backtracking.

6. String Problems

Concepts:

 Word Break Problem: Check if a string can be segmented into dictionary words.

 Generate combinations of strings or sequences.

Problems:

1. Solve the word break problem using backtracking.

2. Generate all valid parentheses combinations for n pairs of parentheses.

7. Graph Problems

Concepts:

 Backtracking is used in problems like:

o Hamiltonian Path.

o Knight’s Tour.

Problems:

1. Solve the Hamiltonian Path problem.

 2. Implement Knight’s Tour on an 8x8 chessboard.

3. Solve a graph coloring problem with m colors.

8. Advanced Backtracking

Concepts:

 Pruning: Avoid exploring unnecessary paths using constraints.

 Bitmasking: Optimize space usage for subset problems.

Problems:

1. Solve the traveling salesman problem using backtracking.

2. Implement a crossword puzzle solver.

3. Find all unique combinations that sum to a target.

Recommended Practice Problems

 LeetCode:

o Recursion and Backtracking sections.

 GeeksforGeeks:

o Backtracking topic-specific problems.

 HackerRank:

o Recursion challenges.

Would you like a detailed explanation or implementation of any specific topic?

Here’s a comprehensive breakdown of Linked Lists with related concepts and problems:

Linked Lists

1. Basics of Linked Lists

Concepts:

 Definition: A linear data structure where each element (node) contains:

o Data: The value stored.

o Next: A pointer/reference to the next node.

 Types of Linked Lists:

o Singly Linked List (SLL): Each node points to the next node.
 o Doubly Linked List (DLL): Each node points to both the next and previous
nodes.

o Circular Linked List (CLL): The last node points back to the head.

Problems:

1. Implement a singly linked list.

2. Traverse a linked list and print all elements.

3. Insert a node at the beginning, end, and a specific position.

4. Delete a node by value, by position, or from the beginning or end.

2. Operations on Linked Lists

Concepts:

1. Search: Find an element in the linked list.

2. Length Calculation: Count the number of nodes.

3. Reverse a Linked List: Iteratively or recursively.

4. Middle Element: Find the middle node in a single traversal.

5. Detect Cycle: Using Floyd’s Cycle Detection Algorithm.

Problems:

1. Search for an element in a linked list.

2. Count the number of nodes in a linked list.

3. Reverse a linked list iteratively.

4. Reverse a linked list recursively.

5. Detect and remove a cycle in a linked list.

3. Advanced Problems on Singly Linked List

Problems:

1. Merge two sorted linked lists into one.

2. Find the nth node from the end of a linked list.

3. Check if a linked list is a palindrome.

4. Remove duplicates from a sorted or unsorted linked list.

5. Partition a linked list around a given value x.

6. Sort a linked list using merge sort.

4. Doubly Linked Lists

Concepts:

 Nodes have two pointers: prev (to the previous node) and next (to the next node).

 Easier to traverse both forwards and backwards.

 Insertion and deletion are simpler compared to singly linked lists in certain cases.

Problems:

1. Implement a doubly linked list.

2. Insert a node at the beginning, end, or a specific position in a DLL.

3. Delete a node by value or position in a DLL.

4. Reverse a doubly linked list.

5. Circular Linked Lists

Concepts:

 The last node points back to the head, forming a loop.

 Used in applications like scheduling algorithms.

Problems:

1. Implement a circular singly linked list.

2. Insert a node in a circular linked list.

3. Delete a node in a circular linked list.

4. Check if a linked list is circular.

6. Intersection and Union of Linked Lists

Concepts:

 Intersection: Find the common nodes between two linked lists.

 Union: Combine two linked lists into one without duplicates.

Problems:

1. Find the intersection point of two linked lists.

2. Merge two sorted linked lists.

3. Find the union and intersection of two unsorted linked lists.

7. Flattening Linked Lists

Concepts:

 Given a linked list where each node has a pointer to another linked list, flatten it into a
single list.

Problems:

1. Flatten a multilevel doubly linked list.

2. Flatten a linked list where each node points to another list.

8. Specialized Problems

Problems:

1. Add two numbers represented by linked lists.

2. Multiply two numbers represented by linked lists.

3. Clone a linked list with a random pointer.

4. Swap nodes in pairs.

5. Rotate a linked list (left or right) by k places.

6. Find the starting node of a cycle in a linked list.

9. Memory Management

Concepts:

 Avoid memory leaks by freeing unused nodes.

 Deep copy a linked list (especially with random pointers).

10. Skip Lists (Advanced)

Concepts:

 A linked list with additional pointers to skip nodes, enhancing search efficiency.

 Commonly used in databases.

Problems:

1. Implement a basic skip list.

2. Perform search, insertion, and deletion in a skip list.

Recommended Practice Problems

  LeetCode:

o Linked List Problems section.

 GeeksforGeeks:

o Practice sets on linked lists.

 HackerRank:

o Linked list challenges.

Would you like to dive into any specific topic or problem?

Here’s a comprehensive breakdown of Arrays with related concepts and problems:

Arrays

1. Basics of Arrays

Concepts:

 Definition: A collection of elements stored in contiguous memory locations.

 Types of Arrays:

o One-Dimensional Array (1D): Linear data structure.

o Multi-Dimensional Array (2D or more): Arrays with rows and columns (e.g.,
matrices).

Operations:

1. Insertion and deletion.

2. Traversal to access elements.

3. Search for an element (linear or binary search).

Problems:

1. Find the maximum and minimum elements in an array.

2. Reverse an array.

3. Search for an element in a sorted or unsorted array.

2. Sorting Algorithms

Concepts:

 Sorting techniques used to arrange array elements in ascending or descending order.

 Key Algorithms:

o Bubble Sort
 o Selection Sort

o Insertion Sort

o Merge Sort

o Quick Sort

o Heap Sort

o Counting Sort

o Radix Sort

Problems:

1. Sort an array using different sorting techniques.

2. Find the kth smallest or largest element in an array.

3. Sort an array of 0s, 1s, and 2s (Dutch National Flag Problem).

3. Searching Algorithms

Concepts:

 Techniques to search for elements in an array efficiently.

 Key Algorithms:

o Linear Search

o Binary Search

o Exponential Search

o Ternary Search

Problems:

1. Search for an element in a sorted rotated array.

2. Find the first and last occurrence of an element in a sorted array.

3. Find the peak element in an array.

4. Two-Pointer Technique

Concepts:

 Use two pointers to solve problems in linear time.

 Efficient for sorted arrays.

Problems:

1. Find pairs with a given sum.

 2. Find triplets with a given sum (3-sum problem).

3. Move all zeroes to the end of the array.

4. Remove duplicates from a sorted array.

5. Sliding Window Technique

Concepts:

 Solve problems involving subarrays or substrings efficiently.

 Maintain a fixed or variable-sized window.

Problems:

1. Find the maximum sum subarray of size k.

2. Find the smallest subarray with a sum greater than or equal to a given value.

3. Find the longest substring with at most k distinct characters.

6. Prefix Sum and Difference Array

Concepts:

 Prefix Sum: Precompute sums of subarrays for quick range sum queries.

 Difference Array: Efficient updates of array ranges.

Problems:

1. Find the sum of elements in a given range.

2. Count the number of subarrays with a given sum.

3. Solve range increment or decrement queries.

7. Kadane’s Algorithm

Concepts:

 Used to find the maximum sum of a contiguous subarray.

Problems:

1. Find the maximum sum of a subarray.

2. Find the maximum circular subarray sum.

3. Solve the maximum product subarray problem.

8. Matrix (2D Array) Problems

Concepts:

 Work with grids or matrices.

Problems:

1. Rotate a matrix by 90 degrees.

2. Find the transpose of a matrix.

3. Search for an element in a row-wise and column-wise sorted matrix.

4. Find the shortest path in a grid (Breadth-First Search).

9. Advanced Array Problems

Concepts:

 Use advanced techniques for optimization.

Problems:

1. Merge two sorted arrays without extra space.

2. Find the median of two sorted arrays.

3. Find the majority element in an array (appears more than n/2 times).

4. Find the subarray with a given XOR.

10. Array Manipulation

Problems:

1. Rearrange an array such that the even-indexed elements are smaller, and the odd-
indexed elements are larger.

2. Rearrange the array alternately (max, min pattern).

3. Rearrange the array in-place to satisfy a given condition (e.g., segregate positive and
negative numbers).

11. Hashing with Arrays

Concepts:

 Use hashmaps or hashsets to solve problems efficiently.

Problems:

1. Find the intersection of two arrays.

2. Find the union of two arrays.

3. Count pairs with a given difference.

 4. Longest consecutive subsequence in an array.

12. Advanced Algorithms

Concepts:

 Advanced techniques like divide and conquer.

Problems:

1. Find the inversion count in an array.

2. Implement a 2D range query using a Fenwick Tree.

3. Find the maximum of all subarrays of size k.

Recommended Practice Problems

 LeetCode: Array Problems section.

 GeeksforGeeks: Array topic-specific problems.

 HackerRank: Array challenges.

Would you like detailed implementations for any specific topic?

Here’s a comprehensive breakdown of Hashing with related concepts and problems:

Hashing

1. Basics of Hashing

Concepts:

 Hashing: A technique to map data to a fixed size using hash functions.

 Hash Function: Converts input (key) into a hash code (index).

 Hash Table: A data structure used to implement hashing.

 Collision: When two keys generate the same hash code.

 Collision Resolution Techniques:

o Chaining: Use linked lists at each index to handle multiple elements.

o Open Addressing: Store all elements within the array using techniques like:

 Linear Probing

 Quadratic Probing

 Double Hashing

Problems:
 1. Implement a basic hash table.

2. Handle collisions using chaining and open addressing.

3. Search, insert, and delete operations in a hash table.

2. Applications of Hashing

Concepts:

1. Efficient searching and retrieval of data.

2. Eliminating duplicates.

3. Frequency counting.

4. Quick lookups in constant time (average case).

3. Hashing Problems

1. Frequency Count

 Problem: Count the frequency of each element in an array.

 Example Problem: Count the occurrences of all characters in a string.

2. Finding Duplicates

 Problem: Check if there are duplicates in an array.

 Example Problem: Find the first duplicate element.

3. Intersection and Union

 Problem: Find the intersection or union of two arrays.

 Example Problem: Print all elements common to two arrays.

4. Subarray Problems

 Problem: Use hashing to solve subarray problems efficiently.

 Example Problems:

o Find the subarray with a given sum.

o Count the number of subarrays with a given sum.

o Longest subarray with a sum of 0.

5. Pair Problems

 Problem: Find pairs in an array with specific properties.

 Example Problems:

o Find pairs with a given sum.

 o Find pairs with a given difference.

6. Longest Consecutive Sequence

 Problem: Find the length of the longest sequence of consecutive integers in an array.

7. Anagrams

 Problem: Check if two strings are anagrams.

 Example Problems:

o Group all anagrams together.

o Count the number of anagram substrings in a string.

8. Pattern Matching

 Problem: Use hashing to check for pattern matching in strings.

 Example Problems:

o Find all permutations of a pattern in a string.

o Check if two strings are permutations of each other.

9. Two Sum

 Problem: Find two numbers in an array that add up to a given sum.

 Optimized Solution: Use a hashmap to store the difference.

10. Longest Substring Without Repeating Characters

 Problem: Find the length of the longest substring without duplicate characters in a
string.

4. Advanced Hashing Techniques

Concepts:

1. Hashing with Custom Objects:

o Implement custom hash functions for user-defined objects.

2. Hashing with Modular Arithmetic:

o Efficient hashing for rolling hash algorithms (e.g., Rabin-Karp).

3. Double Hashing:

o Combine two hash functions for better collision resolution.

Problems:

1. Implement rolling hash for substring search.

2. Solve the Rabin-Karp algorithm for pattern matching.

 3. Use a hash set to find the smallest missing positive number.

5. Challenges and Trade-offs in Hashing

Concepts:

 Advantages:

o Fast lookups in O(1) (average case).

o Simple implementation for many problems.

 Disadvantages:

o Requires additional memory.

o Performance depends on hash function quality.

 Tips:

o Use good hash functions to minimize collisions.

o Handle collisions properly to maintain efficiency.

6. Recommended Practice Problems

Beginner:

1. Find the first non-repeating character in a string.

2. Remove duplicates from an array.

3. Check if two arrays are disjoint.

Intermediate:

1. Find the subarray with the given XOR.

2. Count pairs with a given sum in an array.

3. Check if a string can be rearranged to form a palindrome.

Advanced:

1. Group anagrams together.

2. Implement LRU Cache using HashMap and Doubly Linked List.

3. Implement a Trie using a HashMap.

Would you like detailed implementations or examples for any specific concept or problem?