10

TECHNOLOGY AND
LIVELIHOOD
EDUCATION
Industrials Arts
(Automotive Servicing)
Quarter 2 – Module 3:
CARRYING OUT NECESSARY
REPAIR IN THE ELECTRICAL
SYSTEM

Department of Education. Republic of the Philippines

Automotive Servicing – Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 3: Carrying Out Necessary Repair in the Electrical System
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.
Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., electrical tape, pliers, screw, sealed beam, signal lights,
bulbs, wires, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module
Author: Lorimer Glenn D, Catli
Craft Education Demonstrator I
09555968153

Reviewer: Helen N. Ybañez Ph.D

Management Team:
Chairperson: Dr. Arturo B. Bayocot, CESO III
Regional Director
Co-chairperson: Dr. Victor G. De Gracia, Jr. CESO V
Asst. Regional Director

Randolph B. Tortola, Ph.D, CESO IV

Schools Division Superintendent
Shambaeh A. Usman, Ph.D
Asst. Schools Division Superintendent
Mala Epra B. Magnaong, Chief ES, CLMD
Neil A. Improgo, EPS – LRMS
Bienvenido U. Tagolimot, Jr., EPS-ADM

Members: Elbert R. Francisco, Ph.D, Chief ES, CID

Mary Jane R. Cardente Ph.D, EPS in TLE
Rejynne Mary L. Ruiz, Ph.D, LRMDS Manager
Jeny B. Timbal, PDO II
Shella O. Bolasco, Division Librarian II

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Division of Bukidnon
Office Address: Fortich Street, Sumpong, Malaybalay City
Telephone: (088) 813-3634
E-mail Address: [email protected]
 10
TECHNOLOGY AND
LIVELIHOOD
EDUCATION
Industrials Arts
(Automotive Servicing)
Quarter 2 – Module 3:
CARRYING OUT NECESSARY
REPAIR IN THE ELECTRICAL
SYSTEM
Introductory Message
For the Facilitator:

Welcome to Automotive Servicing 10 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

Automotive Servicing!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this
also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking
into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body
of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

For the Learners and Parents:

Welcome to the Automotive Servicing 10 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module

on Automotive Servicing!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used
to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies
in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to This will give you an idea of the skills or

Know competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as
a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener,
an activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.
What I Have This includes questions or blank
Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
process what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
Additional In this portion, another activity will be
Activities given to you to enrich your knowledge or
skill of the lesson learned. This also tends
retention of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.
At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you
are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
COVER PAGE
COPY RIGHT PAGE
TITLE PAGE
INTRODUCTORY MESSAGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
What I Need to Know
What I Know
Lesson 1 – Carry Out necessary Repair in the Electrical System
What I Need to Know
What I Know
What’s In
What’s New
What is It
What’s More
What I Have to Learned
What I Can Do
Post Assessment
Additional Activities

Answer Key
References
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master in
carry out necessary repair in the electrical systems. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook
you are now using.

The module has one lesson:

 Lesson 1 – Troubleshooting electrical system

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Checking for open, shorted to voltage and shorted to ground circuit by using test
lamp or multi-tester;

What I Know

Directions: This checklist determines your initial level of knowledge and mastery
about performing correct procedure for repairing electrical system
without causing damage to workplace and property of vehicle.

SELF-RATING COMPETENCY CHECKLIST IN REPAIRING ELECTRICAL

SYSTEM WITHOUT CAUSING DAMAGE TO WORKPLACE AND PROPERTY
OF VEHICLE

I can do this
I cannot do I am learning but I need to I can do this
this yet how to do learn more very well
this. and
COMPETENCY
improve.
Pre (1) Pre (2) Pre (3) Pre (4)
 Uses and follow the
procedure in repairing
electrical system.
 Tests the faults/defects using
appropriate
tools.
 Checks the quality of
works.
 Uses the tools/materials
and equipment
appropriately.
 Observes safety
measures in repairing
electrical system.
LEGEND:

20 - Advance

17 - 19 - Proficient

13 - 16 - ApproachingProficiency

8 - 12 - Developing

1 - 7 - Beginning

In this module, you will learn carry out necessary repair in the
electrical systems. We will be discussing the process of carry out
necessary repair in the electrical systems.
 LESSON
CARRY OUT NECESSARY REPAIR IN THE

1 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

CARRY OUT NECESSARY REPAIR IN THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

 Identify procedure in repairing electrical system.

 Interpret information based on assessment.
 Use appropriate tools, technique, and materials in repairing electrical
system.
 Repair electrical system without causing damage to workplace and
property of vehicle.

What I Need to Know

Objectives

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Checking for open, shorted to voltage and shorted to ground circuit by using test lamp or multi-
tester;

What I Know
ACTIVITY 3.1 CHECKING FOR OPEN, SHORTED TO VOLTAGE AND
SHORTED TO GROUND CIRCUIT BY USING TEST LAMP OR MULTI-TESTER

SUPPLIES AND MATERIALS

 Multi-tester
 Test lamp
 Electricaltapes
 Auto-wire
TOOLS

 Philip screwdrivers
 Standard screwdrivers
 Electricalpliers
 Wrenches (Box andOpen)

EQUIPMENT

 Battery (12volts)
 Electricalmock-up/Vehicle

PROCEDURE:

1. Prepare the necessary tools, materials, and equipment.

2. Turn-on the ignition switch and place the test lamp or multi-tester on the
source terminal fuse, then to the load terminal fuse.

3. Next, turn-on the switch that you are going to check, then place the test
lamp or multi-tester on the source terminal switch and then the load
terminal switch. Proceed to the lamp, start with

4. the source terminal of lamp, then the ground terminal lamp or the body of
vehicle.

Fig.8.Checking an open circuit using test lamp.

PRECAUTIONS IN MEASURING DC VOLTAGE
1. Turn-on the circuit before making in-circuit voltage measurements.
2. Set the selector switch of the voltmeter to the highest voltage range when
measuring unknown voltages.
3. For measuring a known voltage, set the voltage range switch a little higher
than the expected voltage to have accurate and clear voltage reading.
4. Avoid touching the metallic part of the test leads to avoid electric shock
when measuring high voltage.
5. Connect the voltmeter test leads across the voltage source.
a. For DC voltage, observe proper polarity. The black test lead must be
connected to the negative terminal of the voltage source and the red
test lead to the positive terminal.
 What’s In |
ACTIVITY 3. CONNECTING BACK-UP LIGHT CIRCUIT

SUPPLIES AND MATERIALS

 Automotive wires

TOOLS

 Electrical pliers
 Long nose pliers
 Test light
 Screwdrivers

EQUIPMENT

 Battery 12volts
 Electrical mock-up/Vehicle

Plan/Working Drawing:

Back-up light

Back-up light switch

IG

Acc St
Transmission Fuse B Ignition

Switch

Battery Back-up light

Fig. 30.Circuit diagram of back-up light.

 PROCEDURE:

1. Prepare the necessary tools and materialsneeded.

2. Connect a wire of the back-up lights to the back-up light switch located
at the side of transmission. Connect the other terminals of the back-up
light to the vehicle body orground.

3. Connect the other terminal of the back-up light switch to the fuse load
side.

4. Connect terminal of the fuse source terminal to the ACC terminal of the
ignitionswitch.
.

5. Connect a wire from B terminal of the ignition switch to the positive

terminal of the battery through the ammeter (ifavailable).

6. Connect the negative terminal of the battery to the vehicle body/ground.

What’s New
SELF- CHECK 3.1

CHECKING FOR OPEN, SHORTED TO VOLTAGE, AND SHORTED TO

GROUND CIRCUIT BY USING TEST LAMP OR MULTI-TESTER

Directions: This checklist determines your level of knowledge and mastery

about checking for open, shorted to voltage, and shorted to ground circuit by
using test lamp or multi-tester in the electrical system. Accomplish the
following checklist.

SELF-RATING COMPETENCIES IN CHECKING FOR OPEN. SHORTED TO

VOLTAGE, AND SHORTED TO GROUND CIRCUIT BY USING TEST LAMP
OR MULTI-TESTER IN THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

I can do this
I cannot do I am learning but I need to I can do this
this yet how to do learn more very well
this. and improve.
COMPETENCY Post (1) Post (2) Post (3) Post (4)
 Uses test lamp or multi-
tester.
 Places the test lamp or
multi-tester on the parts
that being tested.
 Indicates whether there
is a problem in the
lighting system.
 Uses the tools/materials
and equipment
appropriately.
 Observes safety
measures in using the
test lamp or multi-tester.

LEGEND:
20 - Advance

17 - 19 - Proficient

13 - 16 - Approaching Proficiency

8 - 12 - Developing

1 - 7 - Beginning

What is it
INFORMATION SHEET 3.1

TROUBLESHOOTING ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Troubleshooting is the process of locating and eliminating troubles and

once it is located should be corrected.
There are various causes of trouble in the body electrical system, such as
an open circuit or short circuit in a wiring harness depending on the cause. The
trouble can be manifested in various ways. In order to find the causes of these
troubles as rapidly as possible, it is necessary to conduct troubleshooting using a
rational method and procedure.

STEPS IN TROUBLESHOOTING

1. CONFIRM THESYMPTOMS
If the customer complain that the lights are not working, operate the lights
and switches, making sure which switch position the light will not operate in.
2. UNDERSTAND THESYSTEM

Get a thorough understanding of the operation of the lights (the flow of

electricity through the system).

3. AVOID UNNECESSARYWORK

Various procedures can be used in troubleshooting, but to save time, do not

perform unnecessary checks.

4. UNDERSTANDWHY

Get a good understanding of the meaning of each checking performed in

troubleshooting by confirming what part of the circuit range is normal and in
what part the problem remains.

OPEN CIRCUIT

An open circuit is any circuit that is not complete and lacks continuity. No
current at all will flow through an incomplete circuit. An open circuit may be
created by a break in the circuit or a switch that “opens” (turn off) the circuit and
prevents the flow of current. A light switch in a home or the headlight switch in a
car are examples of devices that open a circuit to control its operation.

Fig.6.Exremely high resistance will appear in an open circuit.

SHORT TO VOLTAGE

If a wire or component is shorted to voltage, it is commonly called shorted.

1. A complete circuit where the current bypasses some or all of the

resistances in the circuit.
2. Involves the power side of the circuit.
3. Involves a copper to copper connection (therefore, includes the
removal of insulation from more than one wire). This usually is caused
 by heat or movement.
4. Also called a short to voltage.
5. Usually affect more than one circuit.
6. May or may not blow a fuse

Fig.7. The diagram shows circuit shorted to voltage.

SHORT TO GROUND

A short to ground is a type of short circuit wherein the current bypasses

part of the normal circuit and flows directly to ground (the lowest voltage
potential in the circuit). Since the ground return circuit is metal (car frame,
engine, or body), this type of circuit is identified as having current flowing from
“copper to steel.” A defective component or circuit that is shorted to ground is
commonly called grounded.
AUTO LIGHTING TROUBLE DIAGNOSIS CHART

PROBLEM POSSIBLE CAUSE REMEDY

One light bulb Burned bulb Check, repair or

doesn’t light replace
up Faulty or grounded socket

Headlight did Blown fuse Repair, check,

not light on repair or replace
Faulty relay

Faulty headlight

switch Faulty dimmer

switch

Faulty wiring
High beam Faulty headlight switch Repair, check,
of headlights repair or replace
flasher did not Faulty dimmer switch
light on
Faulty wiring

Tail light and Blown fuse Repair, check,

parking light did repair or replace
not turn on Faulty relay

Faulty switch

Faulty wiring

Stop light did not Blown fuse Repair, check,

turn on repair or replace
Faulty relay

Faulty switch

Faulty wiring

Stop light did not Faulty switch Repair, check,

turn off repair or replace

Signal light did Faulty switch Repair, check,

not flash repair or replace
Faulty wiring

Blown fuse Repair, check,

repair or replace
Signal light did Faulty flasher
not turn on
Faulty switch

Faulty wiring

Table 3. Lighting system trouble diagnosis chart.

What’s More
TECHNICAL TERMS

HEADLIGHTS - high-performance light bulbs mounted on the front of vehicles to

provide illumination at night and in low-visibility conditions. Most older vehicles
use four headlights; two for high-beam (brighter), two for low-beams. Modern
vehicles use composite headlamps that are designed to complement the
aerodynamic shape of a vehicle's front end. These headlights generally have
removable/replaceable bulbs.

HORN - an electromechanical device consisting of a switch, wiring and a buzzer

which produces noise when activated. Used to warn or communicate to other
drivers. Large trucks often use air horns which are louder.

OHMMETER - is a test meter to check the resistance and continuity in a circuit.

OPEN CIRCUIT -a term used to indicate that current flow is stopped. By opening
the circuit, the path for electron flow is broken.

PARKING LIGHTS - lights that mark the front of a parked vehicle and to
mark the front of a vehicle if a headlamp fails.

RELAY- An electromechanical device that when operated opens/closes another

electric circuit; acts as a remote power switch. Relays are used to engage many
accessories from remote switches. The main advantage is eliminating the need to
route high current wires throughout a vehicle to each switch.

RESISTANCE - opposition to current flow.

SHORT CIRCUIT - a defective electrical circuit where the current in a wire or

device takes an alternate (typically shorter) path to ground. Usually the result of
melted, burned or broken wire(s) or damaged electrical part. Usually referred to
as just short.

TURN SIGNAL LIGHTS - a light which indicate an intended change in

directions by flashing lights on the side towards which the turn will be
made.

TROUBLESHOOTING - the diagnostic procedure of locating and identifying

the cause of the fault. It is a step-by-step process of elimination by use of
cause-and- effect.

WIRING HARNESS - an arrangement of bundled color-coded wires which is

routed through a vehicle and carries electric current to the engine and all
electrical parts of the automobile. An automobile's equivalent of a circulatory
system.

What I Have Learned

SELF-CHECK 3.1

CONNECTING PARTS OF A CIRCUIT

Directions: This checklist determines your level of knowledge and mastery about
connecting parts of a circuit. Accomplish the following checklist.

SELF-RATING COMPETENCY
CHECKLIST IN CONNECTING PARTS OF
A CIRCUIT

I can do
I I am this but I I can do
cannot learning need to this
do this how to learn very
COMPETENCY yet. do this. more and well.
improve
.
Post (1) Post (2) Post (3) Post (4)
 Identifies and cites
the function of
different parts ofa
circuit on a board.
 Connects the wireon
its parts.
 Operates the circuitif
done successfully.
 Uses the
tools/materials

and equipment
appropriately.
 Observes safety
measures in
connecting parts of a
circuit.
LEGEND:

20 - Advance

17 - 19 - Proficient

13 - 16 - ApproachingProficiency

8 - 12 - Developing

1 - 7 - Beginning

What I Can Do
Performance Test

Directions: Perform the following tests (5 pts. each)

1. Checking the shorted to voltage in horn system.

2. Checking the shorted to ground in park, tail and plate light circuit.
3. Perform on how to crimp and solder the wires
4. Checking the continuity in headlight, park, and taillight system using
combination switch.
5. Checking the continuity in signal and hazard system using combination
switch.

Assessment

Directions: This checklist determines your initial level of knowledge and mastery
about performing correct procedure for repairing electrical system
without causing damage to workplace and property of vehicle.
SELF-RATING COMPETENCY CHECKLIST IN REPAIRING ELECTRICAL
SYSTEM WITHOUT CAUSING DAMAGE TO WORKPLACE AND PROPERTY
OF VEHICLE

I can do this
I cannot do I am learning but I need to I can do this
this yet how to do learn more very well
this. and
COMPETENCY
improve.
Post (1) Post (2) Post (3) Post (4)
 Uses and follow the
procedure in repairing
electricalsystem.
 Tests the faults/defects
usingappropriate
tools.
 Checks the qualityof
works.
 Uses the
tools/materials and
equipment
appropriately.
 Observessafety
measures in repairing
electrical system.
LEGEND:

20 - Advance

17 - 19 - Proficient

13 - 16 - ApproachingProficiency

8 - 12 - Developing

1 - 7 - Beginning
 Additional Activities

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT

A. Written test

Multiple Choice. Directions: Answer the following questions by writing

the letter of the best answer.

1. It is a circuit that is not complete and lacks continuity.

A. close C. grounded
B. shorted D. open

2. Involves a copper to copper connection (therefore, includes the removal of

insulation from more than one wire). This usually is caused by heat or
movement.

a. close C. grounded
b. shorted D. open

3. This type of circuit is identified as having current flowing from “copper

to steel.”

a. close C. grounded
b. shorted D. open

4. The headlamp beam dimmer has .

a. One position C. three positions

b. Two positions D. four positions

5. Lights that are designed to signal following cars that a car has stopped or
stalled or has pulled up to the side of the road.

a. Signal lights C. headlights

b. Hazard lights D. stoplights

6. When the insulation fails on wiring in the automotive electrical system, the
result could be.

a. A short circuit C. no current

b. A long circuit D. high voltage
7. The horn has .

a. Vibrating contact points C. an electro magnet

b. A vibrating diaphragm D. all of these

8. If an insulated rubbed through a part of the insulation and the wire conductor
touched the steel body of a car, the type of failure is called .

a. a short to voltage C. an open

b. a short to ground D. a floating ground

9. If two insulated wires were to melt together where the copper conductor each
touched the other, the type of failure is called .

a. A short to voltage C. an open

b. a short to ground D. a floating ground

10. The latest model of vehicle when disconnecting the battery cable, the data
stored in each memory should first be so that it will not be lost.

a. memorize C. written
b. neglect D. tag

B. Activity Test

Directions: Answer / Do the following: (5 pts. each)

c. Explain on how to check the open fuse in lighting circuit.

d. Write down the procedure in checking open circuit in stop/brake light.
e. Draw on how to test the terminal of headlight by using test light or
multi- tester.
f. Draw on how to test the open circuit in dome light circuit.
g. Write at least 5 safety precautions.

C. Performance Test

Directions: Perform the following tests (5 pts. each)

1. Checking the shorted to voltage in horn system.

2. Checking the shorted to ground in park, tail and plate light circuit.
3. Perform on how to crimp and solder the wires
4. Checking the continuity in headlight, park, and taillight system using
combination switch.
5. Checking the continuity in signal and hazard system using combination
switch.
D. Performance Assessment

Directions: Below is the performance assessment that serves as your guide in

assessing the following skills you need to perform. Please be guided
with the tasks with the corresponding score and the performance
level.

Name: Year & Section:

Course:

Time Allotment:

Module Title:

Grading Period

Unit of
Competenc Time Performanc
y Tasks Date Score e Level
TESTING Begun Finished
AND
REPAIRING
WIRING/LIG
H
TINGSYSTEM
MODULE 1 1.1 Install
Install wires
Wiring/Lighti leading to
ng system. different
lights and
other
relevant
devices.
1.2 Solder
and crimp
lead
terminals of
 wires.
MODULE 2 4.1 Test
Test electrical
Electrical system
System and without
Determine causing
Preferred damage
Action. to
workplac
e
orvehicle.
4.2 Perform
correct
procedure
for testing
and
interpreting
schematic
diagram in
accordance
with the
manufactu-
rer’s
specificat-
ion.
4.3Determi
ne
faults/defec
ts using
appropriate
tools and
techniques.
4.4
Execute
remedies
based on
the
identified
faults/
defects.
MODULE 3 3,1 Identify
Carry out procedure
necessary in repairing
repair in the electrical
electrical system.
system. 3.2
Interpret
information
based on
assesment.
 5.3 Use
appropriate
tools,
techniques
and
materials in
repairing
electrcial
system.
5.4 Repair
electrcial
system
without
causing
damage to
workplace,
property
or vehicle.

Average:

LEVELOFPERFORMANCE

RATINGSCALE: Total Score Numerical Rating Descriptive Rating

21 – 25 91 - 100 Outstanding

16 – 20 86 - 90 Very Good

11 – 15 81 - 85 Good

06 - 10 76 - 80 Fair

01 - 05 71 - 75 Needs
Improvement

WHAT IS YOURSCORE?

21
22
Written
D
C
A
B
A
A
D
B
B
D
Answer Key
REFERENCES:

 Auto. Mechanics 10th Edition by Crouse/Anglin,

Glencoe

Division of Mac million /Mc Graw-Hill School Publishing

Company, USA1993

 Auto. Mechanics 7thEdition by Crouse/Anglin, Glencoe

Division of Mac million /Mc Graw-Hill School Publishing
Company, USA1993

 Automotive Electricity, Electronics and Computer

Controls By: Barry Hollem beak, Delmar Cengage
Learning, USA1998

 Electricity Master. Meralco Foundation Institute. Pasig City

 Strenghtened Technical - Vocational Education

Program (STVEP) – Competency- Based Learning
Materials (CBLM)

 Petersen Mini-Truck Repair Manual. Petersen Publishing

Co.8490 unset Blvd. Los Angeles, California U.S.A.,

 Toyota Manual.

 Tan, Marcelo E., Hernando, Emmanuel C. et.al. Pinoy

Entrepreneur.
INDUSTRIAL ARTS AND TECHNOLOGY. Phil. Copyright. 2007

 http://www.google.com.ph

 http://www.autoshop101.com

 http://www.wikihow.com.

 http://auto.howstuffworks.com

 www.autobatteries.com

 www.electronics–symbols.com

 www.intermotorimport.com

 www.ehow.com

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