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20193E01 Scelta Sensori F&G

The document outlines the basic requirements for the selection and design of Fire and Gas (F&G) Detection Systems in oil and gas facilities, aiming to detect fire and gas hazards and initiate appropriate responses. It serves as a guideline rather than a strict standard, emphasizing consistency in device selection and operational requirements. The document also details the hierarchy of regulations, responsibilities, and various technical standards applicable to F&G systems.

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)

296 views35 pages

20193E01 Scelta Sensori F&G

Uploaded by

Alberto Albergamo

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You are on page 1/ 35

eni spa 20193.VAR.STA.

SDS
Rev. 01 – December 2016
Sh. 3 of 35

Consulted Distribution List

Date Name Surname / Unit Society / Unit

December 2016 A. Dubey /SATE/TEIN Eni/PMEC/TA&E
December 2016 D. Ditadi /TESA Eni/PMEC/TA&E
December 2016 L. Scataglini Eni/SEQ-UP

Informed Distribution List

Date Name Surname / Unit Society / Unit

December 2016 A. Marceglia /MECC/TEIN Eni/PMEC/TA&E
December 2016 T. Cheldi /TECM/TEIN Eni/PMEC/TA&E
December 2016 F. Guglielmi /SATE/TEIN Eni/PMEC/TA&E
December 2016 M. Gorlini /TEEL/TEIN Eni/PMEC/TA&E
December 2016 G. Cognigni /COETA/FATA Eni/PMEC/TA&E
December 2016 A. Fortunato /COETA Eni/PMEC/TA&E
December 2016 G. Bona /COETA Eni/PMEC/TA&E
December 2016 F. Vailati Tecnomare
December 2016 E. Pignatiello Tecnomare

REVISION TRACKING

• Rev 00: issued on 1995, April.

• Rev 01: General revision.
Date: December 2016

INFORMATION REQUEST

eni personnel can access company standard repository at:

http://wwweandp.eni.it/TSServices/ITEM/Standards-/Normalizat/Documents-/index.asp

External user shall refer to the Project Engineer Manager.

For information about the content of this standard, please refer to responsible and accountable
person as per above RACIE table or to Technical Authority coordinator (COETA).

HIERARCHY OF REGULATIONS

1. Local Regulations of the Country where the equipment is installed;

2. Project Specifications and Data Sheets;
3. Company General Specifications;
4. International Codes & Standards

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

Documento riservato di proprietà di eni spa. Esso non sarà mostrato a terzi né utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is property of eni spa. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.
eni spa 20193.VAR.STA.SDS
Rev. 01 – December 2016
Sh. 4 of 35

INDEX

1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 7

1.1 SCOPE ............................................................................................................................................................. 7

1.2 REFERENCE CODES AND STANDARDS .............................................................................................................. 7

1.2.1 Industry Codes And Standards ........................................................................................................................ 7
1.2.2 Company Standards ........................................................................................................................................ 8

1.3 RESPONSIBILITY .............................................................................................................................................. 8

1.4 DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................................................................... 9

1.5 ACRONYMS ....................................................................................................................................................11

2 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS......................................................................................... 12

2.1 DESIGN STRATEGY ..........................................................................................................................................12

2.2 FIRE ZONES .....................................................................................................................................................12

2.3 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY ........................................................................................................................................13

2.4 MECHANICAL PROTECTION (IP) ......................................................................................................................13

2.5 ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (IP) ........................................................................................................13

2.6 AREA CLASSIFICATION AND ELECTRICAL CERTIFICATION ................................................................................13

2.6.1 General.......................................................................................................................................................13

2.6.2 F&G Requirements .....................................................................................................................................14

2.7 SIL CERTIFICATION..........................................................................................................................................14

2.8 DETECTOR STATUS .........................................................................................................................................14

3 FIRE DETECTION ................................................................................................... 15

3.1 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR FIRE DETECTION .......................................................................................15

3.2 ADDRESSABLE OR CONVENTIONAL TECHNOLOGY ..........................................................................................15

3.3 MANUAL CALL POINTS ...................................................................................................................................16

3.4 SMOKE DETECTORS ........................................................................................................................................16

3.4.1 General.......................................................................................................................................................16

3.4.2 Point Type Smoke Detectors ......................................................................................................................16

3.4.3 Linear Smoke Detectors..............................................................................................................................17

3.4.4 Aspirating Smoke Detectors .......................................................................................................................17

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD
Documento riservato di proprietà di eni spa. Esso non sarà mostrato a terzi né utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is property of eni spa. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.
eni spa 20193.VAR.STA.SDS
Rev. 01 – December 2016
Sh. 5 of 35

3.4.5 Duct Smoke Detectors ................................................................................................................................17

3.4.6 Smoke Detectors Selection .........................................................................................................................18

3.4.7 Smoke Detectors Location ..........................................................................................................................18

3.5 HEAT DETECTORS ...........................................................................................................................................20

3.5.1 General.......................................................................................................................................................20

3.5.2 Point Type Heat Detectors ..........................................................................................................................20

3.5.3 Linear Type Heat Detectors ........................................................................................................................20

3.5.4 Fusible Plugs ...............................................................................................................................................21

3.5.5 Heat Detectors Selection ............................................................................................................................21

3.5.6 Heat Detectors Location .............................................................................................................................22

3.6 FLAME DETECTORS .........................................................................................................................................23

3.6.1 UV Detectors ..............................................................................................................................................23

3.6.2 IR Detectors................................................................................................................................................23

3.6.3 UV/IR Detectors .........................................................................................................................................23

3.6.4 MIR Detectors ............................................................................................................................................23

3.6.5 Video Imaging (VI) Detectors ......................................................................................................................23

3.6.6 Flame Detectors Selection ..........................................................................................................................24

3.6.7 Flame Detectors Location ...........................................................................................................................24

4 GAS DETECTION .................................................................................................... 26

4.1 COMBUSTIBLE GAS DETECTORS .....................................................................................................................26

4.1.1 Infrared Technology ...................................................................................................................................26

4.1.2 Hydrogen Gas Detectors .............................................................................................................................27

4.1.3 Ultrasonic Gas Leak Detectors ....................................................................................................................27

4.1.4 Combustible Gas Detectors Selection .........................................................................................................27

4.1.5 Combustible Gas Detectors Location ..........................................................................................................28

4.2 TOXIC GAS DETECTORS ...................................................................................................................................28

4.2.1 Toxic Gas Detectors Location ......................................................................................................................29

4.3 Low temperature detectors (liquefied GAS) ...................................................................................................29

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

4.4 OIL MIST DETECTORS......................................................................................................................................30

4.4 LOW O2 DETECTORS .......................................................................................................................................30

5 INSPECTION TESTING COMMISSIONING................................................................... 31

5.1 FIRE TEST ........................................................................................................................................................31

5.2 GAS DETECTORS CALIBRATION .......................................................................................................................31

6 F&G DETECTION LOGIC .......................................................................................... 32

6.1 GENERAL ........................................................................................................................................................32

6.2 VOTING LOGIC PHILOSOPHY ..........................................................................................................................32

6.3 FAULT AND FAILURE DETECTOR HANDLING ...................................................................................................32

6.3.1 COMMON CAUSE FAILURES AND Common Mode Failures .........................................................................33

6.4 Special Requirements for Smoke Detection in Technical Room ......................................................................33

ANNEX 1 SELECTION GUIDELINES FOR FIRE DETECTION……………..……………………34

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

1 GENERAL

1.1 SCOPE

The present document is intended to define the basic requirements to be followed for the
selection, design of the F&G Detection System in order to:
− detect and locate fire, and/or a potentially flammable, explosive, and/or toxic gas
concentration
− initiate automatically appropriated actions (alarms, firefighting actions, executive
actions)
Objectives of this document are:
− The definition of main requirements for F&G devices.
− Consistency in the selection of the F&G System devices for all areas and equipment
potentially affected by fire or gas hazards.
− Design principle for location and voting logic philosophy to be adopted according to the
area risks.
− Ensure all operational requirements can be met.
This document is applicable to oil and gas onshore and offshore facilities, including technical and
residential buildings which are part of the facility.
This document has to be considered more as a Guideline than a Standard. The intention of this
document is not to give very specific constraint or features, but to provide minimum criteria and
approach rules.

1.2 REFERENCE CODES AND STANDARDS

All devices, systems and materials shall be in accordance with regulations in force within the
country where they will be installed.
The applicable Company standards shall be defined for the scope of each specific project.

1.2.1 Industry Codes And Standards

The families of international codes & standards and European Directives are listed below, these
should be considered during the development of fire & gas detector specification. Some specific
standards are mentioned within this document and other applicable standards shall be defined
by the project. If the F&G legislative requirements for a local area conflict with guidance given
in this document or international standards, legislative requirements shall take precedence.
• American Gas Association (AGA)
• American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
• American Petroleum Institute (API)
• Atmosphères Explosibles (ATEX)
• National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
• International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
• International Society of Automation (ISA)
• European Norm (EN)
• International Organisation For Standardisation (ISO)
• Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
Contractor / Supplier shall verify the validity and applicability of each rule and standard checking
at least the latest edition available and also the issuance of new pertinent regulations.

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

1.2.2 Company Standards

DOCUMENT KEY MAP

Here below there is an identification table with a short description of the four typologies of the
Instrumentation COMPANY standards.

Documents that describe the key fundamental COMPANY requirements and

principles for the design, selection and operation for oil & gas plants.
LEVEL 1

The documents included in this level are:

• 28045.VAR.STA.SDS "Design Guidelines for Instrumentation and Control
Systems"

Documents that describe the General Philosophies to be followed in the

design, selection and operation for oil & gas plants. These documents
explain different types of solutions, architectures, and specific aspects in
order to give a tool to be used during the design and selection of the plant
main items.
The documents included in this level are:
LEVEL 2

• 20048.VAR.STA.SDS "Instrumentation Philosophy"

• 27607.DOC.STA.SDS "Design Guidelines for Integrated Control and Safety
Systems"
• 28037.CMP.STA.SDS "Instrumentation and Automation included in Package
Plants”
• 28746.VAR.STA.SDS “Design Guidelines For High Integrity Pressure
Protection Systems (HIPPS)”
• 20193.VAR.STA.SDS “Criteria for Selection of Fire and Gas Detectors”.

Documents that describe technically the COMPANY requirements to be

followed for specific items and parts of plants. These documents usually
provides in attachment the forms and drawings to be used to prepare
LEVEL 3

documentation during the different phases of projects, as installation detail

drawings, hook ups details, technical, inspection and required Datasheets.
The documents included in this level are:
• 20047.VAR.STA.SDS "Requirements for the installation of instrumentation"
• All the other Instrumentation COMPANY Standards

These documents shall be used during the different phases of engineering

and usually are attached to the LEVEL 3 documents described above.
LEVEL 4

The documents included in this level are:

• Datasheets (TDS, IDS, DDS)
• Instrument Installation Standard Details
• Typical Installation Hook Ups
• All the other COMPANY forms standard
This document, “20193.VAR.STA.SDS”, belong to LEVEL 2 (Highlighted in grey).

1.3 RESPONSIBILITY

CONTRACTOR is responsible for the compliance with the requirements set in this specification
and with applicable laws and regulation.
No part of this specification shall relieve the CONTRACTOR/SUPPLIER from the responsibility of
performing additional analysis, tests, standard inspections and other activities deemed
ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD
Documento riservato di proprietà di eni spa. Esso non sarà mostrato a terzi né utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is property of eni spa. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.
eni spa 20193.VAR.STA.SDS
Rev. 01 – December 2016
Sh. 9 of 35

necessary to ensure the product, the equipment and workmanship suitable for the service
intended not considered inside this specification. Proposals of alternative solutions with respect
to technical requirements of this specification will be taken into consideration if they are
adequately supported with documentation proving that their functional characteristics and
performance levels are not lower than the ones herein required.

1.4 DEFINITIONS

For the purpose of this specification, the following definitions shall be applied:
COMPANY Eni spa or affiliated COMPANY as stated in the Contract.

CONTRACTOR/ COMPANY (or companies) able to provide goods and/or

CONSTRUCTION COMPANY services as stated in the Contract.
PURCHASER Is the party that buys the equipment and its auxiliaries
for its own use or as an agent for the owner. The
PURCHASER may either be the COMPANY or the
CONTRACTOR.
SUPPLIER Person or organization able to supply goods as stated in
the Contract.
The terms VENDOR or MANUFACTURER shall be
considered as synonymous of the term SUPPLIER as
defined above.
SHALL Indicates a requirement.
SHOULD Indicates a recommendation.
Furthermore, the following technical definitions and explanations shall be applied:
Confirmed signal of fire or gas detection with resulting alarm and
ALARM
activation of the safety procedures.
Division of an installation into hazardous areas and non-hazardous
AREA
areas and the subdivision of hazardous zones (Zone 0, Zone 1 and
CLASSIFICATION
Zone 2).
It defines the interactions of one or more detection circuits
DETECTION LOGIC (channels) in order to obtain an adequate integrity of the safety
systems.
ESD Emergency Shutdown. It is a function of SIS.
Fire & Gas function (part of the SIS). It is used to monitor the
F&G
equipment and environment of the plant
Fire Alarm Control Panel. It is a Panel suitable to monitor the Fire
FACP
Detection of each building or specific indoor area.
FAILURE OF Malfunctioning of equipment, hardware or software related to an
EQUIPMENT external factor.
FAULT OF Malfunctioning of equipment, hardware or software related to an
EQUIPMENT internal factor.
FERA (Fire and
It involves quantification of the probability of the fire and explosion
Explosion Risk
accidental events, and their consequences.
Assessment)
ACTIVE FIRE Automatic activation of fire extinguishing systems provided for
PROTECTION installation protection.
Area separated from other areas either by physical barriers
FIRE ZONE (fire/blast partition) or distance which will prevent dimensioning fire
to spread.
Heat load from a fire for a specified time period (specified units =
FIRE LOAD
kW/m2).

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

Three-dimensional space in which a combustible atmosphere may be

HAZARDOUS AREA expected to be present at such frequencies as to require special
precautions for the control of potential ignition sources.
Human Machine Interface. It is the operator interface that allows the
HMI interaction between the Operator and the plant to be
controlled/supervised.
Integrated Control and Safety System. It consists of PCS, SIS
ICSS
(ESD/F&G).
IGNITION SOURCE
Includes all non-essential equipment and activities that do not affect
NON-ESSENTIAL
production availability or safety integrity.
EQUIPMENT
IGNITION SOURCE
Includes essential equipment that must be kept energised to
ESSENTIAL
maintain production.
EQUIPMENT
Includes safety critical equipment that must be in operation to bring
IGNITION SOURCE
the plant into a safe state, and to ensure rescue and medical
CRITICAL
treatment of injured personnel, escape and evacuation and to
EQUIPMENT
prevent escalation.
Integrity Level can either be EIL (environmental) or SIL (safety).
When analyzing systems with regard to safety, environmental and
IL
commercial impact, the final integrity level will be the higher of the
two determined levels: IL = MAX (SIL, EIL,).
Work area or work place where inspection, maintenance or other
INTERMITTENTLY
work is planned to last at least 2 hours, but less than 8 hours a day
MANNED
for at least 50 % of the installations operation time
LOWER EXPLOSIVE Concentration of flammable gas, vapor or mist in air below which an
LIMIT explosive gas atmosphere will not be formed.
Verbal form used to indicate a course of action permissible within the
MAY
limits of this safety strategy
Area where mustering shall take place in the event of general and/or
MUSTER AREA
evacuation alarm
Area in which an explosive gas atmosphere is not expected to be
NON-HAZARDOUS present in quantities such as to require special precautions for the
AREA construction, installation and use of electrical apparatus and
equipment in “normal operation”
NORMALLY NOT Work area or work place that is not permanently or intermittently
MANNED manned
Process Control System. It is used to control the process of a plant.
PCS
(It is also called DCS in other Company documents)
Informative signal of an abnormal situation in the considered
PRE-ALARM
installation.
An executive action describes a physical control function performed
EXECUTIVE ACTION by F&G system, e.g. shutdown initiation, extinguishment release, fire
damper control, de-energisation, firewater controls, etc.
Physical measures which reduce the probability of a situation of
SAFETY MEASURE hazard and accident occurring, or which limit the consequences of an
accident
Probability, of a safety related system, to activate the safety
SAFETY SYSTEMS
functions required in all the identified events and within a specified
INTEGRITY
period of time.
Automatic activation of emergency shutdown system in the protected
SHUTDOWN
installation.
Safety Instrumented System. It is used to handle the safety of the
SIS
plant (It is also called ESD/F&G in other Company documents).

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

1.5 ACRONYMS

Here below are listed the common used acronyms. Maybe other technical definitions,
terminology reference, symbols and abbreviations shall be mentioned where necessary in this
specification.
BDV Blow-down Valve PAGA Public Address & General Alarm
CR Control Room PFD Probability Failure on Demand
CCTV Closed Circuit TV RTD Resistance Temperature Detector
HVAC Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning SDV Shutdown Valve
system SIF Safety Instrumented Function
IR Infrared SIL Safety Integrity Level
IR3 Triple Infrared lP Ingress Protection
LAT Lower Alarm Threshold SI International System of Units
LEL Lower Explosive Level UAT Upper Alarm Threshold
LNG Liquefied Natural Gas UEL Upper Explosive Limit
LOS Line of Sight UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply System
LPG Inputs/Outputs UV UltraViolet
LQ Living Quarter
IMO International Maritime Organization
MAC Manual Alarm Call point
MIR Multi Infrared

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

2 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

2.1 DESIGN STRATEGY

For each project, the selection of detectors shall be based on:

− Environmental factors (minimum and maximum temperature, wind velocity and direction,
height as to sea level, condensation, presence of bodies – sand, dust- presence of
polluting and corrosive substances, possibility of mould growth, earthquakes, mechanical
stress and vibrations due to normal running, direct or indirect fulmination,
electromagnetic influences, fire and explosion hazard) both for natural ventilation and
mechanical ventilation predominance.
− Detectors giving the earliest and most reliable response to the type of fire and/or
accumulation of flammable gases, incorporating minimum susceptibility to false alarms.
− Presence and type of Combustible / Flammable / Toxic inventories.
− Status of critical plant and machinery.
− Control of fire / smoke / gas release and ingress.
− Capital cost and subsequent maintenance load.
− Maintenance access, frequency requirements and duration.
From the risk assessment, F&G detector location shall be defined, as well as the type of device,
tag number and device elevation.
The above evaluation, in conjunction with respective safety system philosophies shall then be
used to determine the control and annunciation actions required. These shall be detailed in the
F&G Cause and Effect diagrams, which shall be generated for each Fire Zone. The fire and gas
inputs and outputs, perceived hazards and type of fire protection to be provided are to be
detailed on these diagrams and they shall form the basis for the F&G System application logic.

2.2 FIRE ZONES

An installation is generally divided into various fire zones.

A Fire Zone will consist of either:
− An area bounded by fire rated divisions (applicable for offshore and onshore).
− Enough distance to prevent the fire spread to other areas (generally onshore)
− Part of a larger naturally ventilated area which may vote its detection devices with
adjacent areas, and is sub-divided for fire detection or hazard location purposes.

The F&G System is able to provide information regarding the incidence type and location of a
hazard (fire or flammable/toxic gas release) within a “fire zone” to the appropriate (control room
operators, operators, etc.) personnel.
Project team should perform the following, but not limited to:
− Identify the boundary limits of the Fire Zone.
− Locate the F&G detection devices based on assessment and studies.
− Develop a voting logic for detection devices required to initiate co-incident alarms and
control outputs relevant to the input devices.
− Define sequence of operation (firefighting, evacuation, etc.) based on the nature and
dimension of the hazard.
− Define executive actions, which may be:
o Stop ventilation to avoid escalating the fire or gas ingress inside non-hazardous.
o Close fire dampers for the Fire Zone and for low risk areas.
o Ventilation system to maintain the safe environment by diluting the flammable or
toxic gas release.
o Activation or enabling of the Firefighting system.
o Initiated outputs to the Public Address System, and process and electrical
shutdowns in accordance with shutdown philosophy/strategy of the appropriate
Fire Zone (s).

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

2.3 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY

All F&G detectors shall be loop-powered from the F&G System at 24 Vdc. Other operating
voltages are not permitted. Alarm and acoustic devices, suitable for plant installation, can be
powered with different voltage. All F&G loops shall be hardwired regardless from indoor or
outdoor location.
The F&G System itself shall be powered by redundant, reliable and high availability feeders from
UPS.
2-wires configuration should be used, 3 and 4 wires detectors configurations are permitted in
special cases (e.g. flame detectors, for heating, anti-condensation, etc.).
The signals of any detector (including push buttons) shall be either analogue 4-20 mA output
signal whenever possible, or else digital (on-off) contact signal.
All F&G electrical or signal cable shall be fire-resistant as per IEC 60331.
For more technical details about cables refer to company standard 06798.MAT.STA.FUN.

2.4 MECHANICAL PROTECTION (IP)

Depending on the location of devices, one of the following protection degrees shall be selected
as minimum:
− Indoor devices inside cabinets: IP 30
− Indoor devices: IP 40
− Indoor devices in area with water mist: IP 54
− Outdoor devices: IP 65.
For offshore installations all outdoor devices installed shall have at least an IP 66 protection
level.

2.5 ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY

To ensure acceptable immunity from stray electromagnetic fields, all F&G devices and associated
equipment shall be compliant with IEC 61000 Electromagnetic compatibility.
The above RFI immunity requirements are to be considered as a minimum.

2.6 AREA CLASSIFICATION AND ELECTRICAL CERTIFICATION

2.6.1 GENERAL

According to Company Specification 28082.DOC.SAF.SDS “Guidelines For Hazardous Area

Classification (HAC) in Design”, the purpose of area classification is to identify areas of risk and,
as a function of ignition source control, to avoid or reduce the ignition probability within
hazardous area of facilities handling combustible liquids and gas. The approach is to reduce to
an acceptable level the probability of coincidence of a combustible atmosphere and an electrical
or other source of ignition.
The Hazardous Areas are subdivided into three zones based on expected duration and occurrence
of a flammable atmosphere during normal operation. They are classified as follows:
− Zone 0
That part of a hazardous area in which a flammable atmosphere is continuously present
or present for long periods or frequently.
− Zone 1
That part of a hazardous area in which a flammable atmosphere is likely to occur in
normal operation occasionally.
− Zone 2
That part of a hazardous area in which a flammable atmosphere is not likely to occur
in normal operation but, if it does occur will persist for a short period only.

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

Non-hazardous
Areas in which an explosive gas atmosphere is not expected to be present.

2.6.2 F&G REQUIREMENTS

All electronic F&G sensors and final elements installed in a hazardous area shall be certified ATEX
for use in:
− Zone 1, Gas Group IIA, Temperature Class T3, by default, or more stringent Gas Groups
if required by hazardous area classification
− Zone 1, Gas Group IIC, Temperature Class T3, in case of hydrogen (e.g. battery rooms
or paint stores).
The electrical classification/certification Fire detectors/devices installed in Non–Hazardous Areas
shall be as follows:
− Zone 2 rated is requested for critical area (such as Control Room, Technical Rooms, etc.);
− Non certified items could be considered for no critical areas (such as accommodation,
non-technical building, etc.) under project definition/approval.
Fire and gas equipment installed in a Zone 0 application shall be certified for use in Zone 0, and
is limited to intrinsically safe equipment only.
In hazardous areas, indoor F&G detection equipment shall basically be the identical brand &
model as the Ex-certified F&G detection equipment installed outdoors.

2.7 SIL CERTIFICATION

All F&G detection devices (including push buttons) and final elements (e.g. relays, solenoid
valves, etc.) connected to the main F&G system shall be independently minimum SIL-2 compliant
and certified by a company approved third party (e.g. TUV, EXIDA, SIRA).
In case required / specific F&G detection devices, sensors and F&G loops cannot be sourced as
independently certified SIL-2 to IEC 61508 / 61511, it shall be the responsibility of the F&G
system contractor / supplier to ensure and supply overall system certification in compliance with
project requirements.

2.8 DETECTOR STATUS

All F&G detectors shall be equipped with integrated LED indicator, visible at minimum 6 m
distance. For all removable detectors the LED indicator can be integrated in detector base.
This LED indicator shall provide the following information by different colors:
− Safe state
− Trip State
− Fault State
All conventional detector wiring loops shall be continuously monitored for line fault conditions.
In case fail-safe configurations are unsuitable for discrete signals (e.g. push buttons, smoke
detectors), then a line-monitoring resistor shall be installed in combination with a line-monitoring
device in the F&G System (line failure = executive action).
In case detector failure, the burn-out protection, if available, shall force the detector output to
the following values:
− Out of range output (e.g.: signal below 4 mA or upper 20mA) for analogue signal of F&G
detectors.
− Open contact for fail-safe (energized) loops.
− Close contact for non fail-safe (de-energized) loops.

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

3 FIRE DETECTION

Fire detectors shall be selected on the basis of the characteristic phenomena of combustion, of
the potential leaks and location of monitored zone (open air or enclosed spaces) in order to
ensure the most reliable and fast detection.
A fire detection system shall consist of manual call points, smoke detectors, heat detectors and
flame detectors
The main objectives for fire detection are as follows:
− To provide early detection and monitor all designated areas for fire.
− To monitor air intakes of accommodation and enclosed, occupied areas for the presence
of smoke.
− To detect for heat and /or smoke in the accommodation and utility area.
− To provide a facility to the personnel for raising a fire alarm.
− To alert personnel of any fire emergency situation through audible and/or visible system
(s).
− To initiate, and distribute to the appropriate control/shutdown system(s), signals to
mitigate the potentially hazardous situation in order to minimize the possibility of
escalation of the incident.
The installation of the adequate type, number and location shall be such as to ensure the main
objectives above specified.
The alarm and executive actions upon smoke, heat or flame detection are defined in accordance
with the Company Specification 28038.HTP.PRC.SDS “Emergency Shutdown Philosophy
Preparation”, generally as follows:
− ESD is automatically activated upon confirmed fire in hazardous area.
− Depressurization is activated upon confirmed fire in hazardous areas.
− HVAC and fire damper is shut down upon confirmed fire, except for areas subject to
smoke control.
− Firefighting equipment is activated upon confirmed fire.
− Start of Fire Water pumps.
− Activation of PAGA systems to alert personnel.
The fire detection system shall be in accordance with the guidelines defined in Company
Standard “DESIGN GUIDELINE FOR INTEGRATED CONTROL AND SAFETY SYSTEMS” doc. number
27607.DOC.STA.SDS STA, where applicable to design conditions.

3.1 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR FIRE DETECTION

The Fire detection market has evolved into three distinct regions (USA, Europe and International
Fire Market which includes the major part of regions not included in North America or Europe)
with different standards.
In the USA, the NFPA standards are the reference for Fire Detection and Fire Alarms Systems.
In Europe, the EN54 Series has been developed to define the performance requirements for the
products related to Fire Detection and Fire Alarm Systems.
For the International Market each region has national regulations that apply, but the ISO 7240
Series of Product Standards successfully defines international product requirements. However,
the ISO 7240 series is derived from and closely related to EN 54 Series.
This is important as product designed and manufactured according to EN 54 Series can be easily
approved and comply with ISO 7240 Series, therefore unless in USA and their influence area, in
the rest of the world the required certification is EN 54 Series compliance.

3.2 ADDRESSABLE OR CONVENTIONAL TECHNOLOGY

Fire detection system can be based on addressable or conventional technology. The addressable
systems (smoke, heat and MAC) shall be preferable due to the following reasons:
− The addressable systems allow pinpointing exactly which device has been activated that
is not possible in conventional systems.

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− The addressable systems ensure more immunity to false alarms (drift compensation,
adjacent devices interrogation upon device alarm).
− The addressable systems are more reliable as the addressable loop is connected to the
F&G System at both ends. If one end of the loop becomes severed, signals can still be
sent to the F&G System via the other end of the loop.
− The addressable systems require less installation cost because in addressable systems
one wire connects many different devices to F&G System while in conventional systems
only the same devices (e.g. smoke detector, heat detector, etc.) can be connected to a
F&G System in loop configuration requiring more wire and more man hours during the
installation phase.
− The addressable systems ensure less maintenance cost because they can alert to
problems with one device, saving on overall maintenance and repairs.
However, the conventional system could be acceptable for small applications or for specific
components under COMPANY Technical Authority approval.

3.3 MANUAL CALL POINTS

The general strategy is to place manual call points along paths of escape.
The advantage of the manual call point is that they are very reliable to activate the fire alarms
but the main drawback is that they will not work when the impaired area is unoccupied.
The manual call points shall comply with EN 54/11 (ISO 7240-11).
The manual call points shall be located on exit routes, floor landings, exits to open air.
The maximum distance that a person must travel to reach a manual call point cannot be more
than 30 m. The standard height for a manual call point shall be 1.4 m above the ground at a
minimum distance of 0.5m from any electrical equipment or 0.75m from miscellaneous items of
furniture etc.

3.4 SMOKE DETECTORS

3.4.1 GENERAL

Smoke detection is the basis of fire detection within the enclosed spaces, since the smoke
detectors have more rapid response than heat sensors: for many substances, the smoke
generation starts at the incipient stage of the fire while the increase in temperature is much
slower. There are different typologies of detectors:
− Point type Smoke detectors
− Linear Smoke detectors
− Aspirating Smoke detectors
− Duct Smoke detectors
Point type Smoke detectors shall be compliant with EN 54/7 (ISO 7240-7) codes.
Linear Smoke detectors shall be compliant with EN 54/12 (ISO 7240-12) codes
Aspirating Smoke detectors shall be compliant with EN 54/20 (ISO 7240-20) codes.
Duct Smoke detectors shall be compliant with EN 54/27 (ISO 7240-27) codes.

3.4.2 POINT TYPE SMOKE DETECTORS

Optical photoelectric
This type of detector is generally used in enclosed spaces with possible slow combustion
(smouldering fires) and visible smoke development; the absorption type is suitable for “dark” or
“black” smoke, while the diffusion type, is suitable for “light” smoke. These detectors are
generally recommended for electrical areas and areas containing hydrocarbon products, as these
fires produce smoke consistent with the particle size range these detectors are sensitive to.
These devices shall have double chamber (with a reference chamber).

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Multi-criteria/Combined Detectors
Multi-criteria detectors are the most utilised method of fire detection within the majority of
internal utility areas (refer to TABLE in annex 1). By using specific and proprietary algorithms,
these devices elaborate inputs from more sensing elements based on different principles: smoke
detection combined with thermal detection and/or light detection and/or infrared detection.
Therefore they are able to detect any combination of smoke, heat, carbon monoxide, or carbon
dioxide.
The detector can be more sensitive than optical detectors where the fire risks include materials
which could produce a range of flaming and smouldering fire types.

Ionization Detectors
Ionization type smoke detectors contain a radioactive source and require special considerations
(transportation, storage, procedure for installation, maintenance and disposal) subject to
national regulations. For this reason ionization smoke detectors shall not be used.

3.4.3 LINEAR SMOKE DETECTORS

LOS Smoke detectors consist of at least one transmitter and a receiver and they can comprise a
reflector(s) for the detection of smoke using the attenuation and/or the variation of the
attenuation of an optical beam. In applications with high ceilings, LOS detectors could be more
reliable and faster than Point type smoke detectors as the beam intersects the entire smoke
field. For using LOS detectors, the main drawbacks are the following:
− Interferences due to objects or persons in the beam’s path.
− Misalignment between transmitter and receiver due to vibrations and angular movements
(e.g. off-shore applications, areas with rotary machines).
The beam shall be designed so that small angular movements/vibrations of the transmitter or
receiver do not prevent operation due to smoke and do not cause nuisance or unintentional
alarms.

3.4.4 ASPIRATING SMOKE DETECTORS

An Aspirating smoke detection system can provide early warning of a developing fire. This
system reduces the typical disadvantages associated with a standard smoke detection (passive
systems) by actively sampling air through conduits with holes. The air is refined and purified by
removing impurities before pumping it to analysis chamber.
The system consists of one or more degree of alarm, usually configurable, by delivering
extremely early notification of a situation. Therefore, the system sensitivities (obscuration%/m)
are adjustable (by changing the openings number along the conduit) according with EN 54-20,
to adjust to various levels starting from many times more susceptible than the usual traditional
detector, to a reduced amount of sensitive. As per EN 54-20 the sensitivity of ASD system can
be Class A, Class B or Class C (equivalent to point type detector sensitivity).
The main drawbacks of these systems are related to the use in very dusty and dirty conditions
that can affect the normal functioning with resulting in maintenance or replacement of filters.
The key factor that determines filter life is the amount of particulate passing through the filter.
Therefore the Aspirating Smoke Detection Systems should not be applied to very dirty and dusty
zones where the cleaning is not possible.

3.4.5 DUCT SMOKE DETECTORS

Smoke detectors may also be directly mounted to HVAC duct using suitable compatible mounting
kit. The Response time of the detector to smoke is given by the exchange rate in the rooms
ventilated by the duct ventilation system. This tends to be rapid, giving early warning of any
smoke present. This type of sampling is particularly suited to aspirated smoke detection systems.
The configuration with Point Type smoke detector shall be avoided due to the following
considerations:

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− the smoke content in the air tends to be diluted to a level below that of point type smoke
detectors sensitivity
− The relatively high airflow in the duct reduces the effectiveness of point-type smoke
detectors.
− If the ventilation becomes inoperative, the air-flow through the duct system ceases and
the smoke detection system becomes ineffective.
These detectors shall be used to prevent smoke spread.

3.4.6 SMOKE DETECTORS SELECTION

The selection of smoke detectors for the various areas shall be based on evaluation of potential
smoke type and ambient conditions (temperature, salinity, humidity, dust, vibrations, etc.).
Point type Smoke detectors (optical and multi-criteria) shall be used for enclosed spaces and
buildings such as offices, archives, store rooms, medical centers, computer rooms and technical
rooms, LQ, air inlets. Ionization smoke detectors shall not be used.
Based on the considerations stated in the section 3.4.4, the Aspirating Smoke Detection System
should be applied:
− Inside the critical cabinets (those operative in emergency conditions such as SIS, UPS,
etc.) to inform end-users towards the getting hot of cabling or certain electronic
components (Class A or B should be used to provide early warning). The ducts shall be
installed inside the cabinets from the cable entry.
− Inside Indoor cable trays.
− Where (under elevated floors in computer/ technical/control rooms) a very early detection
is required.
Due to the considerations developed in the section 3.4.3, the Linear Smoke Detectors shall be
limited to specific applications with high ceilings where the point type smoke detectors use is
impractical.
For further details refer to tables in Annex 1.

3.4.7 SMOKE DETECTORS LOCATION

Detectors or sampling points need to be located in best positions and in adequate numbers to
detect smoke from a fire in its early stages.
Predictions of how smoke will move within an area using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are
possible and could be required by the project. CFD outputs shall be considered as indicative
rather than absolute, but they are a useful tool for determining the optimum position for
detectors.
The best way to evaluate the potential smoke propagation, and therefore the operation of the
detectors within the environment, is by performance testing. Refer to section 5.1.
In any case, the final positioning should be decided on site after installing equipment, pipes,
HVAC system.
The location and spacing of smoke detectors shall be based on the below recommendations, and
the guidelines from the following standards ISO 7240-14, BS 6266-11, NFPA 72-13, UNI 9795-
14 (only applicable in Italy).
The key factors to be taken in account are as follows:
− The manufacturer’s recommendations.
− The size and shape of the room
− The ceiling profile and height of the room.
− The fire load in the room.
− The proximity of other detectors.
− The HVAC / Ventilation arrangement.
− The operating environment.
− Maintenance Access.

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

Point type Smoke Detectors and Aspirating Sampling Holes

The following requirements including but not limited to, shall be considered like basic rules for
the Point type Smoke detectors (or Class C sampling holes) location:
− Smoke detectors shall not be used in heavily ventilated areas.
− Maximum area covered by one detector in room with flat ceiling and airflow < 1m/s is 25
m2 (BS 6266-11); this is applicable to rooms categorized in medium, high and critical risk
(such as technical rooms, indoor process areas, etc.);
− Maximum area covered by one detector in room with flat ceiling and airflow between 1m/s
and 4 m/s in 25% of the space, is 20 m2 (BS 6266-11); this is applicable to rooms
categorized in medium, high and critical risk (such as technical rooms, process areas, etc.);
− Maximum area covered by one detector in false floor (up to 1.5 m) ventilated or which are
used as part of the ventilation system is 20 m2 (BS 6266-11); this is applicable to rooms
categorized in medium, high and critical risk (such as technical rooms, indoor process
areas, etc.);
− Maximum area covered by one detector in ceiling voids (up to 1.5 m) ventilated or which
are used as part of the ventilation system: is 20 m2 (BS 6266-11); this is applicable to
rooms categorized in medium, high and critical risk (such as technical rooms, indoor
process areas, etc.);
− Minimum distance between detectors and air-supply opening: 0.4 m (ISO 7240-14)
− Maximum distance from detector to obstruction (wall): 5 m (ISO 7240-14)
− Minimum distance from detector to obstruction (wall): 0.5 m (ISO 7240-14)
− Maximum distance from detector to ceiling: 0.3 m (ISO 7240-14)
− Maximum distance from detector to ceiling (for ceiling heights between 4 m and 15 m) is
0.6 m (ISO 7240-14).
As a general rule, the above requirements need to be modified due to different factors: size and
shape of the room, high airflow environments etc. For further details refer to BS 6266-11, ISO
7240-14, NFPA 72-13.

Linear Smoke Detectors

A linear smoke detector shall be considered equivalent to a row of point type smoke detectors.
Linear smoke detectors shall be located in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendation.
The effects of stratification shall be evaluated when locating the detectors. The beam length shall
not exceed the maximum permitted by manufacturer.
For further details refer to BS 6266:11.

Duct Smoke Detectors

The method of installation / mounting shall be chosen in order to provide maximum ease of
maintenance and ensure that each detector shall be subjected to a representative sample of the
ducted air.
The exhaust air from the detector shall be returned back to the duct using an exhaust-port
adapter and associated piping. The requirement, shown in below figure, assures positive airflow
through the detector.

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The sampling pipe shall be located in the main supply duct return side, downstream of the filters
and a minimum of six duct widths from any source of turbulence (such as bends, inlets, or
deflection plates) shall be ensured to reduce the effects of stratification. For further details refer
to NFPA 72-13.

3.5 HEAT DETECTORS

3.5.1 GENERAL

Heat detectors are the most reliable (the lowest false alarm rate) among all automatic fire
detectors, but they are less sensitive than smoke detectors. Heat detectors are slow to respond
to fires, only activating once a fire has a significant heat output.
They can be restorable/non restorable device based on sensing element that could be destroyed
or not during the process of operation.
There are different types of heat detectors:
− Point type heat detectors
− Linear type heat detectors (Thermo-sensitive cables)
− Fusible plugs

Point type heat detectors shall be compliant with EN 54/5 (ISO 7240-5) codes.
Linear type heat detectors shall be compliant with EN 54/28 codes.

3.5.2 POINT TYPE HEAT DETECTORS

Fixed type
Fixed type heat detectors are sensors that respond when the operating element becomes heated
to a predetermined level (The threshold normally lies between 50°C and 80°C). Due to thermal
lag, the air temperature at the time of operation is usually slightly higher than the set
temperature, because it takes time for the air to raise the temperature of the operating element
to its set point.
Fixed type heat detectors are therefore only provided in enclosed areas where local conditions
are not considered suitable for smoke detectors, and where a sudden large temperature increase
(up to a maximum limit) might be considered normal.

Rate of Rise type

Rate of Rise Type detectors are devices that trips when a predetermined or preset temperature
rise is reached. The criterion of rise rate is normally more than 5°C/min.

Multi-sensors type
Multi-sensors type detectors are devices that combines rate-of-rise and fixed type heat detector.
They evaluate both signals using an algorithm to generate an output such as pre-alarm or alarm.
The evaluation can be performed either at the detector or at the control unit.

Rate Compensated type

Rate compensated heat detectors are devices that respond when the temperature of the air
surrounding the device reaches a predetermined level, even if the rise is so fast that the body
of the detector is not completely heated. Rate compensated devices are therefore more sensitive
than fixed type detectors and less subject to spurious alarm than rate of rise detectors.

3.5.3 LINEAR TYPE HEAT DETECTORS

Linear type heat detector are the thermo-sensitive cables. They consist of a sensor cable with
integrated sensors and a processor unit.
The thermo-sensitive cable detects heat anywhere along its length: it is a continuous heat
detector unlike the standard point detector.
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The cable is comprised of two tri-metallic conductors individually insulated with a heat sensitive
polymer outer layer.
At the rated temperature the polymer insulation melts, thus permitting the conductors to short-
circuit and generate an alarm signal. They usually have a measuring temperature range from -
55°C up to 180°C maximum.
Thermo-sensitive cables shall be used with an intervention temperature minimum 30°C higher
than the installation room one.
Anyway they shall not be used in ambient temperature above 100°C. If the heat sensitive cable
conductor continuity is broken, an open circuit fault condition shall always be signaled, i.e. they
shall be equipped with line monitoring. Heat sensitive cables shall be certified for UV resistance
when installed in UV-exposed areas.
The main advantages of this technology are:
− Easy installation and maintenance
− Minimal false alarms
The main disadvantages of this technology are:
− The devices are non- resettable type
− The cable could melt by other source of heat other than fire such as hot surfaces.

3.5.4 FUSIBLE PLUGS

A fusible plug consists of a metal alloy installed on a stainless steel loop pressurized with
instrument air (or nitrogen) and melting at a pre-set temperature (79°C to 96°C). Fusible plugs
shall be used with an intervention temperature minimum 30°C higher than the installation room
one. The pressure remains constant during normal operation. If there is fire and the surrounding
temperature rises, the fusible plug will melt. The air in the loop relieves and subsequently the
pressure inside the tubing reduces. Loss of pressure in the loop will be detected by pressure
transmitter in the fusible loop charge panel. Pressure switches for fusible loop systems are not
permitted; analogue pressure transmitters shall be used.
The analogue pressure transmitter for low supply pressure shall trigger an alarm in case of
nitrogen or instrument gas leakage.
The fusible loop itself shall be a closed loop; the T-point shall be located at less than 5 m distance
from the fusible loop control panel to avoid long depressurization times.
Two serial overflow valves shall be placed where the supplying system of the pneumatic sensors
leaves the main collector of the instrumentation area, in order to increase the reliability and the
intervention timeliness.
When instrument air is not available, nitrogen may be used to pressurize fusible plug loop. In
this case, additional hazard of loss of pressurized gas containment shall be assessed.
All components of the fusible loop systems (e.g. fittings, valves, supports, panels, cabinets,
instruments, etc.) shall be fully AISI 316.
Fusible Plug is non-resettable type. To restore the system into normal surveillance after
activation will require replacement of parts i.e. the fusible plug.
The other drawback of fusible loop is that the plug could melt by other source of heat other than
fire such as hot surfaces, motors heat, etc.

3.5.5 HEAT DETECTORS SELECTION

As general rule, point-type heat detectors should not be used as the principal detection system
within electrical equipment areas, because their response is considerably slower than that of
smoke detectors.
Their use shall therefore be limited to specific applications where smoke detection is not suitable,
typically:
− Confined spaces where rapidly fires may be expected.
− Closed spaces where ambient conditions do not allow the use of other fire detection
devices;
or,
− Where speed of detection is not the most important parameter.
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They shall not normally be used in battery rooms, electrical rooms or instrumentation rooms.
For generic applications it is recommended using a multi-sensors heat detectors in order to
ensure the detection of:
− fires that rapidly grow in intensity with abnormally fast temperature increases;
− fires that build temperatures to a high level at a slow rate which responds to a specific
temperature setting.
Rate compensated type heat detectors shall be used in areas where the ambient temperature is
high and where temperature variation can occur in normal operating conditions, in order to have
more reliable heat detection while avoiding false alarms (i.e. turbine enclosures).They shall be
used in the majority of applications where thermal detection is appropriate, including:
− Mechanical and Welding Workshops.
− Lube oil and hazardous substance stores.
− Engine rooms/compartments.
− Turbine enclosures.
Linear type heat detectors can be used in areas where it is difficult to install point type detectors
such as Switchgears, Transformers, Elevator shafts, Cable trays, Generators, Engine Bays,
Cabinets, Motors, Wellhead areas.
For wellhead areas in offshore but also applicable in onshore installations, it is recommended to
install Fusible Plugs and Flame detectors (UV/IR or MIRs).
The double detection technology is particularly useful during operations on the well as the Fusible
Plugs network linked to the wellhead control cabinet is in override mode. In some applications
where it is not possible to install double technology, the fusible plugs or Linear Type detectors
shall be installed in redundant configuration.

3.5.6 HEAT DETECTORS LOCATION

The location and spacing of heat detectors shall be based on the below recommendations.
The key factor for heat detectors is heat transfer; therefore the following factors shall be taken
into consideration for location of detectors:
− Enclosed spaces
− Height of ceiling
− Ventilation in the enclosed space
Heat detectors shall in general be positioned close to ventilation air outlets, at ceiling level in
enclosures or in positions where they are most likely to encounter hot gases from a fire.
Point type Heat detectors
The location and spacing of Point type heat detectors shall comply with the requirements defined
in the below table and the following standards: BS 6266-11, ISO 7240-14, NFPA 72-13, UNI
9795-14 (only applicable in Italy):
For Naturally Ventilated Open Areas
Maximum Floor Area to
Be covered by One Maximum Distance Maximum Distance from Ceiling height
detector (m2) between detectors (m) any Bulkhead (m)1 (m)2
25 7 3.5 4-7
(1) Detectors should not to be mounted less than 0.5 m from any outside wall. This should be applied for
detectors mounted adjacent to bulkheads.
(2) For fast response detectors maximum ceiling height is 7m for slow response detectors is 4 m.

For Mechanically Ventilated Enclosed Areas

Maximum Floor Area to
Be covered by One Maximum Distance Maximum Distance from Ceiling height
detector (m2) between detectors (m) any Bulkhead (m)3 (m)4
37 9 4.5 5.5-8.5
(3) Detectors should not to be mounted less than 0.5 m from any outside wall. This should be applied for
detectors mounted adjacent to bulkheads.
(4) For fast response detectors maximum ceiling height is 8.5m for slow response detectors is 5.5 m.
Common note: Detectors should be sites, so that their sensing element is between 25 mm and 150 mm below the roof
level.

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Linear type Heat detectors

A linear Type Heat detector shall be located on the ceiling or on the sidewalls not more than
0.51 m from the ceiling (NFPA 72-2013).

Fusible plugs
For fusible plugs, the minimum recommended spacing also applicable to onshore is defined in
the table D.1 of the standard ISO 10418-03.

3.6 FLAME DETECTORS

Flame detectors shall be preferred over heat detectors in areas where either may be used.
The flame detectors shall be designed to detect the absorption of light at specific wavelengths,
allowing them to discriminate between flames and false alarm sources.
Any flame detection response by the detector shall be delayed for at least 10 seconds before
tripping the alarm in order to avoid false alarm from spurious radiation.
These detectors shall be protected against atmospheric agents such as solar radiation, dirt and
water from rain and deluge.
There are different optical flame-sensing technology: ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR),
ultraviolet/infrared (UV/IR), multi-spectrum infrared (MIR), and video imaging.

3.6.1 UV DETECTORS

UV detectors may be susceptible to false alarms (e.g. from flares, sunlight and reflection from
wet surfaces) and therefore shall not be used in outdoor application.

3.6.2 IR DETECTORS

IR Detectors could be sensitive to infrared radiation produced by light sources at a flicker

frequency of 10 Hz and higher and shall therefore not be used.

3.6.3 UV/IR DETECTORS

The UV/IR flame detectors offer increased immunity over the UV detectors, operate at moderate
speeds of response, and they are suited for both indoor and outdoor use. They shall comply with
EN 54/10 (ISO 7240-10).
They shall be equipped with an automatic optical system to verify the integrity of the optical
system that shall be checked on an automatic and regular basis.

3.6.4 MIR DETECTORS

Multi-Spectrum IR flame detectors use multiple infrared spectral regions to further improve
differentiation of flame sources from non-flame background radiation.
The Multi-Spectrum Infrared Detectors shall comply with EN 54/10 (ISO 7240-10).
They shall be equipped with an automatic optical system to verify the integrity of the optical
system that shall be checked on an automatic and regular basis.

3.6.5 VIDEO IMAGING (VI) DETECTORS

The Video Imaging detectors employ image sensors, commonly used in closed circuit television
system, and flame detection algorithms to establish the presence of fires. The imaging
algorithms process the live video image from the sensors array and analyze the shape and
progression of fires to discriminate between flame and non-flame sources. Safety Images
obtained using the VI detectors shall not be integrated in any manner or form with the CCTV
system. Each VI detector shall be permanently mounted with fixed focus and field of view which
shall be restricted to the selected risk area only.
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The cameras may be installed as a complement to other type of flame detection.

The VI detectors may generate a fire detection alarm, but they shall not be used to trigger
automatic safety actions.

3.6.6 FLAME DETECTORS SELECTION

Flame detector selection shall be based on detector performance criteria for each application and
not by detector technology. The main detector performance criteria to be evaluated in a
dedicated study are:
− False Alarm Immunity
− Detection Range
− Response Time
− Field of View (FOV)
− Self Diagnostics

Anyway, only detectors approved for use with the specified fuel and verified by an independent
third party approval body shall be considered.

In order to:
− minimize common mode and common cause failure
− maximize the sensitivity of the overall detection system to different fire sources and
materials.
The below recommendations, including but not limited to, shall be considered like basic rules for
flame detectors selection:
− A study shall be performed based upon manufacturers test results for applicable fuel
sources and fire types to establish the design range to be used in locating flame detectors.
The study shall consider the impact of detector range influenced by environmental
conditions, degradation in detector performance due to lens obscuration, changes in
sensitivity over the field of view and considering that there may be obstructions to
detector viewing the entire flame size detailed above.
− A combination of different flame detectors shall be installed in processing and utility areas
where significant quantities of flammable or combustible fluids exist.
− Solar and other radiation sources shall not cause spurious operation.
− Flame detectors should be not used in technical room with electric/electronic equipment.
− MIR flame detectors are well suited where combustion sources produce smoky fires.
− MIR flame detectors shall be selected for detection of hydrocarbon gas and liquid fires,
hydrogen fires and alcohol fires in open plant areas.
− As the sensitivity of UV detectors is severely reduced by oil film contamination on the
detector window, they are not suitable for fires that produce dense smoke or in
environments which are dusty or contain airborne oil droplets
− The use of MIR detectors within turbine enclosures shall be approved by the vendor due
to the possibility of false alarms caused by black-body radiation from hot engine surfaces.
− VI detectors shall not be used on methanol fire hazards, as the flames are colorless.
− VI detectors shall be used to cover Hydrocarbon hazard target areas by allowing the CR
operator to view the target hazard from at least one direction.
− Different detection technology shall be also used to provide the necessary voting for
safety actions from the F&G system.

For special fuel applications, such as sulphur, the flame detector manufacturer should be
consulted to ensure the selected detector is suitable for the application.
For further details about the flame detectors selection please refer to the table in Annex 1.

3.6.7 FLAME DETECTORS LOCATION

The location and spacing of Flame Detectors shall be based on a study that shall be performed
based upon manufacturers test results for relevant fuel sources and fire type.
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The study shall be based on the following parameters:

− Size of the fire that is to be detected
− Fuel and Fire involved
− Sensitivity of the detector
− Field of view of the detector
− Distance between the fire and the detector
− Radiant energy absorption of the atmosphere
− Presence of extraneous sources of radiant emissions
− Degradation in detector performance due to lens obscuration.
− Response time required
− Environmental conditions influences.

Anyway, the following basic recommendations, including but not limited to, shall be followed as
far as is practicable:
− Flame detectors shall be located such that their field of view is unaffected by fire
events in neighboring fire zones.
− The angle of inclination shall be chosen in order to detect the significant flames.
− Flame detector placement shall also take account of solar sources, normal heat
sources, flares, hot objects e.g. blackbody radiation, or the effect of reflected sun
shine on wet or reflective surface.
− The number of potential leakage points (flanges and connections) that are present.
− The design range should not exceed 26 meters for any device.
− The flame detection coverage of hydrocarbon gas jet or liquid pool fires shall be
designed to respond to the following incidents:
o At least one detector in an area shall alarm to a flame size of 0.5 meters
diameter by 1.0 meter long.
o At least two detectors in an area shall alarm to a fire size of 1.0 meter diameter
by a 3.0 meters long.
− Fully welded piping without flanges or valves constitutes a low potential release and
fire hazard and they shall therefore not be especially monitored by flame detection.
− The Manufacturer’s data shall be taken into account for installing and setting the
detectors.
− The need for additional temporary access arrangements for maintenance shall also
be considered in deciding the potential location for a flame detector, since it could
introduce obstacles that can reduce flame detection efficiency.
− In order to reduce shadow effects the second flame detector shall be located in the
opposite of the first detector.

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

4 GAS DETECTION

Gas detectors shall be selected on the basis of characteristic phenomena of gas combustion, of
the potential for leaks and location of monitored zone (open air or enclosed spaces) in order to
ensure the most reliable and fast detection.
These detectors sense the presence of combustible, explosive and/or toxic gas or vapor by
reading part per million (ppm) for toxic gases and % LEL for combustible gases and vapors.
A gas detection system shall consist of Combustible (Flammable) gas detectors, Toxic gas
detectors, Low temperature detectors, Acoustic Gas detectors, Hydrogen Gas detectors and Oil
Mist detectors.
The main objectives for gas detection are as follows:
− To monitor continuously for the presence of a gas leak and initiate the required automatic
or manual actions to minimize the probability of fire and explosions.
− To provide early detection and monitor all areas where combustible or toxic gas might be
present in the course of normal operations.
− To monitor air intakes of accommodation and enclosed areas for concentration of
combustible gases.
− To monitor airlocks and entrances to enclosed non-hazardous areas where gas can
migrate.
− To monitor combustion and ventilation air intakes of equipment like generators/ turbines.
− To alert personnel in the main control room of any gas release emergency situation.
− To monitor for gas migration to naturally ventilated non-hazardous areas.
− To monitor for spread and buildup of gas leaks.
The installation of the adequate type, number and location shall be such as to ensure the main
objectives above specified.
The flammable gas detection shall be totally separated from the toxic gas detection function.
Gas detection system shall initiate all actions in accordance with Company Specification
28038.HTP.PRC.SDS “Emergency Shutdown Philosophy Preparation” generally as follows:
− ESD is automatically activated upon confirmed gas in hazardous areas.
− Blow down is activated upon confirmed gas in hazardous area.
− Isolation of electrical users (as and where needed) to be initiated upon gas detection via
ESD.
− Shutdown of Main Power Generation (in case of offshore installation) and start of
emergency generator, if safe.
− Activation of Fire Water pump start-up.
− Ventilation to be shut down upon gas detection in HVAC inlet along with the relevant
room damper closure.
− Activation of PAGA system to alert personnel and then there will be separate executive
actions for the gas detection in turbine air intake, fire water engine room, crane locations,
etc.
The gas detection system shall be in accordance with the guidelines defined in Company
Standard “DESIGN GUIDELINE FOR INTEGRATED CONTROL AND SAFETY SYSTEMS” doc. n.
27607.DOC.STA.SDS.STA, where applicable to design conditions.

4.1 COMBUSTIBLE GAS DETECTORS

Combustible gas detectors shall monitor the accidental release or accumulation of flammable
gas in process areas.
The LEL to be considered shall be that of the most critical gas.

4.1.1 INFRARED TECHNOLOGY

The infrared technology can be point type or linear (LOS) type. Catalytic type combustible gas
detectors shall not be used unless no other suitable detectors can be found for a particular
application.

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

The detectors has a two-stage intervention (PRE-ALARM and ALARM).The pre-alarm and alarm
level are set at fixed % of LEL.
Generally, unless more stringent safety project requirements, for point type detectors:
− PRE-ALARM is 10% of the LEL.
− ALARM is 25% of the LEL.
For flammable gas point detectors in machinery enclosures or building containing a continuous
or primary grade of release:
− PRE-ALARM is 10% of the LEL.
− ALARM is 20% of the LEL.

The pre alarm 0.5 LEL m and high level alarm shall be set at 1 LEL x m (100 %LEL extended for
1 meter) for Linear (LOS) type.
According to EN 61779-4, the response times of combustible gas detectors (Infrared or Catalytic
type), are set out as follows:
− T50: 10 s
− T90: 30 s.

4.1.2 HYDROGEN GAS DETECTORS

Gas detectors, calibrated for detecting H2 gas, shall be installed in areas / HVAC extracts where
there is a possibility of hydrogen gas release, typically battery rooms and locally covering the
copper chlorination package where H2 is a by-product and shall be vented to a safe area.
For Hydrogen point detectors:
− The alarm threshold shall be set at 5% LEL.
− The control action threshold shall be set at 10% LEL.

4.1.3 ULTRASONIC GAS LEAK DETECTORS

Acoustic leak detectors shall be provided only in the process areas where high pressure gas is
present.
These detectors do not detect gas as such, but respond instead to the acoustic sound of a sonic
release due to gas leak (not for liquids or multiphase leaks). These detectors shall be based on
the microphone technology, sensitive to high frequency sound (ultrasonic frequencies, from 25
kHz to 70 kHz range).
Ultrasonic gas leak detectors define gas leaks in terms of the sound pressure level (SPL). In
principle, the larger the leak rate, the higher the sound pressure level emitted by the escaping
gas.
Leak rates may be divided into three categories according to the dispersion models:
− Minor leak < 0.1 kg/s
− Significant leak 0.1 – 2.0 kg/s
− Major leak > 2.0 kg/s
The performance standard for special applications of the ultrasonic gas leak detectors may be
changed to detect even smaller leaks.
Using the above categorization, the performance standard of ultrasonic gas leak detectors for
typical applications is based on gas leaks of 0.1 kg/s (ref: methane) or 0.01 kg/s (ref: hydrogen)
within a radius of 9-12m in normal process areas and 5-8 m in compressor areas.
Finally in order to ensure a stronger immunity to spurious alarm the following settings shall be
provided:
− Ultrasonic filter frequency cut 10 kHz to 25 kHz
− Noise sensitivity trigger level 58 - 104 dB SPL
− Alarm delay 0 to 8 minutes (nominally set to 1 minute).
The alarm set point is, generally, 5db above local ambient noise level.

4.1.4 COMBUSTIBLE GAS DETECTORS SELECTION

IR Combustible Gas detectors shall be not used for ambient temperature higher than 70/75°C.
ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD
Documento riservato di proprietà di eni spa. Esso non sarà mostrato a terzi né utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is property of eni spa. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.
eni spa 20193.VAR.STA.SDS
Rev. 01 – December 2016
Sh. 28 of 35

Due to the catalyst poisoning, catalytic Flammable Gas Detectors shall not be generally used in
atmospheres containing silicones or heavy metals such as lead, copper, zinc, or in ambient with
high air flow-rates, or in high gas concentrations.
Where gas detection is required, in order to allow specific items of non-certified equipment to
continue operating after a gas release, individual point type infrared detectors shall be used.
The ultrasonic gas leak detectors can be subject to false alarms resulting from other releases,
for example from control air systems, furthermore they do not respond well to low pressure
leaks or respond at all to leakage of liquids. Based on these limitations, acoustic leak detectors
are installed only in areas where equipment is located for handling process gas at pressures
exceeding 10 barg. Therefore, they shall not be used to perform any executive actions.
The acoustic leak detectors shall be considered only complementary to the Infrared point and
LOS Gas devices.

4.1.5 COMBUSTIBLE GAS DETECTORS LOCATION

The location of Combustible gas detectors shall be based on a Gas Dispersion and Mapping
Study, taking into account the following criteria:
− The size of the critical combustible gas cloud in each Fire Zone.
− The proximity of the release and gas cloud to potential sources of ignition.
− The most likely sources of leakage.
− The chemical and physical properties of the gas (density, composition).
− The geometry of the area.
− The prevailing wind direction and speed.
− The environmental conditions (e.g. humidity, vibrations, alignment).
− Access for online maintenance of the field equipment.
Anyway, the combustible gas detectors shall be located, basing on the below basic requirements,
including but not limited to:
− At high level to detect gases less dense than air.
− At low level to detect denser gas or cold releases from flashing liquids.
− At the boundaries of non-hazardous areas in order to detect the ingress of combustible
gas clouds and allow the shutdown of the relevant non-certified electrical equipment.
− Inside the safety critical premises, e.g. control room, main instrument room, and vital
refuges.
− In the HVAC air intakes.
− In the air intake of pressurized and/or ventilated facilities (ducts, airlocks, etc.)
− In turbine combustion air and ventilation air inlets.
− In air inlets of emergency diesel generator room.
− In air inlets of fire water pump room.
− In the air inlets of furnaces, heaters.
− Inside of turbine hoods.
− Outside rotating machinery.
− In Air outlets of enclosed hazardous areas/modules.
− Outdoor in liquid gas (LNG/LPG) storage.
− In process area where there is a big concentration of control valves in a small space
For the LOS, the maximum open-path distances shall not exceed 25 m (in offshore installations)
and 50 m (in onshore installations).

4.2 TOXIC GAS DETECTORS

Detection of toxic gases is intended to protect personnel. The main concern is H2S.
Toxic gas detectors should be normally semi-conductor type.
Electro-chemical cell detectors are very reliable but they can take time to reach an alarm status
and tend to have a short life expectancy.
Generally, unless more stringent safety project requirements, for H2S detectors:
− PRE-ALARM is 10 ppm for
− ALARM is 30 ppm.
ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD
Documento riservato di proprietà di eni spa. Esso non sarà mostrato a terzi né utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is property of eni spa. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.
eni spa 20193.VAR.STA.SDS
Rev. 01 – December 2016
Sh. 29 of 35

In presence of toxic gas (typically H2S), the below requirements, including but not limited to,
shall be followed:

Onshore installations in open spaces

On natural gas treatment plants shall be provided:
− toxic gas detection, in proximity of the floor, if the H2S concentration of the process fluid
is ≥ 1500 ppm;
− no toxic gas detection if H2S concentration of the process fluid is <1500 ppm (other
precautions shall be adopted as signboards to the battery limits, portable detectors by
the personnel, etc.).
− On the oil treatment units or however, where products that can deliver heavy gases are
treated, only one type of sensor shall be used:
o flammable gas sensor (also to fulfil the toxic gas requirements) when H2S
concentration in gaseous phase is <1500 ppm, since at these concentrations
flammable gas sensor is more sensitive;
o toxic gas sensor (also to fulfil the flammable gas requirements) when H2S
concentration in gaseous phase is ≥ 1500 ppm, since at these concentrations toxic
gas sensor is more sensitive;

Onshore installations in closed spaces

− Closed areas adjoining to plant areas and compressor room shall be supplied with both
flammable and toxic gas sensors.

Offshore installations in open spaces

− Both toxic and flammable gas sensors shall be installed if the H2S concentration in
gaseous phase is ≥ 100 ppm and <1500 ppm (H2S concentrations <100 ppm don’t usually
provide toxic gas detectors).
− Only toxic gas sensors shall be installed if H2S concentration in gaseous phase is ≥ 1500
ppm.

Offshore installations in closed spaces

− On the air inlet, into the closed spaces and into the gas compression unit, both toxic and
flammable gas sensors shall be to install. Toxic gas detector setting should be set lower
than general

4.2.1 TOXIC GAS DETECTORS LOCATION

H2S detectors shall be installed as a minimum:

− In the air intake of HVAC systems (ducts, etc.)
− In the air intake of airlock.
− In the air intake and inside the vital rooms such as accommodation, control room,
instrument rooms, etc.
− Along escape and evacuation paths.
− In muster areas.
− Around the potential leakage sources containing H2S such as flanges, pump, compressor
seals
− In open process areas, close to vessels/equipment containing H2S.

4.3 LOW TEMPERATURE DETECTORS (LIQUEFIED GAS)

In LNG applications, Low Temperature detectors shall be provided.

These detectors shall be capable to detect the presence of leaks, the accumulation of cryogenic
material that promote an atmospheric temperature equal to or below 0°C.

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

It is essential that the sighting of the detectors shall address the cryogenic pipe distribution
especially valve, pipe flange, equipment connections and pumps as a prime source for potential
leaks and starting point for a Cold Spill.
There are two methods of detecting for Cold Product Spill / Leak Detection. One of the method
considers recording the presence of a pool forming on a deck plate/drain box area. Whilst, the
other monitors the pipework/flanges/valves/potential leak sources for cold spots developing
from errant leaks.
The Cold Spill Event will be detected through a technology based on a Laser Fibre Optical Line
Monitoring System.

4.4 OIL MIST DETECTORS

In order to prevent a fire in case of oil mist, the oil mist detection should be considered for all
spaces with a potential of pressurized leakage of flammable liquid, with low gas detection
probability.
There are primarily three types of oil detections:
− Samplers that use tubes to draw in vapour samples from multiple sample points in
enclosed space.
− Open path obstruction device
− Backscatter device. Backscatter sensors are more sensitive to lower concentration of
larger droplets (oil mist) than obstruction sensors, which are better to detect small
particles (oil smoke).

Note- Oil mist detectors are not able to discriminate between oil mists and fire events producing
smoke.

Therefore, oil mist detectors (infrared type) shall be installed in machinery spaces and turbine
hood extract channels as required.
Anyway, these detectors shall not automatically perform any executive actions.
Oil mist detectors shall be installed in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions in open
unobstructed areas of the machinery spaces, or in the extract ducts using specifically designed
mounting brackets where needed.
It is recommended that routine maintenance procedure for the devices should include regular
cleaning of the reflector sheets.

4.4 LOW O2 DETECTORS

Oxygen detectors should be installed in specific areas such as inert gas generator package and
N2 generator package in respect of Low Oxygen levels resulting possible leakage of nitrogen due
fault.
The threshold shall be set as follows:
− 19% Vol for a low level alarm.
− 16.5% Vol for a low low level alarm.

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

5 INSPECTION TESTING COMMISSIONING

The detectors and the relevant system should be inspected, tested and commissioned in
accordance with the system specification, Manufacturers / Suppliers agreed test procedures.
This should include but not be limited to:
− a visual inspection of the as-fitted installation;
− testing of the cause and effect matrix;
− testing of all components (including but not limited to detectors, call points, sampling
pipes, power supplies, audible and visible alarm devices).
The site survey is necessary to check the right location of the detector and its complete coverage
of the protected area.

5.1 FIRE TEST

A performance live smoke test is necessary to assess that the fire detection system will operate
appropriately in good time within the environment, unless the airflows are very small (e.g. <0.5
m/s) or the protected volume is very small (e.g. <50 m3), in which case a functional test is
sufficient.
In situations where live smoke testing is impractical, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) may
be used to provide sufficient confidence that enough smoke will travel to, and trigger, the
detectors.
For smoke test, a standard flame or a smoke source shall be used.
Heat detectors and flame detectors shall be tested with an alcohol flame (typical seat is 20 cm2).
Periodic test shall be carried out for flame detectors and smoke detectors, by using respectively
test lamps and spray cans. No periodic test are required for heat detectors.

5.2 GAS DETECTORS CALIBRATION

All gas detectors shall be factory calibrated to detect methane gas at the relevant combustible
concentrations (LEL for methane = 5% by volume in air).
However, gas detectors that are located close to floor level to detect heavier gas releases and
releases from flashing liquids shall be factory calibrated to detect propane gas at the relevant
combustible concentrations. Different calibration value or gas type shall be indicated in the
specific application.
With regard the acoustic gas detector calibration, during start-up and initial operation the
background noise levels will be measured to establish the optimum settings of each detector,
having regard to the presence of instrument air and control valves in the vicinity.

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

6 F&G DETECTION LOGIC

6.1 GENERAL

A voting logic is applied to a safety system when a shutdown (and/or fire-fighting) action is to
be achieved considering as one goal to:
− reduce the safety system unreliability, that increases its integrity;
− reduce the plant unavailability (that is the non-production) reducing false alarm which
can cause undesired shutdown.
The type of voting logic, together with the intrinsic characteristic of the detector, define the
reliability level of the detection signal permitted to activate the needed operating actions.

6.2 VOTING LOGIC PHILOSOPHY

The F&G detection logic shall activate all pertinent executive actions upon confirmed detection,
in accordance with Cause and Effect Diagram.
Confirmed detection shall be implemented as follows:
− Manual call points shall be used in voting configuration 1ooN when N≥1;
− All remaining fire & gas detection used for executive actions shall be minimum installed
in voting configuration 2ooN (with N≥3), with exception for smoke detectors used in
accommodation areas that may be used in voting configuration 2oo2.
Voting shall be referred to all fire and gas detectors within a fire detection area (any type of
detectors) and may be applied between detectors in different areas (intelligent voting), but
within same fire area.
The voting configuration 2oo2 also applies to the pressure detection of a fusible plug loop.
For Linear Heat detectors (thermo sensitive cables), a specific risk assessment shall define
whether this technology may be used to perform executive actions, and if voting logic is required.

6.3 FAULT AND FAILURE DETECTOR HANDLING

Fire and Gas detectors that are overridden or are in fault/failure, meaning a non-availability of
that detector, shall be considered the equivalent of a detector alarm.
However, in manned onshore installations, special considerations shall be applied to double fault
in order to avoid to perform executive actions (e.g. plant shutdown). Therefore, in case of double
fault, the degradation of voting configuration shall be in accordance with the below tables.

Voting Degraded Degraded

Fire Detection Configuration Configuration Configuration 3 Fault
with 1 Fault with 2 Fault
2oo2
1oo1 + alarm Action
Smoke
2oo3
1oo2 + alarm 1oo1 + alarm Action
(N≥3)
Other technologies
2ooN
(Heat, Flame, 1oo2 + alarm 1oo1 + alarm Action
(N≥3)
Fusible Plugs)

Voting Degraded Degraded

Gas Detection Configuration Configuration Configuration 3 Fault
with 1 Fault with 2 Fault
2oo2
Not permitted
Flammable or
Toxic Gas 2oo3
1oo2 + alarm 1oo1 + alarm Action
(N≥3)
1oo2
Hydrogen 1oo1 + alarm Action

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

6.3.1 COMMON CAUSE FAILURES AND COMMON MODE FAILURES

In order to avoid common cause failures, detectors used in voting configuration shall be spread
over different I/O cards.
In order to reduce the use of I/O cards and racks, the voting configurations MooN with N >8
shall be split by using multiple voting units instead of using one with large amount of detectors.
In process hazardous areas two different flame detection technologies shall be used in order to
provide diversity and robustness against common mode and common cause failure.

6.4 SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SMOKE DETECTION IN TECHNICAL ROOM

All smoke detectors related to the same room shall be not linked to the same voting unit: multiple
loops shall be installed by implementing a voting configuration among loops. Each loop shall
ensure a total coverage of the room, by having, when it is possible, at least one detector in
room, one in false floor and one in false ceiling. For large rooms where it is possible to have a
room partition approach, this requirement may be modified to adapt it to the partition approach.
In mechanically ventilated rooms in order to fit the voting configuration to the smoke
propagation, the detectors location shall be based on smoke test. The test shall define the
detectors location and voting configuration by evaluating the smoke paths in order to ensure
that the detectors in voting configuration are in good position to detect the soonest possible the
fire.

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

ANNEX 1 - SELECTION GUIDELINES FOR FIRE DETECTION

Rev. 01 – December 2016
Sh 34 of 35

ONSHORE
key: strongly recommended;  recommended; ok may be used (after Project Technical Authority Approval);
X not advised (unless after Headquarter Technical Authority Approval);
// do not use; N ≥ 3 with exception for smoke detection in not technical buildings where N = 2.

Smoke Detection Heat Detection Flame Detection

Voting Manual
Location
Logic Call Point
Multi
Optical Multi-Criteria Aspirating Linear Type Fixed Rate of Rise Multi-sensor Rate Compensated Linear type Fusible Plugs Ultraviolet Infrared UV/IR Video Imaging
Spectrum
Wellhead Area
2ooN  // // // // // // // //  ok X // ok ok X
(Naturally Ventilated)
Process Area
2ooN  // // // // // // // // ok X X // ok  
(Naturally Ventilated)
Open Area

Methanol Storage 2ooN  // // // // // // // // X X X // ok  //

LNG/LPG Recovery 2ooN  // // // // // // // // X X X // ok  //

Transformer Room 2ooN  // // // // // X  ok  // X // ok  //

Utility Area
(Hazardous/Non
2ooN  // // // // // // // // X X X // ok  
Hazardous naturally
ventilated)
Process Area
2ooN  X X // X // // // // ok X ok //   
(Mechanically Ventilated)
Utility Area
(Hazardous/Non
2ooN   ok ok X // // // // X X ok //   
Hazardous mechanically
ventilated)
Offices and Facilities 2ooN  ok  X // X X ok ok // // // // // // //
Service Shafts 2ooN  X ok  ok X X X X  // // // // // //
Control Room 2ooN    X // X X X X // // // // X X //
Technical
Instrument/Electrical 2ooN    ok ok X X X X // // // // ok X //
Room
Telecom /Security Room 2ooN     X X X X X // // // // ok X //
False/Ceiling floor in
2ooN // ok   X X ok ok ok ok // // // // // //
Technical Room
Turbine Room after vendor
2ooN  // // // // // X X  // // X //   approval
( Hazardous Room)
Closed Area

Engine Room 2ooN  // // // // // X X  // // X //   

Battery Room 2ooN    ok X // // // // // // // // // // //
Fire Water Pump
Room/Emergency Diesel 2ooN  ok ok // // // ok    // X //   
Generator Room
Air compressor Room 2ooN    ok X // ok    // X //   
Laboratory 2ooN    X // X ok ok ok // // X //   //
Mechanical/Instrument
2ooN    X // X ok   // // X //   
workshop
Paint storage 2ooN  // // // // // ok   // // X //   
HVAC ductworks 2ooN  ok, with adapter ok, with adapter  X // // // // // // // // // // //
Residential Building
2ooN    X // X ok ok ok // // // // // // //
Vent extract from galley 2ooN // // // // // // X    // X // ok ok ok
General galley area 2ooN  // // // // // ok    // X // ok ok ok
Crane engine room 2ooN  // // // // // ok   // // X // ok ok ok
Warehouse with high
2ooN    ok  // // // // // // X //   
ceiling
Inside the Critical
- // // // ok // // // // // // // // // // // //
Cabinets
Cable pathways 2ooN // ok   X X ok ok ok // // // // // // //

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

ANNEX 1 - SELECTION GUIDELINES FOR FIRE DETECTION

Rev. 01 – December 2016
Sh 35 of 35

OFFSHORE
key: strongly recommended;  recommended; ok may be used (after Project Technical Authority Approval);
X not advised (unless after Headquarter Technical Authority Approval);
// do not use; N ≥ 3 with exception for smoke detection in not technical buildings where N = 2.

Smoke Detection Heat Detection Flame Detection

Voting Manual
Location
Logic Call Point
Multi
Optical Multi-Criteria Aspirating Linear Type Fixed Rate of Rise Multi-sensor Rate Compensated Linear type Fusible Plugs Ultraviolet Infrared UV/IR Video Imaging
Spectrum
Wellhead Area
2ooN  // // // // // // // //   X // ok  X
(Naturally Ventilated)
Process Area
2ooN  // // // // // // // // ok X X // ok  
Open Area

(Naturally Ventilated)

Methanol Storage 2ooN  // // // // // // // // X X X // ok  //

LNG/LPG Recovery 2ooN  // // // // // // // // X X X // ok  //

Utility Area
(Hazardous/Non
2ooN  // // // // // // // // X X X // ok  
Hazardous naturally
ventilated)

Process Area
2ooN  X X X X // // // // X X ok //   
(Mechanically Ventilated)
Utility Area
(Hazardous/Non
2ooN  ok  ok X // // // // X X ok //   
Hazardous mechanically
ventilated)
Offices 2ooN  ok  X // X X ok ok // // // // // // //
Service Shafts 2ooN  X ok  ok X X X X  // // // // // //
Control Room 2ooN    X // X X X X // // // // X X //
Technical
Instrument/Electrical 2ooN    ok X X X X X // // // // ok X //
Room
Telecom Room 2ooN     X X X X X // // // // ok X //
False/Ceiling floor for
2ooN // ok   X X ok ok ok ok // // // // // //
Technical Room
Turbine Enclosure after vendor
2ooN  // // // // // X X  // // X //   approval
( Hazardous area)
Engine Room  // // // // // X X  // // X //   
Closed Area

2ooN
Transformer Room
2ooN    X // // X  ok  // // // // // ok
(oil filled)
Battery Room 2ooN    ok X // // // // // // // // // // //
Fire Water Pump
Room/Emergency Diesel 2ooN  ok ok // // // ok    // X //   
Generator Room
Air compressor Room 2ooN    ok X // ok    // X //   
Laboratory 2ooN    X // X ok ok ok // // X //   //
Mechanical workshop 2ooN  ok  X // X ok   // // X //   
Instrument workshop 2ooN    X // X ok   // // X //   
Paint storage 2ooN  // // // // // ok   // // X //   
HVAC ductworks 2ooN  ok, with adapter ok, with adapter  X // // // // // // // // // // //

LQ
2ooN    X // X ok ok ok // // // // // // //
(cabins, rooms, corridors)

Vent extract from galley 2ooN // // // // // // ok    // X // ok ok ok

General galley area 2ooN  // // // // // ok    // X // ok ok ok
Crane engine room 2ooN  // // // // // ok   // // X // ok ok ok
Warehouse with high
2ooN    ok ok // // // // // // X //   
ceiling
Inside the Critical
- // // // ok // // // // // // // // // // // //
Cabinets
Cable pathways 2ooN // ok   X X ok ok ok // // // // // // //

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