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Alkynes are hydrocarbons characterized by at least one triple bond between carbon atoms, following the general formula CₙH₂ₙ₋₂. They exhibit a linear structure, higher boiling points compared to alkenes and alkanes, and are more reactive due to the triple bond, making them useful in applications like welding, pharmaceuticals, and chemical synthesis. Naming alkynes involves identifying the longest carbon chain with the triple bond, numbering it, locating the bond, naming substituents, and combining these elements.

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8 views2 pages

Genchem copy

Alkynes are hydrocarbons characterized by at least one triple bond between carbon atoms, following the general formula CₙH₂ₙ₋₂. They exhibit a linear structure, higher boiling points compared to alkenes and alkanes, and are more reactive due to the triple bond, making them useful in applications like welding, pharmaceuticals, and chemical synthesis. Naming alkynes involves identifying the longest carbon chain with the triple bond, numbering it, locating the bond, naming substituents, and combining these elements.

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pjmalanay7
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© © All Rights Reserved
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ASS 1 : Gen chem

1. What is an alkyne?

An alkyne is a type of hydrocarbon that contains at least one triple


bond between two carbon atoms. Alkynes are part of the larger family
of unsaturated hydrocarbons, which also includes alkenes (which have
double bonds). Alkynes have the general formula CₙH₂ₙ₋₂, where n is
the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.

2. Properties and structures of alkynes:

• Structure: Alkynes have a linear structure at the carbon


atoms involved in the triple bond. The triple bond consists of one
sigma bond and two pi bonds. Each carbon in the triple bond is sp-
hybridized, meaning the carbon atoms are aligned in a straight line
with an angle of 180° between them.
• Physical properties:
• Boiling points: Alkynes tend to have relatively high boiling
points compared to alkenes and alkanes of similar molecular weight
due to the stronger intermolecular forces in the triple bond.
• Solubility: Alkynes are generally non-polar and insoluble in
water but soluble in organic solvents.
• Reactivity: Alkynes are more reactive than alkanes and
alkenes due to the presence of the triple bond, which is a site for
chemical reactions like addition, hydrogenation, and halogenation.

3. Five uses of alkynes:

1. Acetylene (C₂H₂): Acetylene is one of the most common


alkynes and is used as a fuel and a building block in the synthesis of
various chemicals, including plastics and synthetic rubber.

2. Welding and Cutting: Acetylene is widely used in oxy-acetylene


torches for cutting and welding metals due to the high temperature
produced when it burns in oxygen.

3. Pharmaceuticals: Some alkynes are used in the synthesis of


pharmaceutical compounds, especially those involving the creation of
complex molecular structures.
4. Chemical Synthesis: Alkynes are essential intermediates in the
production of a variety of organic compounds, such as alcohols,
ketones, and acids.

5. Polymerization: Certain alkynes, like butyne, can be polymerized


to produce plastics used in various industrial and consumer
applications.

4. Steps of naming alkynes:

To name alkynes, follow these steps:

1. Identify the longest carbon chain containing the triple bond: The
name of the alkyne is based on this chain, and the suffix “-yne” is used
to indicate the presence of the triple bond.

2. Number the chain: Number the carbon chain starting from the
end nearest the triple bond. This ensures that the triple bond gets the
lowest possible number.

3. Locate the triple bond: Indicate the position of the triple bond by
placing the number before the suffix “-yne.”

4. Identify and name any substituents: If there are any substituents


(groups attached to the carbon chain), number their positions
according to the main chain and include them as prefixes (e.g., methyl,
ethyl).

5. Combine the names: Put together the substituents, the number


for the triple bond, and the base name of the hydrocarbon.

Example:
For a molecule with 5 carbon atoms and a triple bond between carbon
atoms 2 and 3, with a methyl group on carbon 4, the name would be 4-
methylpent-2-yne.

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