EMG 1102 ENGINEERING DRAWING

Prerequisite None
Purpose
The aim of this course is to enable the student to apply the principles of assembly to drawings, sectioning,
dimensioning and detailing of engineering drawings.
Expected Learning Outcomes
At the end of this unit, the student should be able to:
1. Select and use appropriate drawing instruments for a particular drawing task and construct loci of points
in mechanisms commonly encountered in mechanical engineering
2. Create orthographic drawings given pictorial drawings, interpret orthographic drawings, and design
isometric and oblique drawings/sketches for given orthographic drawings
3. Make freehand sketches.
Course Content:
Various aspects of graphic language. Aesthetics, artistic and technical drawing. Technical drawing:
technical drawing equipment, drawing paper sizes, lettering, title block and linework.
Construction of loci: common loci, such as involutes, cycloids, trochoids, parabola. Loci of points on
mechanisms. Development of cam profiles.
Orthographic projections: Use of first and third angle projections, two view and three view mechanical
drawing conventions.
Three-dimensional views; isometric, perspective and oblique.
Interpenetration: Curves of interpenetration of two bodies. Slicing and generator methods. Development
of shapes and objects of interpenetration. Development of planes and solids.
Sectional views: full, half, broken out and revolved sections; removed and off set; ribs in sectioning;
aligned section and partial views; intersections in sectioning, conventional breaks; sections of simple
solids cut by vertical and horizontal planes. Threads, fasteners and springs.
Assembly drawing. Dimensioning. Detailed drawing of machine parts. Tolerances; limits and fits,
methods of indicating tolerance, accumulation of tolerance. Geometrical and positional tolerances. Surface
quality: surface roughness, lay, surface treatment. Machining symbols and instructions on drawing.
Working drawings.
Free hand sketching, sketching materials. Exercises on sketching of physical engineering components.
Electrical circuit and pipe work diagrams.

Mode of Delivery
Lecturers, Tutorials, Case Studies, Presentations and Computer Laboratory Exercises.
Instructional Materials/Equipment
1. Drawing office;
2. Drawing instruments;
3. Computer Laboratory.
Course Assessment
Continuous Assessment Tests 30%
Assignments 20%
Final Examination 50%
Total 100%
Core Text Book
Morling K. (1974) Geometric and Engineering Drawing, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2 Ed.
Recommended References
1. Thomas E.F., Jay D.H., Byron U. & Carl L. S. (1997) Mechanical drawing CAD
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communications, Mc Graw-Hill 11th Ed.
2. Giesecke F.E., Hill I.L., Norak J.E. & Mitchel A. (1991) Technical Drawing, PrencticeHall, inc.
3. Journal of Mechanical Design
4. Morling K. (1974) Geometric and Engineering Drawing, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2nd Ed.
5. Green P. (2005) The Geometrical Tolerancing Desk Reference: Creating and Interpreting ISO
Standard Technical Drawings, Newnes.
6. Eide A.R., Jenism R.D. & Mashaw L.H. (1995) Engineering graphics fundamentals, Mc GrawHill, inc.
2nd Ed.
7. Green P. (2005) The Geometrical Tolerancing Desk Reference: Creating and Interpreting ISO
Standard Technical Drawings, Newnes.

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 CHAPTER 1: VARIOUS ASPECTS OF GRAPHIC LANGUAGE

1.1 Graphics Language

Graphic are visual presentations on some surface such as a wall, paper canvas, computer screens etc.,
to inform (communicate) or to entertain. Examples of graphics are
• Pictures
• Photographs
• Visual art
• Diagrams
• Engineering drawings
Graphic language is an idea of communicating thoughts or ideas from one person by means of
graphics. The role of graphic language is to
• Communicate ideas
• To communicate feelings
• To convey information
Written Language is essential for discussing concepts or feelings, the things that do not have form,
whereas things that have a form are better explained or captured with graphic language. Just as a person
must be literate to understand the written language, visual literacy is also important in order to understand
information in graphic form.
• Communication by use of graphics has developed along two distinct paths
• Artistic drawing
• Technical drawing

1.2 Artistic Drawing

Artistic drawings are used to express aesthetic, philosophic abstract ideas. They can also be used to
portray decorative aspects, to express joy, sorrow, political or religious beliefs. It can be carried out on
almost any surface and allows many interpretations. Common tools for artistic drawings are.
• Graphic pencils
• Inked bushes

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 • Crayons
• Charcoal
• Markers
• Waxed colored pencils etc.

1.3 Technical drawing

Technical drawing or drafting is the practice of creating accurate descriptions and representations of
existing or imagined physical objects for technical, architectural and engineering needs. They are used in
development of ideas for designs and to convey technical information. Aspects of technical information
include
• Shape
• Size
• Material
• Assembly
• Finish
Essential requirements of technical drawing include
• Clear and unambiguous
• Language independent
• Accurate
• Conform to standards
• Suitable for duplication
Types of technical drawing
• Multi view drawings (orthographic); one or more views (projections), systematically
arranged.
• Pictorial: one view drawn in 3D at a specified angle as it would appear in real life.
• Schematic diagram (diagrammatic).
• Simplified functional drawing.

Drawing conventions (drawing grammar) allow people to communicate more effectively and with
clarity. These conventions are set by various standard organizations such as:
1. ISO International Organization for standardization

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 ISO 128- technical drawings- general principles of presentation
ISO129 Technical drawing – dimensioning
ISO 3098/1 Technical drawing lettering
ISO 8048- Technical drawings- representation of views sections, cuts
2. KEBS - Kenya Bureau of standards
KS 06-325 Year 1986 Engineering drawing practice, Scope: Specifies the general principles of
presentation and practice to be applied to Engineering drawings. Subject engineering drawings
KS 06- 1334 Year 1996 Title: Specifications for Engineers’ squares
3. ANSI – American National Standards Institute
4. BS - British Standards
These standards ensure quality, safety and interchangeability of products and information. Standards
are updated periodically rendering the old ones obsolete.

Note Technical drawing is referred to as Universal Language for Engineers and it can be interpreted
in any part of the world. Drawings prepared by technical persons must be clear, unmistakable in meaning
and there should be no scope for more than one interpretation.

Table 1.1 Differences between Technical drawing and Artistic Drawing

Technical Drawing Artistic Drawing
1. Objective Subjective
2. Requires training to appreciate Anyone can appreciate
3. Uses set of conventions to convey Interpretation varies depending on
information without ambiguity & language factors like culture, education and
dependence. environmental background etc.
4. Can be used as legal documents

Need for studying technical drawing

• To develop a thought or concept on paper.
• To communicate designs, ideas to others for review.

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 • To covert sketches/designs into layout drawings which show how our ideas link with the
existing infrastructure.
• To include our designs/sketches as part of a proposal for client or management approval or
review.

1.3.1 Drawing Equipment

Precision is of the utmost importance in all technical drawing, as drafts in all fields of engineering
are expected to be scaled, labeled and arranged exactly as the final product would be. For this reason,
technical drawing is always performed with tools such as compasses, T-squares and shape templates

List of equipment for technical drawing

1. Drawing board of drafting table
2. T-square (a technical drawing instrument used by draftsmen primarily as a guide for drawing
horizontal lines on a drafting table. It may also guide a set square to draw vertical or diagonal
lines. Its name comes from its resemblance to the letter T.) Parts- Stock and blade
3. Set of instruments (draughtsman set)
4. Triangle 45°-45°-90°
5. Triangle 60°-60°-90°
6. Protractor
7. Pencils HB, H, 2H, 4H
8. Eraser (Staedler)
9. Drawing Tape (Masking tape)
10. Drawing Paper A2
11. Dry piece of cloth
Optional Equipment
1. Erasing shield
2. Irregular curve French curve
3. Lettering guide
4. Ellipse template
5. Flexible curve

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 1.3.2 Paper sizes, Lettering and Line types

Paper sizes
The ISO A0size is defined as having an area of one square meter (1 m2). The sides are in proportion
of 1: √2. For smaller sheets the longest side is progressively halved, the designations and dimensions are
shown on Table 1.2.
Table 1.2: Dimensions of ISO A drawing sheet sizes

Each smaller sheet size is exactly half the area of the previous size, for instance: An A0 is cut half
to give two A1 sheets; An A1 is cut in two to give two A2 sheets. Fig 1.1 clarifies the terms used in Table
1.1.

Fig 1.1 Illustration of ISO A drawing sheets and margins

Drawing Layout
The inside borders encloses the working area, including the title block and other tables. The border
shall be 20mm wide on the biding edge and 10 mm wide on the other three sides, with resulting working

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 area sizes shown in Fig 1.1. The border on the binding edge allows for binding or hole punching for filling
purposes. The drawing layout can be in two formats
• Portrait: the longer edge is vertical
• Landscape: the longer edge is horizontal
For this course, always use landscape layout
Title Block
A title block is a system of labeling and cross referencing drawings so that they may be stored and
when required, identified and located easily and efficiently. Title blocks are used to record all the
important information necessary for the working drawings. It contains general as well as specific
information. The basic requirements of a title block located in the bottom right hand corner of drawing
are:
• Title of the drawing scale
• Drafter’s name and number
• Name of the firm or organization
• Scale
• Date
• Dimensions used e.g. mm, inches
• Drawing Number and/or Projection symbol

Fig 1.2: Sample title block

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 1.3.3 Lettering
Lettering is used to give dimensions and other pertinent information of what is being drawn. ANSI
recommends that Single stroke Gothic Style be the accepted lettering standard due to the following:
• Most plain lettering styles
• Written rapidly
• Highly legible
Single stroke lettering has all the strokes of uniform thickness, and each stroke is produced by one
movement of the pencil. Fig 1.4 shows sample lettering using Gothic lettering in technical drawing.

Guidelines for lettering in technical drawing

• Use H or HB pencil
• Pencils should be sharpened to a conical point
• Good lettering requires the use of guidelines drawn using construction lines (4H) pencil
• Characters should have the simplest form possible
• Letter spacing –two adjacent lines or the space between letters to be at least equal to twice the line
thickness. use uniform area between areas and not uniform spacing between
• Letter height 6 mm for upper case letters, 4 mm for lower case letters
• For dimensions and notes 3mm should be used
• Spacing between lines of letters should be at least 2 the letter height
3

• Lettering guides can be used (AMES lettering guide)

• Fraction 3
not 3/4)
4

Note: Capital letters are preferred to lower case letters since they are easier to read on reduced size
copies of drawings. Lower case letters are generally used only where they are parts of standard symbols,
codes or abbreviations.

Fig 1.3: Sample lettering using Gothic style

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1.3.4 Line types and Thickness
• Thin lines that are dark and drawn with 2H pencil include: center lines,
extension lines,dimension lines, leader lines, section lines, hidden lines
• Thick lines that are dark and drawn with a HB pencil include: outlines, visible
lines
• Very thick lines that are dark and drawn with a B pencil include: Cutting plane
lines, viewingplane lines.
• Dark features drawn with a HB pencil include arrow heads and lettering.

1.4 Objectives students should strive to achieve

1. Accuracy- should convey the right information
2. Speed for productivity
3. Legibility- clear and legible communication
4. Neatness
5. Use only one side of the drawing paper
1.5 Types of lines
Assignment 1:
In a suitable drawing paper, draw an outline, title block and make five lines of lettering
which include numbers 0 to 9 and alphabetical letters A to Z in upper case and lower case.