INDEX

1.INTRODUCTION

2.REQUIREMENTS

3.BRIEF OVERVIEW OF PROJECT

4.SOURCE CODE

5.OUTPUT

6.BIBLIOGRAPH
INTERFACE WITH

PYTHON
AND

MYSQL
 INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS PYTHON?
Python is a high-level, interpreted programming
language known for its simplicity and readability.
Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in
1991, Python has since become one of the most
popular languages for both beginners and
experienced programmers alike.

Features of Python:

1. Readability: Python's syntax is designed to be

clear and expressive, making it easy to read and
write code.
2. Flexibility: Python supports multiple
programming paradigms, including procedural,
object-oriented, and functional programming.

3. Extensive Libraries: Python's standard library is

vast and comprehensive, covering areas such as
web development, data science, machine learning,
and more. Additionally, there's a rich ecosystem of
third-party libraries available via the Python
Package Index (PyPI).

4. Platform Independence: Python is available on

various platforms, including Windows, macOS, and
Linux, making it highly portable.
5. Interpreted:Python code is executed line by line
by the Python interpreter, which facilitates rapid
development and debugging.

6. Dynamic Typing: Python is dynamically typed,

meaning you don't need to specify variable types
explicitly. This simplifies development but requires
careful attention to type-related errors.

Common Use Cases:

1. Web Development: Python is widely used for

server-side web development, with frameworks like
Django and Flask being popular choices.
2. Data Science: Python's rich ecosystem of
libraries, including NumPy, Pandas, and Matplotlib,
makes it a go-to language for data analysis,
visualization, and machine learning.

3. Automation: Python's simplicity and readability

make it ideal for automating repetitive tasks,
ranging from simple scripts to complex workflows.

4. Scripting: Python is commonly used for writing

scripts to automate system administration, text
processing, and more.

5. Education: Python's beginner-friendly syntax and

extensive documentation make it a popular choice
for teaching programming concepts.
Community:

Python boasts a vibrant and welcoming community

of developers, educators, and enthusiasts. The
Python Software Foundation (PSF) oversees the
development and maintenance of the language,
while online forums, user groups, and conferences
provide opportunities for collaboration and
learning.

Future Trends:

1. Machine Learning and AI: Python's popularity in

the field of machine learning and artificial
intelligence continues to grow, driven by libraries
like TensorFlow, PyTorch, and scikit-learn.
2. Web Development: Asynchronous frameworks
like FastAPI are gaining traction for building high-
performance web applications, leveraging Python's
strengths in both simplicity and speed.

3. Data Science and Analytics:Python remains a

dominant force in data science and analytics, with
ongoing advancements in libraries and tools for
processing, analyzing, and visualizing data.
4. IoT and Embedded Systems: Python's versatility
and ease of use make it increasingly relevant for IoT
(Internet of Things) and embedded systems
development, where it's used for prototyping,
scripting, and controlling devices.
5. Education and Adoption: Python's accessibility
and educational resources continue to attract new
learners and drive adoption across industries,
ensuring its relevance and growth for years to
come.
WHAT IS SQL?
Structured Query Language (SQL) is a powerful
language used for managing and manipulating
relational databases. Developed in the 1970s, SQL
has become the standard language for interacting
with databases, offering a standardized way to
perform tasks such as querying data, updating
records, and managing database structures.

Key Concepts of SQL*

1. Relational Databases: SQL is designed for use

with relational database management systems
(RDBMS), which organize data into tables with rows
and columns. Each table represents an entity, and
relationships between tables are established using
keys.
2. Data Querying: SQL provides a rich set of
commands for querying data from databases. The
SELECT statement is used to retrieve data from one
or more tables, with options to filter, sort, and
aggregate the results.

3. Data Manipulation: SQL enables the modification

of data within a database using commands such as
INSERT (for adding new records), UPDATE (for
modifying existing records), and DELETE (for
removing records).

4. Data Definition: SQL includes commands for

defining and managing database structures,
including CREATE (for creating tables and other
database objects), ALTER (for modifying existing
structures), and DROP (for deleting objects).
5. Data Control: SQL supports commands for
controlling access to data, including GRANT (for
granting permissions) and REVOKE (for revoking
permissions).

Types of SQL Commands:

1. Data Query Language (DQL)* Commands used to

retrieve data from a database, primarily the SELECT
statement.

2. Data Manipulation Language (DML): Commands

used to manipulate data within a database,
including INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and MERGE.

3. Data Definition Language (DDL): Commands used

to define and manage database structures, such as
CREATE, ALTER, and DROP.
4. Data Control Language (DCL): Commands used to
control access to data, including GRANT and
REVOKE.

Applications of SQL:

1. Web Development: SQL is commonly used in

web development for storing and retrieving data
from databases. Frameworks like Django (Python)
and Ruby on Rails (Ruby) provide built-in support
for interacting with databases using SQL.
2. Business Intelligence: SQL is essential for
querying and analyzing large datasets in business
intelligence applications. Tools like Tableau and
Power BI rely on SQL queries to fetch and
manipulate data for reporting and visualization.

3. Data Analysis: SQL is a fundamental skill for data

analysts and data scientists who work with
structured data. Analysts use SQL to extract insights
from databases, perform aggregations, and
generate reports.
4. Database Administration: SQL is indispensable
for database administrators (DBAs) responsible for
managing database systems. DBAs use SQL to
create and modify database structures, optimize
queries for performance, and ensure data integrity
and security.

Trends in SQL:

1. Big Data and NoSQL: While SQL remains

dominant for relational databases, the rise of big
data has led to the emergence of NoSQL databases
that offer alternative data models and scalability
advantages. However, SQL-like query languages
(e.g., SQL for Apache Hive) are still prevalent in big
data ecosystems.
2. Cloud Databases: With the increasing adoption of
cloud computing, managed database services like
Amazon RDS, Google Cloud SQL, and Azure SQL
Database are becoming popular choices for
deploying and managing SQL databases in the
cloud.
3. Advanced Analytics: SQL is evolving to support
advanced analytics capabilities, including machine
learning and graph processing. Extensions like SQL
Server Machine Learning Services and Apache Spark
SQL enable integration with machine learning
libraries and complex data processing workflows.
4. Security and Compliance: As data privacy
regulations become stricter, SQL databases are
enhancing security features to protect sensitive
data and ensure compliance with regulations like
GDPR and CCPA. Features like encryption, auditing,
and access controls are increasingly important in
SQL databases.
 REQUIREMENTS

Implementing online voting involves a complex set

of requirements to ensure security, accessibility,
and integrity. Here's a brief overview:

Security:
Encryption: Secure transmission of votes.
Authentication: Strong verification of voters'
identities.
Access control: Prevent unauthorized access to the
voting system.
Accessibility:
User-friendly interface: Easy navigation for all
voters.
Compatibility: Accessible across various devices and
platforms.
Language support: Multilingual options for diverse
voters.
Integrity:
Voter anonymity: Ensuring the secrecy of individual
votes.
Auditability: Ability to verify the accuracy of results.
Tamper detection: Mechanisms to detect and
prevent manipulation of votes or results.
Reliability:
Redundancy: Backup systems to ensure continuous
operation.
Scalability: Ability to handle varying loads during
peak times.
Legal and Regulatory Compliance:
Compliance with election laws and regulations.
Data protection: Safeguarding voter information
and privacy.
Verification and Validation:

Independent testing and certification to ensure the

system's integrity.

Regular audits and reviews to identify and address

vulnerabilities.

Contingency Planning:
Backup plans for technical failures or cyber attacks.
Contingency procedures for disputed or contested
results.
Implementing these requirements effectively is
crucial to the success and trustworthiness of online
voting systems.
ONLINE
VOTING
MACHINE
BRIEF OVERVIEW OF ONLINE VOTING MACHINE:
WHAT IS ONLINE VOTING?
Online voting, also known as e-voting or internet
voting, is a digital method of casting ballots in
elections or other voting processes using electronic
devices connected to the internet. This form of
voting offers convenience and accessibility, allowing
voters to participate from virtually anywhere with
an internet connection.
The process typically involves voters logging into a
secure online platform, verifying their identity
through various authentication measures, and
selecting their preferred candidates or options.
Votes are then encrypted and transmitted securely
to a central database for tabulation.
BENEFITS OF ONLINE VOTING:
Advocates of online voting highlight its potential to
increase voter turnout, particularly among
populations facing barriers to traditional voting
methods, such as those with disabilities or living
abroad. Additionally, online voting can streamline
the voting process, reduce costs associated with
traditional paper-based methods, and provide
faster election results.
However, online voting also raises concerns
regarding security, privacy, and integrity. Ensuring
the confidentiality and accuracy of votes in the face
of cyber threats is a significant challenge.
Furthermore, the potential for coercion,
manipulation, or technical malfunctions poses risks
to the integrity of elections conducted online.
Online voting provides greater access to the
electoral process for individuals who face barriers
to traditional voting methods, such as those with
disabilities, mobility issues, or living in remote
locations. It allows voters to cast their ballots
conveniently from any location with internet access,
reducing the need for physical transportation to
polling stations.
SOURCE CODE:
IN MYSQL:
CREATE DATABASE VotingMachine;
USE VotingMachine;
CREATE TABLE Users ( id INT PRIMARY KEY
AUTO_INCREMENT, username VARCHAR(255)
UNIQUE, passwordVARCHAR(255));
CREATE TABLE Candidates ( id INT PRIMARY KEY
AUTO_INCREMENT, name VARCHAR(255) UNIQUE);
CREATE TABLE Votes ( id INT PRIMARY KEY
AUTO_INCREMENT, user_id INT, candidate_id INT,
FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES Users(id),
FOREIGN KEY (candidate_id) REFERENCES
Candidates(id));
IN PYTHON:
import mysql.connector
from getpass import getpass
# Connect to MySQL
db =
mysql.connector.connect(host="localhost",user="ro
ot",password="priya2006",database="VotingMachi
ne")
cursor = db.cursor()

# User Authentication
def login():
username = input("Enter your username: ")
password = getpass("Enter your password: ")
cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM Users WHERE
username = %s AND password = %s", (username,
password))
user = cursor.fetchone()
if user:
 return user[0] # Return user_id
else:
print("Invalid username or password.")
return None

# Register a new user

def register():
username = input("Enter a new username: ")
password = getpass("Enter a password: ")
try:
cursor.execute("INSERT INTO Users (username,
password) VALUES (%s, %s)", (username,
password))
db.commit()
print("Registration successful.")
except mysql.connector.Error as err:
 print(f"Error registering user: {err}")
db.rollback()

# Add a candidate
def add_candidate():
name = input("Enter candidate's name: ")
try:
cursor.execute("INSERT INTO Candidates
(name) VALUES (%s)", (name,))
db.commit()
print(f"Candidate '{name}' added
successfully!")
except mysql.connector.Error as err:
print(f"Error adding candidate: {err}")
db.rollback()
# Cast a vote
def vote(user_id):
cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM Candidates")
candidates = cursor.fetchall()
print("Available Candidates:")
for candidate in candidates:
print(f"{candidate[0]}. {candidate[1]}")
candidate_id = int(input("Enter the candidate ID
you want to vote for: "))
try:
cursor.execute("INSERT INTO Votes (user_id,
candidate_id) VALUES (%s, %s)", (user_id,
candidate_id))
db.commit()
print("Vote added successfully!")
except mysql.connector.Error as err:
 print(f"Error voting: {err}")
db.rollback()

# Generate voting results

def generate_results():
try:
cursor.execute("""
SELECT Candidates.name, COUNT(Votes.id)
AS votes
FROM Candidates
LEFT JOIN Votes ON Candidates.id =
Votes.candidate_id
GROUP BY Candidates.id
ORDER BY votes DESC
""")
results = cursor.fetchall()
 print("Vote Count:")
for row in results:
print(f"{row[0]}: {row[1]} votes")
except mysql.connector.Error as err:
print(f"Error generating results: {err}")

# Main program
while True:
print("\n1. Login\n2. Register\n3. Add
Candidate\n4. Vote\n5. Generate Results\n6. Exit")
choice = input("Enter your choice: ")
if choice == '1':
user_id = login()
if user_id:
print("Login successful!")
elif choice == '2':
 register()
elif choice == '3':
add_candidate()
elif choice == '4':
if user_id:
vote(user_id)
else:
print("Please log in first.")
elif choice == '5':
generate_results()
elif choice == '6':
break
else:
print("Invalid choice. Please try again.")

# Close the connection

cursor.close()
db.close()
OUTPUT:
1. Login
2. Register
3. Add Candidate
4. Vote
5. Generate Results
6. Exit
Enter your choice: 2
Enter a new username: thaman

Warning (from warnings module):

File
"C:\Users\HCL\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Py
thon39\lib\getpass.py", line 100
return fallback_getpass(prompt, stream)
GetPassWarning: Can not control echo on the
terminal.
Warning: Password input may be echoed.
Enter a password: 123thaman
Registration successful.

1. Login
2. Register
3. Add Candidate
4. Vote
5. Generate Results
6. Exit
Enter your choice: 2
Enter a new username: deepa
Warning: Password input may be echoed.
Enter a password: 123deepa
Registration successful.

1. Login
2. Register
3. Add Candidate
4. Vote
5. Generate Results
6. Exit
Enter your choice: 2
Enter a new username: lavanya
Warning: Password input may be echoed.
Enter a password: lavanya1984
Registration successful.

1. Login
2. Register
3. Add Candidate
4. Vote
5. Generate Results
6. Exit
Enter your choice: 2
Enter a new username: mythili
Warning: Password input may be echoed.
Enter a password: mythili1990
Registration successful.

1. Login
2. Register
3. Add Candidate
4. Vote
5. Generate Results
6. Exit
Enter your choice: 2
Enter a new username: priya
Warning: Password input may be echoed.
Enter a password: 123priya
Registration successful.

1. Login
2. Register
3. Add Candidate
4. Vote
5. Generate Results
6. Exit
Enter your choice: 3
Enter candidate's name: vijay
Candidate 'vijay' added successfully!
1. Login
2. Register
3. Add Candidate
4. Vote
5. Generate Results
6. Exit
Enter your choice: 3
Enter candidate's name: dhoni
Candidate 'dhoni' added successfully!
1. Login
2. Register
3. Add Candidate
4. Vote
5. Generate Results
6. Exit
Enter your choice: 1
Enter your username: thaman
Warning (from warnings module):
File
"C:\Users\HCL\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Py
thon39\lib\getpass.py", line 100
return fallback_getpass(prompt, stream)
GetPassWarning: Can not control echo on the
terminal.
Warning: Password input may be echoed.
Enter your password: 123thaman
Login successful!

1. Login
2. Register
3. Add Candidate
4. Vote
5. Generate Results
6. Exit
Enter your choice: 4
Available Candidates:
2. dhoni
1. vijay
Enter the candidate ID you want to vote for: 1
Vote added successfully!

1. Login
2. Register
3. Add Candidate
4. Vote
5. Generate Results
6. Exit
Enter your choice: 1
Enter your username: deepa
Warning: Password input may be echoed.
Enter your password: 123deepa
Login successful!

1. Login
2. Register
3. Add Candidate
4. Vote
5. Generate Results
6. Exit
Enter your choice: 4
Available Candidates:
2. dhoni
1. vijay
Enter the candidate ID you want to vote for: 1
Vote added successfully!

1. Login
2. Register
3. Add Candidate
4. Vote
5. Generate Results
6. Exit
Enter your choice: 1
Enter your username: lavanya
Warning: Password input may be echoed.
Enter your password: lavanya1984
Login successful!

1. Login
2. Register
3. Add Candidate
4. Vote
5. Generate Results
6. Exit
Enter your choice: 4
Available Candidates:
2. dhoni
1. vijay
Enter the candidate ID you want to vote for: 2
Vote added successfully!

1. Login
2. Register
3. Add Candidate
4. Vote
5. Generate Results
6. Exit
Enter your choice: 1
Enter your username: mythili
Warning: Password input may be echoed.
Enter your password: mythili1990
Login successful!

1. Login
2. Register
3. Add Candidate
4. Vote
5. Generate Results
6. Exit
Enter your choice: 4
Available Candidates:
2. dhoni
1. vijay
Enter the candidate ID you want to vote for: 2
Vote added successfully!

1. Login
2. Register
3. Add Candidate
4. Vote
5. Generate Results
6. Exit
Enter your choice: 1
Enter your username: priya
Warning: Password input may be echoed.
Enter your password: 123priya
Login successful!
1. Login
2. Register
3. Add Candidate
4. Vote
5. Generate Results
6. Exit
Enter your choice: 4
Available Candidates:
2. dhoni
1. vijay
Enter the candidate ID you want to vote for: 2
Vote added successfully!

1. Login
2. Register
3. Add Candidate
4. Vote
5. Generate Results
6. Exit
Enter your choice: 5
Vote Count:
dhoni: 3 votes
vijay: 2 votes

1. Login
2. Register
3. Add Candidate
4. Vote
5. Generate Results
6. Exit
Enter your choice: 6
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Computer science in python

-SUMITA ARORA
www.python.org

The python book-ultimate guide to coding with

python

www.w3schools.com/python

www.techtarget.com

www.scribd.com

www.github.com