PART A
1. How embedded systems differ from general purpose system
2. Brief about the features of I2C bus?
The Inter Integrated Circuit Bus (I2C–Pronounced ‘I square C’) is a synchronous bi-directional
half duplex (one-directional communication at a given point of time) two wire serial interface bus. I2C
bus is a shared bus system to which many number of I2C devices can be connected. Devices connected to
the I2C bus can act as either ‘Master’ device or ‘Slave’ device.
• Low cost
• Easy implementation
• Moderate speed (upto 100 kbps).
3. Compare RISC and CISC systems.
4. Elucidate the role of ASIC in embedded system
Application Specifi c Integrated Circuit ( ASIC) is a microchip designed to perform a specifi c or
unique application. It is used as replacement to conventional general purpose logic chips. It integrates
several functions into a single chip and there by reduces the system development cost. Most of the ASICs
are proprietary products. As a single chip, ASIC consumes a very small area in the total system and
thereby helps in the design of smaller systems with high capabilities/functionalities.ASICs can be pre-
fabricated for a special application or it can be custom fabricated by using the componentsfrom a re-
usable ‘building block’ library of components for a particular customer application. ASIC based
systems are profitable only for large volume commercial productions.
5. State the salient features of LPC2148 ARM.
6. Write the formula to calculate the Baud rate of an UART port in LPC2148.
7. Give the significance of Pre-scaler register in Timer/counter of LPC2148.
To get a lower frequency output, there is the facility of using the prescale counter. There are two registers
associated with ‘prescaling’—the prescale counter and the prescale register.The prescale counter
increments for every PCLK, and when it counts up to the value in the prescale counter (T0PR), it allows
the timer counter (T0TC) to increment its value by 1. Th is causes the T0TC to increment on every PCLK
when PR = 0, every 2 PCLKs when PR = 1, every three PCLKs when T0PR = 2, every four PCLKs when
T0PR = 3 and so on. In eff ect, load a number into T0PR, which will cause the output frequency to get
divided.
8. Write about the various operating modes of an ARM Processor.
9. Draw the current program status register of ARM.
10. What is the need for Thumb thumb instruction set of ARM.
A new 16-bit instruction set called ‘Thumb’ was made available. The logic of having this less powerful
instruction set is that all applications do not need the full power of 32-bit ARM instructions. For such
cases, the 16-bit Thumb set (which is a compressed form of the ARM instruction set) will be enough and
the advantage obtained is that of high ‘code density’.
11. List the operating modes of ARM
12. Calculate the value to be given in PWMMR0 and PWMMR3 to get a pulse train of period 3ms and duty
cycle of 50% in ARM.
13. Comment on the classification of embedded system.
Some of the criteria used in the classification of embedded systems are as follows:
(1) Based on generation
(2) Complexity and performance requirements
(3) Based on deterministic behaviour
(4) Based on triggering.
14. List the two major states in the operation of Bluetooth and define Piconet.
Inquiry and Paging: This is the state where Bluetooth devices discover each other and establish a
connection. Once the devices have discovered and paged each other, they enter the connection state.
A piconet is a network formed by Bluetooth devices that connect and communicate with each other. It
consists of one master device and up to seven active slave devices. The master device initiates the
connection and controls the communication within the piconet.The slave devices respond to the master's
commands and communicate with the master.
15. Give the difference between Harvard and Von Neumann architecture
16. Define Sensors & Actuators.
A sensor is a transducer device that converts energy from one form to another for any measurement or
control purpose. Actuator is a form of transducer device (mechanical or electrical) which converts signals
to corresponding physical action (motion).
17. Give the difference between Microprocessor and microcontroller
18. Define timer/counter
A Timer and a counter are functionally equivalent, except that a timer uses the PCLK for its timing,
while a counter uses an external source. Th is means that a counter is used to count external events via
the capture inputs. A counter is also called a ‘capture timer’.
19. Define PWM latch enable register.
The PWM latch enable register is an 8-bit register used to control the update of the PWM match
registers when they are used for PWM generation.When software writes to the location of a PWM match
register while the timer is in PWM mode, the value is held in a shadow register. When a PWM Match 0
event occurs (normally also resetting the timer in PWM mode), the contents of shadow registers will be
transferred to the actual match registers if the corresponding bit in the latch enable register has been set.
20. Give the difference between big endian and little endian.
Little-endian means the lower-order byte of the data is stored in memory at the lowest address, and the
higher-order byte at the highest address.
Big-endian means the higher-order byte of the data is stored in memory at the lowest address, and the
lower-order byte at the highest address.
PART B
1. Discuss in detail about the various quality attributes related operational and non-operational mode of
embedded system.
2. Explain about the purpose of embedded systems.
3. Explain in detail about the following communication interfaces (a) USB and (b) Serial peripheral
Interface
4. Demonstrate how to configure a peripheral device in a microcontroller using I2C with the sequence of
operations and state transition diagram and timing waveforms
5. Compare and contrast Embedded systems and General computing system
6. Explain about the various options for the core of an embedded system
7. Draw the architecture of ARM 9 processor and brief about its functional units.
8. Discuss about the various registers involved with the PWM unit of LPC2148.
9. Explain in detail about the features of ARM LPC2148 micro controller with a neat block diagram.
10. Explain in detail the features of Timer/counter of LPC2148
11. Draw the internal block diagram of ARM processor and Explain its features with the instruction set
architecture.
