Unit Network Theorems Week 10&11: October 12-23
Module 4.0: Superposition &Source Transformation
Learning After finishing this module, you are expected to:
Objectives
1. Apply the superposition theorem to dc networks with
independent and dependent sources.
2. Apply Source transformation to dc networks with
independent and dependent sources.
3. Solve problems associated with each topic.
Topics 1.1. Superposition
(a) Circuits Containing Current Source
(b) Circuits Containing Voltage Source
(c) Circuits Containing Dependent Source(s)
1.2. Source Transformation
(a) Circuits Containing Voltage and Current Source
(b) Circuits Containing Dependent Source(s)
Introductory Circuit Analysis, 10th Edition, Boylestad
Electrical Circuits Theory and Technology, 3rd Edition, John Bird 2007
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Third Edition, Charles A. Alexander & Matthew N.O. Sadiku
Electric Circuit Analysis, 2nd Edition, Johnson, Johnson & Hilburn
Warm Up
Give three things that you expect you will learn in this module.
1. _________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________
_____________
Answer the following:
1. For superposition, it is not required that only one independent source be
considered at a time; any number of independent sources may be
considered simultaneously. (True or False)
2. Superposition theorem is applicable to multiple source circuits. (True or
False)
3. Source transformation is only applicable to independent source circuits.
(True or False)
Republic of the Philippines Engr. Wenceslao D. Gavina 1
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Associate Professor IV
Nabua, Camarines Sur College of Engineering
Unit Network Theorems Week 10&11: October 12-23
4
Introduction
This chapter will introduce the important fundamental theorems of network
analysis. Included are the superposition, Thévenin’s, Norton’s, and source
transformation. We will consider a number of areas of application for each.
Superposition Theorem
Superposition is a general principle that allows us to determine the effect of
several energy sources (voltage and current sources) acting simultaneously in a
circuit by considering the effect of each source acting alone, and then combining
(superposing) these effects.
We can use the different principles and laws discussed in the previous
chapter i.e. Current and Voltage Divider Principle, Ohm’s and Kirchhoff’s law, Nodal
and Mesh analysis to determine the unknown voltage, current or power.
Some Features of Superposition
1. The Superposition Theorem states that a circuit can be analyzed with only
one source of power at a time, the corresponding component voltages and
currents algebraically added to find out what they’ll do with all power sources
in effect.
2. To negate all but one power source for analysis, replace any source of
voltage (batteries) with a wire; replace any current source with an open
(break).
Basic Steps Used in Superposition
1. Select one source in the circuit and replace all other ideal voltage sources
by short circuits and ideal current sources by open circuits.
2. Determine the voltage across or current through the desired element/branch
due to single source selected in step (1).
3. Repeat the above two steps for each of the remaining sources.
4. Algebraically add all the voltages across or currents through the
element/branch under consideration. The sum is the actual voltage across
or current through that element/branch when all the sources are acting
simultaneously.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S0GsrzjVkd4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-48-4qWnhjA
Watch this video explaining the Superposition Theorem.
Republic of the Philippines Engr. Wenceslao D. Gavina 2
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Associate Professor IV
Nabua, Camarines Sur College of Engineering
Unit Network Theorems Week 10&11: October 12-23
4
Example Problem 1:
Using superposition, , .
7A
8Ω
4A 4Ω 12Ω
Solution:
Step 1: Select one source in the circuit and replace all other ideal current
sources by open circuits.
Using 4A as a source while 7A current source is dead:
open circuit
8Ω
4A 4Ω 12Ω
Step 2: Determine the voltage across or current through the desired
element/branch due to single source selected in step (1).
Using CDP:
20 80
= 4 =
20 + 4 24
4 16
=− = 4 =
20 + 4 24
Step 3: Repeat the above two steps for the remaining source.
Republic of the Philippines Engr. Wenceslao D. Gavina 3
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Associate Professor IV
Nabua, Camarines Sur College of Engineering
Unit Network Theorems Week 10&11: October 12-23
4
Using 7A as a source while 4A current source is dead:
7A
8Ω
open circuit 4Ω 12Ω
using CDP:
16 112
= 7 =
8 + 16 24
8 56
=− = 7 =
8 + 16 24
Step 4: Algebraically add all the currents through the element/branch under
consideration. The sum is the actual current through that element/branch
when all the sources are acting simultaneously.
= +
= +
= +
Solving for the unknowns:
For v1:
=4 = 4( + )
80 56
= 4( − )
24 24
=4 ……
For v2:
= 12 = 12( + )
16 56
= 12 +
24 24
= 36 ……
Republic of the Philippines Engr. Wenceslao D. Gavina 4
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Associate Professor IV
Nabua, Camarines Sur College of Engineering
Unit Network Theorems Week 10&11: October 12-23
4
For i:
= +
16 112
= (− + )
24 24
= 4 ……
Example Problem 2:
Find vo using superposition theorem.
Solution:
Step 1: Select one source in the circuit and replace all other ideal current
sources by open circuits.
Using 10V as a source while 4A current source is dead:
Step 2: Determine the voltage across the desired element/branch due to
single source selected in step (1).
Using VDP:
2
= 10 = 2
2+3+5
Step 3: Repeat the above two steps for the remaining source.
Using 4A as a source while 10V voltage source is dead:
Republic of the Philippines Engr. Wenceslao D. Gavina 5
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Associate Professor IV
Nabua, Camarines Sur College of Engineering
Unit Network Theorems Week 10&11: October 12-23
4
Using CDP:
5
= 4 =2
5+5
=2 2 =4
Step 4: Algebraically add all the voltages through the element/branch under
consideration. The sum is the actual voltage through that element/branch
when all the sources are acting simultaneously.
Therefore;
= +
=2 +4
=6 ……
Circuits Containing Dependent Source(s)
A dependent source is a current source or voltage source that depends on
the voltage or current of another element in the circuit.
Example Problem 3:
Using superposition, find .
6
40Ω
12A 10Ω 20Ω 2A
Solution:
Step 1: Select one source in the circuit and replace all other ideal current
sources by open circuits.
Republic of the Philippines Engr. Wenceslao D. Gavina 6
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Associate Professor IV
Nabua, Camarines Sur College of Engineering
Unit Network Theorems Week 10&11: October 12-23
4
Using 12A as a source while 2A current source is dead:
40Ω
12A ↷ 10Ω ↷ 20Ω open circuit
Using mesh analysis:
= −12 ; = −6
= −
= −6 = −6(−12 − )
−72 = 6 − → (1)
At loop 2, KVL
−(10 + 40 + 20) + 10 + 40 =0
−70 + 10(−12) + 40 =0
−70 + 40 = 120 → (2)
Simplify (1) & (2);
276
=−
17
= −
276
= −12 +
17
72
=
17
Step 3: Repeat the above two steps for the remaining source.
Using 2A as a source while 12A current source is dead:
Republic of the Philippines Engr. Wenceslao D. Gavina 7
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Associate Professor IV
Nabua, Camarines Sur College of Engineering
Unit Network Theorems Week 10&11: October 12-23
4
6
40Ω
open circuit 10Ω ↷ 20Ω ↷ 12A
Using mesh analysis:
= −2
=−
= −6 = −6(− )
=6 → (1)
@ loop 1: KVL
−70 + 20 + 40 =0
−70 + 40 = 40 → (2)
Simplify (1) & (2);
4
=
17
4
=− =−
17
= +
72 4
= −
17 17
= 4 ……
Republic of the Philippines Engr. Wenceslao D. Gavina 8
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Associate Professor IV
Nabua, Camarines Sur College of Engineering
Unit Network Theorems Week 10&11: October 12-23
4
Do it Yourself
Practice Solving the following problems.
Problem 1:
Find the node voltages V1, V2 and V3 using superposition.
Republic of the Philippines Engr. Wenceslao D. Gavina 9
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Associate Professor IV
Nabua, Camarines Sur College of Engineering
Unit Network Theorems Week 10&11: October 12-23
4
Problem 2:
Find io by using the superposition.
Republic of the Philippines Engr. Wenceslao D. Gavina 10
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Associate Professor IV
Nabua, Camarines Sur College of Engineering
Unit Network Theorems Week 10&11: October 12-23
4
Problem 3:
For the figure shown below, find v using superposition if R = 2Ω.
Republic of the Philippines Engr. Wenceslao D. Gavina 11
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Associate Professor IV
Nabua, Camarines Sur College of Engineering
Unit Network Theorems Week 10&11: October 12-23
4
Problem 4:
For the figure shown below, find using superposition.
Republic of the Philippines Engr. Wenceslao D. Gavina 12
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Associate Professor IV
Nabua, Camarines Sur College of Engineering
Unit Network Theorems Week 10&11: October 12-23
4
Source Transformation
The source transformation of a circuit is the transformation of a power
source from a voltage source to a current source, or a current source to a
voltage source.
In other words, we transform the power source from either voltage to
current, or current to voltage.
Some Features of Source Transformation:
1. Transformation of independent sources.
2. Source transformation also applies to dependent sources, provided we
carefully handle the dependent variable.
Circuits Containing Independent Source(s)
Example Problem 1:
Using source transformation, find vo.
Republic of the Philippines Engr. Wenceslao D. Gavina 13
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Associate Professor IV
Nabua, Camarines Sur College of Engineering
Unit Network Theorems Week 10&11: October 12-23
4
Solution:
We first transform the voltage source to obtain the circuit shown below,
Combining 10A and 8A current source,
Combining the 25Ω and 20Ω resistors in parallel,
20 25 100
, = = Ω
20 + 25 9
io
Solving for vo;
= 100( )
= 2
100 +
= 0.2
∴ = 100(0.2) = 20 ……
Circuits Containing Dependent Source(s)
A dependent source is a current source or voltage source that depends on
the voltage or current of another element in the circuit.
Republic of the Philippines Engr. Wenceslao D. Gavina 14
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Associate Professor IV
Nabua, Camarines Sur College of Engineering
Unit Network Theorems Week 10&11: October 12-23
4
Example Problem 2:
Using source transformation, find vo.
Solution:
The 72-V source and the 4Ω series resistance convert to a parallel structure
with source current of,
72
= 18
4Ω
The dependent source (VCVS) and the 12 Ω series resistance likewise
convert to a parallel structure with source current of,
3
= 0.25
12Ω
The resulting circuit diagram shown below still has the control voltage v2 in
place, as required.
But now all three resistances can be combined as,
1
= 2Ω
+ +
Republic of the Philippines Engr. Wenceslao D. Gavina 15
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Associate Professor IV
Nabua, Camarines Sur College of Engineering
Unit Network Theorems Week 10&11: October 12-23
4
This parallel equivalent resistance carries the net current from the sources,
and so,
= 2(18 − 0.25 )
= 24 ……
Example Problem 3:
Using source transformation, find ix.
Solution:
The 2 dependent source and the 5Ω series resistance convert to a parallel
structure with dependent source current of,
2 2
= = =
5 5
24 mA 10Ω 5Ω
Redrawing the above diagram, becomes;
Republic of the Philippines Engr. Wenceslao D. Gavina 16
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Associate Professor IV
Nabua, Camarines Sur College of Engineering
Unit Network Theorems Week 10&11: October 12-23
4
A
24 mA 10Ω 5Ω
By analysis, 10Ω and 5Ω are in parallel the voltage will be the same,
therefore if the current in 10Ω is then the current in 5Ω will be doubled as 2 .
@ A: KCL
2
24 = +2 +
5
2
24 = 3 +
5
17
24 =
5
(24 )(5)
= = 7.058 ……
17
Republic of the Philippines Engr. Wenceslao D. Gavina 17
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Associate Professor IV
Nabua, Camarines Sur College of Engineering
Unit Network Theorems Week 10&11: October 12-23
4
Do it Yourself
Practice Solving the following problems.
Problem 1:
Use successive source transformation to obtain the voltage across 24 ohms
resistor.
2A
6 6
5
+
20
24
18 V
+
20 V
Republic of the Philippines Engr. Wenceslao D. Gavina 18
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Associate Professor IV
Nabua, Camarines Sur College of Engineering
Unit Network Theorems Week 10&11: October 12-23
4
Problem 2:
Find using source transformation to obtain the equivalent circuit in so far as
the 2 kΩ resistor is concerned, containing only one source and one resistor, in
addition to the 2 kΩ resistor.
3 mA
10k
24k
30 V
+
2k
+
18 V
5V
+
40k
Republic of the Philippines Engr. Wenceslao D. Gavina 19
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Associate Professor IV
Nabua, Camarines Sur College of Engineering
Unit Network Theorems Week 10&11: October 12-23
4
Problem 3:
Find vx using source transformation.
Republic of the Philippines Engr. Wenceslao D. Gavina 20
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Associate Professor IV
Nabua, Camarines Sur College of Engineering
Unit Network Theorems Week 10&11: October 12-23
4
WORKSHEET No. 4
Name: _____________________________________ Course/Year: ___________
Instructor: __________________________________ Rating: ________________
Instructions: Answer the following problems and write the solution on the space
provided in each problem.
PROBLEMS:
1. Find the node voltages V1, V2 and V3 using superposition.
Republic of the Philippines Engr. Wenceslao D. Gavina 21
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Associate Professor IV
Nabua, Camarines Sur College of Engineering
Unit Network Theorems Week 10&11: October 12-23
4
2. Find io by using the superposition.
Republic of the Philippines Engr. Wenceslao D. Gavina 22
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Associate Professor IV
Nabua, Camarines Sur College of Engineering
Unit Network Theorems Week 10&11: October 12-23
4
3. For the figure shown below, find v using superposition if R = 2Ω.
Republic of the Philippines Engr. Wenceslao D. Gavina 23
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Associate Professor IV
Nabua, Camarines Sur College of Engineering
Unit Network Theorems Week 10&11: October 12-23
4
4. For the figure shown below, find using superposition.
Republic of the Philippines Engr. Wenceslao D. Gavina 24
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Associate Professor IV
Nabua, Camarines Sur College of Engineering
Unit Network Theorems Week 10&11: October 12-23
4
5. Use successive source transformation to obtain the voltage across 24 ohms
resistor.
2A
6 6
5
+
20
24
18 V
+
20 V
Republic of the Philippines Engr. Wenceslao D. Gavina 25
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Associate Professor IV
Nabua, Camarines Sur College of Engineering
Unit Network Theorems Week 10&11: October 12-23
4
6. Find using source transformation to obtain the equivalent circuit in so far as
the 2 kΩ resistor is concerned, containing only one source and one resistor,
in addition to the 2 kΩ resistor.
3 mA
10k
24k
30 V
+
2k
+
18 V
5V
+
40k
Republic of the Philippines Engr. Wenceslao D. Gavina 26
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Associate Professor IV
Nabua, Camarines Sur College of Engineering
Unit Network Theorems Week 10&11: October 12-23
4
7. Find vx using source transformation.
Republic of the Philippines Engr. Wenceslao D. Gavina 27
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Associate Professor IV
Nabua, Camarines Sur College of Engineering
