INTRODUCTION TO DATA

COMMUNICATION AND
NETWORKING
Networking 2
 TYPES OF NETWORKS
Personal Area Network
A Personal Area Network (PAN) is smallest
network which is very personal to a user. This
may include Bluetooth enabled devices or
infra-red enabled devices. PAN has
connectivity range up to 10 meters. PAN
may include wireless computer keyboard
and mouse, Bluetooth enabled headphones,
wireless printers and TV remotes.
 TYPES OF NETWORKS
PAN
 TYPES OF NETWORKS
Local Area Network
A computer network spanned inside a building and
operated under single administrative system is generally
termed as Local Area Network (LAN). Usually, LAN
covers an organization’ offices, schools, colleges or
universities. Number of systems connected in LAN may
vary from as least as two to as much as 16 million.
LAN provides a useful way of sharing the resources
between end users.The resources such as printers, file
servers, scanners, and internet are easily sharable
among computers.
 TYPES OF NETWORKS
LAN
 TYPES OF NETWORKS
…LANs are composed of inexpensive
networking and routing equipment. It may
contains local servers serving file storage and
other locally shared applications. It mostly
operates on private IP addresses and does
not involve heavy routing. LAN works under
its own local domain and controlled
centrally.
 TYPES OF NETWORKS
…LAN uses either Ethernet or Token-ring
technology. Ethernet is most widely
employed LAN technology and uses Star
topology, while Token-ring is rarely seen.
LAN can be wired, wireless, or in both
forms at once.
 TYPES OF NETWORKS
Metropolitan Area Network
The Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) generally
expands throughout a city such as cable TV
network. It can be in the form of
Ethernet,Token-ring, ATM, or Fiber Distributed Data
Interface (FDDI).
Metro Ethernet is a service which is provided by
ISPs. This service enables its users to expand their
Local Area Networks. For example, MAN can help
an organization to connect all of its offices in a
city.
 TYPES OF NETWORKS
MAN
 TYPES OF NETWORKS
…Backbone of MAN is high-capacity
and high-speed fiber optics. MAN
works in between Local Area Network
and Wide Area Network. MAN provides
uplink for LANs to WANs or internet.
 TYPES OF NETWORKS
Wide Area Network
As the name suggests, the Wide Area Network
(WAN) covers a wide area which may span
across provinces and even a whole country.
Generally, telecommunication networks are
Wide Area Network. These networks provide
connectivity to MANs and LANs. Since they are
equipped with very high speed backbone,
WANs use very expensive network equipment.
 TYPES OF NETWORKS
WAN
 TYPES OF NETWORKS
…WAN may use advanced
technologies such as Asynchronous
Transfer Mode (ATM), Frame Relay, and
Synchronous Optical Network (SONET).
WAN may be managed by multiple
administration.
 TYPES OF NETWORKS
Internet
A network of networks is called an Internet, or
simply the Internet. It is the largest network in
existence on this planet. The Internet hugely
connects all WANs and it can have connection to
LANs and Home networks. Internet uses TCP/IP
protocol suite and uses IP as its addressing protocol.
Present day, Internet is widely implemented using
IPv4. Because of shortage of address spaces, it is
gradually migrating from IPv4 to IPv6.
 TYPES OF NETWORKS
…Internet enables its users to share and
access enormous amount of information
worldwide. It uses WWW, FTP, email services,
audio and video streaming etc. At huge
level, internet works on Client-Server model.
Internet uses very high speed backbone of
fiber optics. To inter-connect various
continents, fibers are laid under sea known to
us as submarine communication cable.
 TYPES OF NETWORKS
Internet is widely deployed on World Wide
Web services using HTML linked pages and
is accessible by client software known as
Web Browsers. When a user requests a
page using some web browser located on
some Web Server anywhere in the world,
the Web Server responds with the proper
HTML page. The communication delay is
very low.
 TYPES OF NETWORKS
…Internet is serving many proposes and is involved in
many aspects of life. Some of them are:
▪Web sites
▪E-mail
▪Instant Messaging
▪Blogging
▪Social Media
▪Marketing
▪Networking
▪Resource Sharing
▪Audio and Video Streaming
 LAN TECHNOLOGIES
Ethernet
Ethernet is a widely deployed LAN
technology. This technology was
invented by Bob Metcalfe and D.R.
Boggs in the year 1970. It was
standardized in IEEE 802.3 in 1980.
 LAN TECHNOLOGIES
…Ethernet shares media. Network which
uses shared media has high probability of
data collision. Ethernet uses Carrier Sense
Multi Access/Collision Detection
(CSMA/CD) technology to detect
collisions. On the occurrence of collision in
Ethernet, all its hosts roll back, wait for
some random amount of time, and then
re-transmit the data.
 LAN TECHNOLOGIES
…Ethernet connector is, network
interface card equipped with 48-bits
MAC address. This helps other Ethernet
devices to identify and communicate
with remote devices in Ethernet.
 LAN TECHNOLOGIES
…Traditional Ethernet uses 10BASE-T
specifications. The number 10 depicts 10MBPS
speed, BASE stands for baseband, and T stands
for Thick Ethernet. 10BASE-T Ethernet provides
transmission speed up to 10MBPS and uses
coaxial cable or Cat-5 twisted pair cable with
RJ-45 connector. Ethernet follows star topology
with segment length up to 100 meters. All
devices are connected to a hub/switch in a star
fashion.
 LAN TECHNOLOGIES
Fast-Ethernet
To encompass need of fast emerging
software and hardware technologies,
Ethernet extends itself as Fast-Ethernet.
It can run on UTP, Optical Fiber, and
wirelessly too. It can provide speed up
to 100 MBPS.
 LAN TECHNOLOGIES
Fast-Ethernet
…This standard is named as 100BASE-T
in IEEE 803.2 using Cat-5 twisted pair
cable. It uses CSMA/CD technique for
wired media sharing among the
Ethernet hosts and CSMA/CA (CA
stands for Collision Avoidance)
technique for wireless Ethernet LAN.
 LAN TECHNOLOGIES
…Fast Ethernet on fiber is defined
under 100BASE-FX standard which
provides speed up to 100 MBPS on
fiber. Ethernet over fiber can be
extended up to 100 meters in
half-duplex mode and can reach
maximum of 2000 meters in full-duplex
over multimode fibers.
 LAN TECHNOLOGIES
Giga-Ethernet
After being introduced in 1995, Fast-Ethernet
could enjoy its high speed status only for 3
years till Giga-Ethernet introduced.
Giga-Ethernet provides speed up to 1000
mbits/seconds. IEEE802.3ab standardize
Giga-Ethernet over UTP using Cat-5, Cat-5e
and Cat-6 cables. IEEE802.3ah defines
Giga-Ethernet over Fiber.
 LAN TECHNOLOGIES
Virtual LAN
LAN uses Ethernet which in turn works on shared
media. Shared media in Ethernet create one
single Broadcast domain and one single Collision
domain. Introduction of switches to Ethernet has
removed single collision domain issue and each
device connected to switch works in its separate
collision domain. But even Switches cannot divide
a network into separate Broadcast domains.
 LAN TECHNOLOGIES
Virtual LAN
…Virtual LAN is a solution to divide a
single Broadcast domain into multiple
Broadcast domains. Host in one VLAN
cannot speak to a host in another. By
default, all hosts are placed into the
same VLAN.
 LAN TECHNOLOGIES
VLAN
 LAN TECHNOLOGIES
…In this diagram, different VLANs are
depicted in different color codes. Hosts in
one VLAN, even if connected on the same
Switch cannot see or speak to other hosts
in different VLANs. VLAN is Layer-2
technology which works closely on
Ethernet. To route packets between two
different VLANs a Layer-3 device such as
Router is required.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Point-to-Point
Point-to-point networks contains
exactly two hosts such as computer,
switches or routers, servers connected
back to back using a single piece of
cable. Often, the receiving end of one
host is connected to sending end of
the other and vice-versa.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
…

If the hosts are connected point-to-point

logically, then may have multiple intermediate
devices. But the end hosts are unaware of
underlying network and see each other as if
they are connected directly.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Bus Topology
In case of Bus topology, all devices share single
communication line or cable.Bus topology may
have problem while multiple hosts sending data at
the same time. Therefore, Bus topology either uses
CSMA/CD technology or recognizes one host as
Bus Master to solve the issue. It is one of the simple
forms of networking where a failure of a device
does not affect the other devices. But failure of the
shared communication line can make all other
devices stop functioning.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Bus Topology
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
…Both ends of the shared channel
have line terminator. The data is sent in
only one direction and as soon as it
reaches the extreme end, the
terminator removes the data from the
line.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Star Topology
All hosts in Star topology are connected to a
central device, known as hub device, using a
point-to-point connection. That is, there exists a
point to point connection between hosts and hub.
The hub device can be any of the following:
▪Layer-1 device such as hub or repeater
▪Layer-2 device such as switch or bridge
▪Layer-3 device such as router or gateway
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Star Topology
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
…As in Bus topology, hub acts as single
point of failure. If hub fails, connectivity of
all hosts to all other hosts fails. Every
communication between hosts, takes
place through only the hub.Star topology is
not expensive as to connect one more
host, only one cable is required and
configuration is simple.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Ring Topology
In ring topology, each host machine connects to
exactly two other machines, creating a circular
network structure. When one host tries to
communicate or send message to a host which
is not adjacent to it, the data travels through all
intermediate hosts. To connect one more host in
the existing structure, the administrator may
need only one more extra cable.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Ring Topology
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
…Failure of any host results in failure of
the whole ring. Thus, every connection
in the ring is a point of failure. There are
methods which employ one more
backup ring.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Mesh Topology
In this type of topology, a host is
connected to one or multiple hosts. This
topology has hosts in point-to-point
connection with every other host or may
also have hosts which are in point-to-point
connection to few hosts only.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Mesh Topology
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
…Hosts in Mesh topology also work as relay for
other hosts which do not have direct
point-to-point links. Mesh technology comes
into two types:
Full Mesh: All hosts have a point-to-point
connection to every other host in the network.
Thus for every new host n(n-1)/2 connections
are required. It provides the most reliable
network structure among all network topologies.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
…Partially Mesh: Not all hosts have
point-to-point connection to every other
host. Hosts connect to each other in some
arbitrarily fashion. This topology exists
where we need to provide reliability to
some hosts out of all.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Tree Topology
Also known as Hierarchical Topology, this is
the most common form of network
topology in use presently. This topology
imitates as extended Star topology and
inherits properties of bus topology.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
…This topology divides the network in to
multiple levels/layers of network. Mainly in
LANs, a network is bifurcated into three types of
network devices. The lowermost is access-layer
where computers are attached. The middle
layer is known as distribution layer, which works
as mediator between upper layer and lower
layer. The highest layer is known as core layer,
and is central point of the network, i.e. root of
the tree from which all nodes fork.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Tree Topology
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
…All neighboring hosts have point-to-point
connection between them.Similar to the
Bus topology, if the root goes down, then
the entire network suffers even though it is
not the single point of failure. Every
connection serves as point of failure, failing
of which divides the network into
unreachable segment.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
…The above picture represents an
arbitrarily hybrid topology. The combining
topologies may contain attributes of Star,
Ring, Bus, and Daisy-chain topologies.
Most WANs are connected by means of
Dual-Ring topology and networks
connected to them are mostly Star
topology networks. Internet is the best
example of largest Hybrid topology
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Hybrid Topology
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Hybrid Topology
A network structure whose design contains
more than one topology is said to be
hybrid topology. Hybrid topology inherits
merits and demerits of all the incorporating
topologies.