“The Life

and Work’s
of Rizal”

NAME: DEL CARMEN, CARLYN A.

PROFESSOR: EUGENE VALIANT CAGAS
GE 9 TUESDAY 2:00 PM – 5:00 PM
 CHAPTER 19
EL FILIBUSTERISMO PUBLISHED IN GHENT (1891)
Days flew fast like fleeting arrows in Brussels. Our National Hero, unmindful
of Suzanne Jacoby's enticing affection, is busy correcting and polishing the
second novel - El Filibusterismo. October, 1887 - He begun writing it in
Calamba. 1888 - He made some changes in the plot and revised the chapter
already written. He wrote more chapters in Paris, Madrid and Biarritz. March
29, 1891 - Rizal finished the manuscript in Biarritz, after toiling on it for three
years. From Brussels, Rizal moved to Ghent, where printing was cheaper.
September 18, 1891 - El Filibusterismo, the sequel to the Noli, came of the
press.
Privations in Ghent
July 5, 1891 - Rizal left Brussels for Ghent. Reasons: The cost of living was
lower, The price of printing was much cheaper than in Brussels-To escape
from the enticing attraction of Petite Suzanne. Owing to his limited funds,
Our National Hero lived in a cheap boarding house, with Jose Alejandro as
room mate. They lived frugally in Ghent for three months - from July to
September, 1891. To economize further on their living expenses, they
prepared their own breakfast.
The Printing of "El Filibusterismo"
Rizal searched for a printing shop that could give him the lowest quotation
for the publication of his novel. At last, he did find a publisher - F. MEYER-VAN
LOO PRESS, No. 66 Viaanderen Street - who was willing to print his book on
installment basis.
He pawned his jewels in order to pay the down payment and early partial
payments during the printing of the novel. Rizal became desperate because
his funds were running low. Our poor National Hero received some money
from Basa and P200 from Rodriguez Arias for the copies of Morga's Sucesos
sold in Manila but these funds were also used up. July 1891 - Rizal wrote a
letter to Basa saying that if no money comes he have to stop the El Fili's
publication. August 6 - The printing had to be suspended, as Rizal feared,
because he could no longer give the necessary funds to the printer.
"El Filibusterismo" Comes Off the Press
In his morbid moments of despair, Rizal almost burned the manuscript of El
Filibusterismo. When everything seemed lost, help came from an unexpected
source. Valentin Ventura heard of Rizal's predicament and immediately sent
the amount needed to finish the publication of the novel. September 18,
1891 - El Fili came off to press. Rizal immediately send 2 copies to Hongkong
- one for Basa and the other for Sixto Lopez. He gratefully gave the original
manuscript of El Fili and a printed copy with his autograph to Valentin
Ventura.
Filipino patriots praised the novel. The members of the Filipino colony of
Barcelona published a tribute in La Publicidad, a Barcelona newspaper,
eulogizing the novel's original style. The liberal Madrid newspaper, El Nuevo
Regimen, serialized the novel in its issues of October, 1891. All copies of the
first edition (Ghent edition) of El Fili were placed in wooden boxes and
shipped to Hong Kong, but almost all the boxes were confiscated and the
books were lost. The book immediately became rare and the few available
Ghent copies were sold at very high prices, reaching as high as 400 pesetas
per copy.
Rizal, in all his studies, travels and labors in foreign lands, had not forgotten
the martyrdom of Fathers Gomez, Burgos and Zamora, which Paciano related
to him when he was a mere lad in Calamba. He dedicated El Fili to them.
The Manuscript and the Book
The original manuscript of El Fili in Rizal's own handwriting is now preserved
in the Filipiniana Division of the Bureau of Public Libraries, Manila.Acquired
from Valentin Ventura for P10,000. Consisting of 279 pages of long sheets of
paper.
Two features that didn't appear in the printed book,
-Foreword -Warning
These two were not put into print, evidently, to save printing cost.
FOREWORD - appears just before the dedicatory page in the manuscript. It is
for the Filipino People and the Government. WARNING - found on the other
side of the dedication. The title page of El Fili contains an inscription written
by Ferdinand Blumentritt
Synopsis of El Fili 5
Characters of El Filibusterismo
 Simoun - rich jeweler
 Doña Victorina - ridiculously pro-Spanish native woman
 Tiburcio de Espadaña - husband of Doña Victorina
 Paulita Gomez - beautiful niece of Doña Victorina
 Ben-Zayb - spanish journalist, who writes silly articles about Filipinos
 Padre Sibyla - Vice-Rector of the University of Santo Tomas
 Padre Camorra - Parish priest of the town of Tiani
 Don Custodio - A pro-Spanish Filipino holding a high position in the
government
  Padre Salvi-thin Franciscan friar and former cura of San Diego
 Padre Irene - a kind friar who was a friend of the Filipino students
 Padre Florentino - a retired scholarly and patriotic Filipino priest
 Isagani - a poet nephew of Padre Florentino and a lover of Paulita
Gomez
 Basilio - son of Sisa and promising medical student
 Capitan Tiago - patron of Basilio
 Quiroga-rich Chinese merchant
 Cabesang Tales - Father of Juli who is dispossessed of his land in Tiani
by
 The friars
 Juli - sweetheart of basilio
 Makaraig - a rich student and leader of the Filipino students in their
movement to have an academy where they could learn Spanish
 Padre Millon - who teaches Physics in UST without scientific
experiments
 Placido Penitente - student of Padre Millon who becomes discontented
with the poor method of instruction in the university
 Señor Pasta - old Filipino lawyer who refuses to help the Filipino
students in their petition to the government for educational reforms
 Tandang Selo-grandfather of Juli
 Mr. American - who owned the sideshow at the feria of Quiapo
exhibiting an Egyptian mummy.
 Sandoval - a Spanish student who supports the cause of the Filipino
students to propagate the teaching of Spanish
 Cabesana Andang - the mother of Placido Penitente
 Pepay - the pretty dancer and mistress of Don Custodio
 Padre Fernandez - a good Dominican friar and friend of Isagani
 Don Timoteo - the father of Juanito Pelaez
 Tano-son of Cabesang Tales and brother of Juli
 Chichay - the silversmith who made the bridal earrings for Paulita
Gomez

Characters from El Filibusterismo were drawn by Rizal from real life

 Padre Florentino - was Father Leoncio Lopez
 Isagani - was Vicente Ilustre
 Paulita Gomez - was Leonor Rivera

Noli" and "Fili" Compared

Fili
Political novel, work of the head, A book of thought it contains bitterness,
hatred pain, violence, and sorrow. 38 chapters
Noli
Romantic novel, work of the heart, A book of feeling It has freshness, color,
humor, lightness, and wit 64 chapters.
The issue of which is the superior novel - Noli or the Fili – is purely academic.
Both are good novels from the point of view of history, Both depict with
realistic colors the actual conditions of the Philippines and the Filipinos
during the decadent days of Spanish rule, Both are instrumental in
awakening the spirit of Filipino Nationalism. Both are responsible in paving
the ground for the Phil.
Revolution that brought about the downfall of Spain El Fili is a true twin of
Noli

Rizal's Unfinished 3rd Novel

September 22, 1891 - four days after the Fili came off the press, he wrote to
Blumentritt saying that he's thinking of writing a third novel where ethics will
play the principal role. October 18, 1891 - Rizal boarded the steamer
Melbourne in Marseilles bound for Hong Kong. During the voyage he wrote
the 3rd novel in Tagalog which he intended for Tagalog readers. In Hong Kong
he continued it, but did not finish it because his Tagalog was inadequate for
literary purposes.
The unfinished 3rd novel has no title.
It consists of 44 pages in Rizal's handwriting. The manuscript is still
preserved in the Bureau of Public Libraries (formerly National Library). The
hero of the novel was Kamandagan, a descendant of Lakan-Dula, last king of
Tondo. He plotted to regain the lost freedom of his fathers. It is said that Rizal
was fortunate not to finish this novel, because it would have caused greater
scandal and more Spanish vengeance on him.
Other Unfinished Novels
* Makamisa - a tagalog novel written in light sarcastic style Incomplete with
only 2 chapters. Consists of only 20 pages
* Dapitan - written in Ironic Spanish He wrote it while in Dapitan to depict the
town life and customs. Consists of 8 pages.

CHAPTER 20
Opthalmic Surgeon in Hong Kong (1891-1892)
Farewell to Europe
On Oct. 3, 1891, two weeks after the publication of the El Fili, Our National
Hero left Ghent to Paris, where he stayed a few days to say goodbye to the
Lunas, the Pardo de Taveras, the Ventura and the others. He boarded in the
steamer Melbourne bound for Hong Kong. He brought with him a letter of
recommendation by Juan Luna for Manuel Cumpas, a compatriot living in
Singapore, and 600 copies of the El Fili.
Arrived in Hong Kong
Jose Rizal arrived in Hong Kong on Nov. 20, 1891. He was welcomed by Jose
Ma. Basa. His residence at No. 5 D'Aguilar Street, No. 2 Rednaxola Terrace
and also this is the place where he opened his medical clinic. On Dec. 1,
1891 he wrote to his parents asking their permission to return home. On the
same date Manuel Hidalgo sent a letter telling the sad news in Calamba.
Family Reunion in Hong Kong
Jose Rizal was glanned by the arrival of his father, brother and Silvestre
Ubaldo (brother-in-law). And not long afterwards his mother and sisters Lucia,
Josefa, and Trinidad also arrived. This Christmas in Hong Kong was one of the
happiest celebration in Rizal's life.
He wrote a letter to Blumentritt saying "Here we are all living together, my
parents, sisters and brother, in peace and far from persecutions they
suffered in the Philippines. They are very much pleased with the English
government."
Ophthalmic Surgeon in Hong Kong
To earn money for himself and for his family. Dr. Lorenzo P. Marques, a
Portuguese physician who became his friend and admirer, helped him to
build up a wide clientele. He successfully operated on his mother's left eye
so that she was able to read and write again. Some friends of Rizal who were
in Europe gave him moral and substantial aid in his medical practice in Hong
Kong. He possessed the qualities of a great ophthalmic surgeon.
Borneo Colonization Project
In the face of the bleak outlook of the Calamba folks under Governor
Valeriano Weyler's terroristic regime, Rizal conceived the establishment of a
Filipino colony in North Borneo (Sabah).
On March 7, 1892, he went to Sandakan on board the ship to negotiate with
the British authorities for the establishment of a Filipino colony. Lopez Jaena
wrote to Rizal regarding the Borneo colonization project but Hidalgo, brother-
in-law of Rizal, objected to the colonization project.
Writings in Hong Kong
Notwithstanding the pressure of his medical practice and his Borneo
colonization project, Rizal continued his writings.
  "Ang Mga Karapatan Nang Tao"- tagalog translation of "The Rights of
Man" proclaimed by the French Revolution in 1789
 "A La Nacion Española" (To the Spanish Nation) which is an appeal to
Spain to right the wrongs done to the Calamba tenants.
 “Sa Mga Kababayan" (To My Countrymen) explaining the Calamba
agrarian situation.
Rizal also contributed articles to the British daily newspaper, The Hong Kong
Telegraph, Whose editor Mr. Frazier Smith. The vigilant Spanish censors soon
discovered the spread of Rizal's ideas and immediately banned the Hong
Kong newspaper.
March 2, 1892 Rizal wrote "Una Visita a La Victoria Gaol" (A visit to Victoria
Gaol - an account of his visit to the colonial prison of Hong Kong. He
contrasted the cruel Spanish prison system with modern and more humane
British prison system.
He wrote articles in French entitled "Colonisation du British North, par de
Familles de Iles Philippines" (Colonization of British North Borneo by Families
from the Philippine Island). He elaborated on the same idea in another article
in Spanish, " Proyecto de Colonizacion del British North Borneo por los
Filipinos" (Project of the Colonization of British North Borneo by the Filipinos).
"La Mano Roja" (The Red Hand) printed in sheet form in Hong Kong. It
denounces the frequent outbreak of intentional fires in Manila.
The most important writing made by Rizal during his Hong Kong sojourn was
the Constitution of the Liga Filipina, to deceive the Spanish authorities.
Decision to Return to Manila
In May, 1892, Rizal made up his mind to return to Manila. This decision was
spurred by the following: To confer with Governor Despujol regarding his
Borneo colonization project. To establish the Liga Filipina in Manila. To prove
the Eduardo de Lete was wrong in attacking him in Madrid.
Last Hong Kong Letters
Relatives and friends of Our National Hero opposed his decision to return
home because it was like bearding the lions in their den. His sister Trinidad
tearfully warned him to desist, 'for here, they will kill you".
Not even the fear of death could deter Rizal from his decision. He celebrated
his 31st birthday in Hong Kong and on the following day he wrote two letters
having a premonition of his death, he sealed, inscribed on each envelope "to
be opened after my death" and gave them to his Friend Dr. Marques for
safekeeping.

Chapter 21
 Second Homecoming and The Liga Filipina
On June 26, 1892
Second homecoming of Rizal. Return to Manila. It marked his re-entry into
the hazardous campaign for reforms. He firmly believed that the fight for
Filipino liberties’ had assumed a new phase; it must be fought in the
Philippines not in Spain. In going home to lead anew reform movement, he
was like the biblical Daniel bearding the Spanish lion in its own den.
Arrival in Manila with Sister
June 26, 1892 – Rizal and his widowed sister, Lucia (wife of the late Mariano
Herbosa) arrived in Manila. At 4:00 o’clock, he went to Malacanang Palace to
seek audience with the Spanish governor general, General Eulogio Despujol,
Conde de Caspe. At 7pm he was able to confer with Governor Genreal
Despujol, who agreed to pardo his father but not the rest of his family and
told him to return on Wednesday. After, he visited his sisters in the city—first
Narcisa and later Neneng (Saturnina).
Visiting Friends in Central Luzon
June 27: Rizal boarded a train in Tutuban Station and visited his friends in
Malolos, San Fernando, Tarlac, and Bacolor. He took the opportunity to greet
his friends (who were his supporters in the reform crusade) personally and
discussed the problems affecting their people. The next day, Rizal returned
to Manila. He was shadowed by government spies who watched carefully his
every movement. The homes he had visited were raided by the Guardia Civil
which seized some copies of the Noli and Fili and some “subversive”
pamphlets.
Other Interviews with Despujol
June 29: he did not succeed to have the penalty of exile lifted, but Despujol
gave him hope with regard to his sisters. As it was the feast of St. Peter and
St. Paul, the interview ended at 9:15. June 30: they talked about the
question of Borneo. The general was opposed to it and told him to come back
on Sunday. Sunday: they talked about the sundry things and thanked
Despujol for having lifted the exile of his sisters.
Founding of the Liga Filipina
July 3, 1892: following his interview with Governor General Despujol, Rizal
attended a meeting of the patriots at the home of the Chinese-filipino
mestizo, Doroteo Ongjunco. Among those present were;
 Pedro Serrano Laktaw (Panday Pira) – a mason and school teacher.
 Domingo Franco (Felipe Leal) – Engraver, printer, owner of Bazar Gran
Bretana and first Worshipful Master of Nilad (first Filipino Masonic
lodge)
 Ambrosio Salvador – gobernadorcillo of Quiapo and Mason
  Bonifacio Arevalo (Harem) – dentists and Mason
 Deodato Arellano – brother-in-law of M del Pilar and civilian employee
in the army
 Ambrosio Flores (musa) – retired lieutenant of infantry
 Augustin de la Rosa – bookkeeper and Mason
 Moises Salvador (Araw) – contractor and Mason
 Luis Villareal – tailor and Mason o Faustino Villarruel (Ilaw) –
pharmacists and Mason
 Mariano Crisostomo – landlord
 Numeriano Adriano (Ipil) – notary public and Mason.
 Estanisio Legaspi – artisan and Mason
To have a symbolic name which he cannot change until he becomes
president of his council. To report to the fiscal anything that he may hear
which affects the Liga. To behave well as befits a good Filipino. To help fellow
members in all ways.
Rizal Arrested and Jailed in Fort Santiago
July 6: Rizal went to Malacanang Palace to resume his series of interviews
with the governor general Despujol. During his interview, Despujol suddenly
showed him some printed leaflets which were allegedly found in Lucia’s
pillow cases. These incriminatory leaflets were entitled Pobres Frailes (Poo
Friars) under the authorship of Fr. Jacinto and printed by the Imprenta de los
Amigos del Pais, Manila. They were a satire against the rich Dominican friars
who amassed fabulous riches contrary to their monastic vow of poverty Rizal
vigously denied having those leaflets in either his or Lucia’s baggage, which
had been thoroughly searched upon their arrival from Hong Kong by the
custom authorities who found nothing. Despite his denial and insistent
demand for investigation in accordance with the due process of law, he was
placed under arrest and escorted to Fort Santiago by Ramon Despujol,
nephew and aide of Gov. Gen. Despujol. In Fort Santiago, he was kept
incommunicado. July 7: The Gaceta de Manila published a story of Rizal’s
arrest which produced indignant commotion among the Filipino people,
particularly the members of the newly organized Liga Filipina.
Arbitrary Deportation to Dapitan
The same issue of the Gaceta contained Gov. Gen. Despujol’s decree
deporting Rizal to “one of the islands in the South.” Reasons of Rizal’s
deportation to Dapitan: Rizal had published books and articles which showed
disloyalty to Spain, and which were “frankly anti-Catholic” and “imprudently
anti-friar”. A bundle of handbills entitled Pobres Frailes was found on his
packages in his arrival in Manila. His novel El Filibusterismo was dedicated
to the memory of three “traitors”, GOMBURZA. And on the title page he
wrote that in view of the vices and errors of the Spanish administration, “the
only salvation for the Philippines was separation from the mother country.”
The end which he pursues in his efforts and writings is to tear from the loyal
Filipino breasts the treasures of our holy Catholic Faith. July 14: Rizal was
brought under heavy guard to the steamer Cebu which was sailing for
Dapitan. This steamer under Captain Delgras departed at 1am. July 17:
reached Dapitan at 7 in the evening. Captain Delgras went ashore and
handed Rizal over to Captain Ricardo Carnicero, Spanish commandant of
Dapitan. That same night, Rizal began his exile in lonely Dapitan which
would last until July 31, 1896, a period of four years.

CHAPTER 22
Exile in Dapitan
CHARACTER
 Father Pablo Pastells- superior of the Jesuit Society in the Philippines.
 Father Antonio Obach- Jesuit parish priest of Dapitan
 Don Ricardo Carnicero – a poem which Rizal wrote for Captain
Carnicero on the occasion of captain’s birthday August 26, 1892-
spanish captain
 •Francisco Equilior- Spanish resident of Dipolog
 •Wenceslao E. Retana-Rizal first Spanish biographer and former enemy
 Mr. Juan Lardet –a French businessman whom Rizal had a conflict
 •Father Jose Vilaclara- cura of Dipolog
 •Father Francisco de Paula Sanchez- Rizal’s favorite teacher at the
Antonio de Manila.-He was the only Spanish priest to defend Rizal’s
Noli Me Tangere in public.
 •Florencio Namanan- a real name of Pablo Mercado-A native of
Cagayan de Misamis, single and about 30 years old.-he was hired by
the recollect friars to a secret mission In Dapitan.
 Ramon Carreon- Rizal’s partner in business and a merchant in Dapitan.
 Josephine Bracken- an Irish girl of sweet eighteen.
 James Bracken- Josephine’s father-A corporal in the British Garrison
 Elizabeth Jane macbride- Josephine’s mother. Dapitan- a remote town
in Mindanao which was under the missionary jurisdiction of the Jesuits
Dapitan- a remote town in Mindanao which was under the missionary
jurisdiction of the Jesuits.

Beginning of Exile in Dapitan

The steamer Cebu which brought Our National Hero to Dapitan carried a
letter from Father Pablo Pastells to Father Antonio Obach. In this letter, Father
Pastells informed Father Obach that Rizal could live at the Parish convent on
the following conditions: That Rizal publicly retract his errors concerning
religion and make statements that were clearly pro-Spanish and against
revolution. That he perform the churchy rites and make a general confession
of his past life. That henceforth he conducts himself in an exemplary manner
as a Spanish subject and a man of religion. Rizal , on his part, admired the
kind, generous Spanish captain. As evidence of his esteem, he wrote a poem,
A Don Ricardo Carnicero, On August 26,1892, on the occasion of captain’s
birthday.
Wins in Manila Lottery
On September 21, 1892 , the sleepy town of Dapitan burst in hectic
excitement. The mail boat butuan was approaching the town, with colored
pennants flying in the see breezes. Butuan - mail boat which brought the
news about Rizal’s winning in the lottery. The mail boat, Butuan, brought no
Spanish officials but the happy tidings that the Lottery Ticket No. 9736 jointly
owned by Captain Carnicero, Dr. Rizal, and Francisco Equilior won the second
prize of P20,000 in the Government-owned Manila Lottery. Rizal’s share of
the winning lottery ticket= P20,000- lottery prize= P6,200 of it was given to
Rizal= P2,000 of his share he gave to his father and =P200 to Basa in
hongkong=the rest he invested through purchasing agricultural lands from
the coast of Talisay about kilometer away from Dapitan. Three (3) pesetas-
amount were Rizal allotted for lottery tickets every month. Rizal was a lottery
addict.
Rizal-Pastells Debate on Religion
The debate started when Pastells sent Rizal a book by Sarda along with an
advice that Rizal should desist from his majaderas (foolishness) in viewing
religion from the perspective of individual judgment and self-esteem. The
debate can be read in four (4) letters. Rizal was bitter against the friars
because they commit abuses ender the cloak of religion. Father Patells tried
to bring back to Catholicism Rizal by telling him that human intelligence is
limit, thus he needs the guidance of God. Behind the debate, Pastells and
Rizal were friends as evidently pictured when: Pastels gave Rizal a copy of
Imitacion de Cristo by Father Thomas a Kempis. Rizal gave Pastells a bust of
St.Paul which he had made Rizal continued to hear mass and celebrate
religious events.
Rizal Challenges a Frenchman to a Duel
While Rizal was still debating with Father Pastells by means of exchange of
letters, he became involved in a quarrel with a French acquaintance in
Dapitan. This man purchased many logs ( some of the logs were of poor
quality). Rizal flared up in anger and confronted Lardet and challenged him
for a duel. “My friend, you have not a Chinaman’s chance in a fight with Rizal
on a field of honor, Rizal is an expert in martial arts particularly in fencing
and pistol shooting”-Capt. Carnicero.Lardet then apologize.
Rizal and Father Sanchez
Father Pastells, aside from his personal efforts to persuade Rizal to discard
his “errors of religion”, instructed two(2) Jesuits in Mindanao- Father Obach
and Father Jose Viclara to try their best to bring back Rizal within the Catholic
fold. Furthermore, he assigned Father Francisco de Paula Sanchez. Father
Sanchez was the only Spanish priest to defend Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere in
public. They argued theologically in a friendly manner but all the efforts of
Sanchez were in vain. Fr. Sanchez enjoyed the latter’s company and he even
assisted Rizal in beautifying the town . On his birthday, Rizal gave him a
precious birthday gift- a manuscript entitled Estudios sobre la lengua tagala
(Studies on the Tagalog Language) Idyllic Life in Dapitan in Dapitan, Rizal had
an exemplary life, idyllic in serenity. August, 1893, members of his family
took turns in visiting him in order to assuage his loneliness in the isolated
outpost of Spanish power in the Moroland. Among his family members who
visited Rizal were:-his mother-his sisters Trinidad, Maria and Narcisa-
Nephews Teodosio, Estanislao, Mauricio and Prudencio. Rizal built a house by
the seashore of Talisay surrounded by fruit trees, a school for boys, and a
hospital for his patients. December 19, 1893 Rizal wrote to Blumentritt for
describing his life in Dapitan.
Rizal’s Encounter with the Friar’s Spy
Pablo Mercado- assumed name of the spy who visited Rizal at his house and
pretended to be a relative by showing a photo of Rizal and a pair of buttons
with the initials P.M as evidence of kinship. The spy offered to be Rizal’s
courier of letters for the patriots in Manila. Jose Rizal became suspicious and
wanted to throw the spy outside but considering his values and late hour of
the night, he offered the spy to spend the night at his house. The next day,
he sent the spy away. The spy stayed in Dapitan and spread talks among the
people that he was a relative to Rizal. Rizal went to the commandancia and
reported the impostor to Captain Juan Sitges (successor of Carnicero) Sitges
ordered Pablo Mercado’s arrest and told Anastacio Adriatico to investigate
him immediately The secret mission of Pablo Mercado was not an
assassination attempt but espionage only plot concocted by the friars.
As Physician in Dapitan
Dona Teodora and Maria lived with Rizal for a year and a half. It is here when
Rizal operated his mother’s right eye. Though the operation was successful,
his mother had a wound infection after ignoring Rizal’s instruction of not
removing the bandages. However the infection was immediately treated. He
had many patients came from Luzon, Bohol, Cebu, Panay, Negros and
Mindanao and even from hongkong. Don Ignacio Tumarong paid him
Php3,000 An Englishman paid him Php500, Don Florencio Azacarraga paid
him a cargo of sugars Rizal became interested in the local medicine. Rizal
prescribed medicinal plants to his poor patients.
Water System for Dapitan
As a perito agrimensor (expert surveyor), Rizal applied his engineering
knowledge by constructing a system of waterworks to furnish clean water to
the towns people. Mr. H.F Cameron- an American engineer who praised Rizal
for his engineering ingenuity.
Community projects in Dapitan
When Rizal arrived in Dapitan, he decided to improve it, to the best of his
God-given talents, and to awaken the civic consciousness of its people. Rizal
had: 1. Drained the marshes to get rid of malaria that was infesting Dapitan
2. Equipped the town with lighting system using P500 one of his patients
paid him. The lighting system consisted of a coconut oil lamps 3. Beautified
the town of Dapitan by remodeling the town plaza and making a huge relief
map of Mindanao out of earth, stones and grass.
Rizal as a Teacher
Rizal established in Dapitan a school. It began with 3 pupils who increased
to 16 and eventually 21. 16 of his pupils did not pay tution, instead of
charging them fees, Rizal made them works in his gardens and construction
projects. Formal classes were between 2:00p.m and 4:00p.m. He also applied
the "emperor" system like that of Ateneo During recess, pupils built fires to
drive away insects, pruned fruit trees and manured the soil. Outside class
hours, students had gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, stone throwing,
swimming and boating.
Hymn to Talisay
Rizal conducted his school at his home in Talisay, near Dapitan, where he
had his farm and hospital after which the place was named. A poem Rizal
wrote in honor of Talisay which he made his pupil's sing.
Contributions to Science
Rizal found Mindanao a rich virgin filed for collecting specimens. With his
baroto (sailboat) and accompanied by his pupils, he explored the jungles and
coast, seeking of specimens and plants. Rizal sent specimens he found to the
museum of Europe especially the Dresden Museum. In turn, he received
scientific books and surgical instruments. He had : 1. Built up a rich
collection of concology (consisting of 346 shells of 203 species) 2.
Discovered rare specimens like: a. Draco- a flying dragon b. Apogonia rizali-
a small beetle c. Rhacophorus- a rare frog 3. He conducted anthropological,
ethnographical, archaeological, geological and geographical studies
Linguistic Studies
Rizal continued his study of languages learned in Dapitan, Bisayan, Subanum
and Malay languages. He knew by that time 22 languages as follows:
Tagalog Malay Ilokano Hebrew Bisayan Sanskrit Subanum Dutch Spanish
Catalan and Latin.
Artistic Works in Dapitan
Rizal pursue his artistic activities in Dapitan: Italian . Greek . Chinese .
English . Japanese . French Portuguese . German . Swedish . Arabic . Russian.
He contributed paintings to the Sisters of Charity who were preparing the
sanctuary of the Holy Virgin. He made sketches of persons and things that
attracted him in Dapitan He modeled a statuette called " The Mothers
Revenge" to stress the moral of the incident where a puppy of his dog, Syria,
was eaten by a crocodile He constructed a statute of a girl called "The
Dapitan Girl". A woodcarving of Josephine Bracken He made a bust of St. Paul
for Father Pastells.
Rizal as Farmers
In Dapitan Rizal devoted much of his time to agriculture. He bought 16
hectares of land in Talisay, where he built his home, school and hospital and
planted cacao, coffee, sugarcane, coconuts and fruit trees. Rizal acquired
total holdings of 70 hectares where 6,000 hemp plants, 1000 coconut trees
and numerous fruit trees, sugarcane, corn, coffee and cacao were planted.
He planned to establish an agricultural colony in Sitio Ponot because it was
ideal for raising cacao, coffee, coconuts and cattle. However, this did not
materialized due to lack of support from the government.
Rizal a Businessman
Ramon Carreon- Rizal's businessman partner in Dapitan Rizal made
profitable business ventures in fishing, copra and hemp industries Hemp
Industry- Rizal's most profitable business. Once he shipped 150 bales of
hemp to Manila, he purchased hemp in Dapitan at P7 and 4 reales per pisul
and he sold it to Manila at P10 and 4 reales. Rizal also engaged in lime
manufacturing capacity of more than 400 bags of lime . January 1, 1895- He
organized the Cooperative Association of Dapitan Farmers to break Chinese
monopoly. According to its constitution, which he had drafted, its purposes
were to improve the farm products, obtain better outlets for them, collect
fund for their purchases and help the producers and workers by establishing
a store wherein they can buy prime commodities at moderate prices.
Rizal's Inventive Ability
Jose Rizal is also an inventor He invented a cigarette lighter which he sent as
a gift to Blumentritt called "sulpukan" was made of wood. Its mechanism is
based on the principle of compressed air. He invented a machine for making
bricks. This machine could manufactured about 6,000 bricks daily.
My Retreat
In February, 1895 Doňa Teodora, with her eyesight fully restored, returned to
Manila. Seeing how busy Rizal is, she regetted neglecting her muses. She
requested Rizal to write poetry. As a response Rizal wrote "Mi Retiro" on
October 22, 1895 relating his serene life as an exile in Dapitan.
Jose Rizal and Josephine Bracken The death of Leonora Rivera left a poignant
void in Rizal's heart. In his loneliness, he met Josephine Bracken- Irish girl of
sweet eighteen who was born on Hong Kong. James Bracken and Elizabeth
Jane Macbride - Josephine's parents who are both Irish in citizenship. Mr.
George Taufer- man who adopted Josephine after her mother died of
Childbirth.
Mr. Taufer became blind so he sought for an ophthalmic specialist. This is
how Josephine and Rizal met. Manuela Orlac- Filipina companion who
accompanied Josephine Bracken to Dapitan Rizal and Josephine Bracken
decided to get married but Father Obach refused to marry them without the
permission of Bishop of Cebu.
Hearing of the planned marriage and unable to endure the thought of losing
Josephine, Mr. Taufer tried to commit suicide by cutting off his throat with a
razor but Rizal was able to prevent this. To avoid strategy, Josephine
accompanied Mr. Taufer returned to Hong Kong alone while Josephine stayed
with the Rizal in Manila. Having no priests to marry them, Rizal and Josephine
married themselves before the eyes of God The two were happy for the were
expecting for a baby. However, Rizal played a prank on Josephine making her
give birth to an eight- month baby boy. The baby lived for only 3 hours. He
was named "Francisco" in honor of Rizal's father. Rizal wrote a poem which
entitled Josephine, Josephine.
Rizal and the Katipunan
While Rizal was mourning the loss of his son, ominous clouds of revolution
gradually darkened the Philippine skies, Andres Bonifacio the Great Plebeian
was sowing the seeds of an armed uprising. The secret revolutionary society,
called Katipunan, which he founded on July 7, 1892, was gaining more and
more adherents Pio Valenzuela- emissary to Dapitan in order to inform Rizal
of the plan of Katipunan during the meeting at a little river called Bitukang
Manok. Venus- steamer Valenzuela boarded to reach Dapitan Raymundo
Mata- blind man who came with Valenzuela to camouflage his mission Rizal
objected Bonifacio's project because: 1. The people are not ready for a
revolution 2. Arms and funds must first be collected before raising the cry of
revolution he also disapproved of the other plan of the Katipunan to rescue
him because he had given word of honor to the Spanish authorities And he
did not want to break it.
Volunteers as Military Doctor in Cuba
When Cuba is under revolution and raging yellow fever epidemic, Rizal wrote
to Governor General Ramon Blanco offering his services ass military doctor
July 1, 1896 Governor Blanco later notified Rizal of the acceptance of the
offer. The notification came along of acquiring first as pass for Manila from
the politico-military commander of Dapitan.
The Song of the Traveler
Upon receiving the acceptance of his offer to go to Europe then to Cuba to
help in the curing of patients suffering yellow fever, he wrote a poem "El
Canto del Viajero".
Adios Dapitan
July 31, 1896, Rizal's four years in Exile in Dapitan came to an end Espania-
steamer which brought Rizal to Manila from Dapitan. Rizal was accompanied
by Josephine, Narcisa, Angelica(Narcisa's daughter), his three nephews and
six pupils As farewell, the town brass of Dapitan played the dolorous Funeral
March of Chapin He stayed in Dapitan for 4 years, 13 days and a few hours.

CHAPTER 23
(LAST TRIP ABROAD 1896)
Our Poor National Hero was kept as a guest on board of the Spanish cruiser
Castilla August 26, 1896 Katipunan raised the cry for revolution in the hills of
Balintawak.
FROM DAPITAN TO MANILA
In Dumaguete, Jose Rizal visited a friend and former classmate Herrero
Regidor who was the judge of the province. He also visited Periquet and
Rufina families. In the afternoon, he operated on a Spanish captain of the
Guardia Civil.

RIZAL MISSES SHIP GOING TO SPAIN

Jose Rizal was unable to catch the mail ship Isla de Luzon for Spain. Staying
in Manila for one month might give him troubles so he requested to
Governador General to be isolated from everybody, except his family. Near
midnight the same day, August 6 Rizal was transferred to Spanish cruiser
Castilla by the order of Governador General.
Enrique Santalo, cruise captain, said he wasn’t a prisoner but a guest
detained on board in order to avoid difficulties from friends and enemies.
Rizal stayed on the cruiser for about a month, from August 6 to Sept. 2 1896.
OUTBREAK OF THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION
While Rizal was patiently waiting on the cruiser of Castilla for the next
steamer to take him to Spain, portentous events occurred presaging the
downfall of Spanish power in Asia. August 19 1896, the Katipunan plot to
overthrow Spanish rule by means of revolution was discovered by
Augustinian Cura of Tondo Gray Mariano Gil. This incident struck error into
the hearts of Spanish officials and residents, producing hysteria of vindictive
retaliation against the Filipino patriots. The tumuli produced by the discovery
of the Katipunan plot was aggravated by the “Cry of Balintawak” which was
raised by Bonifacio and his valiant Katipuneros on August 26 1896. August
30, revolutionist led by Bonifacio and Jacinto attacked San Juan but they were
repulsed by heavy issues.
After the battle of San Juan, Governor General Blanco proclaimed a state of
war in the first eight provinces for rising arms against Spain – Manila (as a
province), Bulacan, Cavite, Batangas, Laguna, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija and
Tarlac.
Rizal was worried when he read the news at newspaper for two reasons: 1.
The violent revolution which he sincerely believed to be premature and
would only cause much suffering and terrible loss of human lives and
property, had started and 2. It would arouse Spanish vengeance against al
Filipino patriots.
DEPARTURE FOR SPAIN
August 30 1896, when the state of war was proclaimed, Rizal received two
letters of introduction from Governor General Ramon Blanco for the Minister
of war and Minister of Colonies with a covering letter which absolved him
from all the blame for the raging revolution.
Minister of War: General Marcelo de Azcarraga
Rizal was unaware that since his departure from Manila, Blanco and the
Ministries of War and Colonies were exchanging coded telegrams and
confidential messages for his arrest upon reaching Barcelona and that he
was a deportee and was being secretly kept under surveillance.
RIZAL ARRESTED BEFORE REACHING BARCELONA
Isla de Panay with Rizal on board left Singapore at 1:00 pm Sept. On Sept.
25, he saw the steamer Isla de Luzon leaving the Suez Canal crammed with
Spanish troops. Two days later (Sept 25) he heard from the passengers that a
telegram arrived from Manila reporting the execution of Francisco Roxas,
Genato and Osorio.
On Sept. 28, A day after the steamer had left Port Said (Mediterranean
terminus of Suez Canal) a passenger told Rizal that he would be arrested by
order of Blanco and would be set in prison in Ceuta (Spanish Morocco)
opposite of Gibraitar. Shocked by the news, Rizal then realized that he was
duped by the Spanish officials and sly Blanco. Sept. 30 he was officially
notified by Captain Alemany that he should stay in his cabin until further
orders from Manila which he graciously obliged.
ARRIVAL IN BARCELONA AS A PRISONER
Sept. 30, steamer anchored in Malta. Jose Rizal was unable to visit the
famous island-fortress of the Christian crusaders. On Oct. 3, Isla de Panay
arrived in Barcelona with Rizal as a prisoner. The trip from Manila to
Barcelona lasted exactly 30 days. His jailor was no longer the ship captain
but the Military Commander of Barcelona who happened to be General
Eulogio. Despujol, the same one who ordered his banishment in Dapitan in
July 1892 was one of the coincidences in the lives of men that make “history
stranger than fiction”. Oct. 6, Rizal was escorted to the grim and infamous
prison- fortress named Monjuich. About 2:00 in afternoon, he was taken out
of the prison and brought to the headquarters of General Despujol. He told
Rizal that he would be brought back to Manila on board the transport ship
Colon which would leave that evening.

CHAPTER 24
THE LAST HOMECOMING AND THE TRIAL
Jose Rizal’s homecoming in 1896 was the last and his saddest return to his
native land. Rizal knew that he was facing a supreme test, which might cost
his life but he was unafraid. He desired to meet his enemies and offer himself
as a sacrificial victim to their sadistic lust and unholy designs for he knew
that his blood would water the seeds of Filipino freedom. Trial was held
shortly after his homecoming was one of history’s mockeries of justice.
MARTYR’S LAST HOMECOMING
Since he leave Barcelona, he recorded the events in his diary. On Oct. 8, a
friendly officer told Rizal that the Madrid newspaper was full of the news
about the bloody revolution in the Philippines and they were blaming him for
it. He treated as a blessing that he could go back on the Philippines to meet
his slanderers.
CONFISCATION OF RIZAL’S DIARY
Paciano is also arrested and cruelly tortured but he never signed any
damaging statement incriminating his younger brother. Although his body
was shattered on the torture rack and his left hand crushed by the screw, his
valiant Asian Spirit remained unbroken.

PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
Nov. 20. Preliminary investigation began. Rizal appeared before the Judge
Advocate, Colonel Francisco Olive. Rizal is subjected to grueling five day
investigation. He answered the questions asked by the Judge but he wasn’t
permitted to confront those who testified against him.
Two kinds of evidence were presented against Rizal: documentary and
testimonial. Documentary evidence which is consisted of fifteen exhibits
Letter of Antonio Luna to Mariano Ponce, dated Madrid, October 16 1888,
showing Rizal connection with the Filipino reform campaign in Spain.
A letter of his Rizal to his family, dated Madrid August 20 1890, stating that
the deportations are good for they will encourage the people to hate tyranny.
A letter from Marcelo H. Del Pilar to Deodato Arellano, dated Madrid, Jan. 7
1889, implicating Rizal in the Propaganda campaign in Spain. A poem
entitled Kundiman, allegedly written by Rizal in Manila on Sept. 12 1891. This
poem is as follows . A letter of Carlos Oliver to an unidentified person, dated
Barcelona, Sept. 18 1891, describing Rizal as the man to free the Philippines
from Spanish oppression.
A Masonic document, dated Manila, Feb. 9 1892, honoring Rizal for his
patriotic services. A letter signed Dimasalang (Rizal’s pseudonym) to Teniuz
(Juan Zulueta’s pseudonym) dated HK. May 24 1892, stating that he was
preparing a safe refuge for Filipinos who may be persecuted by the Spanish
authorities. A letter of Dimasalang to an unidentified committee, dated HK,
June 1 1892 soliciting the aid of the committee in the patriotic work
An anonymous and undated letter to the Editor of the HK Telegraph,
censuring the banishment of Rizal to Dapitan. A letter of Ildefonso Laurel to
Rizal, dated Manila Sept. 3 1892, saying that the Filipino people look up to
Rizal as their savior. A letter of Ildefonso Laure to Rizal, dated Manila, 17
1893 informing an unidentified correspondent of the arrest and banishment
of Doroten Cortes and Ambrosio Salvador. A letter of Marcelo H. Del Pilar to
Don Juan A. Tenluz (Juan Zulueta), dated Madrid, June 1 1893 recommending
the establishment of a special org, independent of Masonry, to help the
cause of Filipino people.
Transcript of speech of Pingkian (Emilio Jacinto), a reunion of the Katipunan
on July 23 1893, in which the following cry was uttered “Long live Philippines!
Long live liberty! Long live Doctor Rizal! Unity!”. Transcript of a speech of Tik-
Tik (Jose Turiano Santiago) in the same Katipunan reunion, where in the
Katipuneros shouted: “Long live the eminent Dr. Rizal! Death to the
oppressor, nation.”
RIZAL CHOOSES HIS DEFENDER
Only right given to Rizal was to choose a defense counsel which is also
restricted because he had to choose only from a list submitted to him. Dec.
8, Feast Day of Immaculate Conception, list of 100 1st and 2nd lieutenant in
the Spanish army was presented to Rizal. He chose Don Luis Traviel de
Andrade, 1st lieutenant of the Artillery to become his defender. The chosen
defender is the brother of Jose Traviel de Andrade, Rizal’s bodyguard. He
gladly accepted it since he heard of him from his brother.

READING OF INFORMATION OF CHARGES TO THE ACCUSED

December 11, information of charges was formally read to Rizal in his prison
cell, with his counsel present. He was accused of “being the personal
organizer and the living soul of the Filipino insurrection, the founder of
societies, periodicals, and books dedicated to fomenting and propagating
ideas of rebellion.”
Rizal raised no objection on the jurisdiction but pleaded not guilty to the
crime of rebellion. He admitted the he wrote the Constitution of La Liga
Filipina which was merely civic association. He also said he had taken no part
in politics since his exile in Dapitan.
Dominguez forwarded the papers of Rizal to Maracanãng Palace Dec. 13
same day when General Camilo G. de Polavieja with the help of powerful
Dominican friars succeed Blanco.
The withdrawal of Blanco from the gubernatorial office sealed Rizal’s fate for
he was more humane in character than the ruthless Polavieja and moreover
he firmly believed that Rizal wasn’t a traitor to Spain. Had he remained
longer in the office, Rizal wouldn’t have been executed but it was just a what
if.
RIZAL MANIFESTO TO HIS PEOPLE
Dec. 15, Rizal wrote a manifesto to his people appealing to them to stop the
necessary shedding of blood and just to achieve liberties by means of
education and industry. It was written in Fort Santiago. Judge Advocate
General Nicolas dela Pena recommended to Governador General to suppress
manifesto which the later heeded. Thus saving Rizal from the shame of his
manifesto being misinterpreted and disobeyed by the Filipino in arms
RIZAL SADDEST CHRISTMAS
While everybody was celebrating the birthday of Christ joyously, Rizal who
was accustomed to spend his merry season in the company of his beloved
family or dear friend, was alone on his last Christmas and depressed in
dreary prison cell. He was in despair for he had no illusions about his fate. He
then wrote a letter to his defender.
TRIAL OF RIZAL
Trial of Rizal was an eloquent proof of Spanish injustice and misrule. It was
patently a mistrial because Rizal, a civilian, was trialed by a military court
composed of alien military. Which fell on deaf ears because officers were
both vindictive and unjust. Rizal supplements of defense which he wrote in
his prison cell. He proved his innocence by 12 points.
He could not be guilty of rebellion, for he advised Valenzuela in Dapitan not
to rise in revolution. He did not correspond with the radical, revolutionary
elements. The revolutionists used his name without his knowledge. If he
were guilty, he could’ve escaped in Singapore. If he had a hand in revolution,
he could’ve escaped in a Morovinta and would not build a home, a hospital
and bought lands in Dapitan. If he were the chief of revolution, why was he
not consulted by the revolutionists?

It was true that he wrote the by-laws of the Liga Filipina, but this is only a
civic association—not a revolutionary society. The Liga Filipina did not live
long for after the 1st meeting, he was banished to Dapitan and died out. If
the Liga, reorganized 9 months after it, he did not know about it. The Liga did
not serve the purpose of the revolutionists, otherwise they wouldn’t have
supplanted it with Katipunan.
If it were true that there were some bitter comments in Rizal’s letters, it was
because they were written in 1890 when his family was being persecuted,
being dispossessed of houses, warehouses, lands, etc., his brothers and
brothers-in-law were deported. His life in Dapitan had been exemplary as the
politico- military commanders and missionary priest could attest.
It was not true that the revolution was inspired by 1 speech at the house of
Doroteo Ongjunco, as alleged by witnesses whom he would like to confront.
His friends knew his position to armed rebellion. Why did a Katipunan send
an emissary to Dapitan who was unknown to him? Because who knew him
were aware that he would never sanction any violent movement.
Despite of his intelligent defense, military court remained indifferent toward
Rizal’s pleading The president, Lt. Col. Togores Arjona (president) considered
the trial over and the hall cleared. After short deliberation, military court
unanimously voted for sentence of death.
The court decision was submitted to Polavieja which he then seek the opinion
of Judge Advocate General Nicolas dela Pena which the latter affirmed
POLAVIEJA SIGNS RIZAL’S EXECUTION
December 28, Polavieja approved the decision of the court-martial and
ordered Rizal to be shot at 7:00 AM of December 30 at Bagumbayan Field
(Luneta).
For signing the fatal document ordering the execution of Rizal, Governor
Polavieja won the eternal odium of the Filipino people. He and other Spanish
officials who were responsible for the death of Rizal will evermore remain as
obnoxious villains in Philippine History.

CHAPTER 25
MARTYRDOM AT BAGUMBAYAN
Timelines
10:00 AM: Fr. Jose Villaclara (rizal’s teacher at Ateneo) and Vicente Balaguer
(Jesuit missionary in Dapitan who had befriendd him during his exile) also
visited. Santiago Mataix, Spanish journalist interviewed him for the
newspaper El Heraldo de Madrid.
12:00 AM to 3:30 PM, Rizal was left alone.
After lunch, he wrote his farewell poem and hid it inside his alcohol cooking
stove which was given by Paz Pardo de Taverra during his visit in Paris 1890 -
He then wrote his letter to Blumentritt
3:30 PM: Father Balaguer returned to Fort Santiago and discussed with Rizal
about his retraction of the anti-Catholic ideas in his writings and membership
in Masonry
4:00 PM: Rizal’s mother arrived. He knelt down and kissed her hands,
begging her to forgive him. They were both crying when guards separated
them. Then Trinidad came and fetched his mother, Jose Rizal then gave
Trinidad the alcohol cooking stove and whispered to her in English that
there’s something inside - Father Villaclara and Estanislao March and Father
Rosell entered the cell
6:00 PM: Don silvino, Lopez Tunion, Dean of Manila Cathedral
8:00: Rizal had his last supper, then He informed Captain Dominguez that he
forgive his enemies, even the military judges who condemned him to Death.
9:30 PM: Don Gaspar Cestanio, fiscal of the Royal Audencia of Manila. Good
impression of his intelligence and noble character.
10:00 PM. The draft of the retraction sent by the Anti- Filipino Archbishop
Bernardino Nozaleda was submitted by Father Balaguer to Rizal for signature
but rejected because it was too long so Father Balaguer gave a shorter
version which was prepared by Father Pio Pt. Superior of the Jesuit Society in
the Phil. – Jose Rizal wrote his retraction in which he abjured Masonry and
his religious ideas which were anti- catholic -The retraction was now a
controversial document. Rizalist scholars, either Masons or anti catholic,
claim it to be forgery. While Catholic Rizalist claimed it to be genuine.
5:30 AM: Josephine Bracken accompanied by a sister of Rizal (Josefa). Loving
Rizal gave her a religious book Imitation of Christ by Father Thomas a Kemps
6:00 AM: wrote his letter for beloved parents.
DEATH MARCH AT BAGUMBAYAN
6:30, a trumpet sounded which signed to begin the death march to
Bagumbayan. He was with Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade, and two Jesuits, Father
March and Villaclara. He saw Ateneo.
MARTYRDOM OF A HERO
He bade farewell to both Jesuits and his defense counsel. He firmly clasped
their hands even his hands were tied. One of the priests blessed him and
offered him a crucifix to kiss political-martyr, he richly deserves history’s
salute as the national hero of the Philippines.
Habeas Corpus Extends to all confinement. Right of all prisoner.