Pace [41 the magnetic circuit will have the same effect on both paths, so that the two induced emf’s will be identical. Thus wave wdgs do not require equalizers, which is another advantage of wave wags. v Atnoload I=0 and Ey E 3.9 Multiplex windings ‘The lap and wave wdgs described so far are called simple or simplex wdgs. Duplex wdgs are composed of two simplex wags interleaved around the armature, and connected so as to have twice as many parallel paths: Duplex lap wdg : 2a=4p Duplex wave wdg: 2a=4 a=2p ad similarly, there may be triplex wdgs, and so on. Such multiplex wdgs are rarely used. 3.10 Armature calculations Consider a symmetrical wdg composed of 2a identical parallel paths. It has C/2a coils/path, Lo lp » C/a coil sides/paths, f 1 [ l Va Z/2a=NC/a conductor/path Rp Let E, T E,=induced emf in each path; = Electrical Machines Notes Dr. AF BATI Page 41Page [42 ———> I,=current flowing through each path; brush lk R,=resistance of each path. Rep Va Also let Ex \Vazarmature terminal voltage; Ix-armature terminal current; Thevenin equivalent for armature wdg mature emf= Thevenin equivalent emf for armature winding; Rpp=Thevenin equivalent resistance for armature winding; R,stotal effective armature resistance. Applying KVL: Generator: Va=Ex - In-Ra Motor : Va=Ea + la-Ra 3.10.1 Armature resistance , m Single loop : Riog="# Where p= resistivity of copper at the working temperature; Ia in In=mean length of a single loop; Re { Ral ross-sectional area of the conductor. Va Vs f Coil Reoi=N X Rigg Ey Eq ail 2 6 Generator Motor Common symbolic representation of armature winding Effective armature resistanc Ra=Rop + Ronshes + Rona Rrushes is the resistance of the carbon brushes. Reonsct is the resistance of the brush/commutator contact surface; it is nonlinear, and is usually taken as equivalent to a constant volt drop(for example 1 volt). Electrical Machines Notes Dr. AF BATI Page 42Page |43 3.10.2 Armature emf ‘The average coil emf derived in section 1.9 is the same for all armature coils. Thus, for each path But all paths are in parallel with each other, so that the armature emf is equal to the individual path ems: 20 Keen. (Ke= Ene Epo X Eco 200 22 An alternative expression can be obtained in terms of w, ( =2r.n) : Ko/2m) W..O= K. Wed (K=Ke/21 3.10.3 Torque According to KCL, the terminal current Ih. is the sum of all path currents: aX Ip pprpo> | L/2a A path is composed of coils in series, so that the path current |, flows through the individual coils: The average coil torque was derived in section 1.19 pN BF lab Tot? Nees b= = Nal ‘The total armature torque is the sum of all coil torques acting in the same direction and aiding each other: peN 4 pias before) 3.10.4 Conversion power The conversion power corresponding to electromechanical energy conversion in the machine is given by: On the electrical side : Pe= Ex.la Electrical Machines Notes Dr. AF BATI Page 43Page [4a On the mechanical side : : Pe= Ww. Note that Pc= Eala=(k. K. la). = WT Using Pi, to denote input power to the armature, and Po to denote output power from the armature, we have: Generator : Pin= W , Pout=Var Ia=Eala ~ Ua.Ra= Pe - Pow Motor: Pin=Vala= Eata + InRa= Pe + Pou » Pout Wr-T= Pe Py is the total copper loss(or ohmic loss) in the armature, Example 3 A6-pole machine has 53 slots with 8 conductors/slot. The flux per pole is 50 mWb, and the speed is 420 rpm. Calculate: 1, The number of turns per coil; 2. Ecos Ea; 3. Teoi, Ty 4, conversion power , If the winding is (a) simple lap winding; {b) simple wave winding. Assume armature current to be 14-50 A. Solution: (a) simple lap winding 2a=2p=6, C=53, Z=53x8=424 conductors, 2C=Z/N=2 X53=106 > N= 424/106=4 turns/coil Ecoi=N X Eloop=4 X 4p.n.cb=16 X 3X (420/60) X 50 X 10°=16.8 V. Eq=E5=(C/2a).Ecoi= 53 X 16.8/6=148.4 V. Or Ex= PE p= 148.4 V. Trot X Toop= 4X2 n= 3.183 Nm T=C. Teoi=53 X 3.183=168.7 Nm Pe=Eqa=148.4 X 50=7420 W. Electrical Machines Notes Dr. AF BATI Page 44Pace [45 (b)Simple wave winding 2a=2, ExoiH16.8 V. Eq=E,=53 X16.8/2=445.2 V. Teoi®N-Tioop= 2 In=9.549.N.m T=C.Teoii=506.11 N.m P, 22260 W. Tutorial A6-pole , 1500 rpm de machine is lap wound with 732 active conductors ,each carrying 20 A. The flux per pole is 30 mWb. (a) find In, Ex, T and Pe. .{b)Repeat part (a) if the machine is reconnected in simple wave. Example 4: ‘A.10-pole simple lap wound generator is rated at 110 V., 600A., and 750 rpm. It has a winding resistance of 7.2 m0, and is wound in 163 slots with 4 coil sides/slot and 2 turns/coil. Assume a brush voltage drop of 1.5 V. (a) find the rated load power, (b) find the resistance, emf, and terminal voltage per coil and per turn, and (c) find the developed torque and flux per pole. Solution: Pow=Vala=110 x 600-66 KW Coil sides= $ X coil sides/slot 2C=163 X 4= 652 coil sides C= 326 coils Coils/path= 32.6 Electrical Machines Notes Dr. AF BATI Page 45Page |46 -_¥e “colls/path 72/32.6=2.2 m0 Reo Eq= Va + la.Ra + Vbrushes= 110 +600 X 0.0072 +2 x1.5=117.32 V. Bp cainmna217.32/22,623.55 V.= dpNng>>o>> =7.1 mWb. Eco = Ip. Regi=3.417 V. Veuro=Etura= Ip. Rtum=1.78 -60X1.1X 10 L714 V. oN T=Klab=2 .Iq.h=5 x326 X2 X600 X 7.1 X10°/5n=884_N.m Tutorial Repeat the same requirement in Ex. 4, if the flux and speed are kept the same , for wave winding CHAPTER 4 THE MAIN FIELD The operation of de machines is based on the interaction between the armature conductors and the air gap field, which results in induced emf and developed torque. The main field is the field produced by the field coils (or PM's) on the stator. To be able to study the main field by itself , we shall assume there is no armature current, ie. the machine is operating at no load. 4.1 Mai Id distribution If the field coils act alone( i.e. no current in armature conductors), the flux in the de machine will have the general pattern ,such that most of the flux in the pole cores crosses the air gap to link the armature windings; this is the useful flux per pole ¢. However, some of the flux lines complete their paths without linking the armature wdg; this is the leakage flux . The useful flux is produced by the mmf of the field coils. The mmf per pole M; is the sum of the mmf's of all coils placed on one pole ( which may be one, or two, or more). Thus Mg Nile ampere-turn/pole Electrical Machines Notes Dr. AF BATI Page 46Page |47 If you follow the lines of the useful flux, you will find that the path of the useful flux is composed of the following parts in series : stator yoke , pole core, pole shoes, air-gap, armature teeth, and armature core. As a series circuit, the over-all reluctance is dominated by the highest reluctances in the path, which are (a) the air-gap, and (b) armature teeth(when saturated). ‘The figure on the LHS shows the flux distribution all over the machine, while the figure on the RHS shows the flux density distribution in the air gap, i.e, the effective field seen by the armature conductors. The curve is smooth if the armature surface is assumed to be smooth; in fact, armature slots introduce a ripple that moves along the curve as the armature rotates; we shall neglect the slotting effect. A much more serious distortion of the main field is caused by armature reaction. 4.2 Field excitation The main field may be produced by means of permanent magnets(PMDC), or by means of coils placed on the poles (wound-pole). PM's are compact(small size), require no supply for the field, and are economical in operation (no ohmic losses}; however, they are very expensive. Wound-pole machines are much cheaper, and allow control of the field; they are much more commonly used Field coils in wound-pole machines may be connected in various ways. They may be divided as follows: Separately —excited: field coils supplied from separate source. Electrical Machines Notes Dr. AF BATI Page 47Page |48 Self- excited: field coils are connected with the armature. They may be in parallel{ shunt field), or in series. Compound machines have both shunt and series fields. as, ed J Seuposin’ Corey ataint ) Compound (ahow t shee} Shunt field coils are made of many turns of thin wire; they are designed to carry a current much smaller (less than 10%) than the armature current 1s. The shunt field current may be controlled by connecting a variable resistor(rheostat) in series with the coils. Series field coils are made of just a few turns of thick wire; they carry the armature current I (in short-shunt compound machines, the series field current differs from the armature current by an amount equal to the shunt field current, which is small). The series field current may be controlled by placing a variable resistor in parallel with the coils. Compound machines may be connected in long -shunt or in short- shunt . There is no major difference between the two types of connection. The shunt and series coils may produce fields that aid each other, and compounding is said to be cumulative; conversely, the shunt and series fields may oppose each other, and the compounding is then said to be differential. In general, the shunt field is substantially greater than the series field, and hence dominates. From the above, it should be clear that the resistance of shunt field coils is quite large, while that of series field coils is quite small . Moreover, control of the field current results in control of the induced emf, and hence control of general machine operation. Some special-purpose de machines have more than two sets of field coils; each set of coils is fed from a different controlling signal, so that motor operation is determined by the over-all combination of controlling signals. Such motors are commonly used in control applications. Electrical Machines Notes Dr. AF BATI Page 48Pace [49 4,3 The magnetization curve In wound-pole machines, the flux is produced by the field excitation, i.e. by the mmf of the field coils. The magnetization curve is the relationship between the flux per pole and the mmf per pole My producing it. My is applied to a magnetic circuit composed of the air-gap reluctance in series with the reluctance of iron parts (assuming the leakage flux is negligible). The air-gap reluctance is constant, but the reluctance of iron parts increases as they enter into saturation. At low excitation ( say Mn), the iron is unsaturated so that its permeability is very high, and its reluctance is negligible relative to that of the air-gap; the mmf drop in the iron is negligible, and practically all the applied mmf Mj is taken up in driving the flux @, across the air-gap. At higher excitation (say Mu), iron parts begin to saturate so that their permeability goes down and their reluctance goes up; the mmf drop in the iron is no longer negligible relative to the mmf drop in the air-gap. The applied mmf Miz divides between the air-gap and the iron according to the ratio of their reluctances ( similar to voltage division in electric circuits). As the excitation is increased further (to, say , Mrs), the iron parts are driven further into saturation so that they consume a larger proportion of the applied mmf Mis; indeed, the mmf drop in iron may become greater than the mmf drop in the air-gap. Armature teeth saturate first, followed by the poles, and then the armature core and yoke. The relationship between the flux per pole ¢ and the mmf drop in the air-gap (which is less than Mi) is linear; itis represented by the air-gap line in fig.4.4. At low excitation , the magnetization curve follows the air-gap line. As excitation increases, the machine begins to saturate, and the curve moves away from the line (knee of the curve). At heavy excitation, the machine is well into saturation, and the curve is well away from the line. It is noted that at zero field excitation, there is some remanent “~ magnetism ( due to hysteresis in the iron) so that the flux 6 is not zero, Jigs G4 Yogeetdzetion aurve, in Migs Hea Now , from chapter 3, we have En= Ke. =K.W. and lia Where Ke and K are constants depending on machine parameters. If ¢ is known, then Ex may be computed for a given speed n, and T may be computed for a given Is. However, if itis the Electrical Machines Notes Dr. AF BATI Page 49Page |50 field excitation Mr that is known, we must first find from the magnetization curve; the procedure is graphical because there is no ready formula giving in terms of Mi. Ata given constant speed ny Eno=KeNod So that the vertical axis of the magnetization curve may be scaled in terms of Ea instead of . If, moreover, only one field winding{ i.e. one set of field coils) is excited, then MeNrlr Where Ny and ly correspond to the wdg excited; since N; is constant, the horizontal axis of ‘the magnetization curve may be scaled in terms of Ir instead of Mr. These forms of the magnetization curve are shown in fig.s 4.5 and 4.6 respectively. The last form of the magnetization curve ( E x Ir) can be obtained experimentally by the simple test shown in fig. 4.8: the machine is driven at constant speed ng; the field current |r is varied, and the corresponding values of emf Exo are recorded. If the test is performed at rated speed, the resulting magnetization curve is called the open circuit characteristic (OCC) To obtain the magnetization curve at different speeds as in fig. 4.7, we need to perform the (open circuit) test only once at , say , ne ; at a given value of field current, say ro, we have Eai= Kee M1.t =Ke- Mo-d(Mn1/No)= Eao(1/Me) ‘Thus the emf values at n; are obtained by multiplying the corresponding emf values at n, by the speed ratio (ni/ne). Ifthe OCC is available , the magnetization curve E, vs. Mr may be obtained if Nris known, and the magnetization curve vs. My may be obtained if Ke or K is known Electrical Machines Notes Dr. AF BATI Page 50