EVALUATION OF KAMIAS (Averrhoa bilimbi) FRUIT AND LEAF EXTRACTS AGAINST

POST-HARVEST ROTTING FUNGI ON TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicum L.) FRUITS

THRISTAN ROI D. DULAY

EDRIAN AIRWIN S. OLPINDO

KYSSHA DESIREE O. ONATO

CASTOR Z. CONCEPCION MEMORIAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

BALAOAN, LA UNION

SCIENCE-TECHNOLOGY-ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS (STEM)

JULY 2023

i
 APPROVAL SHEET

This research study EVALUATION OF KAMIAS (Averrhoa bilimbi) FRUIT AND

LEAF EXTRACTS AGAINST POST-HARVEST ROTTING FUNGI ON TOMATO (Solanum

lycopersicum L.) FRUITS, was prepared and submitted by THRISTAN ROI D. DULAY,

EDRIAN AIRWIN S. OLPINDO, KYSSHA DESIREE O. ONATO in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the STEM-Academic Track, Senior High School was examined and

passed on July 2023 by the Oral Examination Committee (OREC) composed of:

xxxxx EMILIA V. VIZCARRA, Ph.D.

Chair Adviser

Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Member Member

ii
 DEDICATION

This entire study is dedicated to our dear parents, who have supported us morally,

spiritually, emotionally, and financially and have served as a source of inspiration and bravery

when we have felt like giving up on the endeavor.

To our family members, friends, teachers, and classmates who helped us with advice

and motivation to finish our research.

Finally, we expressed our gratitude to the Almighty God by dedicating this book to him

and praising him for his protections, abilities, strength, wisdom, and guidance as well as for

giving us a long and healthy life. We provide you with all of these achievements.

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to express their heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to all

those who have contributed to the successful completion of this research paper for their

Practical Research II requirement. Their support, guidance, and encouragement have been

invaluable throughout this journey.

First and foremost, the researchers would like to thank God for providing us with the

strength, wisdom, and perseverance to undertake this research. His grace and blessings have

sustained them during challenging times and have made this accomplishment possible.

The researchers are immensely grateful to our research adviser, Dr. Emilia V. Vizcarra,

for her unwavering guidance, expertise, and constant support. Her invaluable insights,

constructive feedback, and meticulous attention to detail have greatly enhanced the quality of

our work. The researchers are truly fortunate to have had her as their mentor.

The researchers would also like to express their sincere appreciation to our subject

teacher, Dr. Princess O. De Villa and all other subject teachers for their invaluable contributions

to our academic and intellectual growth. Their passion for teaching and their dedication to their

students have inspired them throughout this research journey.

Furthermore, the researchers would like to express their heartfelt thanks to their parents

for their unwavering love, encouragement, and support. Their sacrifices and belief in our abilities

have been instrumental in their pursuit of education and in the completion of this research

paper. Their constant presence and unwavering faith in them have been a source of strength

and motivation.

Lastly, the researchers would like to acknowledge all friends, classmates, and

colleagues who have provided them with valuable insights, discussions, and encouragement

throughout the research process. Their support and collaboration have been truly appreciated.

iv
 ABSTRACT

DULAY, THRISTAN ROI D., OLPINDO, EDRIAN AIRWIN S., ONATO, KYSSHA
DESIREE O. (2023). Anti-Rot Effect of Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) Leaf and Fruit
Extracts on Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Fruit. Science-Technology-
Engineering and Mathematics (STEM). Castor Z. Concepcion Memorial National High
School, Balaoan, La Union.

Adviser: Vizcarra, Emilia V., Ph.D.

Fungal rot is the most prevalent post-harvest issue for tomatoes and has a big impact on
their shelf life. The objective of this study was to determine how extracts from kamias fruit and
leaves affected tomato fruits' ability to resist rot. The results revealed that both extracts
significantly inhibited the growth of fungi against tomato rot (p 0.05), with greater extracts
concentrations resulting in smaller fungal colony diameters. Furthermore, compared to lower
concentrations, larger concentrations of kamias leaf and fruit extracts resulted in a better
inhibition of mycelial growth on tomato fruits. It's important to note that raising the extracts
concentration also promoted mycelial growth, suggesting that tomato fruits are possibly
protected against fungus. The study's findings thus imply that kamias extracts prevent tomato
fruit rot and lengthen tomato fruits' shelf lives. Moreover, significant differences were observed
among the different treatments of kamias leaf and fruit extracts on tomato fruit in terms of the
duration of shelf life. The researchers suggest exploring the underlying mechanism, conducting
comparative studies with other natural anti-rot agents or commercial fungicides, extending the
duration of the study, performing safety evaluations and residue analysis, evaluating the
extracts effectiveness on different fruit varieties, increasing the number of replicates, and
investigating the synergistic effects of combining kamias leaf and fruit extracts to optimize their
antifungal properties and enhance post-harvest fruit preservation.

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENT PAGES

Approval Sheet ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi
List of Figures viii
List of Tables viii
Chapter I: INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study 1
Statement of the Problem 4
Research Hypothesis 4
Scope and delimitation 5
Significance of the Study 5
Conceptual Framework 6
Definition of terms 6
Chapter II: MEDTHODOLOGY
Research Design 8
Time and Locale of the Study 8
Materials and Procedures 8
Flowchart of the Study 11
Data Gathering Procedure 11
Treatment of Analysis of Data 11
Chapter III: RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Diameter (mm) of Fungal Colony Treated with Kamias Fruit Extracts 13
Mycelial Growth Inhibition of Kamias Fruit Extracts 15
Diameter (mm) of Fungal Colony Treated with Kamias Leaf Extracts 15
Mycelial Growth Inhibition of Kamias Leaf Extracts 18
Cost Analysis for the Evaluation of Kamias Fruit and Leaf Extracts 23
Chapter IV: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary 24
Conclusion 25

vi
 Recommendations 25
APPENDICES
Appendix A. Computation of ANOVA 29
PLATES 31
BIBLOGRAPHY 46
CURRICULU VITAE 48

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Flowchart of the Study 11

Figure 2 Mean of the Diameter of Fungal Colony on Tomato Fruits Treated 14

with Kamias Fruit Extracts in Different Treatments
Figure 3 Mean of the Diameter of Fungal Colony on Tomato Fruits Treated 17
with Kamias Leaf Extracts in Different Treatments.

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Diameter of Fungal Colony on Tomato Fruits Treated with 13

Kamias Fruit Extracts

Table 2 Analysis of Variance on the Effect of Kamias Fruit Extracts on the 15

Diameter of Fungal Colony on Tomato Fruits

Table 3 Mycelial Growth Inhibition of Kamias Fruit Extracts on Tomato Fruits 15

Table 4 Diameter of Fungal Colony on Tomato Fruits Treated with Kamias 16

Leaf Extracts

Table 5 Analysis of Variance on the Effect of Kamias Leaf Extracts on the 18

Diameter of Fungal Colony on Tomato Fruits

Table 6 Mycelial Growth Inhibition of Kamias Leaf Extracts on Tomato Fruits 18

Table 7 Analysis of Variance on the Effect of Kamias Fruit and Leaf Extracts 20
on the Diameter of Fungal Colony on Tomato Fruits

Table 8 Post Hoc Turkey HSD Analysis 21

Table 9 Estimated Cost Analysis 23

viii
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is the second-largest vegetable crop worldwide after

potato. Over the past 25 years, tomato production and consumption have risen quickly around

the world. Current world production is about 170.75 million tons of fresh fruit produced on 5.02

million hectares in over 150 countries (Khan, 2017). Tomatoes are consumed as fresh

vegetables all over the world due to their high content of vital nutrients like lycopene and

antioxidant-rich phytochemicals. Tomato is essential, especially for its nutritional purposes, and

it can be consumed in a variety of ways; it can be consumed raw in salads, cooked as a

vegetable, used as an ingredient in numerous dishes and sauces, made into stew, and so on.

Due to its popularity, healthy components and many uses, tomatoes are one of the most

successful vegetable crops. However, tomatoes are vulnerable to microbial infections that

cause rot during handling and storage after harvest, which can result in substantial losses.

Here in the Philippines, there is an estimated volume of post-harvest losses of 41,125 tons

of tomatoes (SEARCA, 2022). This is caused by many different things including the spoilage

and rotting of tomatoes. Signs of these are modifications to the fruits' flavor, aroma,

appearance, or texture. Due to these factors, the quality and quantity of tomato is directly

affected resulting in a supply shortage. For this problem to be solved, we are force to use

several chemical preservatives like anti rot agents (fungicides).

Anti rot agents have been widely used as an alternative for managing rotting problems

affecting several crops just like tomato fruits. One of the anti rot agents that is being used on

tomato fruits is the Chlorothalonil. According to Hausbeck and Phillips (2019), uses of

1
chlorothalonil fungicide for disease control includes fruit rot on tomato. They also added that due

to its multiple modes of action, this product can be used repeatedly and sequentially.

However, the cost is expensive and chemical contents of anti rot agents (fungicides) can be

harmful and dangerous to humans and the environment. According to a book edited by De La

Calle et al. (2018), fungicides are expensive, and their effectiveness is reduced when the

pathogen develops a resistance. As elaborated in the study edited by Reigart and Roberts

(2013), fungicides vary enormously in their potential for causing adverse effects in humans such

as systemic poisoning, irritation to the skin or respiratory tract, dermal sensitization, toxic

porphyria and epigastric pain. As stated by Bacmaga et al. (2016), frequent fungicide use can

pose a threat to the natural environment, mainly soil, by promoting the accumulation and

migration of toxic substances in ecosystems. These issues have led to a desire to find

environmentally acceptable, economically viable, and biodegradable anti rot agents. In other

words, there is a high demand for eco-friendly alternative chemicals.

As explored by Zaker (2016), natural plant products have been found effective in plant

disease managements and could be safely incorporated as suitable alternatives for synthetic

fungicides. He also stated that plant essential oils/extracts are biodegradable and do not cause

similar environmental risks like widely used synthetic chemicals. By using natural components

that are safe to use, eco-friendly alternative chemicals can protect human health. One possible

alternative is the use of natural plant extracts with antimicrobial properties. Numerous studies

investigated that there are many natural plants that is known to posess antimicrobial properties

due to the presence of various bioactive compounds, including tannins, flavonoids, and

phenolics and kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) is one of them.

Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) is a medicinal plant and a member of the Oxalidaceae family and

has been used for various purposes. A. bilimbi also has pharmacological activities which have

been reported as antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antithrombotic, cytotoxic, hypolipidemic,

2
hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, wound healing, antihelminthic, and antioxidant (Arit et al, 2022).

This fruit tree known as kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) is commonly found in the Philippines

specifically here in Balaoan, La Union. According to a study by Cruz et al. (2019), the bilimbi

tree is cultivated semi-wild everywhere in the Philippines and is produced in small scales and is

usually grown in backyards. Moreover, significant components and properties can be found in

the leaves and fruits of kamias.

It has been found that the kamias' (Averrhoa bilimbi) leaves have both antimicrobial and

antifungal properties. In the year (2016), Ahmed and Alhassan asserted that the leaves ethanol

extracts of A. bilimbi was reported to exhibit appreciable antimicrobial activity against six

pathogenic microorganisms, namely two Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Bacillus

megaterium), two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and

two fungi (Aspergillus ochraceous and Cryptococcus neoformans). As explored by Alvaira et al.

(2017), Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) leaves may have antifungal activity against Microsporum

canis, a fungus that is classified as dermatophytes which causes tinea capitis.

Aside from kamias' leaves, the fruit of kamias also have antifungal properties and

antimicrobial activity. According to the study of Arit et al (2022), Averrhoa bilimbi, specifically its

fruit extracts, possesses essential bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids,

glycosides, saponins, and triterpenes that influence its anti-fungal ability against Aspergillus

niger organism. As examined by Saini (2016), whole bilimbi fruit and blended bilimbi juice (not

filtered) at a concentration of 1:2 and 1:4 w/v respectively displayed significant activity against

Listeria monocytogenes Scott A, and Salmonella typhimurium in an in vitro antibacterial assay.

Supported by the study of Hakla et al. (2021), leaf and fruit extracts of several medicinal

plants have shown promising results in the effective management of tomato fruit rots.

3
 These studies only imply that a potential anti-rot effect is shown in kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi)

leaf and fruit tissue extraction that can be used on tomato fruits.

Several studies found evidence of the anti-rot properties of many plants available in the

locality. However, there was no contributory factor of Kamias (A. bilimbi) leaf and fruit extracts

that it has an anti-rot effect on tomato fruits. Considering this scenario, the antimicrobial and

antifungal property of the extracts found in Kamias leaves and fruits associated with a unified

amount of solvents and concentrations are explored by the researchers. Therefore, the study is

designed to determine the anti-rot effect of Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) leaf and fruit extracts on

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruits.

B. Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this study is to assess the anti-rot efficacy of Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) leaf

and fruit extracts on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruits. Specifically, the study seeks to

respond to the following questions:

1. To determine the anti-rot effects of Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) leaf and fruit extracts on

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruits in terms of: diameter of fungal colony and percentage

of mycelial growth inhibition.

2. To determine the significant difference of the different treatments of Kamias (Averrhoa

bilimbi) leaf and fruit extracts on Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruits in terms of: diameter

of fungal colony and percentage of mycelial growth inhibition.

C. Research Hypotheses

1. Ho: There is no anti-rot effect of Kamias leaf and fruit extracts on Tomato Fruits in

terms of the diameter of fungal colony and percentage of mycelial growth inhibition.

4
 2. Ho: There is no significant difference of the different treatments of Kamias leaf and

fruit extracts on Tomato fruits in terms of the diameter of fungal colony and percentage of

mycelial growth inhibition.

D. Scope and Delimitation

The research will focus on the utilization of Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) leaf and fruit

extracts as an anti-rot agent on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit. The diameter of fungal

colony and mycelial growth of tomato fruit will be evaluated in relation to various concentrations

of Kamias leaf and fruit extracts.

The experimentation process will be conducted in a controlled environment at

Brgy.Tallipugo, Balaoan, La union. It will be conducted from April-July 2023.

The study will not differentiate the effects of kamias leaf and fruit extracts on other fruits

or plants, as the focus will be solely on tomatoes. Moreover, the study will not assess the long-

term effects of kamias leaf and fruit extracts on tomato fruits’ color and texture as the scope will

be limited to the shelf life of the tomato in a short period of time.

E. Significance of the Study

The result of the study will benefit the following:

Local Market. The study's findings will pave the way for the development of an anti-rot chemical

that could extend the shelf life of tomatoes without compromising their quality. The agent can

boost productivity and revenue in the neighborhood market.

Agricultural Industry. The results of the study will persuade the sector to apply an anti-rot

treatment when exporting the crops. More investigation will be done into improvised ways for

extending shelf life.

5
Future Researchers. Future researchers will gain and be assisted by the proposed study. The

concepts discussed may be utilized as a starting point for future research or to verify the

accuracy of earlier discoveries. This can also open in the growth of the study.

Students. The study's findings will increase the body of research on the Kamias fruit in

scholarly literature. The use of various anti-rot chemicals in the future is possible when the

students have learned from this literature.

F. Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

a) Collection of
a) Kamias (Averrhoa
Kamias Leaves and Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi)
bilimbi) Leaf and Fruit
Fruits leaf and fruit extracts anti

b) Tomato (Solanum rot agent

b) Collection of
lycopersicum L.) Fruit
Tomato Fruits

c) Kamias Leaf and Fruit

Extraction

d) Treatment Application

e) Data Gathering

f) Analysis of Acquired

Data

G. Definition of Terms

Antifungal. A substance or agent that has the ability to destroy or inhibit the growth of fungi in

the crops, such as tomato fruits.

6
Antimicrobial. A substance or agent that has the ability to destroy or inhibit the growth of

microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

Anti-rot agents. Substances or chemicals that are used to prevent or control the rotting or

decay of crops, such as tomato fruits.

Averrhoa bilimbi. A fruit tree of the genus is also known as Kamias. A plant commonly found

in the Philippines.

Eco-friendly alternative chemicals. This refers to substances or chemicals that can replace

synthetic fungicides and pesticides, which can harm the environment, human health, and

animals.

Extraction. This refers to the process of obtaining the potential anti-rot compounds from

Kamias leaf and fruit tissue.

Fungal colony. This refers to a visible patch on the tomato fruit surface appearing when viewed

from above and its diameter is the widest distance across the colony.

Mycelial growth. This refers to the spread of hyphae, which are thin, thread-like parts of the

fungus that look like tiny roots, on tomato fruit.

Natural components. This refers to substances or compounds that occur naturally in plants

and are considered safe to use as an alternative to synthetic fungicides.

Post-harvest. This refers to the period after tomatoes have been harvested from the fields,

during which they are stored, transported, and processed before they reach the consumers.

Rot. The decay or deterioration of tomatoes caused by microbial infections during handling and

storage after harvest.

7
Solanum lycopersicum L. A flowering plant of the nightshade family also known as Tomato. It

is a plant that is widely cultivated and consumed worldwide for its nutritional and culinary value.

CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY

This chapter shows the methods and procedures that the researchers utilized to

determine the anti-rot effect of kamias leaf and fruit extracts on tomato fruits. It includes the

research design, time and place of the study, materials and procedures, flow chart of the study,

data gathering procedure, treatment, and analysis of data.

A. Research Design

The researchers utilized the quantitative approach as their research design, particularly

the experimental design to determine the anti-rot effect of kamias leaf and fruit extracts on

tomato fruits. According to Apuke (2017), the quantitative research method deals with

quantifying and analysis variables in order to get results. He also stated that quantitative

research involves the utilization and analysis of numerical data using specific statistical

techniques to answer questions like who, how much, what, where, when, how many, and how.

Its goal is to examine data for patterns and relationships as well as to verify the measurements

that have been taken.

B. Time and Place of the Study

The study will be conducted at Tallipugo, Balaoan, La Union from April 2023 to July

2023.

C. Materials and Procedure

I. Collection of Kamias Fruits and Leaves

8
 Fresh and ripe Kamias fruits and leaves from a farm were collected to be used in the tests.

The fruits are free from any visible damages or diseases. The researchers also choose healthy

and mature leaves that have not been damaged by insects or diseases. Rinse the kamias fruits

and leaves thoroughly with clean water to remove any dirt or impurities. Dry the kamias fruits

and leaves separately using a clean cloth or paper towel. Make sure that the fruits and leaves

are completely dry.

II. Collection of Tomato Fruits

The researchers collected tomato fruits that is healthy and free from any signs of disease or

pest infestation to be used in the experiment. The tomato fruits were washed thoroughly with

clean water and dried using towels.

III. Preparation of Kamias Leaves and Fruits Extracts

Averrhoa Bilimbi was collected and used for the tests. The fruit and leaves were cleaned

thoroughly with water. Kamias fruit and leaf were cut into small pieces before blending them

separately in a blender with a sufficient amount of water. Filter the blended Kamias fruit and leaf

extracts separately through filter paper. Lastly, divide the extracts into four equal parts and

dilute each part with distilled water to obtain the desired concentrations (25%, 50%,75%, and

100%).

IV. Treatment Application

And for the treatment application, the researchers dip each tomato fruit in the respective

treatment solution for 20 minutes. Based on the study of Arthur et al (2015), dipping tomato

fruits for 20 minutes can serve as an important postharvest tool to maintain quality and extend

storage life. After that, the tomato fruit was removed from the solution and let it air-dry for 10

minutes. After all the treatments were applied, place the tomato fruit in a separate petri dish

labeled with the corresponding treatment group. The researchers observed the tomato fruits

9
daily for any signs of rotting or decay. The researchers also recorded the number of days it

takes for each tomato fruit to show signs of rotting or decay.

V. Data Gathering Procedure

After applying the different treatments to the tomato fruits, close observations were

conducted daily.

On the twelveth day, data was gathered regarding how wide the diameter (mm) of fungal

colony on the tomato fruits and how high the percentage of mycelial growth inhibition of kamias

leaf and fruit extracts.

VI. Analysis of Acquired Data

In order to analyze the data, a One-Way ANOVA was conducted. The study included 10

different treatments with 5 replicates each, which were: a tomato fruit treated with a pure

distilled water, tomato fruit treated with a commercial anti-rot agent, tomato fruit treated with

25%, 50% and 75% water concentration of Kamias leaf extract, tomato fruit treated with 25%,

50% and 75% water concentration of Kamias fruit extract, tomato fruit treated with pure extract

of Kamias leaf, and tomato fruit treated with pure extract of Kamias fruit.

The aim was to investigate whether there were any significant differences in the

diameter of fungal colony on tomato fruits and percentage of mycelial growth inhibition after

treatment with the various concentrations of kamias leaf and fruit extracts. To further investigate

the differences between the treatments, a Post Hoc Tukey HSD Analysis was performed. The

test aimed to determine how wide the diameter of fungal colony on tomato fruits and how high

10
the percentage of mycelial growth inhibition and identify which treatments exhibited the most

effective fungicidal activity against tomato rot.

11
D. Flowchart of the Study

Collection of Kamias Collection of Tomato Preparation of

Fruits and Leaves Fruits Kamias Leaf Extracts

Treatment Treatment
Preparation of Application of Application of
Kamias Fruit Extracts Kamias Leaf Extracts Kamias Fruit Extracts
to Tomato Fruits to Tomato Fruits

Analysis of Acquired
Data Gathering
Data

Figure 1

E. Data Gathering Procedure

After applying the different treatments to the tomato fruits, close observations were

conducted daily.

On the twenty-first day, data was gathered regarding how long the tomato fruits remained

fresh and did not exhibit any signs of rot.

F. Analysis of Data

All collected data were computed and analyzed by taking the mean of each treatment to

determine the anti-rot effect of kamias leaf and fruit extract on tomato fruits in terms of the

diameter of fungal colony and the percentage of mycelial growth inhibition. ANOVA and Post

Hoc Tukey HSD analysis was used to determine the significant difference among the

12
treatments. Furthermore, the percentage of mycelial growth inhibition was computed using the

adapted formula from the study of Parveen et al. (2014).

dc−dt
Mycelial growth inhibition (%) = x 100
dt

Where dc = average diameter of fungal colony in control, and dt= average diameter of

fungal colony in treatment group.

13
 CHAPTER III

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Diameter (mm) of Fungal Colony Treated with Kamias Fruit Extracts

Table 1. Diameter (mm) of Fungal Colony on Tomato Fruits Treated with Kamias Fruit
Extracts
TREATMENTS R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 Mean

T0 200 210 190 220 220 208

T1 130 120 110 150 130 128

T2 190 200 180 200 170 188

T3 190 160 180 200 190 184

T4 180 190 150 160 170 170

T5 160 140 130 150 170 150

Table 1 shows the diameter of fungal colony on tomato fruits treated with Kamias fruit

extracts. As revealed in the table, distilled water (T0) posted the highest mean diameter of

fungal colony with a mean of 208 while commercial fungicide (T1) shows the lowest with a mean

of 128. Furthermore, the results show that 25% concentration of Kamias fruit extracts (T2) got

the second-highest mean diameter of fungal colony with a mean of 188 and 50% concentration

of Kamias fruit extracts (T3) with a mean of 184 as the third. The results also revealed that 75%

concentration of Kamias fruit extracts (T4) got the fourth-highest mean diameter of fungal colony

with a mean of 170 and 100% concentration of Kamias fruit extracts (T5) as the second-lowest

mean diameter of fungal colony with a mean of 150. This further implies that the effectiveness of

Kamias fruit extracts as a fungicide is dependent on its concentration, with higher

14
concentrations being more effective in inhibiting the growth of fungal colonies. However, it is

important to note that the use of Kamias fruit extracts as a fungicide may not be as effective as

commercial fungicides. Nonetheless, the results of this study suggest that Kamias fruit extracts

can be a potential alternative to synthetic fungicides, especially for small-scale farmers who may

not have access to commercial fungicides.

The finding is consistent with that of Gomez et al. (2018) who reported that the

antifungal activity of Kamias fruit extracts is concentration-dependent, with higher

concentrations being more effective in inhibiting the growth of fungal colonies.

Graph Comparing the Diameter (mm) of Fungal Colony on Tomato Fruits Treated with

Kamias Fruit Extracts

250

200
T0
150 T1
T2
T3
100 T4
T5
50

0
Figure 2. Mean of the Diameter of Fungal Colony on Tomato Fruits Treated with Kamias
Fruit Extracts in Different Treatments.

Figure 2 shows a graph comparing the mean diameter of fungal colonies on tomato fruits

treated with different concentrations of Kamias fruit extracts. Distilled water treatment (TO)

resulted in the largest fungal colonies, while the commercial fungicide treatment (T1) led to the

smallest colonies. Increasing the concentration of Kamias fruit extracts generally reduced the

size of fungal colonies, with the 25% concentration (T2) producing relatively larger colonies

15
compared to higher concentrations. The 50% (T3) and 75% (T4) concentrations resulted in

slightly smaller colonies, and the 100% concentration (T5) led to the second-smallest colonies.

Kamias fruit extracts shows a concentration-dependent effect on fungal colony size, suggesting

potential as an alternative to synthetic fungicides for small-scale farmers. However, the

commercial fungicide remains more effective

Table 2. Analysis of Variance on the Effect of Kamias Fruit Extracts on the Diameter of
Fungal Colony on Tomato Fruits
TREATMENTS Mean P-Value

T0 208

T1 128

T2 188
0.000000121
T3 184

T4 170

T5 150

The Effect of Kamias Fruit Extracts on the Diameter of Fungal Colony on Tomato Fruits

was examined using an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The study included six treatment

groups: T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5. The mean diameter of fungal colony for each treatment

group was as follows: T0 (208), T1 (128), T2 (188), T3 (184), T4 (170), and T5 (150).

The ANOVA results indicated a significant difference among the treatment groups (p =

0.000000121). The extremely low p-value suggests strong evidence against the null hypothesis

of no difference in the means of the treatment groups. Based on the ANOVA results, the

16
application of Kamias fruit extracts has a significant effect on reducing the diameter of fungal

colonies on tomato fruits compared to the control group (T0).

Table 3. Mycelial Growth Inhibition (%) of Kamias Fruit Extracts on Tomato Fruits
TREATMENTS Mycelial Growth Inhibition

T0 0

T1 62.5

T2 10.64

T3 13.04

T4 22.35

T5 38.67

The table displays the mycelial growth inhibition percentages of tomato fruits treated with

kamias fruit extracts under different treatments (T0 to T5). The mycelial growth inhibition

percentage represents the extent to which the kamias fruit extracts inhibits the growth of fungal

mycelia on the tomato fruits. The experiment monitored the mycelial growth starting from the

10th day.

Based on the data presented, the control group (T0) had 0% inhibition, indicating no

effect on mycelial growth. T1 (commercial) had the highest inhibition at 62.5%, followed by T5

with 38.67%. T2, T3, and T4 exhibited lower inhibitory effects at 10.64%, 13.04%, and 22.35%,

respectively. These results demonstrate that higher concentrations of Kamias fruit extracts led

to greater inhibition of mycelial growth on tomato fruits compared to lower concentrations. The

higher the percentage of inhibition, the greater the anti-rot effect observed in the experiment.

Diameter (mm) of Fungal Colony Treated with Kamias Leaf Extracts

17
 Table 4. Diameter (mm) of Fungal Colony on Tomato Fruits Treated with Kamias Leaf
Extracts
TREATMENTS R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 Mean

T0 200 210 190 220 220 208

T1 130 120 110 150 130 128

T2 210 190 200 200 190 198

T3 200 190 180 200 190 192

T4 190 200 180 180 190 188

T5 190 180 170 180 180 180

Table 4 presents the diameter of fungal colonies on tomato fruits treated with Kamias

leaf extracts. The results indicate that distilled water (T0) exhibited the highest mean diameter of

fungal colonies, with a mean of 208. On the other hand, the commercial fungicide (T1) displayed

a lower mean diameter of fungal colonies, with a mean of 128. Among the Kamias leaf extracts,

the 25% concentration (T2) yielded the second-highest mean diameter of fungal colonies, with a

mean of 198. Following that, the 50% concentration of Kamias fruit extracts (T3) had a mean of

192 as the third-highest. The results also indicated that the 75% concentration of Kamias leaf

extracts (T4) and the 100% concentration of Kamias fruit extracts (T5) both had mean diameters

of 188 and 180, respectively.

These findings suggest that the effectiveness of Kamias leaf extracts as a fungicide is

dependent on its concentration, with higher concentrations being more effective in inhibiting the

growth of fungal colonies. However, distilled water (T0) resulted in the highest mean diameter of

18
fungal colonies, indicating limited effectiveness in inhibiting fungal growth compared to other

treatments.

These results deviate from the research conducted by Santos et al. (2019), who reported

that Kamias leaf extracts possesses potent antifungal properties. Further investigation is

needed to understand the factors influencing the varying effectiveness of Kamias leaf extracts

as a natural alternative to synthetic fungicides in plant disease management.

Graph Comparing the Diameter of Fungal Colony on Tomato Fruits Treated with Kamias

Leaf Extracts

250

200
T0
150 T1
T2
T3
100 T4
T5
50

0
Figure 3. Mean of the Diameter of Fungal Colony on Tomato Fruits Treated with Kamias
Leaf Extracts in Different Treatments.

Kamias leaf extracts show concentration-dependent effects on fungal colony size, with

higher concentrations being more effective. However, the commercial fungicide outperforms

Kamias leaf extracts in inhibiting fungal growth on tomato fruits.

19
Table 5. Analysis of Variance on the Effect of Kamias Leaf Extracts on the Diameter (mm)
of Fungal Colony on Tomato Fruits
TREATMENTS Mean P-Value

T0 182

T1 128

T2 198
0.0000000001703
T3 192

T4 188

T5 180

The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the diameter of the

growing fungal colony on tomato fruits was significantly affected by Kamias leaf extracts (p<

0.0000000001703). The Kamias leaf extracts may significantly influence the inhibition or

reduction of the growth of fungal colonies on tomato fruits, as suggested by the extremely low p-

value, which provides strong evidence against the null hypothesis. This research suggests that

Kamias leaf extracts may have application as a safe, efficient, and natural means of preventing

fungal infection in agricultural settings, particularly in safeguarding tomato crops from fungal

diseases.

Table 6. Mycelial Growth Inhibition (%) of Kamias Leaf Extracts on Tomato Fruits
TREATMENTS MYCELIAL GROWTH INHIBITION

T0 0

T1 62.5

20
 T2 5.05

T3 8.33

T4 10.64

T5 15.56

The table presents the results of the Mycelial Growth Inhibition assay using Kamias leaf

extracts on Tomato fruits. Five different treatments (T0-T5) were tested, each with varying

concentrations of the Kamias leaf extracts. The experiment monitored the mycelial growth

starting from the 10th day.

T0 represents the control group with 0% inhibition, indicating the natural growth rate of

the fungal mycelium in pure distilled water. T1 exhibited a mycelial growth inhibition of 62.5%

when treated with a commercial fungicide, indicating its strong inhibitory effect on the mycelium.

Similarly, T2, T3, T4, and T5 demonstrated inhibitions of 5.05%, 8.33%, 10.64%, and 15.56%,

respectively, when treated with increasing concentrations of the Kamias leaf extracts. These

results suggest that as the concentration of the Kamias leaf extracts increased, the inhibition of

mycelial growth also increased, indicating a potential antifungal effect on the Tomato fruits.

However, it is important to note that Kamias fruit extracts is still better than Kamias leaf extracts

and also, the commercial fungicide still exhibited the highest level of mycelial growth inhibition

among all the treatments.

The greater mycelial inhibition growth observed in both the Kamias fruit extract and

Kamias leaf extract treatments indicates a potential for longer shelf life of the tomato fruits. By

inhibiting the growth of fungal mycelia, which are responsible for causing rot and decay, the

21
extracts can help preserve the quality and freshness of the tomatoes for a longer period. The

higher the percentage of mycelial growth inhibition, the greater the potential for an extended

shelf life, as the growth of fungi and subsequent rotting processes are suppressed. This

suggests that the application of Kamias fruit and leaf extracts could serve as a natural and

effective means to enhance the post-harvest storage and reduce spoilage of tomato fruits.

Table 7. Analysis of Variance on the Effect of Kamias Fruit and Leaf Extracts on the
Diameter (mm) of Fungal Colony on Tomato Fruits
TREATMENTS Mean P-value

T0 182 0.00000000001542

T1 128

T2 188

T3 184

T4 170

T5 150

T6 198

T7 192

22
 T8 188

T9 180

The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) resulted in an exceptionally low p-value of

0.00000000001542, which is strong support for the assertion that the administration of Kamias

leaf and fruit extracts significantly affects the diameter of fungal colonies seen on tomato fruits.

This finding reveals that the size and growth of the fungal colonies that form on the surface of

tomato fruits are significantly affected by the extracts obtained from Kamias leaves and fruits.

Table 8. Post Hoc Tukey HSD Analysis

TREATMENTS PAIR Tukey HSD Q Tukey HSD p-value Tukey HSD

statistic inferfence
T0 vs T1 14.3684 0.0010053 **p<0.01
T0 vs T2 3.5921 0.2794235 insignificant
T0 vs T3 4.3115 0.1010359 insignificant

23
 T0 vs T4 6.8250 0.0010053 **p<0.01
T0 vs T5 10.4171 0.0010053 **p<0.01
T0 vs T6 1.7961 0.8999947 insignificant
T0 vs T7 2.8737 0.5725613 insignificant
T0 vs T8 3.5921 0.2794235 insignificant
T0 vs T9 5.0289 0.0295925 **p<0.05
T1 vs T2 10.7763 0.0010053 **p<0.01
T1 vs T3 10.0579 0.0010053 **p<0.01
T1 vs T4 7.5434 0.0010053 **p<0.01
T1 vs T5 3.9513 0.1734302 insignificant
T1 vs T6 12.5724 0.0010053 **p<0.01
T1 vs T7 11.4947 0.0010053 **p<0.01
T1 vs T8 10.7763 0.0010053 **p<0.01
T1 vs T9 9.3395 0.0010053 **p<0.01
T2 vs T3 0.7184 0.8999947 insignificant
T2 vs T4 3.2329 0.4226519 insignificant
T2 vs T5 6.8250 0.0010053 **p<0.01
T2 vs T6 1.7961 0.8999947 insignificant
T2 vs T7 0.7184 0.8999947 insignificant
T2 vs T8 0.0000 0.8999947 insignificant
T2 vs T9 1.4368 0.8999947 insignificant
T3 vs T4 2.5145 0.7185530 insignificant
T3 vs T5 6.1066 0.0035825 **p<0.01
T3 vs T6 2.5145 0.7185530 insignificant
T3 vs T7 1.4368 0.8999947 insignificant
T3 vs T8 0.7184 0.8999947 insignificant
T3 vs T9 0.7184 0.8999947 insignificant
T4 vs T5 3.5921 0.2794235 insignificant
T4 vs T6 5.0289 0.0295925 **p<0.05
T4 vs T7 3.9513 0.1734302 insignificant
T4 vs T8 3.2329 0.4226519 insignificant
T4 vs T9 1.7961 0.8999947 insignificant
T5 vs T6 8.6211 0.0010053 **p<0.01
T5 vs T7 7.5434 0.0010053 **p<0.01
T5 vs T8 6.8250 0.0010053 **p<0.01
T5 vs T9 5.3882 0.01050795 **p<0.05
T6 vs T7 1.0776 0.8999947 insignificant
T6 vs T8 1.7961 0.8999947 insignificant
T6 vs T9 3.2329 0.4226519 insignificant
T7 vs T8 0.7184 0.8999947 insignificant
T7 vs T9 2.1553 0.8645435 insignificant
T8 vs T9 1.4368 0.8999947 insignificant

The Post Hoc Tukey HSD analysis revealed significant and insignificant differences

among the various treatment pairs. Among the significant comparisons (p < 0.05), T0 (Pure

Water) showed significant differences with T1 (Commercial), T4 (75% Fruit), T5 (Pure Fruit),

24
and T9 (Pure Leaf). T1 displayed significant differences with T2 (25% Fruit), T3 (50% Fruit), T4

(75% Fruit) , T6 (25% Leaf), T7 (50% Leaf), T8 (75% Leaf), and T9 (Pure Leaf). Furthermore,

comparisons between T2 and T5, T3 and T5, T4 and T6, and T5 and T9 were also significant. In

terms of insignificant differences (p > 0.05), no significant distinctions were observed between

T0 and T2, T0 and T3, T0 and T6, T0 and T7, T0 and T8, T0 and T9, T2 and T3, T2 and T6, T2

and T7, T2 and T8, T2 and T9, T3 and T6, T3 and T7, T3 and T8, T3 and T9, T4 and T5, T4

and T9, T6 and T7, T6 and T8, T6 and T9, T7 and T8, T7 and T9, and, T8 and T9. These

findings provide insights into the specific treatment pairs that demonstrate significant variation in

their effects, while others exhibit comparable outcomes. Importantly, the findings suggest that

higher concentrations of kamias leaf and fruit extracts resulted in a shorter diameter of the

fungal colony, indicating a potentially longer shelf life for tomatoes when treated with these

extracts.

Cost Analysis for the Evaluation of Kamias Fruit and Leaf Extracts

25
 Standard Cost for Fungicide Antracol: Php 680.00 per 1000 grams

Table 9. Estimated Cost Analysis

MATERIALS QUANTITY COST

Kamias fruit
1500 grams Php 100.00

Kamias leaf
800 grams Php 45.00

Tomato fruit
1000 grams Php 40.00

Filter paper
2pcs Php 10.00

Labor
90 minutes Php 0.00

Total Cost= Php 195.00

The standard cost for Antracol is 680 pesos per 1000 grams. The materials utilized in

the experiment include 1500 grams of Kamias fruit costing 100 pesos, 800 grams of Kamias leaf

costing 45 pesos, 1000 grams of tomato fruit costing 40 pesos, and 2 pieces of filter paper

costing 10 pesos. The labor involved in the experiment amounted to 90 minutes but did not

26
incur any monetary cost. Overall, the total cost of conducting the experiment using Kamias

extracts is 195 pesos. Based on these findings, it appears that utilizing Kamias fruit and leaf

extracts may be a more cost-effective alternative compared to the standard fungicide Antracol.

CHAPTER IV

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter deals with the summary of findings, conclusions, and recommendations that

are necessary in the completion of this research undertaking.

A. Summary

Kamias leaf and fruit extracts nowadays are very essential in improving and extending the

duration of shelf life of tomato fruits. This quantitative experimental research is aimed to develop

a cost-effective and eco-friendly fungicide (anti-rot agent) for the use of small and local farmers

specifically here in Balaoan, La Union. Having 10 different treatments (8 experimental, 1

positive control and 1 control) with 5 replicates each, the different findings are as follows:

1. The mean of the diameter (mm) of fungal colony on tomato fruits treated with kamias fruit

extracts is 188 (25% fruit), 184 (50% fruit), 170 (75% fruit), and 150 (Pure Fruit); for the mean of

the diameter (mm) of fungal colony on tomato fruits treated with kamias leaf extracts is 198

27
(25% leaf), 192 (50% leaf), 188 (75% leaf), and 180 (Pure Leaf) while the control group and

positive control group has a mean of 208 (Pure Water) and 128 (Commercial).

2. The different treatments of kamias leaf and fruit extracts observe to have significant

differences that exist between the experimental group, positive control group and control group.

3. The mycelial growth inhibition (%) of kamias fruit extracts on tomato fruits is 10.64 (25%

fruit), 13.04 (50% fruit), 22.35 (75% fruit), and 38.67 (Pure Fruit); for the mycelial growth

inhibition of kamias leaf extracts on tomato fruits is 5.05 (25% leaf), 8.33 (50% leaf), 10.64 (75%

leaf), and 15.56 (Pure Leaf) while the control group and positive control group has a mean of 0

(Pure Water) and 62.5 (Commercial).

4. The post hoc tukey HSD reveals that T0 (Pure Water) showed significant differences with

T1 (Commercial), T4 (75% Fruit), T5 (Pure Fruit), and T9 (Pure Leaf). Concomitantly, T1

displayed significant differences with T2 (25% Fruit), T3 (50% Fruit), T4 (75% Fruit) , T6 (25%

Leaf), T7 (50% Leaf), T8 (75% Leaf), and T9 (Pure Leaf). Furthermore, comparisons between

T2 and T5, T3 and T5, T4 and T6, and T5 and T9 were also significant while the rest are

comparable (no significant difference).

B. Conclusions:

With the presented findings, the following conclusions were transpired:

1. There is an anti-rot effect of Kamias leaf and fruit extracts on Tomato Fruits in terms

of the diameter of fungal colony and percentage of mycelial growth inhibition.

2. There is a significant difference of the different treatments of Kamias leaf and fruit

extracts on Tomato fruits in terms of the diameter of fungal colony and percentage of mycelial

growth inhibition.

C. Recommendations:

28
 1. The researchers recommend examining the underlying mechanisms by which kamias

leaf and fruit extracts prevents the growth of fungi on tomato fruits. Investigating the individual

components in the extracts and how they interact with fungi could be part of this. The efficiency

of the extracts can be increased by having a clear understanding of the mode of action.

2. The researchers propose to compare their findings with those of other commercial or

natural fungicides frequently employed in post-harvest preservation. To assess the performance

of kamias extracts in terms of preventing fungal growth and increasing the shelf life of tomato

fruits, compare its effectiveness with those of these substances. By doing so, it will be possible

to assess the relative efficacy of kamias extracts and explore its potential as a natural fungicide

substitute.

3. To better evaluate the long-term impact of kamias extracts on the shelf life of tomato

fruits, the researchers propose extending the study's duration. To assess how well the fruits

maintain their quality and freshness over time, keep an eye on the parameters of quality such

color, firmness, and weight loss. This will provide researchers a more thorough grasp of the

extract's potential to keep tomatoes fresh and stop them from going bad.

4. To make sure that the use of kamias extracts on tomato fruits is safe for human

consumption, the researchers further advise doing safety evaluations and residue analyses.

Examine the fruit surfaces for any possible traces of the extracts or its elements, and determine

how they may affect the health of consumers. It is essential to guarantee that the extracts does

not introduce any toxic compounds or endanger the safety of food.

5. The researchers recommend that the study be expanded to include other fruit

varieties that are prone to spoiling. Identify which fruits, such as apples, oranges, or

strawberries, the Kamias leaf and fruit extracts is most effective on. This will give a more

29
comprehensive view of the extracts's potential uses as a natural anti-rot agent in relation to

diverse fruit varieties.

6. The researchers recommend to increase the number of replicates in the experimental

setup to make the findings more statistically reliable. Researchers can get more trustworthy

data and evaluate the consistency of the inhibitory effects on fungal growth by doing numerous

repetitions of the tests employing kamias leaf and fruit extracts on tomato fruits. As a result, the

findings will be more credible and the effectiveness of the extracts will be clearer.

7. The researchers recommend further investigation into the combined effects between

the leaf and fruit extracts of the kamias to see whether there are any improved antifungal

activities when mixed. Researchers can examine potential mutually beneficial interactions that

may boost the extracts's potency as an anti-rot treatment by combining the extracts and

analyzing their inhibitory effects on microbial infections. This research may result in the creation

of improved fruit post-harvest preservation formulations.

30
Appendices

31
 APPENDIX A

Computation for the ANOVA

A. Diameter (mm) of Fungal Colony on Tomato Fruits Treated with Kamias Fruit
Extracts
Diameter T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

R1 200 130 190 190 180 160

R2 210 120 200 160 190 140

R3 190 110 180 180 150 130

R4 220 150 200 200 160 150

R5 220 130 170 190 170 170

One factor ANOVA

Mean N Std. Dev

208 5 13.038 T0

128 5 14.832 T1

188 5 13.038 T2

184 5 15.166 T3

170 5 15.811 T4

150 5 15.811 T5

171.33 30 14.616 Total

ANOVA Table
Source SS df MS F P-value

32
 Treatment 20586.667 5 4117.333 19.150 0.000000121

Error 5160 24 215

Total 25746.667 29

B. Diameter (mm) of Fungal Colony on Tomato Fruits Treated with Kamias Leaf
Extracts
Diameter T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

R1 200 130 210 200 190 190

R2 210 120 190 190 200 180

R3 190 110 200 180 180 170

R4 220 150 200 200 180 180

R5 220 130 190 190 190 180

One factor ANOVA

Mean N Std. Dev

208 5 13.038 T0

128 5 14.832 T1

198 5 8.367 T2

192 5 8.367 T3

33
 188 5 8.367 T4

180 5 7.071 T5

182.33 30 10.007 Total

ANOVA Table
Source SS df MS F P-value

Treatment 19936.667 5 3987.333 36.806 0.0000000001703

Error 2600 24 108.333

Total 22536.667 29

34
Plates

35
Plate 1. The materials needed for the study.

Plate 2. Collection of Kamias leaf and fruit

36
Plate 4. Washing Kamias fruits with water

37
 Plate 6. Washing Tomato fruits

38
 Plate 7. Cutting Kamias fruit into small pieces

Plate 8. Cutting Kamias leaf into small pieces

39
 Plate 9. Blending the Kamias Fruit

Plate 10. Blending the Kamias Leaf

40
Plate 11. Filtering the Kamias fruit and leaf extract

Plate 12. Filtered Kamias fruit and leaf extract

41
Plate 13. Measuring the Kamias fruit and leaf extracts into different concentrations

Plate 14. Putting Kamias fruit and leaf extract into containers

42
Plate 12. Dipping Tomato fruits in the different treatment solutions for 20 minutes

Plate 16. Final outcome after the different treatments

43
 DAY 10

Plate 17. T0 Plate 18. T1

Plate 19. T2 Plate 20. T3

Plate 21. T4 Plate 22. T5

44
Plate 23. T6 Plate 24. T7

Plate 25. T8 Plate 26. T9

45
 DAY 11

Plate 27. T0 Plate 28. T1

Plate 29. T2 Plate 30. T3

Plate 31. T4 Plate 32. T5

46
Plate 33. T6 Plate 34. T7

Plate 35. T8 Plate 36. T9

47
 DAY 12

Plate 37. T0 Plate 38. T1

Plate 39. T2 Plate 40. T3

Plate 41. T4 Plate 42. T5

48
Plate 43. T6 Plate 44. T7

Plate 45. T8 Plate 46. T9

49
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52
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Thristan Roi D. Dulay

Age: 17 years old

Address: Nagsabaran Norte, Balaoan, La Union

Birthday: August 25, 2005

Parents:

Father: Arven R. Dulay

Mother: Tessie D. Dulay

Religion: Baptist

Nationality: Filipino

Civil Status: Single

Educational Attainment:

Elementary: Balaoan Central Elementary School

Secondary:

Junior High School: Castor Z. Concepcion Memorial National High School

Senior High School: Castor Z. Concepcion Memorial National High School

53
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Edrian Airwin S. Olpindo

Age: 17 years old

Address: Tallipugo, Balaoan, La Union

Birthday: September 9, 2005

Parents:

Father: Edwin P. Olpindo

Mother: Airen S. Olpindo

Religion: Roman Catholic

Nationality: Filipino

Civil Status: Single

Educational Attainment:

Elementary: Rissing Elementary School

Secondary:

Junior High School: Oanari National High School

Senior High School: Castor Z. Concepcion Memorial National High School

54
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Kyssha Desiree O. Onato

Age: 17 years old

Address: Napaset, Balaoan, La Union

Birthday: November 26, 2005

Parents:

Father: Leopoldo N. Onato

Mother: Rosario O. Onato

Religion: Roman Catholic

Nationality: Filipino

Civil Status: Single

Educational Attainment:

Elementary: Oaqui Elementary School

Secondary:

Junior High School: Castor Z. Concepcion Memorial National High School

Senior High School: Castor Z. Concepcion Memorial National High School

55
56