COMPUTER KNOWLEDGE
UPSC EPFO – Lecture 5
By: Dikshant Sharma
LECTURE 5 - Scope
I. Network
i. Network Topologies
II. What is INTERNET?
i. TCP/IP & it’s role in working of INTERNET
ii. Who Governs INTERNET?
iii. HARDWARE / SOFTWARE Requirements for INTERNET
iv. DOMAIN NAME
v. Web Browser
III. E-Mail – Definition & Structure
IV. E-Commerce / E-Payments (BHIM / UPI)
V. Hacking / Virus – Definition & Types (Malware, Adware, Spyware Etc.)
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
What is a TOPOLOGY?
• TOPOLOGY of a network refers to the physical configuration of cables, computers and other peripherals
• Types of topologies :-
1. BUS Topology
2. STAR Topology
3. RING Topology
4. MESH Topology
5. TREE Topology
6. HYBRID Topology
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
BUS TOPOLOGY
➢ Nodes are connected by a linear sequence of buses
➢ The bus can transmit data only in one direction
➢ Requires less cable length than other topologies
➢ Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable
➢ Slow when more devices are connected
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
STAR TOPOLOGY
➢ Most common computer network topology
➢ Consists of a central switch, hub or a server
➢ All devices are connected to this node
➢ At any point, only 3 devices are used for communication between 2 computers
➢ Amount of nodes are limited – depends on the capacity of the Switch or Hub
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
RING TOPOLOGY
➢ Each node connects to exactly 2 nodes
➢ This forms a single continuous pathway for signals through each node
➢ Data travels from node to node
➢ Does not require a central Switch to manage connectivity
➢ One malfunctioning device can create problem for entire network
➢ Communication delay is directly proportional to the number of nodes
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
MESH TOPOLOGY
➢ Each node is connected to every node in the network
➢ Data transmission can happen from different devices simultaneously
➢ Even if one device malfunctions; the others can still communicate
➢ Overall setup cost is very high for this topology
➢ Setup and maintenance is also very difficult
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
TREE TOPOLOGY
➢ It is the integration of Star and Bus Topology
➢ It is also known as EXPANDED STAR TOPOLOGY
➢ Expansion of network is possible and very easy
➢ Network is divided into segments
➢ If one segment is damaged, other segments are not affected
➢ Too much reliance on the main bus cable
➢ Maintenance is difficult
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
HYBRID TOPOLOGY
➢ In this; we integrate two or more different topologies to form a resultant topology
➢ Very reliable – Error detection is very easy. The part with the error can be separated
➢ Easy to increase the size of the network
➢ Design is complex
➢ Infrastructure is very costly
What is INTERNET?
➢ INTERNET is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard
Internet Protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve millions of users worldwide. It is probably the
largest LAN in the world
➢ The Department of Defence of USA created ARPANET in response to SOVIET UNIONs
launching Sputnik in 1957
TCP/IP – Transmission Control Protocol & Internet Protocol
What is the role of TCP/IP?
• TCP divides the data into data packets for the purpose of sending and receiving data. The
rules for reassembling data and damage-free delivery are also specified.
• IP’s role is to put destination on such packet.
• IP Address – XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX – 8 Bits of information in each OCTET
• Total 32 bits of information in an IP Address
How much INTERNET do we use?
Network Models – OSI & TCP/IP
➢ Computer network models are responsible for establishing a connection among the sender and
receiver and transmitting the data in a smooth manner respectively.
➢ There are two computer network models i.e. OSI Model and TCP/IP Model on which the whole
data communication process relies.
Network Models – OSI & TCP/IP
The concept of network layers is a
framework that helps to understand
complex network interactions.
There are two models that are widely
referenced today:
1. OSI - Open Systems Interconnection
2. TCP/IP
The concepts are similar, but the layers
themselves differ between the two
models.
Who GOVERNS the Internet?
Internet has NO Chief Operating Officer & it is governed by a number of authorities
VOLUNTARY AUTHORITIES
❖ ISOC (Internet Society) – Objective to promote global exchange of information
❖ IAB (Internet Architecture Board) – Sets standard and provides internet addresses
❖ IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) – Discusses the technical and operational problems
HARDWARE for INTERNET
1. MODEM – To convert analog to digital and digital to analog.
2. HUB – Place of convergence where data arrives & is forwarded
3. BRIDGE – It is a network that connects two or more networks
4. ROUTER – Router determines the next network point to which data packet should be
forwarded. Available at low prices these days and enable connection to more devices
5. GATEWAY – Entrance to another network
