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C++

The document is a comprehensive C++ course that covers topics from beginner to expert levels, including basic syntax, functions, object-oriented programming, advanced OOP concepts, and the Standard Template Library (STL). It provides practical examples and explanations for setting up the environment, writing programs, and utilizing various C++ features. The course encourages thorough practice and offers guidance for learners.

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dmanoh2
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4 views

C++

The document is a comprehensive C++ course that covers topics from beginner to expert levels, including basic syntax, functions, object-oriented programming, advanced OOP concepts, and the Standard Template Library (STL). It provides practical examples and explanations for setting up the environment, writing programs, and utilizing various C++ features. The course encourages thorough practice and offers guidance for learners.

Uploaded by

dmanoh2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Comprehensive C++ Course: Beginner to Expert

Beginner Level
Introduction to C++

C++ is a powerful, high-performance programming language widely used in system


software, game development, and embedded systems. It is an extension of the C
language with added support for object-oriented programming (OOP).

Getting Started

Setting Up the Environment

 Download and Install a Compiler: Examples include GCC (MinGW for Windows) or Microsoft
Visual Studio.
 Use an IDE: Popular IDEs for C++ are Code::Blocks, CLion, Visual Studio, or VS Code.

Your First C++ Program

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
cout << "Hello, World!" << endl;
return 0;
}

Explanation:

 #include <iostream>: Includes the library for input/output operations.


 using namespace std;: Allows use of standard library names without prefixing them
with std::.
 main(): Entry point of the program.
 cout: Outputs text to the console.

Basic Syntax

Variables

Declaring and initializing variables:

int age = 25;


float height = 5.9;
char grade = 'A';

Data Types
Common types include int, float, double, char, bool, string (from <string>
library).

Input/Output

int number;
cout << "Enter a number: ";
cin >> number;
cout << "You entered: " << number << endl;

Control Structures

 If-Else Statements:

if (age > 18) {


cout << "You are an adult." << endl;
} else {
cout << "You are a minor." << endl;
}


 Loops:

o For Loop:

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {


cout << i << endl;
}

o
o While Loop:

int i = 0;
while (i < 5) {
cout << i << endl;
i++;
}

Intermediate Level
Functions

Syntax

int add(int a, int b) {


return a + b;
}

int main() {
int result = add(5, 3);
cout << "The sum is: " << result << endl;
return 0;
}

Function Overloading

Allows multiple functions with the same name but different parameters.

int add(int a, int b) {


return a + b;
}

float add(float a, float b) {


return a + b;
}

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Classes and Objects

A class is a blueprint for objects:

class Car {
public:
string brand;
int year;

void displayInfo() {
cout << "Brand: " << brand << ", Year: " << year << endl;
}
};

int main() {
Car myCar;
myCar.brand = "Toyota";
myCar.year = 2020;
myCar.displayInfo();
return 0;
}

Inheritance

Derive a class from another:

class Vehicle {
public:
string brand;
void honk() {
cout << "Beep beep!" << endl;
}
};

class Car : public Vehicle {


public:
int year;
};
int main() {
Car myCar;
myCar.brand = "Toyota";
myCar.year = 2020;
myCar.honk();
return 0;
}

Advanced Level
Pointers
int num = 10;
int *ptr = &num;
cout << "Value: " << *ptr << endl;

Dynamic Memory Allocation


int *arr = new int[5];
delete[] arr;

Templates
template <typename T>
T add(T a, T b) {
return a + b;
}

int main() {
cout << add<int>(3, 5) << endl;
cout << add<float>(3.2, 5.1) << endl;
return 0;
}

File Handling
#include <fstream>

int main() {
ofstream file("example.txt");
file << "Hello, File!";
file.close();

ifstream readFile("example.txt");
string content;
while (getline(readFile, content)) {
cout << content << endl;
}
readFile.close();
return 0;
}

Expert Level
Advanced OOP Concepts

Polymorphism

 Virtual Functions:

class Base {
public:
virtual void show() {
cout << "Base class" << endl;
}
};

class Derived : public Base {


public:
void show() override {
cout << "Derived class" << endl;
}
};

int main() {
Base *ptr;
Derived d;
ptr = &d;
ptr->show();
return 0;
}

Abstract Classes and Interfaces

class Abstract {
public:
virtual void display() = 0; // Pure virtual function
};

class Concrete : public Abstract {


public:
void display() {
cout << "Concrete implementation" << endl;
}
};

int main() {
Concrete obj;
obj.display();
return 0;
}

Multithreading
#include <iostream>
#include <thread>

void printHello() {
cout << "Hello from thread" << endl;
}
int main() {
thread t1(printHello);
t1.join();
return 0;
}

STL (Standard Template Library)


Vectors:

#include <vector>

int main() {
vector<int> v = {1, 2, 3};
v.push_back(4);
for (int i : v) {
cout << i << " ";
}
return 0;
}


Maps:

#include <map>

int main() {
map<string, int> m;
m["Alice"] = 30;
m["Bob"] = 25;
for (auto &pair : m) {
cout << pair.first << ": " << pair.second << endl;
}
return 0;
}

This document progresses from Beginner to Expert levels. It is formatted for


seamless copying into a Word document. Practice each section thoroughly and feel
free to reach out for additional guidance!

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