THESIS TITLE

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

Doctor of Philosophy

by

NAME OF THE SCHOLAR

Month Year
 DECLARATION

I, NAME OF THE SCHOLAR hereby declare that the thesis entitled “Title of the
The- sis” submitted to Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore for the award of the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy is a record of bonafide work carried out by me under the
supervision of NAME OF THE GUIDE, Designation, Name of the School/Centre, Vellore
Institute of Technology, Vellore.

I further declare that the work reported in this thesis has not been submitted and will not be
submitted, either in part or in full, for the award of any other degree or diploma in this
institute or any other institute or university.

Place: Vellore Signature of the Candidate

Date: dd/mm/yyyy
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Title of the Thesis” submitted by NAME OF
THE CANDIDATE, School or Centre, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore for the
award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, is a record of bonafide work carried out by
him/her under my supervision, as per the VIT code of academic and research ethics.

The contents of this report have not been submitted and will not be submitted either in part
or in full, for the award of any other degree or diploma in this institute or any other Institute
or University. The thesis fulfills the requirements and regulations of the Institute and in my
opinion meets the necessary standards for submission.

Place: Vellore Name and Signature of the

Guide Date: dd/mm/yyyy

Signature of the school Dean with seal Signature of the Dean (AR) with seal
 ABSTRACT

Abstract should be a one page synopsis of the thesis typed with “Times New Roman”
font of size 12. Abstract must be typeset with 1.5 line spacing. It is a brief summary of the
thesis content. It should be of maximum one page long. It can best describe the problem
addressed in the thesis. In summary, it can describe the completed work along with the
findings or lessons learned, if any. The keywords mentioned below must be in italics.

Keywords: Thesis, Dissertation, Degree, Sample Thesis, Literature.

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

With immense pleasure and a deep sense of gratitude, I wish to express my sincere
thanks to my supervisor <<Name of the Guide>>, Designation, School or Centre Name,
Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore without his/her motivation and continuous
en- couragement, this research would not have been successfully completed.
I am grateful to the Chancellor of VIT, Dr. G.Viswanathan, the Vice Presidents, the
Vice Chancellor for motivating me to carry out research in the Vellore Institute of
Technology and also for providing me with infrastructural facilities and many other
resources needed for my research.
(It should not exceed maximum of 2 pages)

Place: Vellore NAME OF THE SCHOLAR

Date: dd/mm/yyyy

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS viii

1 GENERAL GUIDELINES 1
1.1 Thesis 1
1.2 General 1
1.3 Size of Thesis 1
1.4 Content Arrangement 2
1.5 Page Dimensions and Margin 2
1.6 Manuscript Preparation 2
1.6.1 Cover page and title page 3
1.6.2 Declaration and certification 3
1.6.3 Abstract 3
1.6.4 Acknowledgements 3
1.6.5 Table of contents 4
1.6.6 List of figures 4
1.6.7 List of tables 4
1.6.8 List of symbols and abbreviations 4
1.6.9 Chapters 4
1.6.10 Appendices 4
1.6.11 Conclusion 5
1.6.12 List of publications 5
1.7 Typing Instructions 5
1.8 Chapters 5
1.9 Headings 6
1.10 Numbering 6
1.10.1 Page numbering 6
1.10.2 Numbering of chapters, sections and sub-sections 6

iii
1.11 Ethics Involved 7
1.12 Plagiarism 7
1.13 Binding Specifications 8

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9
2.1 Review of Literature 9
2.2 Review Types 9
2.2.1 Process and product 10
2.3 Page Limit of Review 10

3 EQUATIONS 11
3.1 Typesetting Equations 11
3.2 Theorem 12

4 TABLES 14
4.1 Tables in Thesis 14

5 FIGURES 16
5.1 Figures 16

6 CITATIONS 21
6.1 Bibliography File 21
6.2 Citation Format 22
6.2.1 Single author citation 22
6.2.2 Double authors citation 23
6.2.3 More than two authors citation 23
6.2.4 Sources written in the same year by the same author(s) 23
6.2.5 Sources written by the same author(s) in different year(s) 23
6.2.6 Sources written by two different author(s) 23
6.2.7 Citing books, URLs, thesis and conferences 23

7 MISCELLANEOUS 24
7.1 Paraphrasing 24
7.2 Quotations 24
7.2.1 Quotation and reference to earlier work 25
7.2.2 Use of abbreviations 25

iv
8 CONCLUSION 26
REFERENCES 26
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS RELEVANT TO THE THESIS 29

Appendices

Appendix A CHI SQUARE DISTRIBUTION TABLE 31

Appendix B ‘t’ TABLE 32

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

5.1 Sample picture of universe 17

5.2 Commonly available fruits 17
5.3 Sample graph 19
5.4 Smile please 20

vi
 LIST OF TABLES

1.1 Total number of pages in the thesis 7

4.1 Country list 14
4.2 Data units, sources, and dates 15

vii
 LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ω - Absolute frequency
HOA - Acetic acid
Al - Aluminium
ASTM - American standard testing mesh
CaCO3 - Calcium carbonate
CIA - Chemical index of alteration
ρ - Density of the fluid
θ - Diretion of wave propagation
EF - Enrichment factor
FP - First percentile
ωp - Frequency of the peak
Ω - Frequency of the waves
Γ - Gamma
g - Gram
HCl - Hydrochloric acid
Fe2O3 - Iron Oxide
MgO - Magnesium oxide
θm - Mean wave direction
mg - Milligram
HNO3 - Nitric acid
OC - Organic carbon
ppm - Parts per million
K2CR2O7 - Potassium dichromate
ψ - Potential function
Ag2SO4 - Silver sulphate
τ - Time lag between samples
ζ - Vertical displacement

viii
 Chapter 1

GENERAL GUIDELINES

1.1 Thesis
A thesis or dissertation is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic
degree or professional qualification presenting the author’s research and findings. In some
contexts, the word “thesis” or a cognate is used for part of a bachelor’s or master’s course,
while “dissertation” is normally applied to a doctorate, while in other contexts, the reverse is
true.

These guidelines are provided to formally expose you to the various ethical and technical
issues involved in writing up your work and the format you are required to adhere to while
submitting your work as Ph.D / M.Tech [By Research]/ Synopsis / Thesis or M.Phil disserta-
tion.

The scholars are expected to read carefully the Guidelines given in the sequel and metic-
ulously follow them in the preparation of the Thesis. Non-compliance with any of these in-
structions may lead to the rejection of the Thesis submitted.

1.2 General
The manual is intended to provide broad guidelines to the research scholars in the
preparation of the Thesis. In general, the Thesis shall report, in an organized and scholarly
fashion, an account of original research work of the research scholar leading to the discovery
of new facts or techniques or correlation of facts already known (analytical, experimental,
hardware oriented, etc.). Thesis shall demonstrate a quality as to make a definite
contribution to the advancement of knowledge and the research scholar’s ability to
undertake sustained research and present the findings in an appropriate manner with actual
accomplishments of the work.

1.3 Size of Thesis

The size of the Thesis shall be normally between 100 and 350 pages of typed matter
reckoned from the first page of Chapter 1 to the last page of the thesis excluding reference

1
section.

2
1.4 Content Arrangement
The sequence in which the Thesis material should be arranged and bound is as follows:

1. Cover Page and Title page

2. Declaration
3. Certificate
4. Abstract
5. Acknowledgements
6. Table of Contents
7. List of Figures
8. List of Tables
9. List of Symbols and Abbreviations
10. Chapters
11. Appendices
12. References
13. List of Publications

1.5 Page Dimensions and Margin

Standard A4 Size (297 mm x 210 mm) bond paper shall be used for preparing the copies.
The final Thesis (at the time of submission) should have the following page margins: Ta-

Left Side 3.81 cm / 1.5 Inch

Top edge 2.54 cm / 1 inch
Bottom edge 2.54 cm / 1 inch
Right side 2.54 cm / 1 inch

bles and Figures should conform to the margin specifications. Large size Figures should be
photographically or otherwise reduced to the appropriate size before insertion.

1.6 Manuscript Preparation

In the preparation of the manuscript, care should be taken to ensure that all textual matter is
typewritten to the extent possible in the same format as may be required for the final Thesis.
Hence, some of the information required for the final typing of the Thesis is also included
in this section. The headings of all items from 2 to 13 listed in Section 1.4 should be typed

3
in capital letters without punctuation and centered 50 mm below the top of the page. The
text should commence 3 spaces below this heading. The page numbering for all items from
1 to 9 should be done using lower case Roman numerals and the pages thereafter should be
numbered using Arabic numerals.

1.6.1 Cover page and title page

Title of the Thesis and “Name of the scholar” must be in capital and bold face letters in
the cover page. Font size of “Thesis title” must be 24, “Doctor of Philosophy” must be 29,
the word “by” in italics must be 14, the sentence “Submitted in partial fulfilment of the re-
quirements for the degree of” in italics must be 15 and “Name of the scholar” must be 20
respectively. It is to be noted that the Institute’s logo must be identical to the one shown in
the sample format and there should be no comma between month and year of “Month Year”.
For reference, please refer the cover page and title page of the sample thesis.

1.6.2 Declaration and certification

The contents of the certificate page shall be typed with 1.5 line spacing of “Times New Ro-
man” font of size 12. The certificate shall carry the Guide’s signature (with school Seal) and
shall be followed by the Guide’s name, academic designation (not any other responsibilities
of administrative nature). Moreover, signature of school Dean and Dean (AR) are also
required in the certificate page.

1.6.3 Abstract
Abstract should be a one page synopsis of the thesis typed with “Times New Roman” font of
size 12. Abstract must be typeset with 1.5 line spacing. It is a brief summary of the thesis
content. It should be of maximum one page long. It can best describe the problem addressed
in the thesis. In summary, it can describe the completed work along with the findings or
lessons learned, if any.

1.6.4 Acknowledgements
It should be brief and should not exceed two pages when typed in 1.5 line spacing with font
size of 12. It should be noted that the names and designation mentioned in the
“Acknowledge- ments” page must up to date.The scholar’s signature shall be made at the
bottom right end above his/her name typed in capitals.

4
1.6.5 Table of contents
The Table of contents should list all captions following it as well as any caption which precedes
it. The title page, “Certificate” and “Acknowledgment” will not find a place among the items
listed in the Table of Contents but the page numbers of which are in lower case Roman
letters. One and a half line spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head..

1.6.6 List of figures

The list should use exactly the same captions as they appear below the Figures in the text
and shall have font size of 10 Centered. Single line spacing should be adopted for typing the
matter under this head. Text appearing inside the figure shall have a font size of 10
throughout the thesis..

1.6.7 List of tables

The list should use exactly the same captions as they appear above the Tables in the text and
shall have font size of 10 Centered. Single line spacing should be adopted for typing the
matter under this head. Within the table, numbers are to be centered and text must be left
aligned within the cell.

1.6.8 List of symbols and abbreviations

One and a half line spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head.
Standard symbols, abbreviations, etc. should be used. The list should be arranged
alphabetically with respect to the contents on the right side.

1.6.9 Chapters
The Thesis may be organized as many chapters based on the need and it shall start with in-
troduction, and end with conclusion. The main text shall be divided into several chapters
and each chapter may be further divided into several sections and sub-sections. Each chapter
should be given an appropriate title. Tables and Figures in the chapter should be placed in
the immediate vicinity of the reference where they are cited.

1.6.10 Appendices
• Appendices are provided to give supplementary information, which if included in the
main text may serve as a distraction and cloud the central theme under discussion.
• Appendices should be numbered like this, Appendix A and Appendix B, etc.

5
 • Appendices, Tables and references appearing in appendices should be numbered and
referred to appropriate places just as in the case of chapters.
• Appendices shall carry the title of the work reported and the same title shall be
included in the Table of Contents page.

1.6.11 Conclusion
This section shall have several elements, including, a brief summary of key findings, impor-
tance of research (essential), recommendations for future research (strongly recommended,
verging on essential),; recommendations for practitioners and a final paragraph rounding off
your dissertation or thesis.

1.6.12 List of publications

The list of publications made by research scholar during the period of research shall be re-
ported as per “Harvard style” format. The list shall have only those articles which are
already published. The articles, which are accepted and yet to be published shall have their
digital object identifier (DOI). The articles with research scholar as the first author and
Guide being a corresponding author shall alone be listed. Articles, which are under review
will not be included in the list.

1.7 Typing Instructions

This section includes additional information for final typing of the Thesis. The impressions
on the typed/printed copies should be black in colour. A sub-heading at the bottom of a page
must have atleast two full lines below it or else it should be carried over to the next page.
The last word of any page should not be split using a hyphen. One and a half line spacing
should be used for typing the general text. All the chapters in the thesis shall be typed in
Times New Roman font of size 12 with 1.5 line spacing. All quotations exceeding one line
should be typed in an indented space - the indentation being 15mm from either side of the
margin.

1.8 Chapters
The format for typing Chapter headings, section headings and sub-section headings are ex-
plained by the following illustrative examples.

6
 Chapter heading : Chapter 1
INTRODUCTIO
N
Section heading : 1.1 Outline of Thesis
Sub-section heading : 1.1.1 Literature
review
Sub-subsection heading : 1.1.1.1 Synthetic aperture radars on satellites
The word Chapter without punctuation should be centered 50 mm down from the top of
the page. Two spaces below, the title of the chapter should be typed in capital letters.
Moreover, the Tile should be center aligned. The text should commence 2 spaces below this
title, the first letter of the text starting 20 mm inside from the left hand margin. The section
and sub-section captions along with their numbering should be left justified. The typed
material directly below section or sub-section heading should commence 1.5 space below it.

1.9 Headings
• Chapter number: 14, Regular, Times New Roman, bold
• Chapter Heading Font Size: 16, Regular, Times New Roman, CAPS, bold
• Section Heading Font Size: 14, Times New Roman, Title Case, bold
• Subsection Heading Font Size: 12, Regular, Times New Roman, Sentence Case
• Subsubsection Heading Font Size: 12, Regular, Times New Roman, Sentence Case

1.10 Numbering
1.10.1 Page numbering
All page numbers in the chapter (Arabic Numerals) should be typed without punctuation on
the bottom center. The preliminary pages of the Thesis (such as Title page, Acknowledgement,
Table of Contents, etc.) should be numbered in lower case Roman numerals. The title page
will be numbered as (i) but this should not be typed. The page immediately following the
title page shall be numbered as (ii) and it should appear at the bottom centered as already
specified. Pages of main text, starting with Chapter 1 should be consecutively numbered
using Arabic numerals.

1.10.2 Numbering of chapters, sections and sub-sections

The numbering of chapters, sections and sub-sections should be done using Arabic numerals
7
only and further decimal notation should be used for numbering the sections and sub-
sections

8
 Table 1.1 Total number of pages in the thesis

Course Colour of art paper Total number of pages in the the-

sis
Ph. D. White Min. of 100 (Excluding Ref-
erences, Appendices and Front
pages)
M. Tech White Min. of 80 - Max. of 200 (Ex-
[By Re- cluding References, Appendices,
search] and Front pages)

within a chapter. For example sub-section 4 under section 3 belonging to chapter 2 should
be numbered as 2.3.4. The caption for the sub-section should immediately follow the
number assigned to it. Every chapter beginning with the first chapter should be serially
numbered using Arabic numerals. Appendices, included if any, should also be numbered in
an identical manner starting with Appendix A.

1.11 Ethics Involved

Knowing the difference between ethical and unethical practices in technical writing requires an
understanding of plagiarism, paraphrasing, and quotation. These concepts are defined below.
The definitions are reproduced from the ‘Handbook of Technical Writing’ (Alred et al.,
2019).

1.12 Plagiarism
To use someone else’s exact words without quotation marks and appropriate credit, or to
use the unique ideas of someone else without acknowledgment, is known as plagiarism. -
Plagiarism is illegal – One may quote or paraphrase the words or ideas of another if you
document your source. Although one need not enclose the paraphrased material in quota-
tion marks, you must document the source. Paraphrased ideas are taken from someone else
whether or not the words are identical. Paraphrasing a passage without citing the source is
permissible only when the information paraphrased is common knowledge in a field. (Com-
mon knowledge refers to historical, scientific, geographical, technical, and another type of
information on a topic readily available in handbooks, manuals, atlases, and other
references).

9
1.13 Binding Specifications
The thesis should be bound using flexible cover (soft binding) for initial submission. The
cover should be printed in black letters and the text for printing should be identical. After the
defensive viva, the thesis should be bound using rough surface rexin black cover printed in
golden letters. The guidelines including total number of pages to be kept in the report for
each program is shown in Table. 1.1.

1
 Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Review of Literature

A literature review is a text of a scholarly paper, which contains the current knowledge
includ- ing substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a
particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources, and do not report new or original
experimen- tal work. Most often associated with academic-oriented literature, such
reviews are found in academic journals, and are not to be confused with book reviews that
may also appear in the same publication. Literature reviews are a basis for research in nearly
every academic field (Waldron, 2008b). A narrow-scope literature review may be included
as part of a peer- reviewed journal article presenting new research, serving to situate the
current study within the body of the relevant literature and to provide context for the reader.
In such a case, the review usually precedes the methodology and results sections of the
work.

Producing a literature review may also be part of graduate and post-graduate student
work, including in the preparation of a thesis, dissertation, or a journal article. Literature
reviews are also common in a research proposal or prospectus (the document that is
approved before a student formally begins a dissertation or thesis) (Doan et al., 2002;
Duzdevich et al., 2014; Ganesh et al., 2016).

2.2 Review Types

The main types of literature reviews are: evaluative, exploratory, and instrumental (Duzdevich
et al., 2014; Neil and David, 2016).
A fourth type, the systematic review, is often classified separately, but is essentially a
liter- ature review focused on a research question, trying to identify, appraise, select and
synthesize all high-quality research evidence and arguments relevant to that question. A
meta-analysis is typically a systematic review using statistical methods to effectively
combine the data used on all selected studies to produce a more reliable result.

1
2.2.1 Process and product
Gilbarg and Trudinger (2015) distinguish between the process of reviewing the literature and
a product known as a literature review. The process of reviewing the literature is often
ongoing and informs many aspects of the empirical research project.

2.3 Page Limit of Review

A careful literature review is usually between 15 to 30 pages. The process of reviewing the
literature requires different kinds of activities and ways of thinking. (Duzdevich et al., 2014)
and (Kothari, 2004) link the activities of doing a literature review with Benjamin Bloom’s
revised taxonomy of the cognitive domain (ways of thinking, remembering, understanding,
applying, analysing, evaluating, and creating).

1
 Chapter 3

EQUATIONS

3.1 Typesetting Equations

All equation should be written using equation editor or using an equivalent tool.

• Equations should be numbered as 3.1, 3.2 and so on.

• Numbered equations should be centered of font Times New Roman of size 12.
• Equations that go inline with the text must be in italics without numbering.
• Equation number should be right justified.
• It should be referred as Eqn. 3.1.
• If the sentence starts with equation reference, then it should be mentioned as Equation
3.1. For example, Equation 3.1 states Pythagoras theorem.

In Eqn. 3.1, the well known Pythagorean theorem x2 + y2 = z2 was proved to be invalid for
other exponents. In other words, the next equation has no integer solutions:

xn + yn = zn (3.1)

The mass-energy equivalence is described by

E = mc2 (3.2)

In Eqn. 3.2, m is mass. Equation 3.2 was discovered in 1905 by Albert

Einstein. Another example equation is
√
∂ 2
p ∂ h pq ∂η p2 + q2 ∂hτxy
i 1 ∂hτxy
h
∂ ∂
ψ
+ h + (3.
∂ = −gh 2
p+ ∂x
∂x h
The above equation can be referred in the body as Eqn. 3.3.
Equation 3.3 is generated from the following code.

\begin{equation}
\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x}\left[

1
\dfrac{pˆ2}{h}\right] + \dfrac{\partial}{\partial x}

1
\left[\dfrac{pq}{h}\right] = -gh
\dfrac{\partial \eta}{\partial x} -
k\dfrac{\sqrt{pˆ2 + qˆ2}}{hˆ2}p +

\dfrac{1}{\rho_{\psi}} \left[ \dfrac{\partial h\tau_{xy}}

{\partial x}+ \dfrac{\partial h\tau_{xy}}
{\partial y}\right]
\label{Chap3:Eqns:Eqn3}
\end{equation}

The text like contents that appear in any equation need not be in italics. For example, the
texts like, sin, log, exp, max and min need not be in italics. Below are some examples along
with the code.
√
sin(x) + log(x) = 1 − cos2(x) + log(x)

Corresponding code is

\[\sin(x) + \log(x) = \sqrt{1-\cosˆ2(x)} + \log(x)\]

And below is one of the maximization problems that involve the keyword Maximize, vector
x, y and matrix I.
Maximize I = 40x + 30y
(3.4)
Subject to: x + y ≤ 12

and the code is

\begin{equation}
\begin{array}{ccc}
\text{Maximize} & \textbf{I} & = 40\textbf{x} + 30 \textbf{y} \\
\text{Subject to:} & \textbf{x} + \textbf{y} & \leq 12
\end{array}
\end{equation}

3.2 Theorem
This section describes how any theorem can be described. For example, the Theorem 3.2.1 is
described using the below code.

1
\begin{theorem}
If $f$ is a function whose derivative exists in every point,
then $f$ is a continuous function.

\label{Chap3:Th_Cont}
\end{theorem}

Theorem 3.2.1. If f is a function whose derivative exists in every point, then f is a

continuous function.

1
 Chapter 4

TABLES

4.1 Tables in Thesis

“Table” refers to tabulated numerical data in the body of the Thesis as well as in the appen-
dices.

• A Table including caption should be accommodated within the prescribed margin

limits and appear on the place following the page where its first reference is made.
• Tables on half page or less in length may appear on the same page along with the text.
However, it should be separated from the text both above and below by double
spacing.
• Captions should appear above the table with center alignment and they must be of sen-
tence case of font Times New Roman of size 10. For example, it should be as like
“Table

4.1 Country list” as shown in Table 4.1.

• Tables appearing anywhere in the thesis should bear appropriate numbers. If a Table
in Chapter 4, happens to be the fourth then assign 4.4 to the keyword “Table”.
• The table can be referred as this: The list of countries and their ISO numeric codes are
given in Table 4.1.
• For wider tables, the page orientation can be landscape.
• For larger tables, it can run on to pages and the header should be repeated for each
page of the table.
• The table must be adjusted to fit in the page and no single row is left out for a new page.

Table 4.1 Country list

Country/Area Name Description ISO alpha 3 Code ISO numeric Code

Afghanistan It is a Country AFG 004
Aland Islands It is an Island ALA 248
Albania It is a small city ALB 008
Algeria It is a Country DZA 012
American Samoa It is a Country ASM 016

1
 Table 4.2 Data units, sources, and dates

Variable Dates Units Source

Nominal Physical Cap- 1950-1990 Billions US$ Nehru and Dhareshwar
ital Stock (1993)
Total Population 1950 - 1990 Billions Nehru and Dhareshwar
(1993)
Nominal GDP 1950 - 1990 Billions US$ PWT
Real GDP per capita 1950 - 1990 2005 US$ per PWT
capita

The table shown in Table 4.2 is generated using the below code.

\begin{center}
\begin{table}[h!]
\begin{tabular}{|p{0.25\textwidth}|p{0.15\textwidth}
|p{0.15\textwidth}|p{0.25\textwidth}|}
\hline
Variable& Dates & Units & Source \\ \hline
Nominal Physical Capital Stock &

1950-1990 & Billions US\$ &

Nehru and Dhareshwar (1993) \\ \hline
Total Population & 1950 - 1990 & Billions
& Nehru and Dhareshwar (1993) \\ \hline
Nominal GDP & 1950 - 1990
& Billions US\$ & PWT \\ \hline
Real GDP per capita & 1950 - 1990 &
2005 US\$ per capita & PWT \\ \
hline

\end{tabular}
\caption{Data units, sources, and dates}
\label{Chap4:Tab2}
\end{table}
\end{center}

1
 Chapter 5

FIGURES

5.1 Figures
A non-verbal material, such as charts, graphs, maps, photographs and diagrams that appear
within the content(appendices) may be designated as Figures.

• Figure captions should be in sentence case of font Times New Roman of size 10 and
they must appear below the figure.

• The 3rd Figure with caption “Sample graph” that appear in chapter 5 should be
described as “Fig. 5.3 Sample graph” and the same can be referred in the text as Fig.
5.3
• Smaller figures (For example, 4 figures arranged in Two Columns) can be arranged in
portrait mode as shown in Fig. 5.2.
• Medium figures (For example, 2 per page) can also be in portrait mode. They can be
one below the other.
• Larger figures can be arranged in landscape mode as shown in Fig. 5.4.
• Figure resolution should be a minimum of 300 DPI.
• If the sentence starts with a figure reference, then it should be written as Figure 5.1
• Axis labels and legends that appear in the figure should be of size 10.
• Samples of fabric, leather and so on, may be fixed/pasted suitably and be treated as
Figures.

For example, the universe is immense and it seems to be homogeneous, in a large scale,
everywhere we look at. If God does not exist, the existence of galaxy, which is shown in
Fig. 5.1 (Fig. \ref{Chap5:Fig:Univ} is the command used for referring the Figure

here) is irrational. We have included a sample picture of a universe in this page by using the
below code.

\begin{figure}[t!]

1
\centering

2
 Fig. 5.1 Sample picture of universe

(a) Fruits containing “A” vitamin (b) Fruits containing “C” vitamin

Fig. 5.2 Commonly available fruits

\includegraphics[scale=0.1]{universe}
\caption{Sample picture of universe }
\label{Chap5:Fig:Univ}
\end{figure}

Fruits are good for health. Commonly available fruits are shown in Fig. 5.2 of which, the
fruits shown in Fig. 5.2a contain vitamin “A” and the fruits that are shown in Fig. 5.2b contain
vitamin “C”. The sample code shown below is used for including the fruits image shown in
Fig. 5.2.

\begin{figure}[t!]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.45\textwidth}
\centering

2
 \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth,
height =0.8\textwidth]{Fruits5.jpg}

\caption{Fruits that contain ‘‘A’’ vitamin}

\label{Chap5:Fig:Fruit1}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.45\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth,
height =0.8\textwidth]{Fruits3.jpg}

\caption{Fruits that contain ‘‘C’’ vitamin}

\label{Chap5:Fig:Fruit2}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Commonly available fruits}
\label{Chap5:Fig:Fruits}
\end{figure}

Balanced diet, including fruits and vegetables will keep someone happy as shown in Fig.
5.4. Wow! such a big smile of Fig. 5.4 in landscape mode is included using the below code.

\begin{landscape}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.2]{Smilie2}
\caption{Smile please}
\label{Chap5:Fig:Smile}
\end{figure}
\end{landscape}

An example of including the graphs is shown in Fig. 5.3, in which the curve of an ordinary

linear equation y = x is plotted. Though the curve conveys nothing special, it serves the
purpose of demonstrating the idea of including the graphics within document using the
below code segment.

2
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=1]{line1.eps}
\caption{Sample graph}
\label{Chap5:Fig:Graph}
\end{figure}

1
Amplit

-1

-2

-3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Time

Fig. 5.3 Sample graph

2
2

Fig. 5.4 Smile please

 Chapter 6

CITATIONS

Authors are advised to choose a refereed journal in their field in which the title of the
paper also appears in the list of references and consistently follow the citation style used by
this journal. Names of all the authors with their initials, title of the article, names of editors
for edited books or proceedings, and the range of pages that contain the referenced material
must appear in the bibliography. One should not mix citation styles of several journals and
not create your own style.

6.1 Bibliography File

The contents of the “.bib” file for “Journal”, “Conferences”, “Books” and “URLs” will look
like as shown below. It is to be noted that the abbreviations, like, “CDMA” must be
contained inside the curly braces “ ” as shown in the title field of first article with citation
keyword “alishahi”.

@article{alishahi,
title={Bounds on the sum capacity of synchronous
binary {CDMA} channels},
author={Alishahi, Kasra and Marvasti, Farokh and Aref,
Vahid and Pad, Pedram},
journal={IEEE Transactions on Information Theory},
volume={55},
number={8},
pages={3577--3593},
year={2009},
publisher={IEEE}

@inproceedings{doan,

2
 title={Learning to map between ontologies on the semantic web},
author={Doan, AnHai and Madhavan, Jayant and Domingos,

Pedro and Halevy, Alon},

booktitle={Proceedings of the $11ˆ{th}$ International
Conference on World Wide Web},

pages={662--673},
year={2002},
organization={ACM}

@book{haykin2,
title={Kalman filtering and neural networks},
author={Haykin, Simon},
volume={47},
year={2004},

publisher={John Wiley \& Sons}

}

@ONLINE{Doe,
author = {Doe, Ringo},
title = {This is a test entry of type {@ONLINE}},
month = {June},

year = {2009},
url = {http://www.test.org/doe/}
}

6.2 Citation Format

All references and citation should be of the standard ”Harvard Style” (Author, Year) format.

6.2.1 Single author citation

• Citation at the beginning of the sentence – Waldron (2008a) emphasized that citations
in a text should be consistent. (Hint: This is how it is cited \cite{waldron})

2
 • Citation at the end of the Sentence: – It was emphasized that citations in a text should
be consistent (Waldron, 2008a). (Hint: Use \citep{waldron})

6.2.2 Double authors citation

• Citation at the beginning of the sentence – Conley and Galenson (1998) emphasized
that citations in a text should be consistent. (Hint: Use \cite{conley})

• Citation at the end – It was emphasized that citations in a text should be consistent
(Conley and Galenson, 1998). (Hint: Use \citep{conley})

6.2.3 More than two authors citation

• Citation at the beginning of the sentence – Alishahi et al. (2009) emphasized that cita-
tions in a text should be consistent. (Hint: Use \cite{alishahi})

• Citation at the end of the sentence – It was emphasised that citations in a text should be
consistent (Alishahi et al., 2009). (Hint: use \citep{alishahi})

6.2.4 Sources written in the same year by the same author(s)

• It was emphasized that citations in a text should be consistent Waldron (2008a). (Hint:
Use \cite{waldron})

• In a work published later that year, Waldron (2008b) proposed that · · · (Hint: Use
\cite{maedche})
• It was emphasized that citations in a text should be consistent (Waldron, 2008a,b). (Hint:
Use \citep{waldron, maedche})

6.2.5 Sources written by the same author(s) in different year(s)

Sources written by the same author(s) in different year(s) can be cited as (Haykin, 2005, 2004)
(Hint: Use \citep{haykin1, haykin2})

6.2.6 Sources written by two different author(s)

Sources written by two different author(s) can be cited as (Haykin, 2005; Waldron, 2008a)
(Hint: Use \citep{haykin1, waldron})

6.2.7 Citing books, URLs, thesis and conferences

Use Haykin (2004), Knuth (1984), Ozcan (2011) and Doan et al. (2002) to cite books, URLs,
thesis and conferences respectively.

2
 Chapter 7

MISCELLANEOUS

7.1 Paraphrasing
When you paraphrase a written passage, you rewrite it to state the essential ideas in your
own words. Because you do not quote your source word for word when paraphrasing, it is
unnecessary to enclose the paraphrased material in quotation marks. However, the paraphrased
material must be properly referenced because the ideas are taken from someone else whether
or not the words are identical.

Ordinarily, the majority of the notes you take during the research phase of writing your
report will paraphrase the original material. Paraphrase only the essential ideas. Strive to put
original ideas into your own words without distorting them.”

7.2 Quotations
When you have borrowed words, facts, or idea of any kind from someone else’s work, ac-
knowledge your debt by giving your source credit in footnote (or in running text as cited
reference). Otherwise, you will be guilty of plagiarism. Also, be sure you have represented
the original material honestly and accurately. Direct word to word quotations are enclosed in
quotation marks.”

When you use programs written by others with or without modifications, the
report/thesis must clearly bring this out with proper references, and must also reflect the
extent of modifi- cation introduced by you, if any. A modified program is not entirely yours.
Only a program, which you write from scratch, does not require source to be identified.
Identification of source in all other cases is must. Standard subroutines (even if public
domain) used in your programs must be properly referenced. Although programs need not
be appended to the thesis, they must be submitted to your research supervisor in hard copy
and other media. Inclusion of a computational flow chart in your thesis is highly
recommended, however.

2
 The material presented in the thesis/report must be self contained. A reader must be able
to reproduce your experimental, theoretical, computational, and simulations results based on

2
the information presented in the thesis. You must mention the names of the suppliers whose
chemicals/instruments were used in the work to allow a reader to setup an experiment.
While discussing issues related to computation time, the hardware used must be specified
accurately, using processor speed, etc.

7.2.1 Quotation and reference to earlier work

If reproduction of some text material available in a published work can enhance the value to
your thesis, you can add it to your thesis in the form of quoted material or a quotation. Such
material should be indented on both sides over and above the indentation used for the
regular text. It should preferably be single spaced, and appear as a separate paragraph(s),
whether short or long. The idea is to make such material stand out from the rest of the text
that you have written. Clearly, too many quotations or quoted paragraphs are not desirable in
a thesis which is an original piece of work. Not quoting a material taken verbatim from
another source is however plagiarism. Paraphrasing and giving credit to the author(s) is
more accepted way of referring to earlier works.

7.2.2 Use of abbreviations

In Chapters, while introducing abbreviations, follow:

\newacronym{OMEGA}{$\omega$}{Absoulte Frequency}

and in chapters it can be used as:

\gls{OMEGA}

Which produces the following output first time when you call it:

ω and simply ω each subsequent time.

2
 Chapter 8

CONCLUSION

Conclusion will need to have several elements, including:

• A brief summary, just a few paragraphs, of your key findings, related back to what
you expected to see (essential);
• The conclusions which you have drawn from your research (essential);
• Why your research is important for researchers and practitioners (essential);
• Recommendations for future research (strongly recommended, verging on essential);
• Recommendations for practitioners (strongly recommended in management and busi-
ness courses and some other areas, so check with your supervisor whether this will be
expected); and a final paragraph rounding off your dissertation or thesis.

2
 REFERENCES

Alishahi, K., Marvasti, F., Aref, V. and Pad, P. (2009), ‘Bounds on the sum capacity of syn-
chronous binary CDMA channels’, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 55(8), 3577–
3593.

Alred, G. J., Brusaw, C. T. and Oliu, W. E. (2019), Handbook of technical writing, Bedford/St.
Martin’s Macmillan Learning.

Conley, T. G. and Galenson, D. W. (1998), ‘Nativity and wealth in mid-nineteenth-century

cities’, Journal of Economic History 58(2), 468–493.

Doan, A., Madhavan, J., Domingos, P. and Halevy, A. (2002), Learning to map between

ontologies on the semantic web, in ‘Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on World
Wide Web’, ACM, pp. 662–673.

Duzdevich, D., Redding, S. and Greene, E. C. (2014), ‘DNA dynamics and single-molecule
biology’, Chemical Reviews 114(6), 3072–3086.

Ganesh, S., Jayaprakash, A., Mohanaprasad, K. and Sivanantham, S. (2016), Optimized-

fuzzy- logic-based bit loading algorithms, IGI Global.

Gilbarg, D. and Trudinger, N. S. (2015), Elliptic partial differential equations of second

order, Springer Publications.

Haykin, S. (2004), Kalman filtering and neural networks, Vol. 47, John Wiley and Sons.

Haykin, S. (2005), ‘Cognitive radio: brain-empowered wireless communications’, IEEE

Jour- nal on Selected Areas in Communications 23(2), 201–220.

Knuth, D. (1984), ‘Knuth: Computers and typesetting’.

URL: http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/ uno/abcde.html

Kothari, C. R. (2004), Research methodology: Methods and techniques, New Age Interna-
tional Publications.

2
Neil, W. and David, H. (2016), CMOS VLSI Design, Pearson Education.

Ozcan, G. (2011), Cognitive Radio Systems: Performance Analysis and Optimal Resource
AllocationResource Allocation, PhD thesis, Ankara, Turkey.

Waldron, S. (2008a), ‘Generalized welch bound equality sequences are tight frames’, IEEE
Transactions on Information Theory 49(2), 2307–2309.

Waldron, S. (2008b), ‘Ontology learning for the semantic web’, International Journal of
Mathematics 16(2), 72–79.

2
 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS RELEVANT TO THE THESIS

Sivanantham, S. and Tresa, T. (2017), ‘Built-in self-test methodology for system-on-a-

chip testing’, Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 76(3), 149–153.
Thilagavathi, K. and Sivanantham, S. (2018), ‘Two-stage low power test data
compres- sion for digital vlsi circuits’, Computers and Electrical Engineering 71,
309–320.
Thiruganam, M., Anouncia, S. M. and Kantipudi, S. (2010), ‘Automatic defect detection
and counting in radiographic weldment images’, International Journal of Computer
Applications 10(2), 1–5.
Clement, J. C. and Emmanuel, D. (2016), ‘Sensing UHF-TV spectrum for narrowband
cognitive radios in a malicious presence’, Canadian Journal of Electrical and
Computer Engineering 39(2), 141–149.

(List of publication should not contain communicated papers and under review papers)

3
Appendices

3
 Appendix A

CHI SQUARE DISTRIBUTION TABLE

df 0.995 0.99 0.975 0.95 0.9 0.1 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005
1 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.004 0.016 2.706 3.841 5.024 6.635 7.879
2 0.01 0.02 0.051 0.103 0.211 4.605 5.991 7.378 9.21 10.597
3 0.072 0.115 0.216 0.352 0.584 6.251 7.815 9.348 11.345 12.838
4 0.207 0.297 0.484 0.711 1.064 7.779 9.488 11.143 13.277 14.86
5 0.412 0.554 0.831 1.145 1.61 9.236 11.07 12.833 15.086 16.75
6 0.676 0.872 1.237 1.635 2.204 10.645 12.592 14.449 16.812 18.548
7 0.989 1.239 1.69 2.167 2.833 12.017 14.067 16.013 18.475 20.278
8 1.344 1.646 2.18 2.733 3.49 13.362 15.507 17.535 20.09 21.955
9 1.735 2.088 2.7 3.325 4.168 14.684 16.919 19.023 21.666 23.589
10 2.156 2.558 3.247 3.94 4.865 15.987 18.307 20.483 23.209 25.188
11 2.603 3.053 3.816 4.575 5.578 17.275 19.675 21.92 24.725 26.757
12 3.074 3.571 4.404 5.226 6.304 18.549 21.026 23.337 26.217 28.3
13 3.565 4.107 5.009 5.892 7.042 19.812 22.362 24.736 27.688 29.819
14 4.075 4.66 5.629 6.571 7.79 21.064 23.685 26.119 29.141 31.319
15 4.601 5.229 6.262 7.261 8.547 22.307 24.996 27.488 30.578 32.801
16 5.142 5.812 6.908 7.962 9.312 23.542 26.296 28.845 32 34.267
17 5.697 6.408 7.564 8.672 10.085 24.769 27.587 30.191 33.409 35.718
18 6.265 7.015 8.231 9.39 10.865 25.989 28.869 31.526 34.805 37.156
19 6.844 7.633 8.907 10.117 11.651 27.204 30.144 32.852 36.191 38.582
20 7.434 8.26 9.591 10.851 12.443 28.412 31.41 34.17 37.566 39.997
21 8.034 8.897 10.283 11.591 13.24 29.615 32.671 35.479 38.932 41.401
22 8.643 9.542 10.982 12.338 14.041 30.813 33.924 36.781 40.289 42.796
23 9.26 10.196 11.689 13.091 14.848 32.007 35.172 38.076 41.638 44.181
24 9.886 10.856 12.401 13.848 15.659 33.196 36.415 39.364 42.98 45.559
25 10.52 11.524 13.12 14.611 16.473 34.382 37.652 40.646 44.314 46.928
26 11.16 12.198 13.844 15.379 17.292 35.563 38.885 41.923 45.642 48.29
27 11.808 12.879 14.573 16.151 18.114 36.741 40.113 43.195 46.963 49.645
28 12.461 13.565 15.308 16.928 18.939 37.916 41.337 44.461 48.278 50.993
29 13.121 14.256 16.047 17.708 19.768 39.087 42.557 45.722 49.588 52.336
30 13.787 14.953 16.791 18.493 20.599 40.256 43.773 46.979 50.892 53.672
40 20.707 22.164 24.433 26.509 29.051 51.805 55.758 59.342 63.691 66.766
50 27.991 29.707 32.357 34.764 37.689 63.167 67.505 71.42 76.154 79.49
60 35.534 37.485 40.482 43.188 46.459 74.397 79.082 83.298 88.379 91.952
70 43.275 45.442 48.758 51.739 55.329 85.527 90.531 95.023 100.425 104.215
80 51.172 53.54 57.153 60.391 64.278 96.578 101.879 106.629 112.329 116.321
90 59.196 61.754 65.647 69.126 73.291 107.565 113.145 118.136 124.116 128.299
100 67.328 70.065 74.222 77.929 82.358 118.498 124.342 129.561 135.807 140.169

3
 Appendix B

‘t’ TABLE

Tail Degrees of Freedom Confidence

Probability 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 25 30 40 50 1 00 1000 Levels
1-tail 2-tail ≈ ∞ 2-sided 1-sided
0.5 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.4 0.8 0.325 0.289 0.277 0.271 0.267 0.265 0.263 0.262 0.261 0.260 0.259 0.258 0.257 0.256 0.256 0.255 0.255 0.254 0.253
0.3 0.6 0.727 0.617 0.584 0.569 0.559 0.553 0.549 0.546 0.543 0.542 0.539 0.536 0.533 0.531 0.530 0.529 0.528 0.526 0.525
0.25 0.5 1.000 0.816 0.765 0.741 0.727 0.718 0.711 0.706 0.703 0.700 0.695 0.691 0.687 0.684 0.683 0.681 0.679 0.677 0.675
0.2 0.4 1.376 1.061 0.978 0.941 0.920 0.906 0.896 0.889 0.883 0.879 0.873 0.866 0.860 0.856 0.854 0.851 0.849 0.845 0.842 80%
0.17 0.34 1.691 1.242 1.132 1.082 1.054 1.036 1.024 1.015 1.008 1.002 0.994 0.986 0.977 0.973 0.970 0.966 0.963 0.959 0.955
0.15 0.3 1.963 1.386 1.250 1.190 1.156 1.134 1.119 1.108 1.100 1.093 1.083 1.074 1.064 1.058 1.055 1.050 1.047 1.042 1.037
0.14 0.28 2.125 1.467 1.315 1.248 1.211 1.187 1.171 1.159 1.149 1.142 1.131 1.121 1.110 1.104 1.100 1.095 1.092 1.086 1.081
0.13 0.26 2.311 1.556 1.385 1.311 1.270 1.244 1.226 1.212 1.202 1.194 1.182 1.171 1.159 1.153 1.148 1.143 1.139 1.133 1.127
0.12 0.24 2.526 1.654 1.462 1.379 1.333 1.304 1.284 1.269 1.258 1.249 1.236 1.224 1.211 1.204 1.199 1.193 1.189 1.182 1.176
0.11 0.22 2.778 1.763 1.545 1.453 1.401 1.369 1.347 1.331 1.318 1.308 1.294 1.280 1.266 1.258 1.253 1.246 1.242 1.234 1.227
0.1 0.2 3.078 1.886 1.638 1.533 1.476 1.440 1.415 1.397 1.383 1.372 1.356 1.341 1.325 1.316 1.310 1.303 1.299 1.290 1.282 80% 90%
0.09 0.18 3.442 2.026 1.741 1.623 1.558 1.517 1.489 1.469 1.454 1.442 1.424 1.406 1.389 1.379 1.373 1.365 1.360 1.350 1.342
0.08 0.16 3.895 2.189 1.859 1.723 1.649 1.603 1.572 1.549 1.532 1.518 1.498 1.478 1.459 1.448 1.441 1.432 1.426 1.416 1.406
0.075 0.15 4.165 2.282 1.924 1.778 1.699 1.650 1.617 1.592 1.574 1.559 1.538 1.517 1.497 1.485 1.477 1.468 1.462 1.451 1.441
0.07 0.14 4.474 2.383 1.995 1.838 1.753 1.700 1.664 1.638 1.619 1.603 1.580 1.558 1.537 1.524 1.516 1.506 1.500 1.488 1.477
0.065 0.13 4.829 2.495 2.072 1.902 1.810 1.754 1.715 1.687 1.666 1.650 1.626 1.602 1.579 1.566 1.557 1.546 1.539 1.527 1.515
0.06 0.12 5.242 2.620 2.156 1.971 1.873 1.812 1.770 1.740 1.718 1.700 1.674 1.649 1.624 1.610 1.600 1.589 1.582 1.568 1.556
0.055 0.11 5.730 2.760 2.249 2.048 1.941 1.874 1.830 1.797 1.773 1.754 1.726 1.699 1.672 1.657 1.647 1.635 1.627 1.613 1.600
0.05 0.1 6.314 2.920 2.353 2.132 2.015 1.943 1.895 1.860 1.833 1.812 1.782 1.753 1.725 1.708 1.697 1.684 1.676 1.660 1.646 90% 95%
0.045 0.09 7.026 3.104 2.471 2.226 2.098 2.019 1.966 1.928 1.899 1.877 1.844 1.812 1.782 1.764 1.752 1.737 1.729 1.712 1.697
0.04 0.08 7.916 3.320 2.605 2.333 2.191 2.104 2.046 2.004 1.973 1.948 1.912 1.878 1.844 1.825 1.812 1.796 1.787 1.769 1.752
0.035 0.07 9.058 3.578 2.763 2.456 2.297 2.201 2.136 2.090 2.055 2.028 1.989 1.951 1.914 1.893 1.879 1.862 1.852 1.832 1.814
0.03 0.06 10.57 3.896 2.951 2.601 2.422 2.313 2.241 2.189 2.150 2.120 2.076 2.034 1.994 1.970 1.955 1.936 1.924 1.902 1.883
0.025 0.05 12.70 4.303 3.182 2.776 2.571 2.447 2.365 2.306 2.262 2.228 2.179 2.131 2.086 2.060 2.042 2.021 2.009 1.984 1.962 95%
0.02 0.04 15.89 4.849 3.482 2.999 2.757 2.612 2.517 2.449 2.398 2.359 2.303 2.249 2.197 2.167 2.147 2.123 2.109 2.081 2.056 98%
0.017 0.034 18.71 5.284 3.712 3.166 2.895 2.734 2.628 2.553 2.498 2.454 2.392 2.333 2.276 2.243 2.222 2.195 2.180 2.150 2.123
0.015 0.03 21.21 5.643 3.896 3.298 3.003 2.829 2.715 2.634 2.574 2.527 2.461 2.397 2.336 2.301 2.278 2.250 2.234 2.202 2.173
0.012 0.024 26.51 6.338 4.241 3.541 3.200 3.000 2.870 2.778 2.710 2.658 2.582 2.511 2.442 2.403 2.378 2.346 2.328 2.292 2.261
0.01 0.02 31.82 6.965 4.541 3.747 3.365 3.143 2.998 2.896 2.821 2.764 2.681 2.602 2.528 2.485 2.457 2.423 2.403 2.364 2.330 98% 99%
0.007 0.014 45.47 8.363 5.175 4.173 3.700 3.428 3.253 3.131 3.041 2.972 2.873 2.781 2.693 2.642 2.610 2.570 2.547 2.501 2.462
0.005 0.01 63.65 9.925 5.841 4.604 4.032 3.707 3.499 3.355 3.250 3.169 3.055 2.947 2.845 2.787 2.750 2.704 2.678 2.626 2.581 99% 99.5%
0.003 0.006 106.1 12.85 6.994 5.321 4.570 4.152 3.887 3.705 3.573 3.472 3.330 3.197 3.073 3.003 2.957 2.902 2.870 2.808 2.754
0.002 0.004 159.2 15.76 8.053 5.951 5.030 4.524 4.207 3.991 3.835 3.716 3.550 3.395 3.251 3.170 3.118 3.055 3.018 2.946 2.885
0.001 0.002 318.3 22.32 10.21 7.173 5.893 5.208 4.785 4.501 4.297 4.144 3.930 3.733 3.552 3.450 3.385 3.307 3.261 3.174 3.098 99.8% 99.9%
.0005 0.001 636.6 31.59 12.92 8.610 6.869 5.959 5.408 5.041 4.781 4.587 4.318 4.073 3.850 3.725 3.646 3.551 3.496 3.391 3.300 99.9% 99.95%
.0001 .0002 3183 70.70 22.20 13.03 9.678 8.025 7.063 6.442 6.010 5.694 5.263 4.880 4.539 4.352 4.234 4.094 4.014 3.862 3.733 99.99%
5e-5 .0001 6366 99.98 27.99 15.54 11.18 9.082 7.884 7.120 6.594 6.210 5.694 5.239 4.837 4.620 4.482 4.320 4.228 4.053 3.906 99.99%

Courtesy: Robert J. MacG. Dawson ⋆ Dept.of Math and Computing Science ⋆ St. Mary’s University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 3C3 ⋆ [email protected]