ARTA REVIEWER

CONTEMPORARY ART

Summary

The text explores the distinction between Modern and Contemporary Art, highlighting the
evolution of artistic movements from the Industrial Revolution to the present day. Modern
Art, spanning from the 1860s to the late 1970s, broke away from traditional norms and
introduced various movements like Fauvism, Cubism, and Dadaism. In contrast,
Contemporary Art, emerging in the 1970s, focuses on ideas, societal issues, and
experimental forms, encompassing movements such as Abstract Expressionism,
Minimalism, and Pop Art.

Highlights -

1. Modern Art Origin: Began during the Industrial Revolution, adapting to societal
changes.

2. Key Modern Movements: Includes Fauvism, Surrealism, Cubism, and Dadaism.

3. Contemporary Art Start: Emerged in the 1970s, marked by postmodernism and

diverse expressions.

4. Focus on Ideas: Art prioritizes concepts and societal reflections over traditional
aesthetics.

5. Innovative Formats: Incorporates film, installations, and performance art.

6. Social Awareness: Contemporary artists engage with pressing global issues.

7. Diverse Movements: Includes Pop Art, Minimalism, and Kinetic Art, showcasing
various influences.

Key Insights -

1. Modern Art as a Reaction: Modern Art arose as a response to the rapid societal
changes during the Industrial Revolution, signaling a break from tradition. This
marked a pivotal shift in how art was perceived and created, emphasizing
innovation over imitation.

2. Variety of Modern Movements: The emergence of various art movements like

Fauvism and Surrealism during the Modern era reflects artists’ explorations of color,
 emotion, and the subconscious. Each movement contributed uniquely, influencing
the trajectory of art history.

3. Transition to Contemporary Art: The shift to Contemporary Art in the 1970s indicates
a broader cultural transformation, heavily influenced by postmodern ideas that
challenge previous norms and artistic boundaries, showcasing a more fragmented
view of art.

4. Emphasis on Concepts: Contemporary Art prioritizes ideas over aesthetics, where

the intention behind the artwork often holds greater significance than its visual
appeal. This shift encourages deeper engagement with societal narratives.

5. Experimental Approaches: Contemporary artists embrace new mediums and

formats, including installations and performance art, expanding the definition of
what art can be and how it can communicate with audiences.

6. Engagement with Society: Many contemporary art movements address pressing

social issues, making art a platform for dialogue and activism. This engagement
reflects the artists’ awareness and response to global challenges.

7. Diversity of Influences: Contemporary Art encompasses a multitude of movements,

from Pop Art to Minimalism, illustrating the varied influences that shape modern
artistic expression. This diversity allows for a richer dialogue within the art
community.

ART MOVEMENTS IN THE MODERN ERAFauvism• a joyful style of painting that is

known for its use of bold colors. It was developed in France at beginning of the 20th
Century by Henri Matisse and Andre Derain. The artists that painted in this style was
known as “Les Fauves” (the wild beasts), a title that came from a sarcastic remark in a
review by the art critic Louis Vauxcelles.•Les Fauves believed that colors should be used
at its highest pitch to express the feeling the artist has for its piece.
Surrealism• an art movement inspired by scientific research, Freudian psychology and
dream interpretation.• it portrays reality and intensity of the subconscious mind. •
surrealists feasted on the unconscious. They believed that Freud’s theory on dreams, ego,
and superego opened doors to the authentic self and clearer reality.•Emphasizes on
mysterious, marvelous, mythological, and irrational in an effort to make art ambiguous
and strange.
Cubism•The most influential art style of the 20th century•Cubists try to show all sides of
an object, reducing recognizable images to geometric forms, shows objects from several
positions at one time, and often makes opaque forms transparent. •Invented around 1907
by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braques in Paris. It was the first abstract art of the modern
era.
Dadaism•Attacked the established values in art.•Declared absurdity in all its convention
and destroyed the notion of art as well.•The important thing for Dadaist is not the actual
artwork itself, but the message and statement that they are making with it.
Transition to Contemporary Art•The Contemporary Art Era started on 1970’s onwards.
The shift from the previous era, Modern Era, is because of two reasons: a.) the emergence
of “postmodernism” b.) the decline of the clearer identified artistic movement.
CONTEMPORARY ART•“Art made by the artists of today.” (J. Paul Getty
Museum)•Heavily driven by ideas and theories•It’s the idea that is the main intention•It is
not restricted to individual experience but it is reflective of the world we live in.•Art
expanded to more experimental ventures with new formats such as film, photography,
video performance, installations, etc.•The most socially aware and most involved in all
forms of art.
ART MOVEMENTS OF THE CONTEMPORARY ERAAbstract Expressionism•Took
the concepts of abstraction and combined it with gesture techniques, mark-making, and
spontaneity in visual articulation.•Emphasized the power of colors.•Famous painters of
this style:a. Clyfford Stillb. Jackson Pollockc.Willem de Kooningd. Barnett Newmane.
Mark Rothko
OP/Optical Art•Relied on creating an illusion to inform the experience of the
artwork•Making it seem like the subject is protruding out of the background to create
movement.•Famous artists of this movement:a. Victor Vasarelyb. Bridgit Rileyc.Peter
Sedgleyd. Richard Anuszkiewiscze. Yaavcom Agamf.Jesus Sotog. Guenther Ueckerh.
Enrico Castellanii.Carlos Cruz-Diez
Kinetic Art•Presence of actual movement in artworks•Famous artists:a. Naum Gabob.
Alexander Calderc.Jean Tinguelyd. Bridge Rileye. Nicolas Schofferf.Theo Jansen
Gutai•Japanese origin•Multiplatforms like performance, theatrical events, installations,
and even painting•Gutai = individuality and openness to the concrete•The goal of this
movement was not only to explore the materiality of the implements used in
performance, but also to hold a deeper desire to make sense of the relationship that is
struck between the body, the movements, and the spirit of their interaction during the
process of creation.
Minimalism•Extreme type of abstraction that favored geometric shapes, color fields, and
the use of objects and materials that had an industrial feel.•Emphasizes the materiality of
the work•Famous artists:a. Agnes Martinb. Robert Morrisc.Sol LeWittd. Dan Andree.
Donald Judd
Pop Art•Draws inspiration from pop media, such as commercial culture•One of the most
known and identifiable and relatable movements in art history•The aim was to elevate
popular culture as something at par with fine art.•Famous artists:a. Andy Warholb. James
Rosenquistc.Claes Oldeburgd. Richard Hamiltone. Tom Wesselmanf.Ed Ruschag. Roy
Lichtenstein
Postmodernism•Most prominent movement that solidified the contemporary era•The
formalization of the old techniques and views of modernism and claiming for better arts
for the 20th century.•Shifting of belief systems•Included conceptual art, neo-
expressionism, feminist art, etc.
 OTHER CONTEMPORARY ART MOVEMENTS
•POP ART•It first emerged in the 1950s but found its footing in the 1960s. It drew
inspiration, sources, ad even materials from commercial culture, making it one of the
most identifiable and retable movements in art history.•Is popular (designed for a mass
audience), transient (short-term solution), expandable (easily forgotten), low cost, mass
produced, young (aimed at youth), witty, sexy gimmicky, glamorous, big business.
•NEO – POP ART•In the 1980s, there was a renewed interest in pop art specially to Andy
Warhol’s works and his contemporaries.•What made in different from pop art was that it
appropriated some of the first ideas of Dada in which ready – made materials were used
for the artwork.
•CONTEMPORARY ART•Is the most socially aware and involved form of art.•The
Subject matter of its works was one of the most pressing, heated and even controversial
issue of contemporary society
•PHOTOREALISM •A painstaking attention to detail is aimed, without asserting an
artist’s personal style. •These drawings and paintings are so immaculate in their precion
that it starts to look it is photo without a direct reference to the artist who created it.
•CONCEPTUALISM•The idea or concept is the most important aspect of the work.
•When an artist used conceptualize form of art, it means that all of the planning and
decisions are made beforehand and execution is a perfunctory affair.
•PERFORMANCE ART•May be planned or spontaneous and done live or recorded. •An
interest proposition is the performance is not about the medium or the format; rather, it is
how a specific context is made is which through engagement or interaction, questions,
concerns, and conditions will be fleshed out.
•INSTALLATION ART•Is a kind of an immersive work where the environment or the
space in which the viewer steps into or interacts with (going around installative art) is
transformed or altered.•Usually large – scale, installation art makes use of a host objects,
materials, conditions and even light and aural components.
•EARTH ART•Is a different from environmental art in a sense that does not focus on the
subject (environmental issue or concerns) but rather on landscapes manipulation and the
materials used, taken directly from the ground or vegetation (rocks or twigs).
•STREET ART •This art movements is related to graffiti art as it is by- product of the rise
of graffiti in the 1980s.•These works are most commonly found in the public sphere,
various people who have access to them have formed the impression and perception of
the artworks themselves.•Examples of this include murals, stenciled images, stickers, and
installation or installative/sculptural object usually out of common object and techniques.

ASIAN ART

Summary

The text explores the rich history and diversity of Asian art, covering significant traditions
from various countries including China, India, Japan, Korea, and Tibet. It discusses the
evolution of art forms such as painting, sculpture, calligraphy, and pottery, while
highlighting the cultural and religious influences that shaped these artistic expressions
over centuries.

Highlights -

1. Chinese Art: The oldest continuous art traditions, including calligraphy and
painting.

2. Indian Art: A blend of various forms influenced by religions like Hinduism and
Buddhism.

3. Japanese Art: Evolved through cultural exchanges, with a focus on Zen aesthetics
and ukiyo-e.

4. Korean Art: Unique traditions in pottery and calligraphy, reflecting a mix of

influences.

5. Tibetan Art: Known for spiritual themes and adherence to Buddhist principles.

6. Bhutanese Art: Emphasizes anonymity of artists and deep spiritual connections in

craftsmanship.

7. Cultural Exchange: Asian art has significantly influenced and been influenced by
Western art traditions.

Key Insights -

1. Cultural Richness: Asian art showcases a myriad of influences from various

religions, illustrating how interconnected the region’s cultures are. This diversity
enriches the global art narrative.

2. Philosophical Foundations: Chinese and Indian art heavily draw from

philosophical ideologies like Taoism and Hinduism, which emphasize harmony and
spirituality, deeply influencing artistic expression.

3. Evolution and Adaptation: Japanese art has undergone numerous transformations,

integrating foreign influences while maintaining its unique identity, evident in the
transition from traditional to contemporary forms.

4. Religious Significance: Tibetan art is deeply rooted in Buddhism, with strict

adherence to proportions and themes, making it a reflection of spiritual beliefs and
practices.
 5. Anonymity in Craftsmanship: Bhutanese art prioritizes the craft over the artist,
emphasizing collective cultural heritage and the spiritual connection in creating art.
This fosters a unique artistic identity.

6. Global Influence: The interaction between Asian and Western art has led to
significant movements in art history, such as Impressionism and Cubism,
showcasing the importance of cross-cultural dialogue.

7. Art as Identity: Modern Asian art, including manga and anime, reflects
contemporary issues of identity and technology, indicating ongoing evolution and
relevance in today’s society.

CHINESEART

⁃The oldest continuous art traditions in the world are Chinese art traditions. ⁃Chinese art in
10,000 B.C.E. included pottery and sculptures.⁃Scholars and nobles preserved Chinese
artistic traditions, and these were adapted by each successive dynasty.

Over the centuries, Chinese art produced the following types of arts: -Paintings-
Calligraphies -Architecture -Pottery-Sculptures-Bronzes -Jade carvings-Other fine or
decorative art forms

Ancient Chinese ArtCalligraphy ⁃The art of calligraphy aims to demonstrate superior

control and skill using brush and ink. ⁃Introduced in the Han dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE
then after two hundred years, all educated men were expected to be proficient at it.⁃Lady
Wei (272-349 CE) was an accomplished calligrapher and said to have taught the great
master Wang Xizhi (303-361 CE)

Ancient Chinese ArtPainting⁃Walls, coffins and boxes, screens, silk scrolls, fixed fans, book
covers, and folding fans were the most popular formats.⁃Wood and bamboo were the most
popular materials used by the earliest artists, and then adopted plastered walls, silk, and
paper.⁃Portraits and landscapes were the two most popular themes.

Ancient Chinese Art Pottery ⁃The oldest known pots in the world was from Xianrendong
Cave Pottery (Jiangxi province)⁃Heavy and functional storage jars⁃During the Han dynasty,
there were early developments in techniques and kilns.

⁃Chinese art is greatly influenced by Chinese philosophies of Buddhism, Confucianism,

and particularly Taoism. This aims to show a sense of harmony between humans and the
larger world.Art Influence
INDIAN ART

Indian art consists of a variety of art forms, including painting, sculpture, pottery, and
textile arts such as woven silk. Geographically, it spans the entire Indian subcontinent,
including what is now India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and at times eastern
Afghanistan. A strong sense of design is characteristic of Indian art and can be observed in
its modern and traditional forms.The origin of Indian art can be traced to prehistoric
settlements in the 3rd millennium BC. On its way to modern times, Indian art has had
cultural influences, as well as religious influences such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism,
Sikhism and Islam. In spite of this complex mixture of religious traditions, generally, the
prevailing artistic style at any time and place has been shared by the major religious
groups.Indian artist styles historically followed Indian religions out of the subcontinent,
having an especially large influence in Tibet, South East Asia and China. Indian art has
itself received influences at times, especially from Central Asia and Iran, and Europe.Yakshi
Bracket Figure. East torana of the Great Stupa at Sanchi, 1st century BCE/CE, in Madhya
Pradesh, IndiaThe Priest-King is a carved steatite statuette found during the excavation of
the Bronze Age city of Mohenjodaro,

My TeamsHistory LessonQuestionswww.topics.comTopicsKapila VatsyayanThe visual arts

(sculpture, painting and architecture) are tightly interrelated with the non-visual arts.
According to Kapila Vatsyayan, "Classical Indian architecture, sculpture, painting, literature
(kaavya), music and dancing evolved their own rules conditioned by their respective media,
but they shared with one another not only the underlying spiritual beliefs of the Indian
religio-philosophic mind, but also the procedures by which the relationships of the symbol
and the spiritual states were worked out in detail." Insight into the unique qualities of Indian
art is best achieved through an understanding of the philosophical thought, the broad
cultural history, social, religious and political background of the artworks.

Sculpture was a common practice among Indian Buddhists and Hindus. Hinduism
continued to be a main focus of Indian art for centuries, as sculptures of deities like Shiva
were commonly produced. By the 16th century, Islam gained importance under the Mughal
Empire and art production grew under Islamic rulers. During this time, the arts prospered
and in 1631 construction began on the Taj Mahal.The Taj Mahal under construction. (In
total, construction of the 42-acre (17-hectare) complex spanned 22 years.)

The Iron Pillar, DelhiThis pillar, built in the 4th century, features Sanskrit inscription in
Brahmi script that states it was created in honor of the Hindu god Vishnu. The pillar
showcases India’s prowess in metallurgy, a branch of science that focuses particularly on
the properties,production, and purification of metals.Konark Sun Temple, Konark,
IndiaBuilt in the 13th century, this impressive temple is dedicated to the Hindu sun god
Surya. It was carved from stone in the form of a 100-foot-high chariot with immense wheels
and horses.Notable Indian Architecture

JAPANESE ART

●Art in Japan has undergone series of transitions and periodization.●Japan has

transitioned into a cultural mixing pot.●Based on artifact such as ceramic figures and
ornaments.●It was influenced by Korean and Chinese artwork●Japanese art covers a wide
range of art styles and media, including ancient pottery, sculpture in wood and bronze, ink
painting on silk and paper, calligraphy, ceramics , architecture, oil painting,literature,drama
and music.●Both religious and secular artistics traditions developed, but even the secular
art was imbued with Buddhist and Confuscian aesthetic principles, particularly the Zen
concept that every aspect of the material world is part of an all encompassing whole..

●Over it’s long history, Japanese art absorbed many foreign artistics traditions and carried
on intermittent exchanges with china and Korea.●When Japan came into contact with the
western world during the 19th century, Japanese woodblock prints, paintings and ceramics
had a considerable influence on European art particularly in cubism and
impressionism.●Contemporary Japanese art is concerned with themes such as self-
identity and finding fulfillment in a world dominated by technology.●Since the 1990s,
Japanese animation known as anime, has become widely popular with young people in the
west.

HaniwaCeramic figures that is made up of clay. That were made for ritual use and buried
with the dead as funerary objects

Shinoism●The native religion of Japan.●A practice of religious rites based on the Japanese
polytheistic idea of ‘kami’ (deity).●The word Shintō literally means “way of
kami”.●Collections of native beliefs and mythology.●Worshipping nature and natural
objects ranging from trees, lakes mountains, flowers and rocks.Buddhism●Became an
integral part of Japanese Culture, Artwork such as images and sculptures of Buddha were
produced. ●Buddhist temples are became staples key places.●Art is essence became an
expression of worship for the Japanese people.

Ukiyo-eIs an art movement which is flourished in 17th through 19th centuries. It’s artist
produced woodblock prints and paintings of such subjects as travel scenes and
landscapes, female beauties and sumo wrestlers

The Great Wave of Kanagawa●Nicknamed “The Wave”●Hokusai, an artist with a unique

talent.●The Four details that made this masterpiece famous: The waves, Prussian blue
color, Mount Fuji, The boats and the Fisherman.
Hiroshige●Known for his horizontal-format landscapes series “The Fifty-three Stations of
the Tokaido.●Also known for his vertical-format landscape popular series “One Hundred
famous view of Edo.●Hiroshige’s death marked the beginning of the rapid decline in the
ukiyo-e genre.

Sharaku●Was a Japanese ukiyo-e print designer.●Known for his portraits of kabuki

actors.●Over 140 prints have been established as the works of Sharaku.●The majority are
portraits of actors or scenes from kabuk iand the rest are the sumo wrestlers.

Nishiki-e●Is a type of Japanese multi-colored woodblock printing. ●The Technique is used

primarily in Ukiyo-e. It was invented in 1760s.●Suzuki Harunobu developed the technique
of polychrome printing to produce nishiki-e

Kaiga●Also known as Japanese Painting.●Is one of the oldest and most highly refined of
the Japanese art.Panel form the Tale of GenjiJomon Period Pottery ●The first settlers of
Japan, the jomon people.●Named for the cord markings that decorated the surfaces of
their clay vessels were nomadic hunter-gatherers.Statuette with Snow Glasses

Yayoi Art●Bringing knowledge of wetland rice cultivation, the manufacture of copper

weapons and bronze bells (dōtaku).●Use for Rituals.●The oldest dotaku found date from
the second and third century.Dotaku, Third CenturyKofun Art●Represents a modification
of Yayoi culture.●Typical artifacts are bronze mirrors, symbol of political alliances called
haniwa.Haniwa Horse

In Japanese, "manga" refers to all kinds of cartooning, comics, and animation. Among
English speakers, "manga" has the stricter meaning of "Japanese comics", in parallel to the
usage of "anime" in and outside Japan. The term "ani-manga" is used to describe comics
produced from animation cels. Often disregarded as “Japanese cartoons” in the West,
manga and anime are an important part of Japanese contemporary art and, much like the
avant-garde movements, the modern manga took shape in the post-war decades."manga"

KOREAN ART

HISTORY OF KOREA●Professional have begun to acknowledge and sort through Korea’s

ownunique art culture and important role in not only transmitting Chineseculture but also
assimilating it and creating a unique culture of its own.●Korea Arts include tradition in
calligraphy, music, painting, and potteryoften marked by the use of natural forms, surface
decoration..●The earliest example of Korean art consists of stone age works dating from
300BCE. These mainly consist of votive sculpture, although petroglyphs have alsobeen
recently discovered
●Korean artists sometimes modified Chinese tradition with a native preferencefor simple
elegance, purity of nature and spontaneity.●The Gotyeo Dynasty (1918-1392) was the one
of the most prolific periods for theartists in many disciplines, especially in pottery.

Melon-shaped wine ewerMelon-shaped ewer with bamboo decoration first half of the 12th
century. This elegant ewer demonstrates the Goryeo potter's technical skill and conceptual
sophistication in transforming everyday motifs from nature—in this case, a melon and
bamboo—into a functional and aesthetically pleasing vessel.

Neolithic Art●Korean ancient pottery improved during the era of Neolithic art (c. 10,000-
3,000 BCE) with the creation of flat-bottomed vessels decorated with zigzag patterns,
followed by comb-pattern pottery (c. 3,000 BCE).COMB-PATTERNED POTTERY-The vessel
form found in early comb pottery is a simple V-shape with a pointed or rounded bottom.
The surface is entirely covered with impressed or incised lines, short, slanting, and parallel,
arranged in either horizontal or vertical rows so as to produce a sort of comb pattern.-In
later pottery the clay is often tempered with asbestos or talc stone, and the base of the
vessel tends to be flattened. The earlier, space-filling linear design yields to more sparsely
placed curvilinear designs consisting of dots.

Jeulmun pottery periodThe Jeulmun pottery period is named after the decorated pottery
vessels that form a large part of the pottery assemblage consistently over the above period,
especially 4000-2000 BC. Jeulmun (Hangul: 즐문, Hanja: 櫛文) means "Comb-patterned". A
boom in the archaeological excavations of Jeulmun Period sites since the mid-1990s has
increased knowledge about this important formative period in the prehistory of East Asia.

Bronze Age●In Korea, the Bronze Age began around the 15th century BCE, with the
everyday use of mumun pottery, ground stone tools, and wooden tools. During this period,
only a few people possessed bronze tools, which served either as symbols of authority or
as ritual instruments.Korean- Sword-have served a central place in the defense of the
nation for thousands of years. Although typical Korean land battles have taken place in
wide valleys and narrow mountain passes, which favor use of the spear and bow, the sword
found use as a secondary, close-quarters weapon, especially useful during sieges and
ship-to-ship boarding actions. Higher quality, ceremonial swords were typically reserved
for the officer corps as a symbol of authority with which to command the troops.
Ceremonial swords are still granted to military officials by the civilian authority to this day.-
Korean swords typically fall into two broad categories, the Geom, and the Do.

Comma Shape BeadsMagatama (勾玉, less frequently 曲玉) are curved, comma-shaped
beads that appeared in prehistoric Japanfrom the Final Jōmon period through the Kofun
period, approximately 1000 BCE to the 6th century CE.
Iron Age●The transition from the Late Bronze to Early Iron Age in Korea begins in the 4th
century BCE. This corresponds to the later stage of Gojoseon, the Jin state period in the
south, and the Proto–Three Kingdoms period of the 1st to 4th century CE.[8]●The period
that begins after 300 BCE can be described as 'protohistoric', a time when some
documentary sources seem to describe societies in the Korean peninsula. THE THREE
KINGDOM

GOGURYEO-Goguryeo, also called Goryeo, was a Korean kingdom located in the northern
and central parts of the Korean Peninsulaand the southern and central parts of Manchuria.
At its peak of power, Goguryeo controlled most of the Koreanpeninsula, large parts of
Manchuria and parts of eastern Mongolia and Inner Mongolia.

BAEKJE-Baekje was founded as a member of the Mahan confederacy. Two sons of the
founder of Goguryeo are recorded to have fled asuccession conflict, to establish Baekje
around the present Seoul area.-Baekje absorbed or conquered other Mahan chiefdoms
and, at its peak in the 4th century, controlled most of the western Koreanpeninsula.
Buddhism was introduced to Baekje in 384 from Goguryeo, which Baekje welcomed

SILLA-According to Korean records, in 57 BC, Seorabeol (or Saro, later Silla) in the
southeast of the peninsula unified and expanded the confederation of city-states known as
Jinhan. Although Samguk Sagi records that Silla was the earliest-founded of the three
kingdoms, other written and archaeological records indicate that Silla was likely the last of
the three to establish a centralized government.-Silla was the smallest and weakest of the
Three Kingdoms of Korea, but it used cunning diplomatic means to make
opportunisticpacts and alliances with the more powerful Korean kingdoms, and eventually
Tang China, to its great advantage.

OTHER ARTS OF KOREA-Korean arts is characterized by transition in main religion at the

time;early Korean shamanist art, then Korean Buddhist art and Koreanconfucian art,
through the various forms of Western Art in 20 century.-Art works in metal, jade, bamboo,
textiles have a limited resurgence.

Korean Calligraphy and Printing-i s seen art where brush stroke reveal the artist personality
enhancing the subject matter that is painted,-This arts form represent the apogee and
Korean Confucian Art.

Korean Fabric Arts-Korean Knot-In the ruling palaces, knots were used to signify dignity and
prestige. For religious purposes knots decorated Buddhistornaments. The most common
use of knots was in Norigae, traditional Korean ornaments worn by women to
decorateclothing.are craft of making fabric and textiles produced by the people on the
Korean Peninsula. They have a long history, which includes fabrics such as guksa, nobang,
sha, jangmidan, Korean-made jacquard, brocade and satin. Or crafts such as the Korean
quilts known as bojagi, Korean embroidery, Korean knots, Korean clothing and the rarer arts
of Korean blinds weaving and Korean paper clothing. In old time, people usually wore
natural dyeing clothes.

Korean Paper Art-Korean Mask-have a long tradition with the use in a variety of contexts.
Masks of any type are called tal (Korean: 탈) in Korean, but they are alsoknown by many
others names such as gamyeon, gwangdae, chorani, talbak and talbagaji. Korean masks
come with black clothe attachedto the sides of the mask designed to cover the back of the
head and also to simulate black hair.Korean paper or hanji is the name of traditional
handmade paper from Korea.Hanji is made from the inner bark of Broussonetia papyrifera
known colloquially as paper mulberry, a tree native to Korea that grows well on its rocky
mountainsides, known in Korean as dak.

Korean Paintings Art1.2.Arahat, Joseon buddhist painting in the 16th century Korea.3. were
popular subjects in court paintings in the late Joseon Dynasty, and dozens of them were
produced for various occasions including royal weddings. Peaches in these paintings grow
only every 3,000 years and symbolizes longevity.-Western-style oil painting in Korean art
was in the self-portraits of Korean artist Ko Hu i-dong.-Ko Hui- dong- Korean artist who
pioneered in the application of Western techniques to traditional painting styles. After
World War II he became a member of the South Korean government of Syngman Rhee.

3 TYPE OF PAINTINGS IN KOREA1.Buddhist Paintings2.Confucian Paintings3.Decorative

Painting

TIBETAN ART

⁃Also called the “Himalayan art,” that refers to the art of Tibet and other present and former
Himalayan kingdoms.⁃Also called Lamaism, which is a regional form of northern
Buddhism.⁃The artists were largely anonymous despite the existence of flourishing
workshops.

⁃Tibetan art evolved from the 7th century CE⁃Tubo Kingdom is when Tibetan arts have
developed. These originated from the rock paintings in ancient times. The contents of these
paintings include animal images of deer, ox, sheep, horse, and more relating to hunting
scenes.⁃Religious paintings have made a further progress most especially after introducing
Buddhism to Tibet.

Arts and Crafts ⁃Stone carving, mural painting, and Thangka paintings⁃Often religious in
theme
Belief ⁃Sacred art ⁃Its drawing elements are from the religions of Buddhism, Hinduism,
Bon, and other tribal groups and others reflecting the overriding influence of Tibetan
Buddhism. ⁃Tibetan artists followed rules regarding proportions, shape, colour, stance,
hand positions, and attributes in order to personify correctly the Buddha or deities.

One of the particular types of artwork of Tibetan artists is Sand Mandala. It is a spiritual
symbol depicting the universe and the cosmos. Sand Mandala

-Has geometric patterns- Ceremonies and viewing are done to symbolise the Buddhist
doctoral belief in the transitory nature of material life when it is being ritualistically
dismantled. Sand Mandala

BHUTANESE ART

In Bhutan, art remains an essential part of dailylife that retains the purity and handcraft of
ancienttimes that rarely manifests itself in Western Culture.Certainly, these practices
evolve and adapt through thenew generations, but at the same time it preserves theinternal
and external spirituality—full of the sacredbeliefs of this mystic and mysterious land—of
creatinga work of art from the past.For the Bhutanese people, each piece they
createrepresents a religious experience, a connection withsomething that goes beyond
them and enlightens themcreatively, and this is why the 13 Traditional Arts andCrafts,
known as Zorig Chusum, have prevailed to thisday and continue to be one of the most
consequentialaspects of Bhutanese culture.

ORIGIN The 13 Arts are rooted in Buddhism. They are believedto have been introduced by
Pema Lingpa in the 15th century andcategorized in the 17th century by Tenzin Rabgye, the
4th DrukDesi—the title given to rulers; it means “thunder dragon” inreference to Bhutan.
Each work of art contains the sameprinciples, symbolisms and ideologies that make this
practice soancestral, but the artist inevitably leaves a print of their ownstyle, which
contributes to the uniqueness of the piece.However, one important aspect of Bhutanese
art is that it isalways anonymous. If a work of art bears a name, it is usuallythe name of the
person who commissioned it, not the artist’s,because the importance of the craft lies in the
craft itself, not inthose who produce it. Art speaks for itself, the same as
eachrepresentation of belief and value. Thus, these objects decorateevery home, temple,
and street. The ornaments are used everyday as simple, yet beautiful tools. Colors
permeate every aspectof the paintings, woodwork, sculptures, and embroideries
thatdepict deities, sacred animals and other relevant imagery.

13 BHUTANESE ARTS & CRAFTS1. Lhazo - Bhutanese Wall Paintings2. Jimzo - Sculpting3.
Shingzo - Wood Carving4. Parzo - Carving5. Dezo - Papermaking6. Dozo - Masonry7. Shagzo
- Wood Turning8. Thagzo - Weaving9. Tshemzo - Embroidery10. Lugzo - Casting11. Tsharzo -
Cane Weaving12. Garzo - Blacksmithing13. Troeko - Metal Ornaments

PHILIPPINE ARTS

Summary

Philippine art is a rich tapestry of historical and cultural influences, encompassing

traditional crafts like pottery, weaving, and wood carving, alongside modern sculptures and
architecture. It reflects the diverse heritage of the Philippines, with notable artists
contributing to its evolution. From ancient artifacts like the Manunggul Jar to contemporary
figures such as Fernando Amorsolo and Juan Luna, Philippine art showcases the country’s
artistic journey and its significance in religious and daily life.

Highlights

• Rich Heritage: Philippine art reflects a diverse cultural history.

• Traditional Crafts: Pottery, weaving, and wood carving are vital practices.

• Modern Influence: Contemporary sculptures and architecture contribute to the

art scene.

• Famous Artists: Artists like Juan Luna and Fernando Amorsolo are pivotal
figures.

• Musical Contributions: Composers like Felipe Padilla and Lucrecia Kasilag

enrich the cultural landscape.

• Cultural Symbols: Artworks often embody deep religious and cultural beliefs.

• Global Recognition: The Philippine art scene is recognized internationally for its
unique expressions.

Key Insights

• Cultural Identity: Philippine art serves as a reflection of the country’s identity,

showcasing regional diversity and historical narratives. Through various art forms,
Filipinos express their values, beliefs, and experiences.

• Historical Significance: Traditional crafts like pottery and weaving are not just
functional; they hold historical significance, as seen in artifacts like the Manunggul
Jar, which illustrates ancient beliefs in the afterlife.
 • Evolution of Techniques: The transition from traditional to modern art
showcases innovation and adaptation, with artists incorporating contemporary
styles while still honoring their roots, as seen in the works of artists like Vicente
Manansala.

• Architectural Heritage: The evolution of Philippine architecture, from traditional

bahay kubo to modern structures, reflects both practical needs and aesthetic
values influenced by various cultural and historical factors.

• Musical Legacy: Composers such as Antonio Molina and Felipe Padilla de Leon
have played significant roles in shaping Philippine music, blending traditional
sounds with contemporary themes, thus enriching the country’s musical
landscape.

• Art as a Political Tool: Many artists used their work to comment on social and
political issues, as demonstrated by Juan Luna and Félix Resurrección Hidalgo, who
became symbols of the Filipino resistance during colonial times.

• Global Influence: The recognition of Filipino artists on international platforms

highlights the global appreciation of Philippine art, encouraging a dialogue between
local traditions and contemporary global art movements.

POTTERY

• Pottery produced items that are of practical value for the early Filipinos, such as pots for
cooking and large vases for storing.• Said to be one of the earliest art forms used by early
Filipino people.• One of the most prominent artifacts related to pottery Manunggul Jar
found in Palawan.POTTERY

MANUNGGUL JAR• Represent the religious beliefs and practices of early Filipino People.•
Serves as a burial jar, which depicts two men rowing a boat.• reflects their belief in
afterlife-the crossing of the body of water is a transition from life here on earth unto the
next.

WEAVING

WEAVING•a method of textile production in which two distinct sets of yarns or threads are
interlaced at right angles to form a fabric or cloth.•People from Cordillera are one of the
famous artisans of weaving.

Lang DulayEliza ChawiT’nalak

LANG DULAY•A Filipino traditional weaver who was a recipient of the National Living
Treasures Award. •She is credited with preserving her people's tradition of weaving
T'nalak,a dyed fabric made from refined abaca fibre.

T’NALAK•Weaving tradition of the T'boli people of South Cotabato, Philippines.•T'nalak

cloth are woven from abacá fibers. •The traditional female weavers are known as dream
weavers, because the pattern of the t'nalak cloth are inspired by their dreams.•They use
this particular cloth to make ornaments, which also represent their beliefs through
symbols.•One example is the image of the frog, which is their representation for fertility.

ELIZA CHAWI•The oldest weaver of traditionalKankanaey cloth in the Cordilleras

WOOD CARVING

• Woodcarvings from Palawan also depict animals like birds, which are representations of
their religious beliefs. • In Mindanao, the Tausug and Maranao people are known for their
okir. Their common subjects include the sarimanok, naga and the pako rabong. • Each
subject is a representation of symbols depict their beliefs as a people.WOOD CARVING

• The Okir (motif) is an exclusive artistic cultural heritage of the Maranaos of Lanao,
Philippines.• It is as an artistic design of the Maranao native inhabitants of southern
Philippines beginning from the early 6th Century C.E. before the Islamization of the
area.WOOD CARVING

Pako Rabong and Sarimanok

Pako RabongPAKO RABONG• An ancient indigenous form of the Maranaw artistic design is
the Pako rábong. The "pakô", or "piyako", refers to the beautiful motif that copied from
"Salimbayan-pilipit" design of the leaf. It literally means "sumisibol o yumayabong na pakô."
• It is often used in clothes and fabrics laid out as décor indoors. It was also designed with
gold and silver jewelry.

SarimanokSARIMANOK• The Sarimanok is the legendary bird that has become an

ubiquitous symbol of Maranao art. • It is depicted as a fowl with colorful wings and
feathered tail, holding a fish on its beak or talons. • The head is profusely decorated with
scroll, leaf, and spiral motifs. • It is said to be a symbol of good fortune

History of Philippine Art

Spoliarium

SPOLIARIUM• Large-scale academic painting garnered a gold medal and signified that the
reformists could come at par with their European counterparts. • At the same time, Luna’s
win signaled the start of the Filipino’s call for equality.Spoliarium
28As modern paintings started to emerge, a triumvirate of artist was formed•CARLOS
FRANCISCO•GALO B. OCAMPO•VICTORIO EDADES

José Honorato Lozano• Was a Filipino Asian Antiquities artist who was born in 1815.•
Known today as the visual chronicler and ethnographic painter par excellence of life in the
Philippines in the second and third quarters of the 19th Century. • He is also renowned as
the father of the art form known as Letras y Figuras - literally 'Letters and Figures.' Mostly
watercolors on Manila paper, these artworks depict views of quotidian Philippine life in the
19th century.• Paintings of Jose Honorato Lozano has clear indication of East and West
influence.

What is Kut-kut art?• Kut-kut art is another technique of combining ancient Oriental and
European art process. • It is considered a lost art and highly collectible art form. Very few
known art pieces existed today. • The technique was practiced by the indigenous people of
Samar Island between early 1600 and late 1800.

Modern SculpturesIt is notable that when modernism was introduced in the Philippines in
the late 1920s, the practice of figurative painting using pigments on a two- dimensional
surface was just over a hundred years old.•Spanish Colonial Period art forms•Sculpture of
saints replaced the anito carvings during the 17th century.

• The earliest known sculptor in the Philippines is the 17th century sacristan, sculptor and
silversmith.• few of his extant works may be found at the San Agustin Convent museum.•
One of his famous work is the “Retablo”.Juan De Los Santos

•This “retablo” (altarpiece) was executed in 1617 by the carver Juan de los Santos, as the
main altarpiece of San Agustin Church in Manila.•This “retablo” shows the symmetry of
Renaissance architecture, and the broken arch pediment in the upper part the influence of
mannerist style.•The original wood gilded image of “santos” (Saints) that filled the niches
were stolen by the British in 1762, and the North American soldiers in 1898. Some of the
“santos” that are actually in the niches, were donated in 1971 by Enrique Santamaría;
others came from the Augustinian Monastery of Cebú.Retablo

Modern Sculptures: 19th Century• Filipino sculptors came to be known in the middle of
19th Century.• Classical Philippine sculpture reached its peak in the works of Guillermo
Tolentino (1890-1976).

• He is consider as the “Father of Philippine Arts” because of his great works like the
famous “Bonifacio Monument” symbolizing Filipinos cry for freedom located in intersection
of EDSA and Rizal Avenue and “The Oblation” in UP signifying academic freedom.•
represents the National Artist Awards for Sculpture in 1973.Guillermo Tolentino
• It was built way back November 30, 1933.• It was designed by the National Artist
Guillermo Tolentino to commemorate Philippine revolutionary Andrés Bonifacio, the
founder and Supremo of the Katipunan.Bonifacio Monument

• Recognized as the “Father of Modern Philippine Sculpture”, Abueva helped shape the
local sculpture scene to what it is now.• Was the youngest National Artist awardee.• He
used almost all kinds of materials for his sculptures such as hard wood, adobe, metal,
stainless steel, cement, marble, bronze, iron, alabaster, coral and brass.Napoleon Abueva

• It was included in the 1st ASEAN Sculpture symposium at Fort Canning Hill, Singapore,
and has been there ever since.• The Fredesvinda was nicknamed 'The Ship of ASEAN' as its
structure represent the skeleton of a ship.• It also symbolises ASEAN unity and
cooperation.Fredesvinda

ArchitectureThe architecture of the classical period of the Philippines is based on

vernacular architecture for most of its centuries and Islamic architecture in some coastal
areas at the south, plus the interior of Lanao, after the 13th century.•Ancient Filipinos lived
in big settlements along sheltered bays, coastal areas, and mouths of rivers.•The roof of
the first Philippine houses, nipa huts, or bahay kubo, were high pitched and usually open
gabled to allow for ventilation.

Bahay Kubo• The Bahay Kubo is the native house of the Philippines and is also considered
as its national shelter.• These houses were elevated three to four meters of the ground,
supported by wood or bamboo. The structure was usually four-walled with tukod windows.

Bagubo and Kalinga• In the ancient times, early Filipinos lived in houses which were made
of wood, bamboo, and palm leaves. All houses had a ladder which could be drawn up at
night. They also have a place under their house where they keep rice, chickens, and
firewood.• people used this type of house for protection from enemies and wild animals on
the ground.

Famous Philippine Artists

Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo (1855-1913) •Félix Resurrección Hidalgo y Padilla was a Filipino
artist. •He is acknowledged as one of the greatest Filipino painters of the late 19th
century•Hidalgo won a silver medal for his entry in large canvas, Christian Virgins Exposed
to the Populace (Las Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho) at the Madrid Exposition
of Fine Arts.•In 1984 Madrid Exposition, he set up residence in Paris to serve a quieter
life.•He painted Charon’s Boat and Oedipus and Antigone.

•The painting was a silver medalist during the 1884 Exposicion General de Bellas Artes in
Madrid, Spain, also known as the Madrid Exposition. •Regarded as one of the national
treasures of the Philippines, a copy of the painting is part of the art collection of the Bangko
Sentral ng Pilipinas (Central Bank of the Philippines).•The original was destroyed in a fire at
the University of Valladolid in SpainLas Virgenes Cristianas Expuertas al Populacho
(Christian Virgins Exposed to the Populace)

•Is an 1887 oil on canvas and allegorical painting by award-winning Filipino painter Félix
Resurrección Hidalgo.•The work was a gold medalist during the Exposicion General de las
Filipinas in Madrid.La barca de Aqueronte (Charon’s Boat)

•Also won an awardOedipus Y Antigone (Oedipus and Antigone)

Barcos... en el Horizonte , 1893SeascapeHis Sunrise (1985) revealed his ingenuity in

painting landscape and seascapes

•was one of the two portraits he did for his mother in Paris.•Félix Resurrección Hidalgo,
Portrait of the Artist's Mother, 1897, Bangko Sentral ng PilipinasThe Artist’s Mother

Juan Luna (1857-1899) •Juan Luna de San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta was a Filipino painter,
sculptor and a political activist of the Philippine Revolution during the late 19th century.•
He became one of the first recognized Philippine artists.•He won a gold medal in the 1984
Madrid Expositionof Fine Arts, along with the silver win of fellow Filipino painter Félix
Resurrección Hidalgo, which prompted a celebration that was a major highlight in the
memoirs of members of the Propaganda Movement, with the fellow Ilustrados toasting to
the two painters' good health and to the brotherhood between Spain and the Philippines.

• A "dreamy" oil on wood painting by Filipino painter and revolutionary activist Juan Luna. It
depicts Luna's wife Maria de la Paz Pardo de Tavera while sound asleep.• It is currently a
part of the art collection of the Lopez Museum.Ensueños de Amor (Daydreams of Love)

• An 1895 classic oil on canvas impressionist painting by Filipino painter and revolutionary
activist Juan Luna.• It depicts a Filipino man and a Filipino woman having a lovers'
quarrel.Tampuhan

• It was painted shortly after he was granted pardon by Alfonso XIII for his involvement in
the Philippine Revolution.Lady with Guitar

•a painting by Filipino painter Juan Luna. Luna, working on canvas, started in 1886 and later
completed in 1887 during the artist's honeymoon in Venice after his wedding to Paz Pardo
de Tavera. The painting was submitted by Luna to the Exposition Universelle in 1889 in
Paris, France, where it garnered a bronze medal. The picture recreates a scene of a Roman
wedding ritual specifically the bride's entrance into the groom's home.Hymen, oh
Hyménée!
Fernando Amorsolo (1892-1972) •Fernando Amorsolo y Cueto was one of the most
important artists in the history of painting in the Philippines.•Amorsolo was a portraitist
and painter of rural Philippine landscapes. He is popularly known for his craftsmanship and
mastery in the use of light.•National Artist Awardee.•In his golden years (1920-1945), he
reaped various honors.•went to Madrid in 1917 to study museum classics after receiving a
scholarship grant from a rich businessman named Enriquez Zobel.

Fernando Amorsolo (1892-1972) •He exhibited 40 of his genres and landscape at the Art
Center of New York World’s Fair where he was acclaimed the best popular vote.
•Armorsolo was also appointed Director of the School of Fine Arts of the University of the
Philippines.•He also did splendid illustration work in Graphics, Liwayway, Sunday Tribune,
Tagalog novels such as Madaling Araw and Parusa ng Bayan, and posters and brochures.

Fernando Amorsolo with a portrait of his first wife, Salud Tolentino Jorge, who died in 1931
leaving him with six children. This beautiful painting, believed to have been lost or
destroyed during the war, is one of his bestFernando Amorsolo with His Wife Portrait

An interior scene of a blind man gently strumming a guitar as a woman leans in towards
him with an adoring gaze. El Ciego (The Blind Man)

•The Burning of Manila was painted by Fernando Amorsolo, a famous Filipino painter. •This
artwork depicts the idea how the Manila is devastated during that time. •This painting
shows the Battle of Manila happened during the Japanese era, he depicted the tragedy and
horror in this battle.The Burning of Manila

• This oil painting on canvas depicts a rural scene where a group of people are shown
celebrating a fiesta in Antipolo. • The main focus is on a pair of dancers in the field
surrounded by revelers both young and old.Antipolo Fiesta

• Amorsolo originally painted Dalagang Bukid in 1958 in oil on canvas. The painting bears
his smiling muse, who is wearing baro't saya and carrying a banga (clay jar).Dalagang Bukid

Vicente Manansala (1910-1981) • Vicente Silva Manansala was a Filipino cubist painter and
illustrator.• He was a member of the prominent Cruz, Manansala, Lopez family clan.• He is
considered one of the 13 Moderns, a group of modernists associated with Victorio
Edades.• He was given a posthumous recognition as a National Artist 1982.

• Madonna of the Slums is a portrayal of a mother and child from the countryside who
became urban shanty residents once in the city.Madonna of the Slums

• This artwork was done in 1981 same year that Manansala became National Artist for
Visual Arts and also the year wherein he died. He invested each human figure with inner
fortitude, making each one a stoic figure of human dignity.Give Me This Dairy (1981)
Carlos “Botong” V. Francisco (1912-1969) • One of the best mural artist the country was
ever had.• He created enormous canvasses that chronicled the mythical world of the
Filipino and its history, often seeking inspiration from tradition, folklore, myths, legends,
and customs.• He also painted vital events in Philippine History.

• Bayanihan means being a hero to one another. As in the classic tradition of carrying a
house. It is probably most clearly and impressively displayed in the old tradition of
neighbors helping a relocating family by getting enough volunteers to carry the whole
house, and literally moving it to its new location.Bayanihan

•Filipino Struggles Through History was a commissioned for the Manila City Government in
1964 during the mayoral tenure of Antonio Villegas. And was installed at the Bulwagang
Katipunan •On April 8, 1996, the artwork was declared a National Cultural Treasure by then
National Museum director Gabriel S. Casal.Filipino Struggles Through History

•Winning the first prize at the first competition of the Art Association of the Philippines in
1948 through this entry.Kaingin

The First Mass in the Philippines

Mauro Malang Santos (1928) •Mauro (Malang) Santos, commonly known as just Malang, is
a Filipino cartoonist and illustrator. •He was born on January 20, 1928, in Santa Cruz, the
Philippine Islands and, at the age of 19, dropped out of formal education in order to begin
working in the art department of the Manila Chronicle.•In the 1960’s, he emerged as a
serious artist with a knack in abstract painting.•His illustration of Ang Kiukok formed the
basis of a style in its enumeration of images, range of warm colors, and evocation of joyous
parochialism.

Mauro "Malang" Santos Collaboration(1928 - 2017) Fruit Vendor , 1997Bird Mountain , 1988

The Kiukok

Jose Joya (1931- 1995) • graduated as a Magna Cum Laude at the University of the
Philippines in 1953. • He was also a recipient of the fullbright Scholarship at the Cranbrook
Academy of Art in 1957.• By the late 1950s, he had immerses himself on new idioms of
contemporary art through the print media and regular exhibitions at the Philippine Art
Gallery.• In the 1960s, he started to apply paint more thinly on canvas; the form grew
increasingly geometric with circles as the main motifs.

Granadean Arabesque, 1958 (Ateneo Art Gallery Collection)Jose Joya (1931 - 1995) Mirage ,
1975ADDITIONAL INFOS (PICTURES CANNOT BE FOUND ON GOOGLE):Cadmium Red
Square and Binhi, both created in 1971, represented Joya’s shift to decorative painting-
more dramatic in style and the visual tensions visible.
Famous Philippine Composers

• Obtained a Teacher’s Diploma in Composition and Conducting from the University of the
Philippines and later on became a faculty member of the UP Conservatory of Music.• In
1937, he was commissioned into the military service and later became music instructor
and band conductor of the PMA in Baguio City.• He reorganized the world famous
Philippine Constabulary • Band and appointed as assistant conductor of Manila Symphony
Orchestra and was a member of the UP President’s Committee on Folk Songs and
Dances.• Composed short piano pieces, hymns and songs, pieces, and theater music.Col.
Antonio Buenaventura (1904-1996)

•Obtained a Music Teacher’s Diploma major in Piano from St. Scholastica’s University in
1949.•Was scholarship grantee of the Fullbright Foundation at the Eastman School of
Music degree major in theory and minor in composition.•Became the administrator of the
Cultural Center of the Philippines.Lucrecia R. Kasilag (1917-2008)

•Felipe Padilla de Leon was a composer, conductor and a former student of Col.
Buenaventura at the UP Conservatory of Music.•After Graduation in 1939, he was
appointed assistant instructor at the UP Department of Science and Composition where he
taught history and music subjects.•technical assistant on cultural affairs in the Office of
the President of the Philippines.•Was President of the Filipino Society of composers,
Authors, and Publishers.•President of the Pambansang Samahan ng mga Banda sa
Pilipinas and the Diwa ng Nuweba Esih.•Trustee of the Music Promotion Foundation of the
Philippines;•Director of the SONGFEST Philippines and the Felin Institute of the
Philippines.Felipe Padilla (1912-1992)

• born in 1894,• faculty member of the UP Conservatory of Music where he taught

harmony, compositions, and music history as well as violoncello.• a conductor in the
concert stage of various schools, church, choirs, orchestra, bands, and rondallas.•
composed the zarzuela Ate Maria and hatinggabi.• was member of the UP President’s
Committee on Filipino Folksongs and Dances and Secretary of the Conservatory of Music.•
received honors as a conductor of the Monserrat Philharmonic Band, the Yellow Taxi
Orchestra, and Yellow Taxi Rondalla and the operas Madame Butterfly, La Giaconda, La
Fuerza del Destino, and Cavalleria Rusticana.Antonio Molina (1894- 1980)

•born in 1913•married to Gertudes Diaz and had 5 children.•During his graduation in Grade
VII, he played the Poet and Peasant Overture on the banjo.•started composing songs in
college and conducted the UP ROTC Band.•was assistant conductor and later, conductor
of the Musical Philippines Philharmoni Orchestra and a musical presented at the
Metropolitan Theatre.•won many prizes for his works•was connected with major
conservatories in the country and wrote sacred and secular vocal music, overtures, tones,
poems, symphonic poems, and quartets.Lucio D. San Pedro (1912-2002)