What is android? Explain its architecture with a neat diagram.

o Android is a mobile operating system, based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open-source
software and designed primarily for touch screen mobile devices such as smart phones and tablets.
o The Android OS was originally created by Android, Inc., which was bought by Google in 2005.
o Android are also used on game consoles, digital cameras, PCs, Android TV, Android Auto for cars, and other
electronics.
o The Android Operating System is a Linux-based OS developed by the Open Handset Alliance
o Software developers who want to create applications for the Android OS can download the Android Software
Development Kit (SDK) for a specific version.
o The SDK includes a debugger, libraries, an emulator, some documentation, sample code and tutorials.
o For faster development, graphical integrated development environments (IDEs) such as Eclipse can be used to
write applications in Java.

Features of android OS:

i) It is open source.
ii) Anyone can customize the Android Platform.
iii) There are a lot of mobile applications that can be chosen by the consumer.
iv) It provides many interesting features like weather details, opening screen, live RSS (Really Simple Syndication)
feeds etc.
v) It provides support for messaging services (SMS and MMS), web browser, storage (SQLite), connectivity (GSM,
CDMA, Blue Tooth, Wi-Fi etc.), media, handset layout etc.
Discuss android software stack with a neat diagram.

1) Linux kernel
o It is the heart of android architecture that exists at the root of android architecture.
o Linux kernel is responsible for device drivers, power management, memory management, device
management and resource access. This layer is the foundation of the Android Platform.
o Memory, process management, threading etc.
2) Libraries
o On top of Linux kernel there is a set of libraries including open-source Web browser engine WebKit, well
known library , SQLite database which is a useful repository for storage and sharing of application data,
libraries to play and record audio and video, SSL libraries responsible for Internet security etc
3) Android Runtime
o In android runtime, there are core libraries and DVM (Dalvik Virtual Machine) which is responsible to
run android application.
o DVM is like JVM but it is optimized for mobile devices. It consumes less memory and provides fast
performance, Java .class bytecode translated to Dalvik EXecutable (DEX) bytecode, which Dalvik
interprets.
4) Android Framework
o Android framework provides a lot of classes and interfaces for Android application development and
higher level services to the applications in the form of Java classes
o It includes Android API's such as Activity manager, Window manager, Content Provider, Telephony
Manager, etc.
5) Applications
o On the top of android framework, there are applications. All applications such as home, contact,
settings, games, browsers are using android framework that uses android runtime and librarie
Explain steps involved in installing android.

Android Studio is the official integrated development environment (IDE) for Android app development, provided by
Google. It offers the tools for building, testing, and debugging Android apps.

Installing Android Studio involves downloading the software, setting up the required dependencies, and configuring
your system for optimal use

Steps for Installing Android Studio

1. Download Android Studio

• Visit the official Android Studio download page: Android Studio Download

• Click on the Download button.

• Read and accept the Terms and Conditions to proceed with the download.

2. Install Android Studio on Windows

Step 1: Run the Installer

• Once the download is complete, locate the installer file (typically named android-studio-ide-xxx.exe) and run it.

• Click Next on the Welcome screen.

Step 2: Choose Components

• The installer will ask you which components to install. By default, Android Studio will install:

o Android Studio IDE.

o Android SDK.

o Android Virtual Device (emulator).

• Keep all the components checked and click Next.

Step 3: Select Installation Path

• Choose the directory where you want to install Android Studio and SDK components. The default path is usually
fine.

• Click Next and then Install to begin the installation process.

Step 4: Complete the Installation

• Once the installation is complete, click Finish.

• This will launch Android Studio for the first time.

Steps to Create an Android Virtual Device (AVD)

1. Open Android Studio and Start a New Project

• Open Android Studio on your computer.

• If you have a project already, you can open it. Otherwise, you can create a new project by clicking Start a new
Android Studio project from the Welcome Screen.

2. Open the AVD Manager

• In the Android Studio IDE, locate the AVD Manager:

o Go to Tools > Device Manager in the top menu bar, or

o Click the Device Manager icon in the toolbar (it looks like a phone with a small Android logo).

3. Click 'Create Device'

• In the Device Manager window, you’ll see a list of existing virtual devices (if any). To create a new one, click the
Create device button in the top-left corner.

4. Select a Device Profile

• The Select Hardware screen will display a list of device profiles. These profiles represent different types of
Android devices, such as phones, tablets, watches, or TVs.

o Common device profiles include Pixel (Pixel 2, Pixel 3, etc.), Nexus, and other configurations like
Android TV.

• After selecting a profile, click Next.

5. Choose a System Image (Android Version)

• In the System Image screen, you will choose the Android version (API level) that will run on your virtual device.

o You’ll see several Android versions like Android 10 (API 29), Android 11 (API 30), and Android 12 (API
31).

• After selecting the system image, click Next.

In the Android Virtual Device (AVD) Configuration screen, you can customize your virtual device’s settings:

• AVD Name: You can change the name of the virtual device (optional).

• Orientation: Choose between Portrait or Landscape orientation (you can change this while the emulator is
running).

• Graphics: Select hardware-accelerated graphics for better performance (leave it as Automatic unless you have
specific requirements).

• Device Frame: You can choose whether to show a device frame around the emulator (this is purely cosmetic).

• Storage and RAM: Configure the amount of RAM, internal storage, and SD card size if necessary (leave these at
default settings for most cases).

After configuring the settings, click Finish.

7. Start the Virtual Device (AVD)

• The new AVD will now appear in the Device Manager list.

• To start the AVD (launch the emulator), click the Play button (green triangle) next to the AVD you just created.

• The emulator will boot up, which may take a few moments. Once it’s up, you’ll see a fully functional Android
device simulation.
How you will create and execute first android project? Explain with program steps

1. Set Up Android Studio

Before starting your first project, ensure you have installed Android Studio on your system. If not, follow the
installation process outlined earlier, including setting up an Android Virtual Device (AVD) for testing.

2. Create a New Android Project

Step 1: Open Android Studio

• Launch Android Studio.

• On the Welcome to Android Studio screen, click on Start a new Android Studio project.

Step 2: Select a Project Template

• In the Create New Project window, select a project template.

o For a basic app, choose Empty Activity. This template includes a single screen (Activity) with the
necessary files to get started.

• Click Next.

Step 3: Configure the Project

• Name: Give your project a name (e.g., MyFirstApp).

• Package Name: The package name uniquely identifies your app on the Google Play Store. It typically follows the
format com.example.myfirstapp.

• Save Location: Choose where to save the project on your computer.

• Language: Choose your programming language (either Java or Kotlin). Kotlin is now the preferred language for
Android development.

• Minimum SDK: Select the minimum Android API level that your app will support. (For basic apps, API level 21
(Android 5.0) is a good starting point).

• Click Finish.

Step 4: Wait for the Project to Load

• Android Studio will now create the project. It may take a few moments to load as it sets up the project
structure and builds initial files.
Write a android program to print "Hello welcome on emulator with a image in the background
Explain the features of android 4.1 Jelly Bean SDK

The Android 4.1 Jelly Bean SDK was released with new features for developers in July 2012.

It improves the beauty and simplicity of Android 4.0 and is a major platform release that adds a variety of new features for
users and app developers.

Features of Android 4.1 Jelly Bean SDK:

1. Project Butter: Improved UI responsiveness with smoother animations and enhanced CPU performance.

2. Faster Speech Recognition: Speech-to-text now works offline.

3. Improved Notification System: Notifications support pictures, actions, and gestures to expand or collapse them.

4. Supports New Languages: Added support for languages like Arabic, Hebrew, Hindi, and Thai with bidirectional
text.

5. Predictive Keyboard: Predicts the next word while typing based on context.

6. Auto-Arranging Home Screen: Automatically resizes and re-aligns icons and widgets.

7. Accessibility: Gesture mode and voice guidance for visually impaired users.

8. Enhanced Camera App: Features a new photo review mode, swipe navigation, and easy photo deletion.

9. Better Communication: Support for NFC and easy pairing with Bluetooth devices.

10. Improved Google Voice Search: Offers answers to user queries like Apple’s Siri.

11. Face Unlock: Unlocks the phone by face recognition with a "blink" option for security.

12. Google Now: Provides contextual information (e.g., weather, transit, and sports scores) based on user habits.

13. Google Play Widgets: Quick access to media and apps with suggestions for new purchases.

14. Faster Google Search: Accessible from the lock screen or system bar for faster searches.

15. Anti-Piracy Support: Introduced device-specific encryption to prevent unauthorized copying of apps.
Develop a mobile application to create a Text view and change the attributes using XML and Java file. What is AVD?