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 Terrorism Survival Handbook

A complete guide for the safety of

individuals, families & businesses

by
Bazzel Baz

As the threat of terrorism continues to increase, the

need for awareness becomes imperative as your
loved ones prepare themselves. Therefore, in a
world where aggressive acts of terrorism against
Americans and their families continue, we as a
nation must fight back. In doing so, this easy to read
handbook has been developed to enhance not only
survivability but to also inform terrorists worldwide
that America and its people are not sitting ducks. In
a time when America is the prime target of many
terrorist groups, it is imperative that we continue to
train and guide employees and loved ones in the area
of terrorism awareness. The feeling of paranoia
must not become a substitute for good crime
prevention habits that will enable Americans to
continue a productive life without the loss of
freedom.

UBLIC LIBRARY, PLAINFIELD. N}

 YO) 1 ve
{

BAZ
Terrorism Survival
Handbook

A complete guide for the

safety of individuals,
families & businesses

BAZZEL BAZ

(WN aa
Copyright 2003, 2001, 1985© by Costa Communications

All rights reserved under the Pan-American and

International Copyright Conventions. This book may not
be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form or by any
means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, or by any information storage and retrieval
system now known or hereafter invented, without written
permission from the publisher, Costa Communications or
its agents: Costa Communications, 8265 Sunset Blvd.,
Ste.101, Los Angeles, CA 90046.

ISBN: 0-9716216-1-6

Manufactured in the United States of America

Produced & Edited by Ray Costa

For additional information, lectures, or consultation:

Visit the Terrorism Survival Handbook Website:
www.terrorismsurvivalhandbook.com
 DISCLAIMER

The suggestions and tips in this book are those of the

author and other security and counter terrorism experts.
This book is meant to be advisory in nature and not the
final word in any specific area. It is important that
professional assistance be sought in all cases where there
are serious monetary concerns or potential breakings of
the law. This book is for informational purposes only, and
any reliance on the information contained herein is at the
sole risk of the reader.
 "There are struggles ahead and dangers to face. But this
country will define our times, not be defined by them...As
long as the United States of America is determined and
strong, this will not be an age of terror. This will be an
age of liberty here and across the world."

- President George W. Bush

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Bazzel Baz - a.k.a. "Baz" - is a former Marine and

CIA officer who currently serves as writer-technical
advisor for the CBS drama, The Agency. He was
also featured in the USA Network program, Combat
Missions.

Baz graduated from The Citadel in 1978. He served

in the United States Marine Corps with his final tour
of duty as a counter-terrorism officer before being
recruited by the Central Intelligence Agency. Baz
subsequently served for numerous years, supporting
the CIA in field intelligence collection operations
throughout the Far East, Middle East, Northern
Europe, Central and South America, the
Mediterranean and Africa. As paramilitary case
officer, Baz developed and recommended policy,
operational doctrine, hostage rescue, methods and
techniques for use in clandestine activities.

In addition to his qualifications with the CIA,

Marine Corps and work in the entertainment
industry, Baz is qualified as a Secret Service
firearms instructor, Recovery Agent for the
American Association for Lost/Stolen Children and
was the recipient of the Nation's Intelligence
Commendation Medal. Bazzel Baz continues to
maintain his contact with the international
intelligence community.
 TERRORISM SURVIVAL HANDBOOK
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
TODAY’S TERRORISTS
INDICATORS OF AL-QAEDA SURVEILLANCE
TIP SHEET FOR IDENTIFYING POTENTIAL
TERRORISTS
PERSONAL SECURITY
SECURITY FOR CHILDREN
RESIDENTIAL SECURITY
GENERAL HOME
BURGLAR PROOFING YOUR HOME
CORPORATE & BUSINESS PRECAUTIONS
HOTEL SECURITY PRECAUTIONS
RESIDENTIAL ARSON PRECAUTIONS
WHAT TO DO IN THE EVENT OF A FIRE
TRANSPORTATION PRECAUTIONS
PERSONAL AND OFFICIAL VEHICLES
IF YOU HAVE A CHAUFFEUR
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
AIRPORT PRECAUTIONS
IF YOU ARE HIJACKED
GENERAL TRAVEL RULES
BOMB THREAT
MAIL BOMB RECOGNITION
HOSTAGE SURVIVAL
BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
CHEMICAL WEAPONS
AL- QAEDA TRAINING MANUAL EXCERPTS
SUMMARY
EMERGENCY NUMBERS
PERSONAL FAMILY INFORMATION
BOMB THREAT REPORT FORM
MAIL BOMB RECOGNITION CHECKLIST
_ NOTES
INTRODUCTION

Terrorism knows no limits. Every individual and his

family can become a target at any time or place in
the world. This handbook is designed for the
individuals, families and businesses as a
precautionary checklist. This checklist contains
counter-measures that can be taken to minimize the
chances of being personally involved in acts of
terrorism. These measures are also effective against
the criminal element. “Defeating terrorists in
America will come from the men, women and
children of this country, working together.”

Terrorism Definition: a calculated use of force,

violence or threats to attain political goals through
fear, intimidation or coercion. As early as the 60’s,
the kidnapping of diplomats or business executives
has long been a favored tactic of many terrorist
organizations. Tougher security measures resulted
in a drastic decline of such activities until the rises of
radical Islam in the late 90’s and the announced
Jihad or Holy War. With the recent bombings of
U.S. Embassies, assassinations of American tourists,
use of hijacked civilian aircraft as flying bombs to
attack American soil, and the infiltration of Terrorist
cells in America, it is evident that these attacks are
directed to personnel rather than property. Fatal
incidents are increasing and it is very unlikely that
this trend will be reversed unless Americans are

8
willing to step up to the plate and take responsibility
for their own welfare by learning how to become
“harder targets of opportunity.”

Terrorists differ from criminals in three ways:

1. Their motivation is political.

2. They want publicity.
3. They want credit for their crime.

In the past several years, 40% of all international

terrorist attacks occurred against Americans or
American interests. There must be a shift in attitude
as Americans if we are to survive the terrorist threat.
Think internal security.

TODAY’S TERRORISTS

Today’s terrorists are far more sophisticated than

ever before. Many possess graduate degrees, speak
a variety of languages and are highly trained in the
“Black Art” of espionage and sabotage. With
increased monetary backing from nations bent on
destroying the United States, these terrorists move
fluidly from country to country preparing tactical
operations to destroy and kill soft targets that do not
have the wherewithal to recognize them or their
methods prior to the attack.
Terrorists usually work within an organization that is
structured and compartmented with elements
comprised of ex-military, criminals, paramilitary,
scientists and political officers and even foreign
nationals that have served covertly within the ranks
of our own military and police.

Their attacks or operations are well calculated and

rational with psychological objectives in mind to
strike fear and intimidation among Americans, their
government and society. Because they work in small
cells, they cannot afford to be caught or make
mistakes that would force their capture by a large
military or police force. Therefore, attack plans are
meticulous in nature, directed against unprotected
targets. The instruments used to pull off these
attacks range anywhere from bombs, nuclear,
biological, chemical delivery systems, surface-to-air
missiles to automatic weapons.

Currently, America is dealing with two type of

terrorists — “Jihad” operatives who are highly trained
and skilled, who take orders from organized
terrorists groups or factions and “Fatwa” operatives
who are not necessarily trained and skilled members
of any organized terrorist faction or group, but who
will utilize whatever abilities they have, to attack
anywhere they find targets of opportunity.

10
 Standard Operating Procedure with experienced and
organized terrorist groups is to hit during “lull”
times with their targets, patiently waiting for
everyone to calm down, to be caught off guard...i.e.
“nothing is happening, so we can relax.” Anticipated
targets in particular for homicide bomber attacks
from terrorist operatives include: banks, stadiums
(preferably sporting events), dams, gas stations,
large shopping malls, underground parking facilities,
and airports. Tertiary attacks may be carried out at
medical facilities where victims will turn for medical
treatment (i.e. victims rush to hospitals and other
medical facilities for medial treatment and a second
or third device goes off at the entrance, creating
additional collateral damage).

POSSIBLE INDICATORS OF AL-QAEDA

SURVEILLANCE

From the Department of Homeland Security:

Al-Qaeda operations have been characterized by

meticulous planning, a focus on inflicting mass
casualties, and multiple, simultaneous — suicide
attacks. Operatives are highly trained in basic and
sophisticated surveillance techniques, posing
challenges for counter-terrorism and security forces
in identifying terrorist surveillance. Recent
information and analysis point to surveillance
practices that traditionally have been utilized by Al-
11
Qaeda-affiliated operatives. While not exhaustive,
the following list suggests possible indicators of
terrorist surveillance.

1) Unusual or prolonged interest in security

measures or personnel, entry points and
access controls, or perimeter barriers such as
fences or walls.
2) Unusual behavior such as starting or quickly
looking away from personnel or vehicles
entering or leaving designated facilities or
parking areas.
3) Observation of security reaction drills or
procedures.
4) Increase in anonymous telephone or e-mail
threats to facilities in conjunction with
suspected surveillance incidents-indicating
possible surveillance of threat reaction
procedures.
5) Foot surveillance involving two or three
individuals working together.
6) Mobile surveillance using bicycles, scooters,
motorcycles, cars, trucks, sport utility
vehicles, boats or small aircraft.
7) Prolonged static surveillance using
operatives disguised as panhandlers,
demonstrators, shoe shiners, food or flower
vendors, newsagents or street sweepers not
previously seen in the area.

12
 8) Discreet use of still cameras, video recorders
or note taking at non-tourist type locations.
9) Use of multiple sets of clothing,
identifications or the use of sketching
materials (paper, pencils, etc.).
10) Questioning of security or facility personnel.

TIP SHEET FOR IDENTIFYING POTENTIAL

TERRORISTS

From Informedsource.info:

The Washington State Patrol is providing troopers

with a tip sheet for identifying potential terrorists, a
list that includes indicators as specific as an altered
passport and as vague as a driver exhibiting
"unusual" behavior. Washington, a state with a long,
forested border with Canada, a coastline of inlets
and islands that makes for more than 2,400 miles of
shorefront, a half-dozen prominent military
installations and the nation's largest ferry system,
has many vulnerable targets and a large Islamic
presence.

The wallet-sized training cards, containing an eight-

point test to detect signs of possible terrorist activity,
were issued just as the war with Iraq was beginning.
Patrol leaders said the cards are simply meant to
provide guidance as troopers assume new roles in
homeland security by looking out for behavior that

13
might indicate terrorism or _ terrorist _ ties.

List of possible indicators:

1) Altered, vague or contradictory vehicle

documents (registration, rental agreements
or hazardous materials without proper
documents).
2) Driver/occupants with conflicting stories (do
not know where they are going; have no
reason for their location).
3) Altered, false, expired or multiple driver's
licenses, passports or visas.
4) Maps, photos, diagrams of potential targets
(public or private business buildings,
bridges/overpasses, hospitals and utilities).
5) Suspicious items (explosives; training,
police or military manuals; large amounts of
cash; radical literature; fertilizer; bomb-
making materials; disguises; and travel
without luggage).
6) Exhibits unusual or threatening behavior.
Suspicious statements or questions (threats
and probing security questions).
8) Presence of anti-government or extremist-
group posters, leaflets, tattoos, publications,
photos and stickers that advocate violence.

14
PERSONAL SECURITY

No person is immune from the threat of terrorism.

Any representative of the U.S. Government is now
likely to be a target. It is critically important to
include security measures in your daily routine.
These are some suggestions:

1) Encourage security awareness in your

family. Review and practice on a regular
basis.
Be alert for suspicious persons or activities
and report them to authorities.
Vary your personal routines.
Know your surroundings inside and outside
your home.
Keep a cellular phone or telephone change
with you.
Know emergency numbers of police, fire,
ambulance and hospitals.
Know location of civil police, MP's,
government facilities, Embassies or other
safe places.
8) When traveling abroad, learn key phrases of
local language-such as “I need a
policeman,” or “take me to a doctor.”
9) Set up a signal system that can alert family
members or associates that there is trouble.

A 1B)
 Carry identification showing blood type,
allergies and any special meditation.
10) Keep a low profile and shun publicity.
11) Do not flash large amounts of money.
12) Do not unnecessarily divulge your home
address, phone number or family
information.
13) Watch for unexplained absence of local
citizens and children as an early warning
sign or signal.
14) Have all mail come through your post office
address rather than directly to your home.
15) Be familiar with local work habits including
such jobs as sanitation workers and
electrical workers. Be alert to anyone who
might be watching you or your home.
16) Do not carry sensitive items.
17) Maintain family affairs in good order.
18) Keep wills, powers of attorney and
insurance policies current.
19) Recognize that your telephone may be
tapped.
20) Be discreet in discussing information.
21) If you lose your keys to the house or if they
are stolen, change the locks as soon as
possible.
22) Get to know your neighbors and encourage
them to participate in a neighborhood watch
program.

16
 23) Record the license plate numbers,
description of occupants and type of
suspicious vehicles patrolling your
neighborhood and report to authorities.
24) Be suspicious of people who ask about the
location of your business, family members
and personal activities.
25) Work on a “need-to-know” basis. Before
answering questions to people you are
unfamiliar with, ask yourself, “do they have
a need to know?” If not, then do not give
away information that may be used against
you. If you’re smart enough not to out your
credit card numbers, why should you give
out other information of similar nature, i.e.
home address, habits, phone number, etc.
26) Avoid demonstrations or controversial
situations that screen the activities of
terrorist setups and implementation of
attacks.

SECURITY FOR CHILDREN

Because terrorists are looking for easy targets and

incidents that cause a great amount of anguish and
publicity, children of Americans become a
vulnerable target. The following list will help
prepare your children:

1) Travel in groups or pairs.

LF
2) Walk only on heavily traveled streets, and
avoid isolated areas.
3) Refuse automobile rides from strangers.
4) Refuse to accompany strangers anywhere on
foot.
5) Use city-approved play areas.
6) Never leave home without telling parents
where you are going.
7) Let it be known that no one picks you up
except for parents.
8) Be sure there is always adult supervision.
9) Keep door to room open so parents can hear
any unusual noises.
10) Ensure that children’s rooms are not easily
accessible from outside.
11) Never leave children at home alone.
12) Never admit strangers into home.
13) Lock doors and windows.
14) Learn how to call police and emergency
numbers.
15) Learn how to get in touch with parents (i.e.
at work).
16) Know where your children are at all times.
17) Instruct you children to not accompany
strangers on foot even if the stranger
mentions, “Mom or Dad said it was okay.”
18) Should the need arise to leave a child at
home alone, notify a trusted neighbor or
relative of the situation and make sure the
home is well lit.

18
 RESIDENTIAL SECURITY

In addition to the serious threat posed while at work

and en route, your residence also becomes a
primary target. As a result, emphasis should be
placed on security measures to deter rather than
apprehend. The following is a list of suggested
methods to deter an intruder.

General Home Measures

1) Select residence with alternate routes of

arrivals and departure.
2) Avoid dead end streets or cul-de-sacs.
3) Find out if there are any other individuals or
families in the neighborhood who could be
called for assistance.
4) In most uses, weapons are not considered
desirable assets for untrained persons
serving as residential security.
5) Every residence should have a
communication system that can permit
outside notification for assistance.
6) Meet your neighbors and involve them with
your security.

Burglar proofing your home

Consider the following:

ih
1) Do I have security locks on doors and
windows?
2) If I live in an apartment, does the building
practice access control?
3) Are areas such as lobbies and corridors well
lit?
4) Are elevators located in lobby area? Are
they under visual control?
5) Are fire exits and stairwells equipped with
alarms to prevent entry from the
outside?
6) Does front door have a 180-degree peep
sight?
7) Are grounds endowed by a fence, hedge or
wall of sufficient height to be a deter-
rent?
8) Are locks on gates double cylinder locks?
9) Are gates kept locked when not in use?
10) Have shrubs been trimmed to eliminate
possible cover and concealment for someone
hiding?
11) Is there interior lightning and is it aimed
outward and away from residence?
12) Have poles, trees and other possible devices
been repositioned to prevent second story
entry?
13) Door Security - Questions to ask yourself:
a. Are all exterior doors solid core
doors?

20
 b. Ifnot, have they been plated?
c. Can all exterior doors be locked
securely?
d. Are door hinges mounted so pins
can’t be removed?
e. Do only mature members of your
family have keys?
14) Window Security- Questions to ask
yourself:
a. Do your second story windows have
the same degree of security as your
ground floor windows?
b. Are window locks securely mounted
and properly installed?
Cc. Would you need to use a window in
the event of a fire?
15) Garage Security- Questions to ask yourself:
a. Do doors from the garage to
residence have the same degree of
security as the front door?
Are all garage doors or windows
equipped with adequate locks?
Can the garage door be pulled out
far enough to allow someone to slip
inside?
d. Are all tools in the garage secured
and out of sight?
16) Screen all household help prior to hiring.

21
17) Give instruction to household help and
family members on how to handle
deliveries, visitors, etc.
18) Unexpected packages should not be
accepted.
19) Instruct household help and children to
report suspicious people or incidents.
20) Maintain your residence in a manner that
does not attract attention or suggest that
Americans live there.
21) Keep valuables out of sight of the workmen
or when strangers enter your residence.
22) Keep an insurance inventory of your
valuables.
23) Never hide keys in planters or under
doormats.
24) If members of your family are confronted
with a burglar they should not attempt to
corner the intruder. Go to a safe haven, lock
the door and attempt to call help.
25) Make sure emergency phone numbers are on
all phones.
26) Change locks when you move in or when a
key is lost.
27) Never leave your house or trunk keys with
your ignition key while your car is being
serviced or given to a valet.
28) Create an appearance that your house is
occupied at all times by using timers to
control lights and radios while you are gone.

22
29) Install intrusion detection devices and
smoke and fire alarms.
30) Never leave your children home alone.
31) Never admit strangers to your home without
proper identification.
32) Teach children how to call the police.
33) Avoid living in residences that are located
on ground floors adjacent to vacant lots, or
on steep hills.
34) Do not place your name on the exterior wall
of your residence.
35) Do not answer your phone with your name,
business title or rank.
36) Personally destroy all envelopes and other
items that reflect personal information.
37) Close draperies during periods of darkness.
They should be thick enough so as to keep
movements on the inside from being
observed.
38) Avoid frequent exposure on balconies and
near windows.
39) Consider owning a dog to discourage
intruders.
40) When you are absent from your residence
for more than two days be certain to make
arrangements to have all mail and
newspapers picked up by a neighbor or
friend. Two or three newspapers on the lawn
or an overflowing mailbox is a sure sign no
one is home.

|
CORPORATE & BUSINESS PRECAUTIONS

The welcoming attitude of the American

immigration system in respect to foreign nationals
entering the country has been without close scrutiny
of purpose and connection to terrorist organizations.
Many foreign nationals with close terrorist ties now
hide throughout the nation waiting for the moment
they will participate in an attack. Many terrorists
have managed to find work in the corporate and
business world under assumed names, false visas
and documents.

1) Perform a thorough background

investigation of all employees. Talk to
friends, neighbors, police, FBI, etc. until you
are satisfied the employee poses no threat to
the welfare of your company or the nation.
2) Establish a well-armed, well-trained and
intelligent security force that can monitor
the coming and going of employees and
Visitors.
3) Establish an identification system for
employees, which is difficult for non-
employees to duplicate.
4) Have secured parking lots for employees
monitored by security personnel 24-7.

24
 5) Install security cameras in parking lots that
use digital recording systems 24 hours a day.

Avoid stagnant fixed post security. Be unpredictable.

Have security personnel make the rounds and
monitor entrance and exits on all floors looking for
signs of anything suspicious that would indicate
terrorist or criminal activity.

HOTEL SECURITY PRECAUTIONS

1) Keep room key on your person at all times.
2) Be observant of suspicious persons loitering
in lobby area.
3) Do not give room number to strangers.
4) Keep room and personal objects in neat and
orderly fashion so that you’! recognize
tampering or strange objects out of place.
5) Know the location of emergency exits and
fire extinguishers.
6) Do not admit strangers to your room.
7) Know how to locate hotel security guards.

RESIDENTIAL ARSON PRECAUTIONS

1) Draw floor plan of house showing each

bedroom.
2) Show two exits for every room.
3) Designate an outside meeting area.

25
 4) Make sure you have smoke detectors
installed and be sure you properly maintain
them. Make sure everyone in the family
knows his or her escape route.
5) Have practice fire drills.
6) Keep fire extinguishers handy in the home.

What to do in the Event of a Fire

1) Test doors before opening. If the door is hot

use your alternate escape route.
2) Ifthe door is cool, open it slowly and be
ready to close it quickly if smoke or heat
rushes in.
3) Ifconfronted with smoke, crawl through it.
4) Get out fast.
5) Do not go back inside once out.
6) Never use elevators during a fire.
7) Go to prearranged meeting place.
8) First person out should call the Fire
Department, or ensure that they have been
called by neighbor.

TRANSPORTATION PRECAUTIONS

Experience has shown that a frequent tactic of

terrorists is to abduct people from their automobile
while traveling to or from work. These times are the
most predictable, and a person is usually more
concerned with his daily work than observing

26
incidents around him. There are, however, actions
that can be taken to reduce yow chances of being
targeted. Be aware of events that are often used to
launch a terrorist attack.

1) A pedestrian allows a baby carriage to roll in

front of your car forcing you to stop.
2) A bicycle rider falls in front of your car
forcing you to stop.
3) Your car is bumped from the rear by another
car or an accident occurs where your car is
struck, forcing you to pull over. Be
particularly aware if this occurs in a deserted
area.
4) A disabled vehicle in the middle of the road
is reason for suspicion.
5) Workmen, construction workers or flagmen
controlling traffic.
6) Terrorists posing as law enforcement
officers with improper identification.
7) Neighborhood security vehicles with yellow
flashing lights pulling you over.
8) Numerous vehicles pulling out of side
streets attempting to block you in from front
to rear.
9) Strange and unusual detours.

Should you find yourself under attack, sound your

horn, take evasive measures by executing immediate
turns and escapes even if it means jumping a curve
27
or crashing through the blocking vehicle. Stay with
the vehicle and use it as a weapon to defend yourself
unless you have the advantage of exiting and
running away to a safe haven. Report the incident to
the police immediately.

Personal and Official Vehicles

1) Ensure that your vehicles are in good repair.

2) Lock your doors, keep windows closed and
fasten your seat belts.
3) Always lock your doors when leaving your
vehicle.
4) When returning to your car, check for
tampering. Ifyou suspect any unexplained

28
 objects or tampering - DO NOT HANDLE
THEM. Call the appropriate authorities.
a. Check for shapes or shuffle marks
on the ground or pavement next to
the car.
b. Check for fingerprints on the door,
hood, trunk or wheel wells.
c. Look for wire or tape hanging from
under the vehicle.
d. Make sure tires are not blocked.
5) Equip your car with an inside hood latch.
6) Use a locking gas cap.
7) Travel on busy routes and avoid isolated and
dangerous areas.
8) Park cars off the street in secure areas only.
9) Do not pick up hitchhikers- EVER.
10) Try to drive on well-lit streets.
11) If you think you are being followed, move
as quickly as possible to a police station or
safe haven.
12) If your car breaks down put your hood up
and get back into the car and lock your
doors. When assistance is offered ask them
to call the police.
13) Keep your gas tank at least half full at all
times.
14) On multi-lane highways drive toward the
center. This gives you more room to react
and you cannot be forced onto the curb.

29
 15) If the vehicle has been left unguarded for a
short/long period of time conduct a complete
search (under hood and trunk).
16) Check exhaust pipe for blockage or
explosives.
17) Check wheels to ensure they are tight.
18) Install right and left side view mirrors.
19) Do not overload; keep a clear field of vision
to the rear.
20) Know your vehicles capabilities and limits.
21) Siren and anti-intrusion devices can be fitted
to your car.

If You Have A Chauffeur

1) Should you have a chauffeur, make sure you

know him and his background.
2) He should open the door for you.
3) Prearrange signals with the driver to indicate
that it is safe to enter or exit the vehicles.
4) If driver is not present, do not get into the
vehicle.
5) Tell the driver your destination only after
the car is started.
6) Ensure he knows the location of a safe
haven.

Public Transportation

30
1) Learn some of the host countries language -
you may need to ask directions.
2) Try to drive as inconspicuously as possible.
3) Be aware of the terrorist threat and tactics
used on public transportation.
4) Do not use the same taxi stand or bus stop
all the time.
5) Buses are preferred over taxis.
6) Geta threat briefing from the web on
Homeland Security, local news or the
Department of State before traveling.
7) Avoiding flying through high-risk regions
overseas.
 8) When flying, rear seating offers more
protection during a hijacking since they are
located further from the middle of terrorist
activity around the cockpit and galley area.
9) Seating in the emergency row can offer an
opportunity for quick escape should the
aircraft be taken hostage by terrorist on the
ground.
10) Because aisle seating will be closer to the
activity of most terrorists during a hostage
situation, window seating may offer more
protection.
11) Report suspicious activity by other
passengers.
12) Report cell phones, pagers, bags and
technical equipment left by offloading
passengers. Insist that these and other
suspicious left-behind items be removed
from the airplane (despite lack of concern by
flight crew).
13) Be suspicious of passengers that display
nervous attitudes outside the normal fear
of flight.

AIRPORT PRECAUTIONS

1) Always look for places that can offer you

cover and concealment should a terrorist
attack occur.

2
2) Quickly transit the ticket counters and move
through security to your gate.
3) Arrive early enough to assess the security
situation and identify any suspicious activity
that might indicate the beginning of an
attack.
4) Pay attention to what people are carrying,
how they are carrying it and where they
leave it. Note any behavior that is
inconsistent with the behavior of other
people in the area.

5) Report unattended baggage, no matter where

it is located in the terminal. Take nothing
for granted. Take responsibility to make
noncompliant individuals keep their baggage
in their possession. DO NOT let them
persuade you otherwise.

33
 6) Report any suspicious activity to airport
terminal security personnel or roadblock law
enforcement.
7) Report any suspicious vehicle parked in long
term or short term terminal parking.
8) Report persons photographing flight crew,
flight crew security passes, flight crew
keypad entrances, and security setups.

IF YOU ARE HIJACKED

1) Stay calm and cooperate with the terrorists.

2) Understand that not all the terrorists will
identify themselves during the initial
takeover phase. Often times, one terrorist is
used as a ploy to uncover Sky Marshals, law
enforcement or security personnel so that
other terrorists may identify them and take
appropriate action.
3) If you are U.S. Military, quickly and quietly
hide any documentation of your affiliation.
If you are law enforcement, you should do
the same.
4) Don’t draw attention to yourself.
5) Should there be a rescue attempt, drop to the
floor until the hostage rescue assault is
finished and you are instructed to move.
6) Observe the terrorist and the situation. If
there is any chance at all, if the passengers
outnumber the terrorists and there is a strong

34
 sense of bravery, and if the only defense the
terrorist has is a gun or knife, quickly and at
the proper moment, go on the offensive and
subdue your attackers. There is strength in
numbers and there are great odds that you
will win.
7) Should the terrorist have explosives, your
best bet is to remain calm and wait for the
situation to play itself out until hostage
rescue units can arrive on the scene. Any
action to subdue the terrorist could result in
death.
8) Remember, stay in control, stay composed
and face your fears. The terrorists are just as
uncertain of the outcome as you are. They
are not superhuman and they too have fears
which makes them just a vulnerable.

General Travel Rules

Acknowledge the reality of terrorism.

Always vary your routes and schedules.
Be alert for suspicious looking vehicles or
situations.
Travel with a group of people.
Communicate with your family and friends.
Let them know your routes, time of
departure and when you expect to return.
Never hitchhike.

52
 8) Think and plan for emergencies what to do
in the event of a crisis.
9) Always lock your doors and windows.
10) Leave only your ignition key with parking
attendants.
11) When flying commercially, divulge your
plans only to those who need to know.
12) Maintain low profile.
13) Leave packages and letters from unknown
sources alone.
14) Avoid any civil disturbances or disputes
with local citizens.
15) Refuse to meet with strangers at secluded
locations.

BOMB THREAT

If you receive a bomb threat it is extremely

important to be prepared to handle the telephone
threat. Stay calm, be courteous and listen. Do not
interrupt; attempt to keep the caller on the line as
long as possible. Use the bomb threat form to gather
information that will be useful in countering the
threat. Report the threat to police immediately and
evacuate the threatened area. Be prepared to assist in
the search. If a suspicious object or device is
discovered, DO NOT TOUCH IT. If the bomb does
go off, do not panic. Take cover by hitting the floor
immediately; often there are two or more explosives.
Wait a few minutes before moving.

36
Mail Bomb Recognition

Often terrorists use explosive devices disguised in

packages, books or letters. To be safe it is
recommended that all mail go through an embassy
(if overseas) or mailroom. If, however, mail is
delivered to your residence, here are a few basic
points to follow:

1 Do not accept packages without return

address or known address.
2) Examine carefully to determine if it has
been tampered with.
Look for smudge marks or oil.
Has it an unusual smell (garlic/almond)?
Does it have foreign stamps, postmark or
writing style?
Is it unevenly weighted/off balance?
Is writing legible?
Items marked "Confidential" or "Personal"
may be high-risk.
9) Did the package arrive by international
mail?
10) Is the title spelled wrong?
11) Do not open if there is excessive sealing
material.
12) Do not open package with wire, string or
foil sticking out.
 IRE Bs

If you do receive a letter or package that is suspect,

do not open or tamper with it. Isolate the package
and notify the security office or police. Evacuate the
immediate area. Fill out the Mail Bomb Recognition
Check List.

HOSTAGE SURVIVAL

American diplomats and other American

representatives abroad have been the most popular
targets of kidnappers; roughly more than a third of
all international incidents during the past six years.
Being kidnapped can be one of the most harrowing
experiences to which a person can be subjected.
However, in order to survive, here are a few tips to
help you meet this situation with confidence:

1) Ifpossible, evade the capture. If they are

close enough to fire directly at you, stop.
2) Do not attempt to flee on foot.
3) Stay calm and be alert to the situation.
4) Comply with instructions of your abductors.

38
5) Do not discuss actions that may be taken by
your family.
6) Make a mental note of movements, times,
direction, distance, speeds, landmarks,
speed, odors and distinctive sounds.
7) Make mental note of abductors’ habits,
voice, mannerisms, background noises,
tattoos and scars.
8) Avoid making provocative remarks.
9) Ifnecessary, request special medicine or
medical attention.
10) Try to establish some kind of rapport with
your captors.
11) Before attempting to escape, calculate the
chances of success very carefully. Asa
hostage, you may find yourself subject to
extreme pressure. An awareness of the
process can provide you with some defense.
The basic elements are:
a) Capture - very physical and harsh.
b) Isolation.
c) Terror for your life.
d) Sleep deprivation.
e) Food deprivation.
f) Chronic discomfort.
g) Time.
12) Prepare to be accused of being a CIA agent.
13) Anticipate isolation and possible attempts to
disorient you.

39
14) Do not reveal access to classified
information.
15) Ask permission to communicate with the
U.S. Embassy or other U.S. Government
Representatives.
16) Establish a daily routine.
17) Attempt to keep a diary.
18) Maintain your composure and dignity and
self-respect.
19) While your captives may threaten you with
death, statistically the odds are in your favor
of release. You are more valuable to them
alive.
20) During a negotiated release, follow
directions and avoid sudden movements.
During rescue attempts do not panic. Drop
to the floor and lie as flat as possible.
21) Try to exercise daily.
22) Keep your mind busy by reading anything
you can.
23) Eat whatever is place before you provided it
is not poison. It is important to keep your
strength levels up.
24) Reaffirm daily your belief in God and your
country.
25) Remember that the terrorist may decide to
use a “Mutt & Jeff’ or “Good Cop-Bad
Cop” tactic during interrogation to lull you
into a sense of friendship.

40
BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
(information Obtained from the Center for Disease Control)

Biological Diseases/Agents

Category A Diseases/Agents
The U.S. public health system and primary
healthcare providers must be prepared to address
various biological agents, including pathogens that
are rarely seen in the United States. High-priority
agents include organisms that pose a risk to national
security because they:

1) can be easily disseminated or transmitted

from person to person;
2) result in high mortality rates and have the
potential for major public health impact;
3) might cause public panic and social
disruption; and
4) require special action for public health
preparedness.

Category B Diseases/Agents
Second highest priority agents include those that:

1) are moderately easy to disseminate;

2) result in moderate morbidity rates and low
mortality rates; and

4]
 3) require specific enhancements of CDC's
diagnostic. capacity and enhanced disease
surveillance.

Category C Diseases/Agents
Third highest priority agents include emerging
pathogens that could be engineered for mass
dissemination in the future because of

1) availability
2) ease of production and dissemination, and
3) potential for high morbidity and mortality
rates and major health impact.

Category A Diseases/Agents

Facts about Anthrax

Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by the

spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis.
Anthrax most commonly occurs in hoofed mammals
and can also infect humans.

Symptoms of disease vary depending on how the

disease was contracted, but usually occur within 7
days after exposure. The serious forms of human
anthrax are inhalation anthrax, cutaneous anthrax,
and intestinal anthrax.

42
 Initial symptoms of inhalation anthrax infection may
resemble a common cold. After several days, the
symptoms may progress to severe breathing
problems and shock. Inhalation anthrax is often
fatal.

The intestinal disease form of anthrax may follow

the consumption of contaminated food and is
characterized by an acute inflammation of the
intestinal tract. Initial signs of nausea, loss of
appetite, vomiting, and fever are followed by
abdominal pain, vomiting of blood, and severe
diarrhea.

FBI and Environmental Protection Agency workers inspect

’ anthrax-contaminated mail at containment facility.

43
Direct person-to-person spread of anthrax is
extremely unlikely, if it occurs at all. Therefore,
there is no need to immunize or treat contacts of
persons ill with anthrax, such as household contacts,
friends, or coworkers, unless they also were also
exposed to the same source of infection.

In persons exposed to anthrax, infection can be

prevented with antibiotic treatment.

Early antibiotic treatment of anthrax is essential—

delay lessens chances for survival. Anthrax usually
is susceptible to penicillin, doxycycline, and
fluoroquinolones.

An anthrax vaccine also can prevent infection.

Vaccination against anthrax is not recommended for
the general public to prevent disease and is not
available.

Facts about Botulism

There are three main kinds of botulism:

1) Foodborne botulism occurs when a person

ingests pre-formed toxin that leads to illness
within a few hours to days. Foodborne
botulism is a public health emergency
because the contaminated food may still be

44
 available to other persons besides the
patient.
2) Infant botulism occurs in a small number of
susceptible infants each year who harbor C.
botulinum in their intestinal tract.
3) Wound botulism occurs when wounds are
infected with C. botulinum that secretes the
toxin.

With foodborne botulism, symptoms begin within 6

hours to 2 weeks (most commonly between 12 and
36 hours) after eating toxin-containing food.
Symptoms of botulism include double vision,
blurred vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech,
difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, muscle weakness
that always descends through the body: first
shoulders are affected, then upper arms, lower arms,
thighs, calves, etc. Paralysis of breathing muscles
can cause a person to stop breathing and die, unless
assistance with breathing (mechanical ventilation) is
provided. Botulism is not spread from one person to
another. Food borne botulism can occur in all age
groups.

A supply of antitoxin against botulism is maintained

by CDC. The antitoxin is effective in reducing the
severity of symptoms if administered early in the
course of the disease. Most patients eventually
recover after weeks to months of supportive care.

45
Facts about Pneumonic Plague

Plague is an infectious disease that affects animals

and humans. It is caused by the bacterium Yersinia
pestis. This bacterium is found in rodents and their
fleas and occurs in many areas of the world,
including the United States.

Y. pestis is easily destroyed by sunlight and drying.

Even so, when released into air, the bacterium will
survive for up to one hour, although this could vary
depending on conditions.

Pneumonic plague is one of several forms of plague.

Depending on circumstances, these forms may occur
separately or in combination:

1) Pneumonic plague occurs when Y. pestis

infects the lungs. This type of plague can
spread from person to person through the
air. Transmission can take place if someone
breathes in aerosolized bacteria, which could
happen in a bioterrorist attack. Pneumonic
plague is also spread by breathing in Y.
pestis suspended in respiratory droplets from
a person (or animal) with pneumonic plague.
Becoming infected in this way usually
requires direct and close contact with the ill
person or animal. Pneumonic plague may
also occur if a person with bubonic or

46
 septicemic plague is untreated and the
bacteria spread to the lungs.
2) Bubonic plague is the most common form
of plague. This occurs when an infected flea
bites a person or when materials
contaminated with Y. pestis enter through a
break in a person's skin. Patients develop
swollen, tender lymph glands (called
buboes) and fever, headache, chills, and
weakness. Bubonic plague does not spread
from person to person.
3) Septicemic plague occurs when plague
bacteria multiply in the blood. It can be a
complication of pneumonic or bubonic
plague or it can occur by itself. When it
occurs alone, it is caused in the same ways’
as bubonic plague; however, buboes do not
develop. Patients have fever, chills,
prostration, abdominal pain, shock, and
bleeding into skin and other organs.
Septicemic plague does not spread from
person to person.

Symptoms and Treatment

With pneumonic plague, the first signs of illness are

fever, headache, weakness, and rapidly developing
pneumonia with shortness of breath, chest pain,
cough, and sometimes bloody or watery sputum. The
pneumonia progresses for 2 to 4 days and may cause

47
respiratory failure and shock. Without early
treatment, patients may die.

Early treatment of pneumonic plague is essential

To reduce the chance of death, antibiotics must be

given within 24 hours of first symptoms.
Streptomycin, gentamicin, the tetracyclines, and
chloramphenicol are all effective against pneumonic
plague. Antibiotic treatment for 7 days will protect
people who have had direct, close contact with
infected patients. Wearing a close-fitting surgical
mask also protects against infection.A plague
vaccine is not currently available for use in the
United States.

Facts about Smallpox

Smallpox is a serious, contagious, and sometimes

fatal infectious disease. There is no _ specific
treatment for smallpox disease, and the only
prevention is vaccination. The name smallpox is
derived from the Latin word for “spotted” and refers
to the raised bumps that appear on the face and body
of an infected person.

There are two clinical forms of smallpox. Variola

major is the severe and most common form of
smallpox, with a more extensive rash and higher
fever. There are four types of variola major

48
 smallpox: ordinary (the most frequent type,
accounting for 90% or more of cases); modified
(mild and occurring in previously vaccinated
persons); flat; and hemorrhagic (both rare and very
severe). Historically, variola major has an overall
fatality rate of about 30%; however, flat and
hemorrhagic smallpox usually are fatal. Variola
minor is a less common presentation of smallpox,
and a much less severe disease, with death rates
historically of 1% or less.

CDC scientist conducts laboratory research the Biosafety Level

4 laboratory, Atlanta, GA.

Smallpox outbreaks have occurred from time to time

for thousands of years, but the disease is now
eradicated after a successful worldwide vaccination
“program. The last case of smallpox in the United
States was in 1949. The last naturally occurring case
in the world was in Somalia in 1977. After the
49
disease was eliminated from the world, routine
vaccination against smallpox among the general
public was stopped because it was no longer
necessary for prevention.

Where Smallpox Comes From

Smallpox is caused by the variola virus that emerged

in human populations thousands of years ago.
Except for laboratory stockpiles, the variola virus
has been eliminated. However, in the aftermath of
the events of September and October 2001, there is
heightened concern that the variola virus might be
used as an agent of bioterrorism. For this reason, the
U.S. government is taking precautions for dealing
with a smallpox outbreak.

Transmission

Generally, direct and fairly prolonged face-to-face

contact is required to spread smallpox from one
person to another. Smallpox also can be spread
through direct contact with infected bodily fluids or
contaminated objects such as bedding or clothing.
Rarely, smallpox has been spread by virus carried in
the air in enclosed settings such as buildings, buses,
and trains. Humans are the only natural hosts of
variola. Smallpox is not known to be transmitted by
insects or animals.

50
A person with smallpox is sometimes contagious
with onset of fever (prodrome phase), but the person
becomes most contagious with the onset of rash. At
this stage the infected person is usually very sick and
not able to move around in the community. The
infected person is contagious until the last smallpox
scab falls off.

Facts about Tularemia

Tularemia is an infectious disease caused by a hardy

bacterium, Francisella tularensis, found in animals
(especially rodents, rabbits, and hares).

People can get tularemia many different ways, such

as through the bite of an infected insect or other
arthropod (usually a tick or deerfly), handling
infected animal carcasses, eating or drinking
contaminated food or water, or breathing in F.
tularensis.

Symptoms of tularemia could include sudden fever,

chills, headaches, muscle aches, joint pain, dry
cough, progressive weakness, and pneumonia.
Persons with pneumonia can develop chest pain and
bloody spit and can have trouble breathing or can
sometimes stop breathing. Other symptoms of
tularemia depend on how a person was exposed to
the tularemia bacteria. These symptoms can include
ulcers on the skin or mouth, swollen and painful
Jd
lymph glands, swollen and painful eyes, and a sore
throat. Symptoms usually appear 3 to 5 days after
exposure to the bacteria, but can take as long as 14
days.

Tularemia is not known to be spread from person to

person, so people who have tularemia do not need to
be isolated. People who have been exposed to F.
tularensis should be treated as soon as possible. The
disease can be fatal if it is not treated with the
appropriate antibiotics.

A vaccine for tularemia is under review by the Food

and Drug Administration and is not currently
available in the United States.

Facts about Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) refer to a group of

illnesses that are caused by several distinct families
of viruses. In general, the term "viral hemorrhagic
fever" is used to describe a severe multisystem
syndrome (multisystem in that multiple organ
systems in the body are affected). Characteristically,
the overall vascular system is damaged, and the
body's ability to regulate itself is impaired. These
symptoms are often accompanied by hemorrhage
(bleeding); however, the bleeding itself is rarely life-
threatening. While some types of hemorrhagic fever

52
viruses can cause relatively mild illnesses, many of
these viruses cause severe, life-threatening disease.

The Special Pathogens Branch (SPB) primarily

works with hemorrhagic fever viruses that are
classified as biosafety level four (BSL-4) pathogens.
A list of these viruses appears in the SPB disease
information index. The Division of Vector-Borne
Infectious Diseases, also in the National Center for
Infectious Diseases, works with the non-BSL-4
viruses that cause two other hemorrhagic fevers,
dengue hemorrhagic fever and yellow fever.

VHFs are caused by viruses of four distinct families:

arenaviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses, and
flaviviruses.

Each of these families share a number of features:

1) They are all RNA viruses, and all are

covered, or enveloped, in a fatty (lipid)
coating.
2) Their survival is dependent on an animal or
insect host, called the natural reservoir.
3) The viruses are geographically restricted to
the areas where their host species live.
4) Humans are not the natural reservoir for any
of these viruses. Humans are infected when
they come into contact with infected hosts.
However, with some viruses, after the

a3
 accidental transmission from the host,
humans can transmit the virus to one
another.
5) Human cases or outbreaks of hemorrhagic
fevers caused by these viruses occur
sporadically and irregularly. The occurrence
of outbreaks cannot be easily predicted.
6) With a few noteworthy exceptions, there is
no cure or established drug treatment for
VHFs.

In rare cases, other viral and bacterial infections can

cause a hemorrhagic fever; scrub typhus is a good
example.

Viruses associated with most VHFs are zoonotic.

This means that these viruses naturally reside in an
animal reservoir host or arthropod vector. They are
totally dependent on their hosts for replication and
overall survival. For the most part, rodents and
arthropods are the main reservoirs for viruses
causing VHFs. The multimammate rat, cotton
rat, deer mouse, house mouse, and other field
rodents are examples of reservoir hosts. Arthropod
ticks and mosquitoes serve as vectors for some of
the illnesses. However, the hosts of some viruses
remain unknown -- Ebola and Marburg viruses are
well-known examples.

54
Taken together, the viruses that cause VHFs are
distributed over much of the globe. However,
because each virus is associated with one or more
particular host species, the virus and the disease it
causes are usually seen only where the host species
live(s). Some hosts, such as the rodent species
carrying several of the New World arenaviruses, live
in geographically restricted areas. Therefore, the risk
of getting VHFs caused by these viruses is restricted
to those areas. Other hosts range over continents,
such as the rodents that carry viruses which cause
various forms of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
(HPS) in North and South America, or the different
set of rodents that carry viruses which cause
hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in
Europe and Asia. A few hosts are distributed nearly
worldwide, such as the common rat. It can carry
Seoul virus, a cause of HFRS; therefore, humans can
get HFRS anywhere where the common rat is found.

While people usually become infected only in areas

where the host lives, occasionally people become
infected by a host that has been exported from its
native habitat. For example, the first outbreaks of
Marburg hemorrhagic fever, in Marburg and
Frankfurt, Germany, and in Yugoslavia, occurred
when laboratory workers handled imported monkeys
infected with Marburg virus. Occasionally, a person
becomes infected in an area where the virus occurs
naturally and then travels elsewhere. If the virus is a

rE]
type that can be transmitted further by person-to-
person contact, the traveler could infect other
people. For instance, in 1996, a medical professional
treating patients with Ebola hemorrhagic fever
(Ebola HF) in Gabon unknowingly became infected.
When he later traveled to South Africa and was
treated for Ebola HF in a hospital, the virus was
transmitted to a nurse. She became ill and died.
Because more and more people travel each year,
outbreaks of these diseases are becoming an
increasing threat in places where they rarely, if ever,
have been seen before.

Viruses causing hemorrhagic fever are initially

transmitted to humans when the activities of infected
reservoir hosts or vectors and humans overlap. The
viruses carried in rodent reservoirs are transmitted
when humans have contact with urine, fecal matter,
saliva, or other body excretions from infected
rodents. The viruses associated with arthropod
vectors are spread most often when the vector
mosquito or tick bites a human, or when a human
crushes a tick. However, some of these vectors may
spread virus to animals, livestock, for example.
Humans then become infected when they care for or
slaughter the animals.

Some viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever can

spread from one person to another, once an initial
person has become infected. Ebola, Marburg, Lassa

56
 and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever viruses are
examples. This type of secondary transmission of
the virus can occur directly, through close contact
with infected people or their body fluids. It can also
occur indirectly, through contact with objects
contaminated with infected body fluids. For
example, contaminated syringes and needles have
played an important role in spreading infection in
outbreaks of Ebola hemorrhagic fever and Lassa
fever.

Specific signs and symptoms vary by the type of

VHF, but initial signs and symptoms often include
marked fever, fatigue, dizziness, muscle aches, loss
of strength, and exhaustion. Patients with severe
cases of VHF often show signs of bleeding under the
skin, in internal organs, or from body orifices like
the mouth, eyes, or ears. However, although they
may bleed from many sites around the body, patients
rarely die because of blood loss. Severely ill patient
cases may also show shock, nervous system
malfunction,coma, delirium, and seizures. Some
types of VHF are associated with renal (kidney)
failure.

Patients receive supportive therapy, but generally

speaking, there is no other treatment or established
cure for VHFs. Ribavirin, an anti-viral drug, has
been effective in treating some individuals with
‘Lassa fever or HFRS. Treatment with convalescent-

a7
phase plasma has been used with success in some
patients with Argentine hemorrhagic fever.

With the exception of yellow fever and Argentine

hemorrhagic fever, for which vaccines have been
developed, no vaccines exist that can protect against
these diseases. Therefore, prevention efforts must
concentrate on avoiding contact with host species. If
prevention methods fail and a case of VHF does
occur, efforts should focus on preventing further
transmission from person to person, if the virus can
be transmitted in this way. Because many of the
hosts that carry hemorrhagic fever viruses are
rodents, disease prevention efforts include:

1) controlling rodent populations;

2) discouraging rodents from entering or living
in homes or workplaces;
3) encouraging safe cleanup of rodent nests and
droppings.

For hemorrhagic fever viruses spread by arthropod

vectors, prevention efforts often focus on
community-wide insect and arthropod control. In
addition, people are encouraged to use insect
repellant, proper clothing, bednets, window screens,
and other insect barriers to avoid being bitten.

For those hemorrhagic fever viruses that can be

transmitted from one person to another, avoiding

58
close physical contact with infected people and their
body fluids is the most important way of controlling
the spread of disease. Barrier nursing or infection
control techniques include isolating infected
individuals and wearing protective clothing. Other
infection control recommendations include proper
use, disinfection, and disposal of instruments and
equipment used in treating or caring for patients with
VHF, such as needles and thermometers.

In conjunction with the World Health Organization,

CDC has developed practical, hospital-based
guidelines, titled Infection Control for Viral
Haemorrhagic Fevers In the African Health Care
Setting. The manual can help health-care facilities
recognize cases and prevent further hospital-based
disease transmission using locally available
materials and few financial resources.
Scientists and researchers are challenged with
developing containment, treatment, and vaccine
strategies for these diseases. Another goal is to
develop immunologic and molecular tools for more
rapid disease diagnosis, and to study how the viruses
are transmitted and exactly how the disease affects
the body (pathogenesis). A third goal is to
understand the ecology of these viruses and their
hosts in order to offer preventive public health
advice for avoiding infection.

OL]
Category B Diseases/Agents

Brucellosis (Brucella species)

Epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens
Food safety threats (e.g., Salmonella species,
Escherichia coli O157:H7, Shigella)
Glanders (Burkholderia mallet)
Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei)
Psittacosis (Chlamydia psittaci)
Q fever (Coxiella burnetii)
Ricin toxin from Ricinus communis (castor beans)
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B
Typhus fever (Rickettsia prowazekii)
Viral encephalitis (alphaviruses [e.g., Venezuelan
equine encephalitis, eastern equine encephalitis,
western equine encephalitis])
Water safety threats (e.g., Vibrio cholerae,
Cryptosporidium parvum)

Category C Diseases/Agents

Emerging infectious disease threats such as Nipah

virus and hantavirus

60
CHEMICAL WEAPONS

Chemical officer Capt. James Harwell, 3-7 Cavalry Squadron does

a chemical analysis of a Russian KAMAZ track with ABABIL
missiles captured a in Central Iraq.

Chemical Agents:

» Abrin
» Adamsite (DM)
» Agent 15
» Ammonia
» Arsine (SA)
» Bromobenzylcyanide (CA)
» BZ
» Cannabinoids
» Chlorine (CL)
» Chloroacetophenone (CN)
» Chloropicrin (PS)
» CNB (CN in Benzene and Carbon Tetrachloride)
61
CNC (CN in Chloroform)
CNS (CN and Chloropicrin in Chloroform)

Cyanide
Cyanogen Chloride (CK)
Cyclohexyl Sarin (GF)
Diphenylchloroarsine (DA)
Diphenylcyanoarsine (DC)
Diphosgene (DP)
Distilled Mustard (HD)
Ethyldichloroarsine (ED)
Fentanyls and Other Opioids
Hydrogen Chloride
Hydrogen Cyanide (AC)
Lewisite (L, L-1, L-2, L-3)
LSD
Methyldichloroarsine (MD)
Mustard Gas (H) (Sulfur Mustard)
Mustard/Lewisite (HL)
Mustard/T
Nitrogen Mustard (HN-1, HN-2, HN-3)
Nitrogen Oxide (NO)
Paraquat
Perflurorisobutylene (PHIB)
Phenodichloroarsine (PD)
Phenothiazines
Phosgene (CG)
Phosgene Oxime (CX)
Potassium Cyanide (KCN)

62
 Red Phosphorous (RP)
Ricin
Sarin (GB)
Sesqui Mustard
Sodium Cyanide (NaCN)
Soman (GD)
Sulfur Mustard (H) (Mustard Gas)
Sulfur Trioxide-Chlorosulfonic Acid (FS)
Tabun (GA)
Teflon and Perflurorisobutylene (PHIB)
Titanium Tetrachloride (FM)
Unidentified Chemical
VX
Zine Oxide (HC)

Facts About Cyanide

1) Cyanide is a rapidly acting, potentially

deadly chemical that can exist in various
forms.
2) Cyanide can be a colorless gas, such as
hydrogen cyanide (HCN) or cyanogen
chloride (CNC1), or a crystal form such as
sodium cyanide (NaCN) or potassium
cyanide (KCN).
3) Cyanide sometimes is described as having a
“bitter almond” smell, but it does not always
give off an odor, and not everyone can
detect this odor.

63
 4) Cyanide is also known by the military
designations AN (for hydrogen cyanide) and
CK (for cyanogen chloride).

Where cyanide is found and how it is used

1) Hydrogen cyanide, under the name Zyklon

B, was used as a genocidal agent by the
Germans in World War II.
2) Reports have indicated that during the Iran-
Iraq War in the 1980s, hydrogen cyanide gas
may have been used along with other
chemical agents against the inhabitants of
the Kurdish city of Halabja in northern Iraq.
3) Cyanide is naturally present in some foods
and in certain plants such as cassava.
Cyanide is contained in cigarette smoke and
the combustion products of synthetic
materials such as plastics. Combustion
products are substances given off when
things burn.
4) In manufacturing, cyanide is used to make
paper, textiles, and plastics. It is present in
the chemicals used to develop photographs.
Cyanide salts are used in metallurgy for
electroplating, metal cleaning, and removing
gold from its ore. Cyanide gas is used to
exterminate pests and vermin in ships and
buildings.

64
 5) If accidentally ingested (swallowed),
chemicals found in acetonitrile-based
products that are used to remove artificial
nails can produce cyanide.

How people can be exposed to cyanide

1) People may be exposed to cyanide by

breathing air, drinking water, eating food, or
touching soil that contains cyanide.
2) Cyanide enters water, soil, or air as a result
of both natural processes and industrial
activities. In air, cyanide is present mainly
as gaseous hydrogen cyanide.
3) Smoking cigarettes is probably one of the
major sources of cyanide exposure for
people who do not work in cyanide-related
industries.

How cyanide works

1) Poisoning caused by cyanide depends on the

amount of cyanide a person is exposed to,
the route of exposure, and the length of time
that a person is exposed.
2) Breathing cyanide gas causes the most harm,
but ingesting cyanide can be toxic as well.
3) Cyanide gas is most dangerous in enclosed
places where the gas will be trapped.

65
 4) Cyanide gas evaporates and disperses
quickly in open spaces, making it less
harmful outdoors.
5) Cyanide gas is less dense than air, so it will
rise.
6) Cyanide prevents the cells of the body from
getting oxygen. When this happens, the cells
die.
7) Cyanide is more harmful to the heart and
brain than to other organs because the heart
and brain use a lot of oxygen.

Immediate signs and symptoms of cyanide

exposure

1) People exposed to a small amount of

cyanide by breathing it, absorbing it through
their skin, or eating foods that contain it may
have some or all of the following symptoms
within minutes:
Rapid breathing
Restlessness
Dizziness
Weakness
Headache
Nausea and vomiting
ge
mnhone
Rapid heart rate
2) Exposure to a large amount of cyanide by
any route may cause these other health
effects as well:

66
 Convulsions
Low blood pressure
Slow heart rate
Loss of consciousness
Lung injury
moaogp
Respiratory failure leading to death
3) Se flrs these signs and symptoms does not
necessarily mean that a person has been
exposed to cyanide.

What the long-term health effects may be

Survivors of serious cyanide poisoning may develop

heart and brain damage.

How people can protect themselves and what they

should do if they are exposed to cyanide

1) First, get fresh air by leaving the area where

the cyanide was released. Moving to an area
with fresh air is a good way to reduce the
possibility of death from exposure to
cyanide gas.
a. Ifthe cyanide release was outside,
move away from the area where the
cyanide was released.
b. Ifthe cyanide release was indoors,
get out of the building.

67
 2) If leaving the area that was exposed to
cyanide is not an option, stay as low to the
ground as possible.
3) Remove any clothing that has liquid cyanide
on it. If possible, seal the clothing in a
plastic bag, and then seal that bag inside a
second plastic bag. Removing and sealing
the clothing in this way will help protect
people from any chemicals that might be on
their clothes.
4) If clothes were placed in plastic bags, inform
either the local or state health department or
emergency coordinators upon their arrival.
Do not handle the plastic bags.
5) Rinse the eyes with plain water for 10 to 15
minutes if they are burning or vision is
blurred.
6) Wash any liquid cyanide from the skin
thoroughly with soap and water.
1) If cyanide is known to be ingested
(swallowed), do not induce vomiting or give
fluids to drink.
8) Seek medical attention right away. Dial 911
and explain what has happened.

How cyanide poisoning is treated

Cyanide poisoning is treated with specific antidotes

and supportive medical care in a hospital setting.

68
The most important thing is for victims to seek
medical treatment as soon as possible.

Facts about Ricin

1) Ricin is a poison that can be made from the

waste left over from processing castor
beans.
2) It can be in the form of a powder, a mist, or
a pellet, or it can be dissolved in water or
weak acid.
3) Itis a stable substance. For example, it is not
affected much by extreme conditions such as
very hot or very cold temperatures.

Where Is Ricin Found, and How Is It Used?

1) Castor beans are processed throughout the

world to make castor oil. Ricin is part of the
waste “mash” produced when castor oil is
made. Amateurs can make ricin from castor
beans.
2) Ricin has some potential medical uses, such
as bone marrow transplants and cancer
treatment (to kill cancer cells).

69
How Can People Be Exposed to Ricin?

1) It would take a deliberate act to make ricin

and use it to poison people. Accidental
exposure to ricin is highly unlikely.
2) People can breathe in ricin mist or powder
and be poisoned.
3) Ricin can also get into water or food and
then be swallowed.
4) Pellets of ricin, or ricin dissolved in a liquid,
can be injected into people’s bodies.
5) Depending on the route of exposure (such as
injection), as little as 500 micrograms of
ricin could be enough to kill an adult. A
500-microgram dose of ricin would be about
the size of the head of a pin. A much greater
amount would be needed to kill people if the
ricin were inhaled (breathed in) or
swallowed.
6) Ricin poisoning is not contagious. It cannot
be spread from person to person through
casual contact.
7) In 1978, Georgi Markov, a Bulgarian writer
and journalist who was living in London,
died after he was attacked by a man with an
umbrella. The umbrella had been rigged to
inject a poison ricin pellet under Markov’s
skin.
8) Some reports have indicated that ricin may
have been used in the Iran-Iraq war during

70
 the 1980s and that quantities of ricin were
found in Al Qaeda caves in Afghanistan.

How Does Ricin Work?

1) Ricin works by getting inside the cells of a

person’s body and preventing the cells from
making the proteins they need. Without the
proteins, cells die, and eventually the whole
body can shut down and die.
2) Specific effects of ricin poisoning depend on
whether ricin was inhaled, swallowed, or
injected.

What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Ricin

Exposure?

1) Inhalation: Within a few hours of inhaling

significant amounts of ricin, the likely
symptoms would be coughing, tightness in
the chest, difficulty breathing, nausea, and
aching muscles. Within the next few hours,
the body’s airways (such as lungs) would
become severely inflamed (swollen and hot),
excess fluid would build up in the lungs,
breathing would become even more
difficult, and the skin might turn blue.
Excess fluid in the lungs would be
diagnosed by x-ray or by listening to the
chest with a stethoscope.

71
 2) Ingestion: If someone swallows a significant
amount of ricin, he or she would have
internal bleeding of the stomach and
intestines that would lead to vomiting and
bloody diarrhea. Eventually, the person’s
liver, spleen, and kidneys might stop
working, and the person could die.
3) Injection: Injection of a lethal amount of
ricin at first would cause the muscles and
lymph nodes near the injection site to die.
Eventually, the liver, kidneys, and spleen
would stop working, and the person would
have massive bleeding from the stomach and
intestines. The person would die from
multiple organ failure.
4) Death from ricin poisoning could take place
within 36 to 48 hours of exposure, whether
by injection, ingestion, or inhalation. If the
person lives longer than 5 days without
complications, he or she will probably not
die.
5) Showing these signs and symptoms does not
necessarily mean that a person has been
exposed to ricin.

How Is Ricin Poisoning Treated?

No antidote exists for ricin. Ricin poisoning is

treated by giving the victim supportive medical care
to minimize the effects of the poisoning. The types

1e:
of supportive medical care would depend on several
factors, such as the route by which the victim was
poisoned (that is, by inhalation, ingestion, or
injection). Care could include such measures as
helping the victim breathe and giving him or her
intravenous fluids and medications to treat swelling.

How Do We Know for Sure Whether People

Have Been Exposed to Ricin?

1) If we suspect that people have inhaled ricin,

a possible clue would be that a large number
of people who had been close to each other
suddenly developed fever, cough, and
excess fluid in their lungs. These symptoms
could be followed by severe breathing
problems and possibly death.
2) No widely available, reliable test exists to
confirm that a person has been exposed to
ricin.

What Can People Do If They Think They May

Have Been Exposed to Ricin?

Unintentional ricin poisoning is highly unlikely.

CDC has no reports of intentional ricin poisoning. If
people think they might have been exposed to ricin,
however, they should contact the regional poison
control center at 1-800-222-1222.

ia
Facts About Sarin

1) Sarin is a human-made chemical warfare

agent classified as a nerve agent. Nerve
agents are the most toxic and rapidly acting
of the known chemical warfare agents. They
are similar to certain kinds of pesticides
(insect killers) called organophosphates in
terms of how they work and what kind of
harmful effects they cause. However, nerve
agents are much more potent than
organophosphate pesticides.
2) Sarin originally was developed in 1938 in
Germany as a pesticide.
3) Sarin is a clear, colorless, and tasteless
liquid that has no odor in its pure form.
However, sarin can evaporate into a vapor
(gas) and spread into the environment.
4) Sarin is also known as GB.

Where sarin is found and how it is used

1) Sarin and other nerve agents may have been

used in chemical warfare during the Iran-
Iraq War in the 1980s.
2) Sarin was used in two terrorist attacks in
Japan in 1994 and 1995.
3) Sarin is not found naturally in the
environment.

74
How people can be exposed to sarin

1) Following release of sarin into the air,

people can be exposed through skin contact
or eye contact. They can also be exposed by
breathing air that contains sarin.
2) Sarin mixes easily with water, so it could be
used to poison water. Following release of
sarin into water, people can be exposed by
touching or drinking water that contains
sarin.
3) Following contamination of food with sarin,
people can be exposed by eating the
contaminated food.
4) A person’s clothing can release sarin for
about 30 minutes after it has come in contact
with sarin vapor, which can lead to exposure
of other people.
5) Because sarin breaks down slowly in the
body, people who are repeatedly exposed to
sarin may suffer more harmful health
effects.
6) Because sarin vapor is heavier than air, it
will sink to low-lying areas and create a
greater exposure hazard there.

How sarin works

1) The extent of poisoning caused by sarin

depends on the amount of sarin to which a

75
 person was exposed, how the person was
exposed, and the length of time of the
exposure.
2) Symptoms will appear within a few seconds
after exposure to the vapor form of sarin and
within a few minutes up to 18 hours after
exposure to the liquid form.
3) All the nerve agents cause their toxic effects
by preventing the proper operation of the
chemical that acts as the body’s “off switch”
for glands and muscles. Without an “off
switch,” the glands and muscles are
constantly being stimulated. They may tire
and no longer be able to sustain breathing
function.
4) Sarin is the most volatile of the nerve
agents, which means that it can easily and
quickly evaporate from a liquid into a vapor
and spread into the environment. People can
be exposed to the vapor even if they do not
come in contact with the liquid form of
sarin.
5) Because it evaporates so quickly, sarin
presents an immediate but short-lived threat.

Immediate signs and symptoms of sarin exposure

1) People may not know that they were

exposed because sarin has no odor.

76
2) People exposed to a low or moderate dose of
sarin by breathing contaminated air, eating
contaminated food, drinking contaminated
water, or touching contaminated surfaces
may experience some or all of the following
symptoms within seconds to hours of
exposure:
Runny nose
Watery eyes
Small, pinpoint pupils
Eye pain
Blurred vision
Drooling and excessive sweating
Cough
Chest tightness
Rapid breathing
Diarrhea
Increased urination
Confusion
. Drowsiness
Weakness
Headache
CATS
DOBR
re
op
mo
Ao Nausea, vomiting, and/or abdominal
pain
q. Slow or fast heart rate
T Low or high blood pressure
3) Even a small drop of sarin on the skin can
cause sweating and muscle twitching where
sarin touched the skin.

77
 4) Exposure to large doses of sarin by any
route may result in the following harmful
health effects:
a. Loss of consciousness
b. Convulsions
c. Paralysis
d. Respiratory failure possibly leading
to death
5) Showing these signs and symptoms does not
necessarily mean that a person has been
exposed to sarin.

What the long-term health effects are

Mild or moderately exposed people usually recover

completely. Severely exposed people are not likely
to survive. Unlike some organophosphate pesticides,
nerve agents have not been associated with
neurological problems lasting more than 1 to 2
weeks after the exposure.

How people can protect themselves, and what

they should do if they are exposed to sarin

1) Recovery from sarin exposure is possible

with treatment, but the antidotes available
must be used quickly to be effective.
Therefore, the best thing to do is avoid
exposure:

78
 Leave the area where the sarin was
released and get to fresh air.
Quickly moving to an area where
fresh air is available is highly
effective in reducing the possibility
of death from exposure to sarin
vapor.
i. Ifthe sarin release was
outdoors, move away from
the area where the sarin was
released. Go to the highest
ground possible, because
sarin is heavier than air and
will sink to low-lying areas.
ii. Ifthe sarin release was
indoors, get out of the
building.
2) Ifpeople think they may have been exposed,
they should remove their clothing, rapidly
wash their entire body with soap and water,
and get medical care as quickly as possible.
3) Removing and disposing of clothing:
a. Quickly take off clothing that has
liquid sarin on it. Any clothing that
has to be pulled over the head
should be cut off the body instead of
pulled over the head. If possible,
seal the clothing in a plastic bag.
Then seal the first plastic bag in a
second plastic bag. Removing and

79
 sealing the clothing in this way will
help protect people from any
chemicals that might be on their
clothes.
If clothes were placed in plastic
bags, inform either the local or state
health department or emergency
personnel upon their arrival. Do not
handle the plastic bags.
If helping other people remove their
clothing, try to avoid touching any
contaminated areas, and remove the
clothing as quickly as possible.
4) Washing the body:
a. As quickly as possible, wash any
liquid sarin from the skin with large
amounts of soap and water.
Washing with soap and water will
help protect people from any
chemicals on their bodies.
Rinse the eyes with plain water for
10 to 15 minutes if they are burning
or if vision is blurred.
5) If sarin has been swallowed, do not induce
vomiting or give fluids to drink.
6) Seek medical attention immediately. Dial
911 and explain what has happened.

80
How sarin exposure is treated

Treatment consists of removing sarin from the body

as soon as possible and providing supportive
medical care in a hospital setting. Antidotes are
available for sarin. They are most useful if given as
soon as possible after exposure.

Facts About Nitrogen Mustards

1) Nitrogen mustards were produced in the

1920s and 1930s as potential chemical
warfare weapons. They are vesicants (or
blister agents) similar to the sulfur mustards.
2) Nitrogen mustards come in different forms
that can smell fishy, musty, soapy, or fruity.
They can be in the form of an oily-textured
liquid, a vapor (the gaseous form of a
liquid), or a solid. Nitrogen mustards are
liquids at normal room temperature (70°F).
3) Nitrogen mustards can be clear, pale amber,
or yellow colored when in liquid or solid
form.
4) The nitrogen mustards are also known by
their military designations of HN-1, HN-2,
and HN-3.

Where nitrogen mustards are found and how

they are used

81
 1) The nitrogen mustards were never used in
warfare.
2) Nitrogen mustards are not found naturally in
the environment.
3) HN-1 was originally designed to remove
warts but was later identified as a potential
chemical warfare agent.
4) HN-2 was designed as a military agent but
was later used in cancer treatment. Other
treatment agents have now replaced it.
5) HN-3 was designed solely as a military
agent.

How people can be exposed to nitrogen mustards

1) If nitrogen mustards are released into the air

as a vapor, people can be exposed through
skin contact, eye contact, or breathing.
2) If nitrogen mustards are released into water,
people could be exposed by drinking the
contaminated water or getting it on their
skin.
3) People can be exposed directly by coming in
contact with liquid nitrogen mustards.
4) Nitrogen mustard vapor will settle in low-
lying areas, because it is heavier than air.

How nitrogen mustards work

82
 1) Adverse health effects caused by nitrogen
mustards depend on the amount of nitrogen
mustard to which people are exposed, the
route of exposure, and the length of time
that people are exposed.
2) Nitrogen mustards are powerful irritants that
damage the skin, eyes, and respiratory
(breathing) tract.
3) Nitrogen mustards can enter the cells of the
body very quickly and cause damage to the
immune system and bone marrow.

Immediate signs and symptoms of nitrogen

mustard exposure

1) Typically, signs and symptoms of nitrogen

mustard exposure do not occur immediately.
Depending on the severity of the exposure,
symptoms may not occur for several hours.
2) Nitrogen mustards can have the following
effects on specific parts of the body:
a. Skin: redness usually develops
within several hours after exposure
followed by blistering within 6 to 12
hours.
b. Eyes: irritation, pain, swelling, and
tearing may occur. High
concentrations can cause burns and
blindness.

8&3
 c. Respiratory tract: nose and sinus
pain, cough, sore throat, and
shortness of breath may occur
within hours. Fluid in the lungs is
uncommon.
d. Digestive tract: abdominal pain,
diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.
e. Brain: tremors, incoordination, and
seizures are possible following a
large exposure.
3) Showing these signs or symptoms does not
necessarily mean that a person has been
exposed to a nitrogen mustard.

What the long-term health effects may be

1) Exposure to nitrogen mustard liquid is more

likely to produce second- and third- degree
burns and later scarring than is exposure to
nitrogen mustard vapor.
2) Extensive breathing in of the vapors can
cause chronic respiratory disease.
3) Extensive eye exposure can cause long-
lasting eye problems.
4) Nitrogen mustards may cause bone marrow
suppression beginning as early as 3 to 5 days
after exposure, leading to anemia, bleeding,
and increased risk for infection.
5) Prolonged or repeated exposures to nitrogen
mustards have caused cancer in animals.

84
 Some evidence exists that prolonged or
repeated exposures to nitrogen mustards
cause leukemia in humans.

How people can protect themselves and what they

should do if they are exposed to nitrogen
mustards

1) Because no antidote exists for nitrogen

mustard exposure, the best thing to do is
avoid it. Immediately leave the area where
the nitrogen mustard was released. Try to
find higher ground, because nitrogen
mustard is heavier than air and will settle in
low-lying areas.
2) If avoiding nitrogen mustard exposure is not
possible, rapidly remove the nitrogen
mustard. Getting the nitrogen mustard off as
soon as possible after exposure is the most
effective way to prevent or decrease tissue
damage to the body.
3) Quickly remove any clothing that has liquid
nitrogen mustard on it. If possible, seal the
clothing in a plastic bag, and then seal that
bag inside a second plastic bag. Removing
and sealing the clothing in this way will help
protect people from any chemicals that
might be on their clothes.
4) If clothes were placed in plastic bags, inform
either the local or state health department or

85
 emergency personnel upon their arrival. Do
not handle the plastic bags.
5) If helping other people remove their
clothing, try to avoid touching any
contaminated areas, and remove the clothing
as quickly as possible.
6) As quickly as possible, wash the entire body
with large amounts of soap and water to
remove any liquid nitrogen mustard from the
skin. Washing with soap and water will help
protect people from any chemicals on their
bodies.
7) Eyes need to be flushed with water for 5 to
10 minutes if they are burning or if vision is
blurry.
8) If someone has ingested nitrogen mustard,
do NOT induce vomiting or give fluids to
drink.
9) Seek medical attention immediately. Dial
911 and explain what has happened.

How nitrogen mustard exposure is treated

No antidote exists for nitrogen mustard exposure.

Treatment consists of removing the nitrogen mustard
from the body as soon as possible and providing
supportive medical care in a hospital setting.

86
Facts About Sulfur Mustard

1) Sulfur mustard is a type of chemical warfare

agent. These kinds of agents are called
vesicants or blistering agents, because they
cause blistering of the skin and mucous
membranes on contact.
2) Sulfur mustard is also known as “mustard
gas or mustard agent,” or by the military
designations H, HD, and HT.
3) Sulfur mustard sometimes smells like garlic,
onions, or mustard and sometimes has no
odor. It can be a vapor (the gaseous form of
a liquid), an oily-textured liquid, or a solid.
4) Sulfur mustard can be clear to yellow or
brown when it is in liquid or solid form.

Where sulfur mustard is found and how it is used

1) Sulfur mustard is not found naturally in the

environment.
2) Sulfur mustard was introduced in World
War I as a chemical warfare agent. Until
recently, it was available for use in the
treatment of a skin condition called
psoriasis. Currently, it has no medical use.

87
How people can be exposed to sulfur mustard

1) If sulfur mustard is released into the air as a

vapor, people can be exposed through skin
contact, eye contact, or breathing. Sulfur
mustard vapor can be carried long distances
by wind.
2) If sulfur mustard is released into water,
people can be exposed by drinking the
contaminated water or getting it on their
skin.
3) People can be exposed by coming in contact
with liquid sulfur mustard.
4) Sulfur mustard can last from 1 to 2 days in
the environment under average weather
conditions and from weeks to months under
very cold conditions.
5) Sulfur mustard breaks down slowly in the
body, so repeated exposure may have a
cumulative effect (that is, it can build up in
the body).

How sulfur mustard works

1) Adverse health effects caused by sulfur

mustard depend on the amount people are
exposed to, the route of exposure, and the
length of time that people are exposed.

88
 2) Sulfur mustard is a powerful irritant and
blistering agent that damages the skin, eyes,
and respiratory (breathing) tract.
3) It damages DNA, a vital component of cells
in the body.
4) Sulfur mustard vapor is heavier than air, so
it will settle in low-lying areas.

Immediate signs and symptoms of sulfur mustard

exposure

1) Exposure to sulfur mustard is usually not

fatal. When sulfur mustard was used during
World War I, it killed fewer than 5% of the
people who were exposed and got medical
care.
2) People may not know right away that they
have been exposed, because sulfur mustard
often has no smell or has a smell that might
not cause alarm.
3) Typically, signs and symptoms do not occur
immediately. Depending on the severity of
the exposure, symptoms may not occur for 2
to 24 hours. Some people are more sensitive
to sulfur mustard than are other people, and
may have symptoms sooner.
4) Sulfur mustard can have the following
effects on specific parts of the body:
a. Skin: redness and itching of the skin
may occur 2 to 48 hours after

89
 exposure and change eventually to
yellow blistering of the skin.
b. Eyes: irritation, pain, swelling, and
tearing may occur within 3 tol2
hours of a mild to moderate
exposure. A severe exposure may
cause symptoms within | to 2 hours
and may include the symptoms of a
mild or moderate exposure plus
light sensitivity, severe pain, or
blindness (lasting up to 10 days).
c. Respiratory tract: runny nose,
sneezing, hoarseness, bloody nose,
sinus pain, shortness of breath, and
cough within 12 to 24 hours of a
“mild exposure and within 2 to 4
hours of a severe exposure.
d. Digestive tract: abdominal pain,
diarrhea, fever, nausea, and
vomiting.
5) Showing these signs and symptoms does not
necessarily mean that a person has been
exposed to sulfur mustard.

What the long-term health effects may be

1) Exposure to sulfur mustard liquid is more

likely to produce second- and third- degree
burns and later scarring than is exposure to

90
 sulfur mustard vapor. Extensive skin
burning can be fatal.
2) Extensive breathing in of the vapors can
cause chronic respiratory disease, repeated
respiratory infections, or death.
3) Extensive eye exposure can cause
permanent blindness.
4) Exposure to sulfur mustard may increase a
person’s risk for lung and respiratory cancer.

How people can protect themselves and what they

should do if they are exposed to sulfur mustard

1) Because no antidote exists for sulfur

mustard exposure, the best thing to do is
avoid it. Immediately leave the area where
the sulfur mustard was released. Try to find
higher ground, because sulfur mustard is
heavier than air and will settle in low-lying
areas.
2) If avoiding sulfur mustard exposure is not
possible, rapidly remove the sulfur mustard
from the body. Getting the sulfur mustard
off as soon as possible after exposure is the
only effective way to prevent or decrease
tissue damage to the body.
3) Quickly remove any clothing that has liquid
sulfur mustard on it. If possible, seal the
clothing in a plastic bag, and then seal that
bag inside a second plastic bag.

91
 4) Immediately wash any exposed part of the
body (eyes, skin, etc.) thoroughly with plain,
clean water. Eyes need to be flushed with
water for 5 to 10 minutes. Do NOT cover
eyes with bandages, but do protect them
with dark glasses or goggles.
5) Ifsomeone has ingested sulfur mustard, do
NOT induce vomiting. Give the person milk
to drink.
6) Seek medical attention right away. Dial 911
and explain what has happened.

How sulfur mustard exposure is treated

The most important factor is removing sulfur

mustard from the body. Exposure to sulfur mustard
is treated by giving the victim supportive medical
care to minimize the effects of the exposure. Though
no antidote exists for sulfur mustard, exposure is
usually not fatal.

Facts About VX

1) VX is a human-made chemical warfare

agent classified as a nerve agent. Nerve
agents are the most toxic and rapidly acting
of the known chemical warfare agents. They
are similar to pesticides (insect killers)
called organophosphates in terms of how
they work and what kinds of harmful effects

92
 they cause. However, nerve agents are much
more potent than organophosphate
pesticides.
2) VX was originally developed in the United
Kingdom in the early 1950s.
3) VX is odorless and tasteless.
4) VX isan oily liquid that is amber in color
and very slow to evaporate. It evaporates
about as slowly as motor oil.

Where VX is found and how it is used

1) Itis possible that VX or other nerve agents

were used in chemical warfare during the
Iran-Iraq War in the 1980s.
2) VX is not found naturally in the
environment.

How people can be exposed to VX

1) Following release of VX into the air, people

can be exposed through skin contact, eye
contact, or inhalation (breathing in the VX
mist).
2) Though VX does not mix with water as
easily as other nerve agents do, it could be
released into water. Following release of VX
into water, people can be exposed by
drinking contaminated water or getting
contaminated water on their skin.

93
 3) Following contamination of food with VX,
people can be exposed by eating the
contaminated food.
4) VX is primarily a liquid exposure hazard,
but if it is heated to very high temperatures,
it can turn into small amounts of vapor
(gas).
5) A person’s clothing can release VX for
about 30 minutes after contact with VX
vapor, which can lead to exposure of other
people.
6) VX breaks down slowly in the body,
meaning that repeated exposures to VX
and/or other nerve agents can have a
cumulative effect (build up in the body).
7) Because VX vapor is heavier than air, it will
sink to low-lying areas and create a greater
exposure hazard there.

How VX works

1) The extent of poisoning caused by VX

depends on the amount of VX to which a
person was exposed, how the person was
exposed, and the length of time of the
exposure.
2) Symptoms will appear within a few seconds
after exposure to the vapor form of VX, and
within a few minutes to up to 18 hours after
exposure to the liquid form.

94
3) VX is the most potent of all nerve agents.
Compared with the nerve agent sarin (also
known as GB), VX is considered to be much
more toxic by entry through the skin and
somewhat more toxic by inhalation.
4) It is possible that any visible VX liquid
contact on the skin, unless washed off
immediately, would be lethal.
5) All the nerve agents cause their toxic effects
by preventing the proper operation of the
chemical that acts as the body’s “off switch”
for glands and muscles. Without an “off
switch,” the glands and muscles are
constantly being stimulated. They may tire
and no longer be able to sustain breathing
function.
6) VX is the least volatile of the nerve agents,
which means that it is the slowest to
evaporate from a liquid into a vapor.
Therefore, VX is very persistent in the
environment. Under average weather
conditions, VX can last for days on objects
that it has come in contact with. Under very
cold conditions, VX can last for months.
7) Because it evaporates so slowly, VX can be
a long-term threat as well as a short-term
threat. Surfaces contaminated with VX
should therefore be considered a long-term
hazard.

Sb}
Immediate signs and symptoms of VX exposure

1) People may not know they were exposed to

VX because it has no odor.
2) People exposed to a low or moderate dose of
VX by inhalation, ingestion (swallowing), or
skin absorption may experience some or all
of the following symptoms within seconds
to hours of exposure:
Runny nose
Watery eyes
Small, pinpoint pupils
Eye pain
Blurred vision
Drooling and excessive sweating
Cough
Chest tightness
Rapid breathing
Diarrhea
Increased urination
Confusion
. Drowsiness
Weakness
Headache
CRS
op
Ao
ho
So
BOBR
Nausea, vomiting, and/or abdominal
pain
Slow or fast heart rate
mo Abnormally low or high blood
pressure

96
 3) Even a tiny drop of nerve agent on the skin
can cause sweating and muscle twitching
where the agent touched the skin.
4) Exposure to a large dose of VX by any route
may result in these additional health effects:
a. Loss of consciousness
b. Convulsions
c. Paralysis
d. Respiratory failure possibly leading
to death
5) Showing these signs and symptoms does not
necessarily mean that a person has been
exposed to VX.

What the long-term health effects are

Mild or moderately exposed people usually recover

completely. Severely exposed people are not likely
to survive. Unlike some organophosphate pesticides,
nerve agents have not been associated with
neurological problems lasting more than 1 to 2
weeks after the exposure.

How people can protect themselves, and what

they should do if they are exposed to VX

1) Recovery from VX exposure is possible

with treatment, but the antidotes available
must be used quickly
to be effective.

97
 Therefore, the best thing to do is avoid
exposure:
a. Leave the area where the VX was
released and get to fresh air.
Quickly moving to an area where
fresh air is available is highly
effective in reducing the possibility
of death from exposure to VX
vapor.
i. Ifthe VX release was
outdoors, move away from
the area where the VX was
released. Go to the highest
ground possible, because
VX is heavier than air and
will sink to low-lying areas.
ii. Ifthe VX release was
indoors, get out of the
building.
2) Ifpeople think they may have been exposed,
they should remove their clothing, rapidly
wash their entire body with soap and water,
and get medical care as quickly as possible.
3) Removing and disposing of clothing:
a. Quickly take off clothing that has
liquid VX on it. Any clothing that
has to be pulled over the head
should be cut off the body instead of
pulled over the head. If possible,
seal the clothing in a plastic bag.

98
 Then seal the first plastic bag in a
second plastic bag. Removing and
sealing the clothing in this way will
help protect people from any
chemicals that might be on their
clothes.
If clothes were placed in plastic
bags, inform either the local or state
health department or emergency
personnel upon their arrival. Do not
handle the plastic bags.
If helping other people remove their
clothing, try to avoid touching any
contaminated areas, and remove the
clothing as quickly as possible.
4) Washing the body:
a. As quickly as possible, wash any
liquid VX from the skin with large
amounts of soap and water.
Washing with soap and water will
help protect people from any
chemicals on their bodies.
Rinse the eyes with plain water for
10 to 15 minutes if they are burning
or if vision is blurred.
5) If VX has been ingested (swallowed), do not
induce vomiting or give fluids to drink.
6) Seek medical attention right away. Dial 911
and explain what has happened.

99
How VX exposure is treated

Treatment consists of removing VX from the body

as soon as possible and providing supportive
medical care in a hospital setting. Antidotes are
available for VX. They are most useful if given as
soon as possible after exposure.

Chemical Agents: Facts About Sheltering in

Place: What “sheltering in place” means

Some kinds of accidents or attacks may make going

outdoors dangerous. Leaving the area might take too
long or put people in harm’s way. In such a case it
may be safer for people to stay indoors than to go
outside.

“Sheltering in place” is when people make a shelter

out of the place they are in. It is a way for people to
make the building as safe as possible to protect
themselves until help arrives.

How to prepare to shelter in place

People should choose a room in their house or

apartment for their shelter. The best room to use for
the shelter is a room with as few windows and doors
as possible. A large room, preferably with a water
supply, is desirable—something like a master
bedroom that is connected to a bathroom. For

100
chemical events, this room should be as high in the
structure as possible to avoid vapors (gases) that
sink. This guideline is different from the sheltering-
in-place technique used in tornadoes and other
severe weather, when the shelter should be low in
the home.

People might not be at home if the need to shelter in

place ever arises, but if they are, it is good to have
the following items on hand. (Ideally, all of these
items should be kept in that room to save time.)

1) First aid kit

2) Food and bottled water. One gallon of water
per person in plastic bottles as well as ready-
to-eat foods that will keep without
refrigeration should be stored at the shelter-
in-place location. If bottled water no longer
is available, water in a toilet tank (not the
toilet bowl) is suitable for drinking.
Flashlight, battery-powered radio, and extra
batteries for both.
Duct tape and scissors.
Towels and plastic sheeting.
A working telephone.

101
 How people will know if they need to shelter in
place

1) People will hear from the local police,

eme: gency coordinators, or government on
radio and television if they need to shelter in
place.
2) Ifthere is a “code red” or “severe” terror
alert, people should pay attention to radio
and television broadcasts to know right
away whether a shelter-in-place alert is
announced for their area.
3) If people are away from their shelter-in-
place location when a chemical event
occurs, they should follow the instructions
of emergency coordinators to find the
nearest shelter. If children are at school, they
will be sheltered there. Unless instructed to
do so, parents should not try to get to the
school to bring their children home.

, What to do

People should act quickly and follow the instructions

of their local emergency coordinators. Every
situation can be different, so local emergency
coordinators might have special instructions to
follow. In general, do the following:

1) Go inside as quickly as possible.

102
 2) If there is time, shut and lock all outside
doors and windows. Locking them may
provide a tighter seal against the chemical.
Turn off the air conditioner or heater. Turn
off all fans, too. Close the fireplace damper
and any other place that air can come in
from the outside.
3) Goin the shelter-in-place room and shut the
door.
4) Tape plastic over any windows in the room.
Use duct tape around the windows and doors
and make an unbroken seal. Use the tape
over any vents into the room and seal any
electrical outlets or other openings. Sink and
toilet drain traps should have water in them
(you can use the sink and toilet as you
normally would). Push a wet towel up
against the crack between the door and the
floor to seal it. If it is necessary to drink
water, drink the stored water, not water from
the tap.
5) Turn on the radio. Keep a telephone close at
hand, but don’t use it unless there is a
serious emergency.

Sheltering in this way should keep people safer than

if they are outdoors. They will most likely not be in
the shelter for more than a few hours. People should
listen to the radio for an announcement indicating
that it is safe to leave the shelter.

103
Chemical Agents: Facts about Evacuation

Some kinds of chemical accidents or attacks may

make staying put dangerous. In such cases, it may be
safer for people to evacuate, or leave the immediate
area. People may need to go to an emergency shelter
after they leave the immediate area.

How people will know if they need to evacuate

People will hear from the local police, emergency

coordinators, or government on the radio and/or
television if they need to evacuate. If there is a "code
red" or "severe" terror alert, people should pay
attention to radio and/or television broadcasts so
they will know right away if an evacuation order is
made for their area.
What to do

People must act quickly and follow the instructions

of local emergency coordinators. Every situation can
be different, so local coordinators could have special
instructions that people need to follow.
Local emergency coordinators may direct people to
evacuate homes or offices and go to an emergency
shelter. If so, emergency coordinators will tell
people how to get to the shelter. If children are in
school, they may be sheltered at the school. Parents
should not try to get to the school.

104
The shelter will have most supplies that people need.
The emergency coordinators will tell people which
supplies to bring with them. People should be sure to
bring any medications they are taking.

If people have time, they should call a friend or

relative in another state to tell them where they are
going and that they are safe. Local telephone lines
may be jammed in an emergency, so people should
plan ahead to have an out-of-state contact with
whom to leave messages. People who do not have
private transportation should make plans in advance
of an emergency to identify people who can provide
a ride.

Evacuating and sheltering in this way should keep

people safer than if they stayed at home or at their
workplace. People will most likely not be in the
shelter for more than a few hours. Emergency
coordinators will let people know when it is safe to
leave the shelter.

Chemical Agents: Facts about personal cleaning

and disposal of contaminated clothing

Some kinds of accidents or attacks may cause people

to come in contact with dangerous chemicals.
Coming in contact with a dangerous chemical may
make it necessary for people to remove and dispose

105
of their clothing right away and then wash
themselves. Removing their clothing and washing
their bodies will reduce or remove the chemical so
that it is no longer a hazard. This process is called
decontamination.

Decontamination is performed for two reasons:

1) to prevent the chemical from being

further absorbed by a person’s body or
from spreading on a person’s body, and
2) to prevent the chemical from spreading
to other people, including medical
personnel, who must handle or who
might come in contact with the person
who is contaminated with the chemical.

Most chemical agents can penetrate clothing and are

absorbed rapidly through the skin. Therefore, the
most important and most effective decontamination
for any chemical exposure is decontamination done
within the first minute or two after exposure.

How people will know if they need to wash

themselves and dispose of their clothing

In most cases, emergency coordinators will let

people know if a dangerous chemical has been
released and will tell people what to do.

106
In general, exposure to a chemical in its liquid or
solid form will require people to remove their
clothing and then thoroughly wash their exposed
skin. Exposure to a chemical in its vapor (gas) form
generally requires people only to remove their
clothing and the source of the toxic vapor.

If people think they have been exposed to a chemical

release, but they have not heard from emergency
coordinators, they can follow the washing and
clothing disposal advice in the next section.

What to do

People should act quickly and follow the instructions

of local emergency coordinators. Every situation can
be different, so local emergency coordinators might
have special instructions for people to follow.

Clothing should be removed as soon as possible. It

should not be removed over the head, because that
could cause contact with the mouth, eyes, and nose.
If people cannot take their clothing off without
pulling it over their heads, they should remove it by
cutting it off.

After clothing is removed, it should be sealed inside

a plastic bag. Then that plastic bag should be sealed
inside another plastic bag. After people have
finished decontaminating themselves, they should

107
contact their local health department to make
arrangements for the plastic bags to be picked up.
Emergency teams, if they are available, can also pick
up the bags. People should avoid touching the plastic
bags again. Disposing of clothing as described in
this fact sheet will protect people from any
chemicals that might be on their clothes.

Eyeglasses, contact lenses, and anything else in

contact with the body also should be removed.
People can decontaminate their eyeglasses by
washing them with soap and water.

People should wash their eyes and skin thoroughly

with plain, clean water. Washing in this way will
protect people from any chemicals that might be on
their bodies. For some chemicals, people will need
to flush their eyes and skin with water for several
minutes. Emergency coordinators will tell people
exactly how to wash. If people cannot find out what
the chemical was, they should flush their eyes and
skin with water for several minutes.

After people have removed their clothing, washed

themselves, and disposed of their clothing, they
should dress in clothing that is not contaminated.
Clothing that has been stored in drawers or closets is
unlikely to be contaminated, so it would be a good
choice for people to wear.

108
People should avoid coming in contact with other
people who may have been exposed but have not yet
changed their clothes or washed. People should
move away from the area where the chemical was
released when emergency coordinators tell them to
do so.

AL QAEDA TRAINING MANUAL

(Reprinted from the Department of Justice)

According to the Al Qaeda Training Manual, all

nations of the world must be ruled under an Islamic
government and “Islamic governments have never
and will never be established through peaceful
solutions and cooperative councils. They are
established as they always have been, by pen and
gun, by word and bullet, by tongue and teeth.”

109
A look inside the Al Qaeda Training Manual offers
us an opportunity to understand the mind of the
terrorists and therefore better to defend ourselves
against their strategy.

Page one dictates requirements of all Islamic

supporters to assist with:

1) Forged documents and counterfeit currency

2) Military bases, apartments and hiding places
in America and abroad
3) Communication means
4) Transportation means
5) Training
6) Weapons: measures related to buying and
transporting them
7) Member safety
8) Security plan
9) Special tactical operations
10) Espionage — information gathering using
open methods
11) Espionage — information gathering using
covert methods
12) Secret writing & ciphers and codes
13) Kidnapping and assassinations using rifles
and pistols
14) Assassinations using poisons and cold steel
15) Interrogation & investigation
16) Prison & detention centers
17) Information

110
 18) Arms and ammunition
19) Transport

“The overthrow of the godless regimes and their

replacement with an Islamic regime.” Other
missions consist of the following:

1) Gathering information about Americans, the

_ land, the installations and the neighbors.
2) Kidnapping American personnel,
documents, secrets and arms.
3) Assassinating American personnel as well as
foreign tourists.
4) Freeing the brothers who are captured by
Americans.
5) Spreading rumors and writing statements
that instigate people against the Americans.
6) Blasting and destroying the places of
amusement, immorality and sin; not a vital
target.
7) Blasting and destroying the embassies and
attacking vital economic centers.
8) Blasting and destroying bridges leading into
and out of the cities.
9) Removal of those personnel that block the
call’s path. All types of military and civilian
intellectuals and thinkers for the state.
10) Proper utilization of the individuals’ unused
capabilities.

Ill
 11) Precision in performing tasks, and using
collective views on completing a job from
all aspects, not just one.
12) Controlling the work and not fragmenting it
or deviating from it.
13) Achieving long-term goals such as the
establishment of an Islamic state and short-
term goals such as operations against
Americans.
14) Establishing the conditions for possible
confrontation with the regressive regimes
and their persistence.
15) Achieving discipline in secrecy and through
tasks.

The qualifications for terrorists in this Islamic Jihad

are as following:

1) Islam: The member of the organization

must be Muslim. How can an unbeliever,
someone from a revealed religion (Christian,
Jew), a secular person, a communist, etc.
protect Islam and Muslims and defend their
goals and secrets when he does not believe
in that religion (Islam)? The Israeli Army
requires that a fighter be of the Jewish
religion. Likewise, the command leadership
in the Afghan and Russian armies requires
any one with an officer’s position to be a
member of the communist party.

i172
2) Commitment to the Organization’s
Ideology: This commitment frees the
organization members from conceptional
problems.
3) Maturity: The requirements of military
work are numerous and a minor cannot
perform them. The nature of hard and
continuous work in dangerous conditions
requires a great deal of psychological,
mental, and intellectual fitness, which are
not usually found in a minor. It is reported
that Ibn Omar- may Allayh be pleased with
him — said, “During Ahad (battle) when I
was fourteen years of age, Iwas submitted
(as a volunteer) to the prophet — God bless
and keep him. He refused me and did not
throw me in the battle. During Khandak
(trench) Day (battle) when I was fifteen
years of age, I was also submitted to him,
and he permitted me (to fight).
4) Sacrifice: He (the member) has to be
willing to do the work and undergo
martyrdom for the purpose of achieving the
goal and establishing the religion of majestic
Allah on earth.
5) Listening and Obedience: In the military,
there is known today as discipline. It is
expressed by how the member obeys the
orders given to him.

Lis
Where do these type of terrorist hide and what is
their method of operation according to the Al Qaeda
Training Manual?

1) They are elements who are selected from

various provinces and are suitable for the
operation.
2) During the selection process, members
should not know one another. They should
not know the original planners of the
operation. In case they do, the commander
should be notified. He then should modify
the plan.
3) They should be distributed as Sei groups
(3 members) in apartments that are not
known except to their proprietors. They
should also be given field names.
4) During the selection process, consider
whether their absence from their families
and jobs would clearly attract attention.
5) The matters of arming and financing should
not be known by anyone except the
commander.
6) The apartments should not be rented under
real names. They should undergo all
security measures related to our organization
training.
7) Prior to executing an operation, falsified
documents should be prepared for the
participating individuals.

114
8) The documents related to the operation
should be hidden in a secure place and
burned immediately after the operation, and
traces of the fire should be removed.
9) The means of communication between the
operation commander and the participating
brothers should be established.
10) Prior to the operation, apartments should be
prepared to hide the brothers participating in
it. These apartments should not be known
except to the commander and his staff.
11) Reliable transportation means must be made
available. It is essential that prior to the
operation, these means are checked and
properly maintained.
12) Prior to executing the operation, the
commander should instruct his brothers on
what to say if they are captured. He should
explain that more than once, in order to
ensure that they have assimilated it. They
should, in turn, explain it back to the
commander.

iGies
SUMMARY

The threat of terrorism in the U.S. cannot be

dominated but it can be controlled. You are
responsible for implementing anti-terrorism
measures to help minimize the threat and to make
yourself and your family a hard target.

Be aware of your surroundings. Talk to your family

and co-workers about security. Lock your doors and
windows. Do not be afraid to report suspicious
incidents or persons. This way you can live a full
and productive life.

All Americans should be well informed. Terrorism

is not everywhere and we should not live in fear,
thinking that it is. But, we need to be alert.

To keep things in perspective let us take a look at a

situation that Americans live with daily.

Thousands of people die on our highways each year

from vehicular accidents. For those who survive
such catastrophic events, they will be the first ones
to rally around the use of safety belts. It not only
makes them feel secure, but it actually works.

There was a time in America when you couldn’t

convince people of the benefits of seat belts. They

116
had driven for so long without them. Times
changed, traffic increased and the automobile
transportation system became a death trap. People
became smarter, installed seat belts and have since,
survived some of the worst crashes known to man.

Be smart. Understand that times have changed.

Terrorism is on the rise and it wants to take your life.
Don’t give it a chance. Install the terrorism survival
seat belt in your daily travels. You'll be glad you
did.

While it may seem at first that terrorists have the

upper hand, it is actually the opposite when it comes
to Americans who are well trained in the art of
counter-terrorism, that has over time proven itself as
a successful tool to send a message to the world that
terrorists will not harm our children, will not destroy
our families and “WE WILL NOT BE
DEFEATED.”

It is time for all Americans to take charge, study to

show themselves prepared and throw the fear back
in the face of terrorists, letting them know that we
are not only coming after them but we are about to
become...their worst nightmare.

117,
EMERGENCY NUMBERS

Police:

Fire:

Ambulance:

Hospital:

FBI:

Secret Service:

Work Phone:

118
Personal Family Information

Accurate information is needed for law enforcement

or hostage rescue forces to be effective in protecting
you. Always keep personal information for each
member of the family available to hand over to
authorities in the event of a crisis situation.

NAME:
NICKNAMES:
SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER:
DATE OF BIRTH:
PLACE OF BIRTH:
HOME ADDRESS:
RANK OR POSITION:
CITIZENSHIP:
HEIGHT:
WEIGHT:
RACE:
HAIR COLOR:
EYE COLOR:
DISTINGUISHING MARKS:
MEDICAL REQUIREMENTS:
MEDICATION REQUIRED:
NUMBER OF LANGUAGES SPOKEN AND
iY PE:
WRITING SAMPLE OR SIGNATURE:
A photograph should be attached with this
information.

119.
BOMB THREAT REPORT FORM

INSTRUCTIONS: BE CALM, BE COURTEOUS,

LISTEN, DO NOT INTERRUPT THE CALLER,
AND NOTIFY SUPERVISOR OR SECURITY
OFFICER BY PREARRANGED SIGNAL WHILE
CALLER IS ON THE PHONE.

Date:
Time:
Exact Words of Person Placing Call:

QUESTIONS TO ASK:

When is the bomb going to explode?

Where is the bomb right now?

What kind of a bomb is it?

What does it look like?

Why did you place the bomb?

120
Try to determine the following:
(Circle as appropriate)

Identity: Male Female Adult Juvenile

Age:
Voice: Loud Soft High Pitch Deep
Intoxicated Pleasant Raspy
Accent: Local Not Local Foreign Region
Speech: Fast Slow Distinct Distorted
Stutter Nasal Slurred Lisp
Manner: Calm Angry Rational Irrational
Coherent Incoherent Deliberate Emotional
Righteous Laughing Intoxicated
Background Airplanes Office Machines Factory
Noises: Bedlam Trains Animals Music
Street Traffic Voices Quiet
Mixed Party Like § Atmosphere

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:

ACTION TO TAKE IMMEDIATELY AFTER CALL:

Notify your supervisor security as instructed. Talk
only to persons designated by your supervisor
security officer.

RECEIVING TELEPHONE NUMBER:

PERSON RECEIVING CALL:

iZ1
MAIL BOMB RECOGNITION CHECKLIST

WEIGHT / STAMPS
Weight unevenly distributed
More than enough postage
Heavier than usual for size
Heavier than usual for its class

POSTMARK
Foreign
From an unusual city or town

THICKNESS
For medium size envelopes (small book)
Not uniform or with bulges

WRITING
For large envelopes (bulky)
Foreign writing style
Misspelled words

ADDRESS
Marked airmail, registered or
No return address certified
Poorly typed or handwritten address
Marked personal/confidential
Hand printed
Title incorrect

122
ENVELOPE
Address to high-ranking executive
Peculiar odor (garlic/almond)
Inner-sealed enclosure

RIGIDITY
Excessive sealing material
Particularly along center length
Oil stains
Wires sticking out/attached
Ink stains, particularly along center length

1b}
NOTES

124
plainfieig PUBLIC

|
SS
SS

800 Park Avenue

060
Plainfield, NJ 07
908-757- 11 1 4

ReS pe

PLAINFIELD
PUBLIC
LIBRARY 39510
2015
3393
5
Bazzel Baz is a former CIA officer and U.S. Marine counter-terrorism
expert who has served in the Middle East, Africa and Cuba. The
Citadel graduate is currently a writer and technical advisor for CBS’
The Agency; Baz also appears on MSNBC serving as a terrorism
expert. In addition, he was recently featured in USA Networks’
Combat Missions. The Terrorism Survival Handbook was recently
republished to educate Americans and help deter terrorist attacks.
The T.S.H. is a veritable how-to guide on safeguarding individuals,
families and businesses from terrorism.

The topics covered in the Terrorism Survival Handbook are:

Today's Terrorist e Al-Qaeda Training Manual Excerpts e Indicators

of Al-Qaeda Surveillance e Tip Sheet for Identifying Potential
Terrorists e Personal Security Measures e Security for Children e
Residential Security e Burglar Proofing your Home e Hotel Security
Precautions e Residential Arson Precautions e What to do in a Fire
e Public and Private Transportation Precautions e Airport Precau-
tions e What to do if your plane is Highjacked e General Travel Rules
e Bomb Threats e Mail Bomb Recognition Tips & Checklist e Hostage
Survival Tactics e Biological & Chemical Weapons

Costa
8265 Sunset Bivd., Suite 101
Los Angeles, CA 90046
(323) 650-3588
www.terrrorismsurvivalhandbook.com
Communications