Principles of

Reinforced Concrete Design

ENGR. ROLLS GRANT VASQUEZ
CIVIL/STRUCTURAL ENGINEER
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN
(USD)

Analysis and Design

of
Singly Reinforced
Rectangular Beams
Ultimate Strength Design
Design Principle
DESIGN CRITERIA: Req ui re d St re ng t h ≤ De si g n St reng t h
u≤∅Sn
Calculated internal forces at critical Nominal Strength (100%
section due to ultimate loads capacity produced by
concrete and steel)

Reduction Factor
SECTION 409 : BEAMS
409.5 Design Strength a) FLEXURE, Mu ≤ ∅ M n
Nominal Moment Strength
Reduction Factor

Maximum Ultimate Required Moment

b) SHEAR, Vu ≤ ∅ V n
c) TORSION, Tu ≤ ∅ T n
d) AXIAL, Pu ≤ ∅ P n

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Ultimate Strength Design
Load Combinations

LOAD DESIGNATION EQUATION PRIMARY LOAD

U =1.4D 405.31a D

U =1.2D +1.6L +0.5 (Lr or R) 405.31b L

U =1.2D +1.6 (Lr or R) +(1.0L or 0.5W) 405.31c Lr or R

U =1.2D +1.0W +1.0L +0.5 (Lr or R) 405.31d W

U =1.2D +1.0E+1.0L 405.31e E

U =0.9D +1.0W 405.31f W

U =0.9D +1.0E 405.31g E

Table 405.3.1 Load Combinations

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Ultimate Strength Design
Sectional Strength
422.2 DESIGN ASSUMPTION FOR MOMENT AND AXIAL STRENGTH
equivalent
rectangular stress
block Ac eccf 0.85fc'
fc'

a/2 a/2
a c C a C

d
Neutral Axis
d – a/2
a
T T

SRRB Stress Equivalent Rectangular

fs Section Distribution Stress Block

Where:
f'c - Concrete Compressive Strength Ac – area of concrete under uniform compressive stress of 0.85 fc’
fs - Steel Tensile Stress c- depth of the neutral axis from eccf
d - effective depth a- depth of uniform stress block from
eccf - extreme concrete compression fiber eccf(compression block)
(d-a/2) - distance between C and T (lever arm)
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Ultimate Strength Design
Sectional Strength
equivalent
rectangular stress
block Ac eccf
f c' 0.85fc'

a/2
a/2 C a C
a c
d
Neutral Axis
d – a/2
a
T T

SRRB Stress Equivalent Rectangular

fs Section Distribution Stress Block

422.2.2.4.1 𝜷𝟏
0.85
a= 𝜷𝟏 𝒄 *take note of the
typographical error on NSCP
2015

Table 422.2.2.4.3
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Ultimate Strength Design
Sectional Strength

DERIVATION

By Equilibrium :

ΣF x= 0; ΣM = 0 C = 0.85 𝒇’c ab - Axial Compressive Force

T=As 𝒇s - Axial Tensile Force (Non-yielding)

T=As 𝒇y - Axial Tensile Force (Yielding)

𝒂
Mn =0.85 𝒇’c ab(d- )
𝟐
- Nominal Moment Capacity
𝒂
Mn =As 𝒇s (d- )
𝟐

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Ultimate Strength Design
Steel Tensile Steel Stess
CASE 1: NON-YIELDING CONDITION
*Concrete crushes at strain =0.003
εc=0.003

By strain Compatibility : c
𝒇𝒔 < 𝒇𝒚 N.A. STRAIN
d DIAGRAM
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟑(𝒅−𝒄)
εt= 𝒄
T
𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒅−𝒄 εt
𝒇𝒔 =
𝒄
*Theoretical tensile stress when concrete crushes

CASE 2:YIELDINGCONDITION
*Use fs =fy
𝒇𝒔 ≥ 𝒇𝒚 *fs is independent to strain

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Ultimate Strength Design
Modes of Failures
This depends on strain conditions of concrete andsteel.

1.COMPRESSION CONTROLLED FAILURE

Concrete crushes before steel yields. Abrupt Collapse of member
εt <εy For rectangular For spiral
𝒇𝒚 stirrups, use stirrups, use
εy = ∅=0.65 ∅=0.75
*εy – yield strain 𝑬𝒔

2. TENSION CONTROLLED FAILURE

Steel is way beyond yielding before concrete
εt ≥ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 ∅=0.90
crushes. Gradual Collapse due to yielding phase.

3. TRANSITION FAILURE
Steel just yielded

εy < εt <0.005
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Ultimate Strength Design
Modes of Failures

Use ∅ ranging from 0.65 to 0.90,

through interpolation. (Table 421.2.2)

𝒇𝒔−𝒇𝒚
∅other=0.65+0.25 ( )
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎−𝒇𝒚

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Ultimate Strength Design
Analysis of Singly Reinforced Beams 250mm
Example 1:
Determine the following for the given beam section.
Assume stirrups to be 12mm and bar diameter to be
16mm

Use fc’ =21MPa, fy =280 MPa 460 mm

a) Depth of stress block, mm

b) Tensile steel strain in 4 decimal places

c) Type of Failure (Tension, Compression or Transition)

d) Reduction Factor

e) Nominal Moment Capacity, kN-m

f) Ultimate Moment Capacity, kN-m

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Ultimate Strength Design
Analysis of Singly Reinforced Beams 250mm
Example 2
Determine the following for the given beam section.
Assume stirrups to be 10mm and bar diameter to be
20mm

Use fc’ =21MPa, fy =420 MPa 460 mm

a) Depth of stress block, mm

b) Depth of neutral axis, mm

c) Tensile steel stress, MPa

d) Ultimate Moment Capacity, kN-m

e) Demand Capacity Ratio (DCR) if the beam has total

dead load of 14 kN/m and live load of 18 kN/m.
Assume a simple span of 5m. Indicate if the design is
safe or not.
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Ultimate Strength Design
Analysis of Singly Reinforced Beams 250mm
Example 3
Determine the following for the given beam section.
Assume stirrups to be 10mm and bar diameter to be
32mm

Use f’c =35 MPa and fy=420 MPa 480 mm

a) Depth of stress block, mm

b) Nominal Moment Capacity

c) Ultimate Moment Capacity, kN-m

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Ultimate Strength Design
Analysis of Singly Reinforced Beams 300mm

Example 4
Determine the following for the given beam section.
Diameter of main bars at both layers are to be 28mm.
Assume unit weight of concrete to be 24 kN/m3

Use f’c =28 MPa and fy=420 MPa

500 mm
a) Depth of stress block, mm

b) Ultimate Moment Capacity, kN-m

50mm
65mm

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Ultimate Strength Design
Modes of Failures

When concrete crushes at εc = 0.003, depending on the amount of steel (As )

present as tension reinforcement, following conditions are possible for steel
strain (εt )

1. εt = εy Balanced Failure Condition, Brittle Failure

2. εt < εy Over reinforced condition, Brittle failure
3. ε > εy Under Reinforced Condition, Ductile Failure

• For relative high amount of tension reinforcement, failure may occur under
conditions 1 & 2, causing brittle failure. It is for this reason that NSCP restricts
maximum amount of reinforcement in member subjected to flexural load only.

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Ultimate Strength Design
Modes of Failures

1.Under-Reinforced Design – Tension steel reinforcement

strength reached while the concrete strength has not yet
reached
2.Balanced Design – tension steel reinforcement and
concrete strength reached simultaneously
3.Over-Reinforced Design – concrete strength reached
while the tension steel reinforcement strength has not yet
reached

Note: The code requires the design to be under-reinforced

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Ultimate Strength Design
Types of Problem

Analysis of Section Design of Section

Section Properties are given: Given the maximum moment:

b = width 𝑀𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
d = depth
As = reinforcement area
Calculate the required area of reinforcement
based on the maximum moment
Calculate the moment capacity

Compare moment capacity to Compare moment capacity to

the maximum ultimate moment the maximum moment
ϕMn > Mu ϕMn > Mu
Ultimate Strength Design
Design Procedure
Design Procedure of Singly Reinforced Beams
Given the maximum ultimate moment, Mu,max Assume singly reinforced and tension controlled
𝑎
Using : Mu=∅0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑎𝑏 𝑑 −
2
Solve for a and c

Verify assumption by solving fs

Use 0.85𝑓’𝑐𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 to solve for Asrequired If 𝑓𝑠 ≥ 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎, tension controlled and singly
Check if Asrequired > Asmin reinforced
Number of bars, n could now be solved If 𝑓𝑠 < 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎, transition controlled. Design as
Doubly reinforced

Solve the capacity of the beam using Asprovided. ϕMn > Mu

𝜋𝑑𝑏2
Note that 𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 𝑛 4
Ultimate Strength Design
Design Procedure
Alternate procedure for Design
Given the maximum ultimate moment, Mu,max Solve 𝑅𝑛 = 𝑀𝑢/∅𝑏𝑑2

𝑓′ 𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌 = 0.85 (1 − 1− )
As = 𝜌bd 𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐

Check with Asmin

Solve number of bars

Solve the capacity of the beam using Asprovided.

𝜋𝑑𝑏2 ϕMn > Mu
Note that 𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 𝑛 4
 Ultimate Strength Design
Design Concepts

𝑨𝒔
Reinforcement Ratio : ρ=
𝒃𝒅

As= ρbd
𝟎.𝟐𝟓 𝒇’𝒄 𝟏.𝟒
Minimum Tensile SteelRatio: ρmin = 𝒐𝒓 Choose larger
𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚

Asmin= ρminbd

Note that As > Asmin. Otherwise, use Asmin

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 Ultimate Strength Design
Design Concepts

𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 𝜷𝟏 𝟑 Based on a minimum strain of 0.004 or Transition Zone Design

ρmax = ( ) 𝒇𝒔 > 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝒇𝒚 𝟕

𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 𝜷𝟏 𝟑 Based on a minimum strain of 0.005 or Tension Controlled Design

ρmax,tc = ( ) 𝒇𝒔 ≥ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝒇𝒚 𝟖

Asmax =ρmaxbd
Note:

1. To ensure tension-controlled design, the minimum strain in steel must be atleast 0.005

2. If calculated fs < 1000 during design process, design the beam as doubly reinforced.

3. Note that in some reference the basis for double reinforced design should be fs<800. However, this is not practical as the
strain of steel could be less than 0.004 when solving the capacity
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Ultimate Strength Design
Design Concepts

LimitingStrain in
accordance with εt ≥ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒
NSCP 2015:

NSCP 2015 Provision:

Ultimate Strength Design
Modes of Failures

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Ultimate Strength Design
Tension Controlled Condition
BALANCED
b εc= 0.003

c5
cb

d
d

TENSION
CONTROLLED

εt =fy/Es
0.005
T
𝟑 *c5 is the distance from from
𝒄𝟓 = 𝒅 eccf to Neutral Axis at Tension
𝟖 Controlled

0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽1 3 Steel Ratio at Tension

𝜌= ( ) Controlled
𝑓𝑦 8
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Ultimate Strength Design
0.004 Strain Condition
BALANCED
b εc= 0.003

c4
cb

d
d

0.004 Strain

εt =fy/Es
0.004
T
𝟑 *c4 is the distance from from
𝒄𝟒 = 𝒅 eccf to Neutral Axis at 0.004
𝟕 strain

0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽1 3 Steel Ratio at 0.004 minimum

𝜌= ( ) strain (Minimum allowed by code)
𝑓𝑦 7
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Ultimate Strength Design
Balanced Strain Condition
BALANCED
b εc= 0.003

c5
cb

d
d

TENSION
CONTROLLED

εs= fy/Es
0.005
T
*c b is the distance from
𝟔𝟎𝟎 from eccf to Neutral Axis
𝒄𝒃 = 𝒅 at Balanced Strain
Balanced Condition occurs if fs is exactly
𝟔𝟎𝟎 + 𝒇𝒚 Condition equal to fy
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽1 600 Steel Ratio at Balanced Strain
ρ𝑏 = ( ) Condition
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦
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BEAM SECTION DETAIL and BARLAYOUT

MINIMUM DEPTH, NSCP 2015409.3.1.1

One End Both End One End

Simply Supported Continuous Continuous Continuous

One End
Continuous Cantilever Cantilever

• Simply Supported l n /1 6 l n is clear span

• One End Continuous l n/18. 5

• Both End Continuous l n/ 2 1

• Cantilever l n /8

Note that for beams reinforced with fy <420 MPa, multiply values by (0.4 +(fy/700))

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Ultimate Strength Design
Problem Solving (Design)
Example 1
Supposed you need to design a RC beam located at the 2nd floor of a whose properties are as follows:
f’c=35 MPa, fy=420 MPa and Unit weight = 24 kN/m3. From load analysis, it is determined that the
superimposed dead load acting on the beam is 9 kN/m and the Live Load is 14 kN/m. Assume the
beam to be simply supported with a span of 8 m, and that steel cover is 65 mm. Beam dimensions
should be multiples of 50mm’s. Use b=0.6h and db=28mm.

a. Determine the dimension of the beam

b. Determine the required number of 28mm bars

c. Calculate also the Demand Capacity Ratio.

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Ultimate Strength Design
Problem Solving (Design)
Example 2 A rectangular beam has b=300mm and an effective depth of 490mm. Concrete compressive
strength f’c=27.6 Mpa and steel yield strength fy=276 Mpa. Calculate the required tension steel area if the factored
moment Mu is

a. 20 kN-m
b. 140 kN-m
c. 410 kN-m
d. 500 kN-m

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Ultimate Strength Design
Different Strain Conditions

Example 3
A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300mm and an effective depth of 450mm.
Compressive strength of concrete, f’c= 21 Mpa and Yield strength of steel, fy = 420 MPa.
Calculate the following:

a. Balanced Steel Area ,mm^2

b. Steel area so that the strain is 0.004 (minimum allowed by code)
c. Steel area so that the strain is 0.005 (tension controlled)
d. Maximum number of 25mm bars so that the beam is tension controlled

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