ANALYSIS OF URINE AND BODY FLUIDS (LABORATORY)

Prevention
• Recognition of hazards • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
• Application of common sense o Gloves
• Safety-focused attitude o Fluid-resistant gowns
• Good housekeeping in all laboratory work and o Eye and face shields
storage areas o Countertop shields
• Proper handwashing
o Hand Contact is the primary method of
infection transmission
o Proper handwashing is the BEST WAY to
CDC break the chain of infection.
- Universal Precautions (1987) and Standard • Disposal of biological wastes
Precautions (1996) o ALL biological waste, except urine, must
o “All human blood and other body fluids be placed in appropriate containers
are treated as potentially infectious for labelled with the biohazard symbol
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), o Discard urine by pouring it into the
hepatitis B virus (HBV), and other blood- laboratory sink, avoid splashing, and
borne microorganisms that can cause then flush with water
disease in human beings” o Disinfection of the sink using a 1:10
- Blood and body fluid precautions should be sodium hypochlorite (household
consistently used for all patients bleach) and should be performed daily.
- Potentially infectious materials: Body fluids, o 1:100 dilution when disinfecting
unfixed tissues, organs, or blood slides countertops and other area
- Precautions:
o Appropriate barriers (gloves, gowns, or CDC Guidelines for Hand Hygiene
laboratory coats) • Wash hands with detergent soap or
o Appropriate engineering controls Antimicrobial soap:
- Universal Practices: o When the hands are visibly soiled
o Wearing of gloves o Before eating
o Handwashing o After using the restroom
o Laboratory coats • Alcohol-Based Hand rub
o Prohibited: eating, drinking, smoking, o Before having direct contact
applying cosmetics, touching contact o Hands are not visibly soiled
lenses o After contact with inanimate objects
- Vaccination against HBV ▪ e.g medical equipment
- Appropriate signs to identify hazards
SHARP HAZARDS
- Placed near workspace
BIOLOGICAL HAZARD - Closed when not in use
- Anything potentially harmful to health is called - Sealed when ¾ full
biohazard o The biohazard sharp containers should
not be overfilled and must always be
Chain of Infection replaced when the safe capacity mark is
- Transmission of microorganisms reached
- Requires a continuous link between: - Disposed in a puncture-resistant, leak-proof
o Infectious source container with the biohazard symbol
o Method of transmission
o Susceptible host CHEMICAL HAZARD
- Expanded chain of infection: Chemical Spill
o Infectious source - Best First Aid: flush the area with large amounts
o Reservoir of water for at least 15 minutes then seek
o Portal of exit medical attention.
o Method of transmission
o Portal of entry
o Susceptible host
- Mode of transmission: direct contact, airborne,
droplet, vehicle, vector
- Biohazard symbol: the term “biohazard” is
defined as “those infectious agents presenting a
risk or potential risk to the well-being of man,
either directly through his infection or indirectly
through disruption of his environment.”
 ANALYSIS OF URINE AND BODY FLUIDS (LABORATORY)

Types of Fire and Fire Extinguisher

TYPE OF
FIRE TYPE TYPE OF EXTINGUISHER
HAZARD
Ordinary Water, dry chemical, loaded
A
combustibles steam
Flammable Dry chemical, Carbon dioxide,
B
liquids Halon foam
Electrical Dry chemical, Carbon dioxide,
C
equipment Halon
Flammable Metal X, Sand, fought by fire
D
metals fighters only
E Arsenal fires Allowed to burn out
Cooking Liquid designed to prevent
K
media splashing & cool the fire

PHYSICAL HAZARDS
- General precautions:
o Avoid running in rooms and hallways
o Watch for wet floors
o Avoid dangling jewelry
Degree of hazard o Bend knees when lifting heavy objects
0 = no minimal hazard o Maintain clean, organized work area
1 = slight hazard o Keep long hair pulled back
2 = Moderate hazard o Wear closed-toe shoes
3 = Serious hazard
4 = Extreme hazard

The OSHA rule of January 1990 requires each facility to

have a Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) that defines the
safety policies and procedures for all hazardous
chemicals used in the laboratory

RADIOACTIVE HAZARDS
- When procedures using radioisotopes are
performed
- Radioisotopes are usually used in clinical
chemistry and hematology section 1. Wet hands with warm water.
2. Apply antimicrobial soap.
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS 3. Rub to form lather, create friction, and loosen
debris.
- If electrical shock occurs, never touch the person
4. Thoroughly clean between fingers, including
or the equipment involved
thumbs, under fingernails and rings, and up to
- Turn off the circuit breaker
the wrist for at least 15 seconds.
- Unplug the equipment
5. Rinse hands in a downward position.
- Move the equipment using a nonconductive
6. Dry with paper towel.
glass or wood object
7. Turn off faucets with a clean paper towel to
prevent recontamination.
FIRE/EXPLOSIVE HAZARDS
- Flammable chemicals should be stored in safety
cabinets and explosion proof refrigerator in a
remote area.