Mass
and
Balance
Feedback
–
Imran
Velasquez
–
Ayr,
Scotland
–
12/12/18
I
had
a
pretty
tricky
paper,
wasn’t
the
hardest
but
very
time
constraining.
A
few
new
questions
I
can’t
quite
recall
but
weren’t
hard
to
figure
out.
Besides
that,
if
you
have
done
the
whole
bank,
and
understand
what
they
are
looking
for,
and
where
to
look
for
it,
you
should
have
no
issues.
Comparing
a
forward
CG
position
with
an
aft
one,
the
forward
cg
position
will
cause
a:
-‐
Decrease
in
the
landing
speed.
-‐
Decrease
in
range.
-‐
Tendency
to
yaw
to
the
right
on
take-‐off.
-‐
Decrease
of
the
stalling
speed.
An
aeroplane
has
a
mean
aerodynamic
chord
(MAC)
of
134.5
inches.
The
leading
edge
of
this
chord
is
at
a
distance
of
625.6
inches
aft
of
the
datum.
Define
the
location
of
the
centre
of
gravity
of
the
aeroplane
in
terms
of
percentage
MAC
if
the
mass
of
the
aeroplane
is
acting
vertically
through
a
balance
arm
located
650
inches
aft
of
the
datum.
-‐
85,5%
-‐
10,5%
-‐
18,1%
-‐
75,6%
An
additional
baggage
container
is
loaded
into
the
aft
cargo
compartment
but
is
not
entered
into
the
load
and
trim
sheet.
The
aeroplane
will
be
heavier
than
expected
and
calculated
take-‐off
safety
speeds:
-‐
Will
not
be
achieved
-‐
Will
give
reduced
safety
margins
-‐
Will
be
greater
than
required
-‐
Are
unaffected
but
V1
will
be
increased
A
location
in
the
aircraft
which
is
identified
by
a
number
designating
its
distance
from
the
datum
is
known
as:
-‐
Index.
-‐
MAC.
-‐
Moment.
-‐
Station.
Mass
&
Balance
–
Imran
Velasquez
What
effect
does
a
CG
outside
the
aft
limit
have
on
aircraft
longitudinal
stability
and
controllability?
-‐
Increases
both.
-‐
Decreases
stability
and
increases
controllability.
-‐
Increases
stability
and
decreases
controllability.
-‐
Decreases
both.
An
aircraft
has
a
total
mass
of
5430
kgs
with
a
CG
of
5.43m
aft
of
the
datum
line.
Minutes
before
despatch
an
additional
load
of
210kgs
was
loaded
onto
the
aircraft.
The
aircraft's
new
CG
is
5.56m
aft
of
the
datum.
The
additional
load
was
placed:
-‐
3.49m
aft
of
the
datum
line
-‐
8.92m
aft
of
the
datum
line
-‐
1.94m
aft
of
the
datum
line
-‐
9.05m
aft
of
the
datum
line
When
establishing
the
mass
breakdown
of
an
aeroplane,
the
empty
mass
is
defined
as
the
sum
of
the:
(Slightly
reworded)
-‐
Basic
mass
plus
variable
equipment
mass
-‐
Standard
empty
mass
plus
specific
equipment
mass
plus
trapped
fluids
plus
unusable
fuel
mass
-‐
Empty
mass
dry
plus
variable
equipment
mass
-‐
Basic
mass
plus
special
equipment
mass
What
is
the
advantage
of
the
index
method?
-‐
It
reduces
the
number
of
moments
by
a
set
constant,
to
make
them
more
user
friendly
-‐
It
helps
determine
the
C
of
G
from
%MAC
-‐
It
increases
the
available
Traffic
Load
-‐
It
refers
all
data
to
a
reference
against
the
Balance
Arm
(BA)
What
are
the
effects
of
a
CG
forward
of
the
forward
limit?
-‐
Endurance,
range
and
absolute
ceiling
will
increase.
-‐
Endurance
and
range
will
decrease
whilst
absolute
ceiling
and
airspeed
will
increase.
-‐
Range,
endurance
and
absolute
ceiling
will
decrease.
-‐
Endurance
and
range
will
increase
whilst
absolute
ceiling
and
airspeed
will
decrease.
Mass
&
Balance
–
Imran
Velasquez
Given:
(different
figures)
Maximum
structural
take-‐off
mass:
72
000
kg.
Maximum
structural
landing
mass:
56
000
kg.
Maximum
zero
fuel
mass:
48
000
kg.
Taxi
fuel:
800
kg.
Trip
fuel:
18
000
kg.
Contingency
fuel:
900
kg.
Alternate
fuel:
700
kg.
Final
reserve
fuel:
2
000
kg.
Determine
the
actual
take-‐off
mass:
-‐
70
400
kg
-‐
69
600
kg
-‐
72
000
kg
-‐
74
000
kg
(Refer
to
image
or
Loading
Manual
MRJT
1
Figure
4.12)
Using
the
load
and
trim
sheet
for
the
MRJT1
aircraft
which
of
the
following
is
the
correct
value
for
the
index
at
a
Dry
Operating
Mass
(DOM)
of
35000
kg
with
a
CG
at
14%
MAC?
-‐
33..0
-‐
40
-‐
35.5
-‐
41.5
A
tri-‐wheel
aircraft
has
its
datum
25
inches
aft
of
the
nose
wheel
and
180
inches
forward
of
the
main
wheels.
If
the
nose
jack
shows
125
lb
and
each
main
wheel
jack
shows
3400
lb,
determine
the
BEM
and
the
CG
position.
-‐
6925
lb
and
176.3
inches
from
the
nose
wheel
of
the
aircraft.
-‐
6925
lb
and
201.3
inches
from
the
nose
wheel
of
the
aircraft.
-‐
6925
lb
and
177.2
inches
from
the
datum.
-‐
3525
lb
and
172.7
inches
from
the
datum.
An
aircraft
has
a
total
mass
of
3927kgs
with
a
CG
of
4.28m
aft
of
the
datum
line.
In
order
to
establish
a
new
CG
of
4.37m
aft
of
the
datum
line
calculate
the
amount
of
additional
load
to
be
loaded
at
station
5.8m
aft
of
the
datum
line.
-‐
81
kg
-‐
247
kg
-‐
62
kg
-‐
233
kg
Mass
&
Balance
–
Imran
Velasquez
Given:
Length
of
the
mean
aerodynamic
chord
7.5m
Moment
arm
of
hold
1:
-‐4.50m
Moment
arm
of
hold
2:
-‐1.50m
Moment
arm
of
hold
3:
2.75m
Moment
arm
of
hold
4:
5.5m
The
aircraft
mass
is
22000kg
and
its
CG
is
at
25%MAC.
Calculate
the
mass
that
needs
to
be
moved
from
hold
1
to
3
to
relocate
the
CG
to
40%MAC.
-‐
3330
kg
-‐
5876
kg
-‐
5550
kg
-‐
3415
kg
(Refer
to
image
or
Loading
Manual
MRJT
1
Figure
4.9)
A
pallet
having
a
freight
platform
which
measures
200
cm
x
250
cm
has
a
total
mass
of
300
kg.
The
pallet
is
carried
on
two
ground
supports
each
measuring
20
cm
x
200
cm.
Using
the
loading
manual
for
the
transport
aeroplane,
calculate
how
much
mass
may
be
added
to,
or
must
be
off
loaded
from,
the
pallet
in
order
for
the
load
intensity
to
match
the
maximum
permitted
distribution
load
intensity
for
lower
deck
forward
cargo
compartment.
-‐
158.3
kg
must
be
off
loaded.
-‐
285.5
kg
may
be
added.
-‐
28.5
kg
may
be
added.
-‐
28.5
kg
must
be
off
loaded.
Given
the
following
information
what
is
the
maximum
permissable
traffic
load?
Take-‐Off
Mass:
8600
kg.
Take
off
Fuel:
1840
kg
Reserve
fuel:
920kg
Basic
Empty
Mass
is
4940
kg.
Total
mass
of
crew
and
special
operating
equipment:
440
kg.
-‐
1380
kg
-‐
920
kg
-‐
1820
kg
-‐
2740
kg
Mass
&
Balance
–
Imran
Velasquez
The
following
data
applies
to
an
aircraft
which
is
about
to
take-‐off.
MSTOM
8600
kg
PLTOM
8470
kg
DOM
5110
kg
Crew
and
special
operating
equipment
290
kg
Take-‐off
fuel
1460
kg
From
this
data
calculate
the
traffic
load.
-‐
1900
kg
-‐
3200
kg
-‐
3650
kg
-‐
2360
kg
Calculate
the
BEM
and
CG
position.of
the
aircraft
given
the
following
data.
Reference
point
situated
60
inches
from
the
Datum.
Nosewheel
load
of
1275
kg
situated
-‐27
inches
from
the
reference
point.
Left
mainwheel
load
of
5383
kg
situated
+105
inches
from
the
reference
point.
Right
mainwheel
load
of
5287
kg
situated
+105
inches
from
the
reference
point.
Ballast
of
96
kg
situated
+112
inches
from
the
reference
point.
-‐
BEM10862kg.
CG
80
inches
aft
of
the
structural
reference
point
-‐
BEM
11945
kg.
CG
150.91
inches
aft
of
the
datum.
-‐
BEM
12041
kg
CG
151.02
inches
aft
of
the
structural
reference
point.
-‐
BEM
12043
kg.
CG
80
inches
aft
of
the
datum
Reference
image
or
CAP696
Fig
3.5
(see
annex
below)
Determine
the
forward
and
aft
limits
of
the
CG
envelope
at
the
MSTOM.
-‐
Forward
limit
90.6",
aft
limit
94.6"
-‐
Forward
limit
82",
aft
limit
94.6"
-‐
Forward
limit
82",
aft
limit
92"
-‐
Forward
limit
90.2",
aft
limit
94"
Mass
&
Balance
–
Imran
Velasquez
From
the
data
contained
in
the
attached
appendix,
the
maximum
allowable
take
-‐
off
mass
and
traffic
load
is
respectively:
(310290)
-‐
68038
kg
and
18588
kg
-‐
61600
kg
and
12150
kg
-‐
66770
kg
and
17320
kg
-‐
60425
kg
and
10975
kg
Mass
&
Balance
–
Imran
Velasquez
Mass
&
Balance
–
Imran
Velasquez