COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDENTS ACADEMIC

PERFORMANCE PREDICTION USING AI & ML

ABSTRACT
Students performance is one of the key success factors in educational
institutions. Understanding the performance of students help identify issues,
enabling real-time action where and when necessary. Further, early
identification and improvement of students academic performance at all levels
has been a major challenge in these institutions. Students experience some
difficulties which impair their study and negatively impact their academic
performance. These issues efficiently addressed if students' data is pre-analysed,
and students' performance predicted early to allow immediate decisions on
support. Early prediction by educators and policy makers assist in improving
student and class performance. This work applied machine learning (ML)
algorithms to analyse significant factors that influence students academic
performance, which could be used to inform decisions on support, or to identify
and notify the students who require assistance thus, taking effective steps to
improving their performance. Predicting academic outcomes is complex and
influenced by factors like socioeconomic background, motivation, student
academic performance. The highlights several challenges, including a lack of
standardization in performance metrics, limited model generalizability, and
potential bias in training data. It also notes the impact of individual and
environmental factors on academic performance, emphasizing the role of
instructors and policymakers in improving educational outcomes. Student
academic success.
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 History

Many studies in the learning field investigated the ways of applying machine
learning techniques for various educational purposes. One of the focuses of
these studies is to identify high-risk students, as well as to identify features that
affect the performance of students. Students are the major strength of numerous
universities. Universities and students play a significant part in producing
graduates superior with academic performance accomplishments. However,
academic performance achievement changes as various sorts of students may
have diverse degrees of performance achievement. Machine learning is the
ability of a system to consequently gain from experience and improve
performance. Nowadays machine learning for education is gaining more
attention. Machine learning is used for analyzing information based on
experience and predicting future performance.

1.2 Traditional Methods

Educational success is influenced by a multitude of factors, ranging from

background and parental education levels to student characteristics and school
environments. Traditional methods of assessing student performance, such as
periodic evaluations and examinations, often fail to capture the full influences
on a student's academic performance.

1.3 Problem Statement

The primary objective of this research is to develop a predictive model that can
accurately forecast student academic performance based on a comprehensive set
of data. By identifying the key factors that influence student success, educators
can implement targeted interventions and personalized learning strategies to
support students throughout their educational journey. Identifying the most
relevant variables that impact student performance - Collecting and processing
large datasets from diverse sources - Developing accurate and reliable
predictive models Ensuring the ethical and responsible use of student data.

1.4 Research Motivation

Improving Student Outcomes By accurately predicting student academic

performance, educators can intervene early and provide personalized support to
ensure that every student reaches their full potential. This not only benefits the
individual students but also contributes to the overall success of educational
institutions. Optimizing Resource Allocation With limited resources,
educational institutions need to prioritize their efforts and allocate resources
effectively. Predictive analytics can help identify students who require more
attention and support, allowing educators to make informed decisions and
optimize resource allocation.

1.5 Proposed System

Data Collection Gather comprehensive data from multiple sources, including

student demographics, academic records, behavioral patterns, and external
factors that may influence performance. Data Preprocessing Clean, transform
and integrate the collected data to ensure consistency and quality, preparing it
for analysis and model development. Model Development Leverage advanced
AI and ML techniques, such as supervised learning algorithms, neural networks,
and ensemble methods, to build predictive models that can accurately forecast
student academic performance. Model Evaluation Rigorously test and validate
the predictive models, ensuring they meet the desired accuracy and reliability
standards before deployment.

1.6 Real Time Need

Students are the major strength of numerous universities. Universities and

students play a significant part in producing graduates of superior calibers with
their academic performance accomplishments. However, academic performance
achievement changes as various sorts of students may have diverse degrees of
performance achievement. Machine learning is the ability of a system to
consequently gain from experience and improve performance. Nowadays
machine learning for education is gaining more attention. Machine learning is
used for analyzing information based on experience and predicting future
performance.

 Using ML

 algorithms to predict students’ academic performance can give valuable

insights to educators, allowing them to

 identify at-risk students who may need additional support, modify

instructional techniques, and boost learning.

 outcomes, tailor teaching approaches to specific students’

requirements and increase student retention rates

 (Adnan et al., 2021). This procedure promotes the growth of the

educational system at higher institutions

 because educators and policymakers can intervene early to prevent

students from falling behind and increase

 their chances of success (Pinkus, 2008). Applying ML algorithms to predict

student academic achievement can

 dramatically enhance educational results and give valuable insights into

the aspects contributing to academic

 success (Alyahyan and Du¨¸steg¨or, 2020). Therefore, it is critical to

carefully assess these algorithms’ possible

 benefits and limitations and ensure they are appropriately utilized.

1.7 Advantages

 To represent complete systems (instead of only the software portion) using

object-oriented concepts.
 To establish an explicit coupling between concepts and executable code.
 To take into account the scaling factors that are inherent to complex and
critical systems.
 To creating a modelling language usable by both humans and machines.
 UML defines several models for representing systems.
 The class model captures the static structure.
 The state model expresses the dynamic behaviour of objects.
 The use case model describes the requirements of the user.
 The interaction model represents the scenarios and messages flows.
 The implementation model shows the work units 17.
 Improved students out comes and academic success efficient allocation of
educational resources.
 AI can provide real-time feedback to students, helping them understand
their progress and areas needing focus.
 Time saved application.
 It's given the accurate value.
 It's developed the student in end exams it is useful for
motivation to students.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

 The computerized assessment machine has been proposed to assess scholar

overall performance and to investigate the scholar achievement. Here the
writer makes use of tree set of rules for predicting scholar overall
performance accurately. In the proposed machine Education Data Mining
(EDM) is used for the type. Clustering facts mining method is used for
studying the huge set of scholar database. This method will accelerate the
looking technique and the additionally yield the type end result extra
accurately [1]

 Nguyen Thai-Nghe, Andre Busche, and Lars Schmidt- Thieme [3] have
implemented system gaining knowledge of strategies to enhance the
prediction effects of instructional performances for 2 the actual case studies.
Three strategies were used to address the magnificence imbalance hassle and
they all display high-quality effects. They first re balanced the datasets after
which used each cost-insensitive and touchy gaining knowledge of with
SVM for the small datasets and with Decision Tree for the bigger datasets.
The fashions are to begin with deployed at the web

 M Ramaswami and R Bhaskaran [2] have used CHAID prediction version to

investigate the interrelation among variables which can be used to are
expecting the final results of the overall performance at better secondary
faculty The functions like medium of instruction, marks received in
secondary schooling, place of faculty, dwelling region and form of secondary
schooling had been the most powerful signs for the scholar overall
performance in better secondary schooling.
 Cortez and Silva [5] tried to are expecting failure withinside the middle
classes (Mathematics and Portuguese) of secondary faculty college students
from the Alentejo location of Portugal with the aid of using utilizing. Four
facts mining algorithms including Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF),
Neural Network (NN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) had been
implemented on facts set of 788 college students, who regarded in 2006
examination. It turned into said that DT and NN algorithms had the
predictive accuracy of 93% and 91% for 2-magnificence dataset (pass/fail)
respectively

 Vi et al labored [7] with the image facts from Computer Science college
students programming path of Helsinki University and attempted to are
expecting whether or not a scholar will fail introductory arithmetic path.

 Bayer et. al [8] expected whether or not a bachelor scholar will drop-out
from university. They with the facts of Applied Informatics bachelor college
students from Masaryk University and predicted pupil’s studies, sports
activities with special university college students thru email or discussion.
They located college students who talk with college students having proper
grades can effectively graduate with a better opportunity than college
students with comparable overall performance however now no longer
speaking with a hit collage student this case, J48 choice tree learner, IB1 lazy
learner, PART rule learner, SMO guide vector machines were used.

 Bhardwaj and Pal [9] predicts college student overall performance and
located out dwelling place has excessive have a on college students very last
grade. They used University Department of Computer Applications
scholar’s facts and used Bayesian Classifier for predicting.
 studied the C++ path in Yarmouk University, Jordan Three [10] exclusive
type strategies specifically ID3, C4 five and the Naïve Bayes are used.
effects indicated that higher prediction than different fashions.

CHAPTER 3

EXISTING ALGORITHM

3.1 Traditional System Overview

To create an overview of a traditional system for predicting the academic

performance of computer science students using AI and machine learning, we
can outline the following components:

1. Objective:

The primary goal is to develop a system that can analyze various factors
influencing academic performance and predict outcomes based on historical
data.

2.Data Collection:

Sources of Data: Collect data from academic records, attendance logs,

assignment scores, exam results, demographic information, and socio-economic
background.

Data Types: Numerical (grades, attendance percentage), categorical (gender, age

group), and textual (feedback from instructors).

3. Data Preprocessing:

Cleaning: Remove inconsistencies, handle missing values, and normalize data.

Feature Selection: Identify key features that significantly influence academic

performance, such as study habits, participation in class, and prior knowledge.
4. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA):

Visualization: Use graphs and charts to visualize relationships between different

features and academic performance.

statistical Analysis: Perform correlation analysis to determine which factors

have the most significant impact on grades.

5. Model Selection:

Algorithms: -: Choose suitable machine learning algorithms such as:

- Linear Regression

- Random Forests

- Support Vector Machines

- Neural Networks

6. Model Training:

Training Data: Split the dataset into training and testing sets to evaluate the
model's performance.

Hyperparameter Tuning:- Optimize model parameters to improve prediction

accuracy.

7. Model Evaluation:

Metrics:- Use evaluation metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-
score to assess the model's performance.

Validation:- Implement k-fold cross-validation to ensure the model generalizes

well to unseen data.

8. Implementation:
User Interface:- Design a user-friendly interface for students and educators to
input data and receive predictions.

Feedback Mechanism: Incorporate a system for users to provide feedback on

predictions, which can be used for model refinement.

9. Deployment:

Environment: Deploy the model on a web server or cloud platform to make it

accessible.

Monitoring:- Continuously monitor the model's performance and update it with

new data to maintain accuracy.

10. Ethical Considerations:

Bias and Fairness: Ensure the model is free from bias and does not unfairly
disadvantage any group of students.

Privacy:- Safeguard personal data and comply with data protection regulations.

11. Future Enhancements:

Integration:- Explore integration with academic advising systems to provide

actionable insights.

Real-Time Analytics:- Implement real-time data analysis to adapt predictions

based on ongoing performance metrics.

Conclusion

The proposed traditional system aims to harness AI and ML to enhance

educational outcomes by predicting academic performance, allowing for timely
interventions and support for students in need.

3.2 Limitation of Traditional System

Here are the limitations of a traditional system designed for predicting the
academic performance of computer science students using AI and machine
learning:

1. Data Quality and Availability

Inconsistent Data: - Variability in data collection methods across different

departments can lead to inconsistencies and inaccuracies in the dataset.

Incomplete Records:- Missing data points (e.g., attendance or assignment

scores) can significantly impact the model’s predictive accuracy.

2. Limited Features

Narrow Feature Scope:- Traditional systems may focus on a limited set of

features, overlooking important variables like student engagement, mental
health, or socio-economic factors.

Static Features:- Features may not adapt to changes in educational trends or

student needs, leading to outdated predictions.

3. Modeling Limitations

Algorithm Bias:- Some algorithms may inadvertently favor certain groups,

leading to biased predictions that don’t reflect true performance potential.

Overfitting:- Complex models can overfit the training data, resulting in poor
generalization to new or unseen data.

4. User Engagement Challenges

Trust and Acceptance:- Students and educators may be skeptical of AI

predictions, leading to resistance in using the system for academic planning.
Feedback Mechanism:- Traditional systems often lack effective ways to
incorporate user feedback, limiting continuous improvement.

5. Ethical Concerns

Privacy Issues:- Handling sensitive student data raises privacy concerns, which
can affect data availability and ethical compliance.

Equity and Fairness:- Without careful design, predictions can reinforce existing
biases and inequalities in the academic environment.

6. Scalability and Resource Constraints

Resource Intensity:- Traditional systems may require significant computational

power and storage for data processing, making them less scalable.

Maintenance Overhead:- Regular updates and maintenance of the model can be

resource-intensive and require dedicated personnel.

7. Integration Challenges

Lack of Interoperability:- Difficulty integrating the predictive system with

existing educational tools and platforms can hinder effectiveness.

Implementation Costs:- The costs associated with developing and deploying

such a system can be prohibitive for some institutions.

8. Limited Predictive Insight

generic Predictions:- Predictions may lack the depth needed for personalized
recommendations, limiting their usefulness for individual student support.

Actionability:- Without clear guidance on how to improve performance based

on predictions, the system may fall short in providing actionable insights for
students.

Conclusion
While traditional systems for predicting academic performance using AI and
ML can provide valuable insights, they also face significant limitations.
Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive approach that combines
robust data practices, algorithmic fairness, user engagement strategies, and
ethical considerations to enhance the effectiveness of the predictive system.
 CHAPTER 4

PROPOSED SYSTEM

4.1 Overview

Objective:

The project aims to predict the academic performance of computer science

students using artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML)
techniques. By analyzing various factors that influence student performance, the
goal is to identify at-risk students and provide insights for improving
educational outcomes.

Key Components:

1. Data Collection:

Gather data from various sources, including student demographics, attendance

records, assignment scores, exam results, and participation in extracurricular
activities.

Use surveys or institutional databases to collect qualitative data on study habits,

stress levels, and engagement.

2. Data Preprocessing:

Clean and preprocess the data to handle missing values, outliers, and
inconsistencies.

Normalize or standardize numerical features and encode categorical variables

for model training.
Feature Selection:

Identify key features that significantly impact academic performance using

techniques such as correlation analysis, feature importance from tree-based
models, or recursive feature elimination.

3. Model Selection:

Experiment with various ML algorithms, such as:

 Linear Regression
 Decision Trees
 Random Forests
 Support Vector Machines (SVM)
 Neural Networks

Compare the performance of models using metrics like accuracy, precision,

recall, and F1-score.

4. Model Training and Evaluation:

Split the dataset into training and testing sets to evaluate model performance.

Use cross-validation to ensure robustness and reduce overfitting.

5. Prediction and Interpretation:

Implement the best-performing model to predict student outcomes.

Provide interpretable insights, such as which factors most influence academic

performance, through visualization techniques like SHAP values or LIME.
6. Deployment:

Develop a user-friendly application or dashboard where educators and

administrators can input student data and receive predictions and
recommendations.

Ensure the solution is scalable and maintainable for future use.

7. Impact Assessment:

Evaluate the effectiveness of the predictions in real-world scenarios.

Gather feedback from educators to refine the model and improve its predictive
capabilities.

Benefits

Early identification of students who may need additional support.

Data-driven insights for educators to tailor their teaching strategies.

Potential to improve overall academic performance and reduce dropout rates.

Challenges

Ensuring data privacy and ethical considerations in handling student

information.

Balancing model complexity with interpretability to make findings actionable

for educators.

This project leverages AI and ML to create a proactive approach to education,

aiming to foster better academic environments for computer science students.
4.2 Data preprocessing

1. Define the Goal and Scope

 Objective: Predict the academic performance (e.g., final grade, pass/fail) of

computer science students based on various features.

 ML Models: Consider using models like Decision Trees, Support Vector

Machines (SVM), Random Forests, or Neural Networks.

 Metrics: Choose performance metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, F1-

score, or mean squared error (MSE) depending on whether it's a
classification or regression task.

2.Data Collection

 Common sources for educational datasets include Kaggle, UCI Machine

Learning Repository, or custom surveys.

 Key attributes might include:

o Demographic data: Age, gender, socioeconomic background.

o Academic data: Grades in previous courses, attendance, study hours,

assignment scores.

o Behavioral data: Extracurricular involvement, mental health

indicators, time management skills.

3. Data Preprocessing Steps

 Data Cleaning:
 o Handle Missing Values: Fill in missing values with the mean, median,
or mode for numerical data, and use common or frequent labels for
categorical data.

o Remove Outliers: Use z-scores, interquartile ranges, or domain-

specific knowledge to identify and handle outliers.

 Data Transformation:

o Normalization/Standardization: Scale numerical features for

algorithms that are sensitive to feature magnitudes (e.g., SVM, Neural
Networks).

o Encoding Categorical Variables: Convert categories to numerical data

using techniques like one-hot encoding or label encoding.

o Feature Engineering: Generate new features based on existing ones,

such as combining test scores with attendance for a more
comprehensive engagement metric.

 Data Reduction:

o Feature Selection: Remove low-variance features or use correlation

analysis to reduce redundancy.

o Dimensionality Reduction: Consider techniques like PCA if the

dataset has many features to improve model efficiency.

4. Splitting the Data

 Train-Test Split: Split data into training and testing sets (typically 70/30
or 80/20).

 Cross-Validation: Implement k-fold cross-validation to ensure model

robustness and avoid overfitting.
5. Evaluation and Iteration

 After preprocessing, start with model selection and hyperparameter tuning.

Iterate on data preprocessing if needed, especially if you find that your
model performs better with specific transformations.

4.3 Model Building

1. Define the Prediction Task

 Classification Task: If you aim to categorize students as "Pass/Fail,"

"High/Medium/Low" achievers, or other discrete groups, use classification
models.

 Regression Task: If you want to predict a continuous variable like final grade
(on a percentage or GPA scale), use regression models.

2. Select Models to Test

 Classification Models: Decision Trees, Support Vector Machines (SVM),

Random Forest, Logistic Regression, and Gradient Boosting Classifiers are
suitable. You could also try deep learning models if the dataset is large
enough.

 Regression Models: Linear Regression, Random Forest Regressor, Gradient

Boosting Regressor, and Support Vector Regressor. Neural Networks can
work well here too, especially for complex data.

3. Feature Engineering & Selection

  Feature Engineering: Create new features that may help with prediction,
like:

o Engagement metrics: Combine study hours, attendance, and

assignment scores.

o Behavioral features: Aggregate extracurricular involvement, time

management, or stress indicators if available.

 Feature Selection: Use techniques like correlation analysis, Recursive

Feature Elimination (RFE), or feature importance from models like
Random Forest to identify impactful features.

4. Model Training

 Data Splitting: Split the data into training and test sets (e.g., 80/20 split). You
might also reserve a portion for validation if using deep learning models.

 Cross-Validation: Use k-fold cross-validation to validate model performance

and avoid overfitting.

 Hyperparameter Tuning: Use Grid Search or Randomized Search to find the

best hyperparameters. For complex models, Bayesian Optimization or tools
like Optuna can also work well.

5. Model Evaluation and Comparison

 Classification Metrics: Evaluate models using accuracy, precision, recall, F1-

score, and ROC-AUC, especially if there’s class imbalance.

 Regression Metrics: For regression tasks, use Mean Absolute Error (MAE),
Mean Squared Error (MSE), and R² score.

 Model Comparison: Compare models based on their metrics to select the

best-performing one.

4.4 Existing algorithm:

1. Support Vector Machines (SVM)

SVM is a supervised learning algorithm commonly used for classification and

regression tasks. The key concept behind SVM is finding a hyperplane (or
decision boundary) that best separates data into different classes.

Key Concepts:

 Linear SVM: Involves finding the optimal hyperplane that separates the data
into two classes with the maximum margin.

 Non-linear SVM: Uses kernel tricks (e.g., Radial Basis Function - RBF) to
map data into higher-dimensional space to make it linearly separable.

 Support Vectors: Data points that lie closest to the decision boundary, which
directly influence the positioning of the hyperplane.

 Margin: The distance between the support vectors and the decision boundary.
A larger margin is considered better as it generally leads to better
generalization.

2. Artificial Neural Network (ANN)

ANN is a class of models inspired by biological neural networks, where

artificial neurons are connected to simulate the brain's learning process. An
ANN consists of layers: an input layer, one or more hidden layers, and an output
layer.

Key Concepts:

 Neurons: Basic units that take in inputs, apply weights, and pass the output
through an activation function.
 Layers: Neurons are organized into layers—input, hidden, and output layers.
 Activation Function: Functions like Sigmoid, ReLU, and Tanh that introduce
non-linearity to help the network learn complex patterns.
 Backpropagation: A technique used to train the network by minimizing error
through gradient descent.
4.5 Proposed Algorithm:

Gradient Boosting Machines (GBM), XGBoost, and LightGBM

(Classification and Regression)

 Use Case: Used for both classification and regression and performs well on
structured/tabular data.

 Strengths: Capable of handling complex interactions between features,

provides high accuracy, and is more robust to outliers.

 Application: GBM and XGBoost are popular for predicting academic

performance with high accuracy by boosting the weak learners.

Neural Networks (Classification and Regression)

 Use Case: Suitable for both classification and regression tasks when there is
a large amount of data and non-linear relationships among features.

 Strengths: Able to capture complex, non-linear relationships, especially in

larger datasets.

 Application: Neural networks can be effective for a holistic model that

considers behavioral and academic data, though they may require more
computing resources and tuning.

Naive Bayes (Classification)

 Use Case: Best for categorical prediction tasks (e.g., high, medium, low
performance).

 Strengths: Simple, quick to implement, and effective with smaller datasets or

text data.

 Application: Naive Bayes might help categorize students into performance

bands based on probability distributions derived from features like
attendance or extracurricular activities.
 CHAPTER 5

BLOCK DIAGRAM
 CHAPTER 6

SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENTS

What is Python?

Below are some facts about Python.

 Python is currently the most widely used multi-purpose, high-level

programming language.

 Python allows programming in Object-Oriented and Procedural paradigms.

Python programs generally are smaller than other programming languages
like Java.

 Programmers have to type relatively less and indentation requirement of the

language, makes them readable all the time.

 Python language is being used by almost all tech-giant companies like –

Google, Amazon, Facebook, Instagram, Dropbox, Uber… etc.

The biggest strength of Python is huge collection of standard library which can
be used for the following –

 Machine Learning

 GUI Applications (like Kivy, Tkinter, PyQt etc. )

 Web frameworks like Django (used by YouTube, Instagram, Dropbox)

 Image processing (like Opencv, Pillow)

 Web scraping (like Scrapy, BeautifulSoup, Selenium)

 Test frameworks

 Multimedia

Advantages of Python

1. Extensive Libraries

Python downloads with an extensive library and it contain code for various
purposes like regular expressions, documentation-generation, unit-testing, web
browsers, threading, databases, CGI, email, image manipulation, and more. So,
we don’t have to write the complete code for that manually.

2. Extensible

As we have seen earlier, Python can be extended to other languages. You can
write some of your code in languages like C++ or C. This comes in handy,
especially in projects.

3. Embeddable

Complimentary to extensibility, Python is embeddable as well. You can put your

Python code in your source code of a different language, like C++. This lets us
add scripting capabilities to our code in the other language.

4. Improved Productivity

The language’s simplicity and extensive libraries render programmers more

productive than languages like Java and C++ do. Also, the fact that you need to
write less and get more things done.

5. IOT Opportunities
Since Python forms the basis of new platforms like Raspberry Pi, it finds the
future bright for the Internet Of Things. This is a way to connect the language
with the real world.

6. Simple and Easy

When working with Java, you may have to create a class to print ‘Hello World’.
But in Python, just a print statement will do. It is also quite easy to learn,
understand, and code. This is why when people pick up Python, they have a
hard time adjusting to other more verbose languages like Java.

7. Readable

Because it is not such a verbose language, reading Python is much like reading
English. This is the reason why it is so easy to learn, understand, and code. It
also does not need curly braces to define blocks, and indentation is mandatory.
This further aids the readability of the code.

8. Object-Oriented

This language supports both the procedural and object-oriented programming

paradigms. While functions help us with code reusability, classes and objects let
us model the real world. A class allows the encapsulation of data and functions
into one.

9. Free and Open-Source

Like said earlier, Python is freely available. But not only can you download
Python for free, but you can also download its source code, make changes to it,
and even distribute it. It downloads with an extensive collection of libraries to
help you with your tasks.

10. Portable
When you code your project in a language like C++, you may need to make
some changes to it if you want to run it on another platform. But it isn’t the
same with Python. Here, you need to code only once, and you can run it
anywhere. This is called Write Once Run Anywhere (WORA). However, you
need to be careful enough not to include any system-dependent features.

11. Interpreted

Lastly, will say that it is an interpreted language. Since statements are executed
one by one, debugging is easier than in compiled languages.

Any doubts till now in the advantages of Python? Mention in the comment
section.

Advantages of Python Over Other Languages

1. Less Coding

Almost all of the tasks done in Python requires less coding when the same task
is done in other languages. Python also has an awesome standard library
support, so you don’t have to search for any third-party libraries to get your job
done. This is the reason that many people suggest learning Python to beginners.

2. Affordable

Python is free therefore individuals, small companies or big organizations can

leverage the free available resources to build applications. Python is popular and
widely used so it gives you better community support.

The 2019 Github annual survey showed us that Python has overtaken Java in
the most popular programming language category.

3. Python is for Everyone

Python code can run on any machine whether it is Linux, Mac or Windows.
Programmers need to learn different languages for different jobs but with
Python, you can professionally build web apps, perform data analysis and
machine learning, automate things, do web scraping and also build games and
powerful visualizations. It is an all-rounder programming language.

Disadvantages of Python

So far, we’ve seen why Python is a great choice for your project. But if you
choose it, you should be aware of its consequences as well. Let’s now see the
downsides of choosing Python over another language.

1. Speed Limitations

We have seen that Python code is executed line by line. But since Python is
interpreted, it often results in slow execution. This, however, isn’t a problem
unless speed is a focal point for the project. In other words, unless high speed is
a requirement, the benefits offered by Python are enough to distract us from its
speed limitations.

2. Weak in Mobile Computing and Browsers

While it serves as an excellent server-side language, Python is much rarely seen

on the client-side. Besides that, it is rarely ever used to implement smartphone-
based applications. One such application is called Carbonnelle.

The reason it is not so famous despite the existence of Brython is that it isn’t
that secure.

3. Design Restrictions
As you know, Python is dynamically-typed. This means that you don’t need to
declare the type of variable while writing the code. It uses duck-typing. But
wait, what’s that? Well, it just means that if it looks like a duck, it must be a
duck. While this is easy on the programmers during coding, it can raise run-time
errors.

4. Underdeveloped Database Access Layers

Compared to more widely used technologies like JDBC (Java DataBase

Connectivity) and ODBC (Open DataBase Connectivity), Python’s database
access layers are a bit underdeveloped. Consequently, it is less often applied in
huge enterprises.

5. Simple

No, we’re not kidding. Python’s simplicity can indeed be a problem. Take my
example. I don’t do Java, I’m more of a Python person. To me, its syntax is so
simple that the verbosity of Java code seems unnecessary.

This was all about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Python Programming
Language.

History of Python

What do the alphabet and the programming language Python have in common?
Right, both start with ABC. If we are talking about ABC in the Python context,
it's clear that the programming language ABC is meant. ABC is a general-
purpose programming language and programming environment, which had been
developed in the Netherlands, Amsterdam, at the CWI (Centrum Wiskunde
&Informatica). The greatest achievement of ABC was to influence the design of
Python. Python was conceptualized in the late 1980s. Guido van Rossum
worked that time in a project at the CWI, called Amoeba, a distributed operating
system. In an interview with Bill Venners1, Guido van Rossum said: "In the
early 1980s, I worked as an implementer on a team building a language called
ABC at Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica (CWI). I don't know how well
people know ABC's influence on Python. I try to mention ABC's influence
because I'm indebted to everything I learned during that project and to the
people who worked on it. "Later on in the same Interview, Guido van Rossum
continued: "I remembered all my experience and some of my frustration with
ABC. I decided to try to design a simple scripting language that possessed some
of ABC's better properties, but without its problems. So I started typing. I
created a simple virtual machine, a simple parser, and a simple runtime. I made
my own version of the various ABC parts that I liked. I created a basic syntax,
used indentation for statement grouping instead of curly braces or begin-end
blocks, and developed a small number of powerful data types: a hash table (or
dictionary, as we call it), a list, strings, and numbers."

Python Development Steps

Guido Van Rossum published the first version of Python code (version 0.9.0) at
alt.sources in February 1991. This release included already exception handling,
functions, and the core data types of list, dict, str and others. It was also object
oriented and had a module system.

Python version 1.0 was released in January 1994. The major new features
included in this release were the functional programming tools lambda, map,
filter and reduce, which Guido Van Rossum never liked. Six and a half years
later in October 2000, Python 2.0 was introduced. This release included list
comprehensions, a full garbage collector and it was supporting unicode. Python
flourished for another 8 years in the versions 2.x before the next major release
as Python 3.0 (also known as "Python 3000" and "Py3K") was released. Python
3 is not backwards compatible with Python 2.x. The emphasis in Python 3 had
been on the removal of duplicate programming constructs and modules, thus
fulfilling or coming close to fulfilling the 13th law of the Zen of Python: "There
should be one -- and preferably only one -- obvious way to do it."Some changes
in Python

Print is now a function.

 Views and iterators instead of lists

 The rules for ordering comparisons have been simplified. E.g., a

heterogeneous list cannot be sorted, because all the elements of a list must
be comparable to each other.

 There is only one integer type left, i.e., int. long is int as well.

 The division of two integers returns a float instead of an integer. "//" can be
used to have the "old" behaviour.

 Text Vs. Data Instead of Unicode Vs. 8-bit

Purpose

We demonstrated that our approach enables successful segmentation of intra-

retinal layers—even with low-quality images containing speckle noise, low
contrast, and different intensity ranges throughout—with the assistance of the
ANIS feature.

Python

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose

programming. Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python
has a design philosophy that emphasizes code readability, notably using
significant whitespace.

Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It

supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented,
imperative, functional and procedural, and has a large and comprehensive
standard library.
 Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You
do not need to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to
PERL and PHP.

 Python is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact
with the interpreter directly to write your programs.

Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable

and terse code is part of this, and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid
tedious repetition of code. Maintainability also ties into this may be an all but
useless metric, but it does say something about how much code you have to
scan, read and/or understand to troubleshoot problems or tweak behaviors. This
speed of development, the ease with which a programmer of other languages
can pick up basic Python skills and the huge standard library is key to another
area where Python excels. All its tools have been quick to implement, saved a
lot of time, and several of them have later been patched and updated by people
with no Python background - without breaking.

Modules Used in Project

NumPy

NumPy is a general-purpose array-processing package. It provides a high-

performance multidimensional array object, and tools for working with these
arrays.

It is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. It contains

various features including these important ones:

 A powerful N-dimensional array object

 Sophisticated (broadcasting) functions

 Tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code

 Useful linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number capabilities

Besides its obvious scientific uses, NumPy can also be used as an efficient
multi-dimensional container of generic data. Arbitrary datatypes can be defined
using NumPy which allows NumPy to seamlessly and speedily integrate with a
wide variety of databases.

Pandas

Pandas is an open-source Python Library providing high-performance data

manipulation and analysis tool using its powerful data structures. Python was
majorly used for data munging and preparation. It had very little contribution
towards data analysis. Pandas solved this problem. Using Pandas, we can
accomplish five typical steps in the processing and analysis of data, regardless
of the origin of data load, prepare, manipulate, model, and analyze. Python with
Pandas is used in a wide range of fields including academic and commercial
domains including finance, economics, Statistics, analytics, etc.

Matplotlib

Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library which produces publication quality

figures in a variety of hardcopy formats and interactive environments across
platforms. Matplotlib can be used in Python scripts, the Python and IPython
shells, the Jupyter Notebook, web application servers, and four graphical user
interface toolkits. Matplotlib tries to make easy things easy and hard things
possible. You can generate plots, histograms, power spectra, bar charts, error
charts, scatter plots, etc., with just a few lines of code. For examples, see the
sample plots and thumbnail gallery.

For simple plotting the pyplot module provides a MATLAB-like interface,

particularly when combined with IPython. For the power user, you have full
control of line styles, font properties, axes properties, etc, via an object oriented
interface or via a set of functions familiar to MATLAB users.
Scikit – learn

Scikit-learn provides a range of supervised and unsupervised learning

algorithms via a consistent interface in Python. It is licensed under a permissive
simplified BSD license and is distributed under many Linux distributions,
encouraging academic and commercial use. Python

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose

programming. Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python
has a design philosophy that emphasizes code readability, notably using
significant whitespace.

Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It

supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented,
imperative, functional and procedural, and has a large and comprehensive
standard library.

 Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You

do not need to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to
PERL and PHP.

 Python is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact
with the interpreter directly to write your programs.

Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable

and terse code is part of this, and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid
tedious repetition of code. Maintainability also ties into this may be an all but
useless metric, but it does say something about how much code you have to
scan, read and/or understand to troubleshoot problems or tweak behaviors. This
speed of development, the ease with which a programmer of other languages
can pick up basic Python skills and the huge standard library is key to another
area where Python excels. All its tools have been quick to implement, saved a
lot of time, and several of them have later been patched and updated by people
with no Python background - without breaking.

Install Python Step-by-Step in Windows and Mac

Python a versatile programming language doesn’t come pre-installed on your

computer devices. Python was first released in the year 1991 and until today it
is a very popular high-level programming language. Its style philosophy
emphasizes code readability with its notable use of great whitespace.

The object-oriented approach and language construct provided by Python

enables programmers to write both clear and logical code for projects. This
software does not come pre-packaged with Windows.

How to Install Python on Windows and Mac

There have been several updates in the Python version over the years. The
question is how to install Python? It might be confusing for the beginner who is
willing to start learning Python but this tutorial will solve your query. The latest
or the newest version of Python is version 3.7.4 or in other words, it is Python.

Note: The python version 3.7.4 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier

devices.

Before you start with the installation process of Python. First, you need to know
about your System Requirements. Based on your system type i.e. operating
system and based processor, you must download the python version. My system
type is a Windows 64-bit operating system. So the steps below are to install
python version 3.7.4 on Windows 7 device or to install Python 3. Download the
Python Cheatsheet here.The steps on how to install Python on Windows 10, 8
and 7 are divided into 4 parts to help understand better.

Download the Correct version into the system

Step 1: Go to the official site to download and install python using Google
Chrome or any other web browser. OR Click on the following link:
https://www.python.org

Now, check for the latest and the correct version for your operating system.

Step 2: Click on the Download Tab.

Step 3: You can either select the Download Python for windows 3.7.4 button in
Yellow Color or you can scroll further down and click on download with
respective to their version. Here, we are downloading the most recent python
version for windows 3.7.4
Step 4: Scroll down the page until you find the Files option.

Step 5: Here you see a different version of python along with the operating
system.

 To download Windows 32-bit python, you can select any one from the three
options: Windows x86 embeddable zip file, Windows x86 executable
installer or Windows x86 web-based installer.

 To download Windows 64-bit python, you can select any one from the three
options: Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file, Windows x86-64 executable
installer or Windows x86-64 web-based installer.
Here we will install Windows x86-64 web-based installer. Here your first part
regarding which version of python is to be downloaded is completed. Now we
move ahead with the second part in installing python i.e. Installation

Note: To know the changes or updates that are made in the version you can click
on the Release Note Option.

Installation of Python

Step 1: Go to Download and Open the downloaded python version to carry out
the installation process.

Step 2: Before you click on Install Now, Make sure to put a tick on Add Python
3.7 to PATH.
Step 3: Click on Install NOW After the installation is successful. Click on
Close.

With these above three steps on python installation, you have successfully and
correctly installed Python. Now is the time to verify the installation.

Note: The installation process might take a couple of minutes.

Verify the Python Installation

Step 1: Click on Start

Step 2: In the Windows Run Command, type “cmd”.

Step 3: Open the Command prompt option.

Step 4: Let us test whether the python is correctly installed. Type python –V and
press Enter.

Step 5: You will get the answer as 3.7.4

Note: If you have any of the earlier versions of Python already installed. You
must first uninstall the earlier version and then install the new one.

Check how the Python IDLE works

Step 1: Click on Start

Step 2: In the Windows Run command, type “python idle”.

Step 3: Click on IDLE (Python 3.7 64-bit) and launch the program

Step 4: To go ahead with working in IDLE you must first save the file. Click on
File > Click on Save
Step 5: Name the file and save as type should be Python files. Click on SAVE.
Here I have named the files as Hey World.

Step 6: Now for e.g. enter print (“Hey World”) and Press Enter.

You will see that the command given is launched. With this, we end our tutorial
on how to install Python. You have learned how to download python for
windows into your respective operating system.
 CHAPTER 7

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

The functional requirements or the overall description documents include the

product perspective and features, operating system and operating environment,
graphics requirements, design constraints and user documentation.

The appropriation of requirements and implementation constraints gives the

general overview of the project in regard to what the areas of strength and
deficit are and how to tackle them.

 Python IDLE 3.7 version (or)

 Anaconda 3.7 (or)

 Jupiter (or)

 Google colab

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

Minimum hardware requirements are very dependent on the particular software

being developed by a given Enthought Python / Canopy / VS Code user.
Applications that need to store large arrays/objects in memory will require more
RAM, whereas applications that need to perform numerous calculations or tasks
more quickly will require a faster processor.

 Operating system : Windows, Linux

 Processor : minimum intel i3

 Ram : minimum 4 GB

 Hard disk : minimum 250GB

 CHAPTER 8

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

OUTPUT DESIGN

Outputs from computer systems are required primarily to communicate the

results of processing to users. They are also used to provides a permanent copy
of the results for later consultation. The various types of outputs in general are:

 External Outputs, whose destination is outside the organization

 Internal Outputs whose destination is within organization and they are the

 User’s main interface with the computer.

 Operational outputs whose use is purely within the computer department.

 Interface outputs, which involve the user in communicating directly.

OUTPUT DEFINITION

The outputs should be defined in terms of the following points:

 Type of the output

 Content of the output

 Format of the output

 Location of the output

 Frequency of the output

 Volume of the output

 Sequence of the output

It is not always desirable to print or display data as it is held on a computer. It

should be decided as which form of the output is the most suitable.
INPUT DESIGN

Input design is a part of overall system design. The main objective during the
input design is as given below:

 To produce a cost-effective method of input.

 To achieve the highest possible level of accuracy.

 To ensure that the input is acceptable and understood by the user.

INPUT STAGES

The main input stages can be listed as below:

 Data recording

 Data transcription

 Data conversion

 Data verification

 Data control

 Data transmission

 Data validation

 Data correction

INPUT TYPES

It is necessary to determine the various types of inputs. Inputs can be

categorized as follows:

 External inputs, which are prime inputs for the system.

 Internal inputs, which are user communications with the system.

 Operational, which are computer department’s communications to the
system?

 Interactive, which are inputs entered during a dialogue.

INPUT MEDIA

At this stage choice has to be made about the input media. To conclude about
the input media consideration has to be given to;

 Type of input

 Flexibility of format

 Speed

 Accuracy

 Verification methods

 Rejection rates

 Ease of correction

 Storage and handling requirements

 Security

 Easy to use

 Portability

Keeping in view the above description of the input types and input media, it can
be said that most of the inputs are of the form of internal and interactive. As

Input data is to be the directly keyed in by the user, the keyboard can be
considered to be the most suitable input device.

ERROR AVOIDANCE
At this stage care is to be taken to ensure that input data remains accurate form
the stage at which it is recorded up to the stage in which the data is accepted by
the system. This can be achieved only by means of careful control each time
the data is handled.

ERROR DETECTION

Even though every effort is make to avoid the occurrence of errors, still a small
proportion of errors is always likely to occur, these types of errors can be
discovered by using validations to check the input data.

DATA VALIDATION

Procedures are designed to detect errors in data at a lower level of detail. Data
validations have been included in the system in almost every area where there is
a possibility for the user to commit errors. The system will not accept invalid
data. Whenever an invalid data is keyed in, the system immediately prompts the
user and the user has to again key in the data and the system will accept the data
only if the data is correct. Validations have been included where necessary.

The system is designed to be a user friendly one. In other words the system has
been designed to communicate effectively with the user. The system has been
designed with popup menus.

USER INTERFACE DESIGN

It is essential to consult the system users and discuss their needs while
designing the user interface

USER INTERFACE SYSTEMS CAN BE BROADLY CLASIFIED AS:

 User initiated interface the user is in charge, controlling the progress of the
user/computer dialogue. In the computer-initiated interface, the computer
selects the next stage in the interaction.
 Computer initiated interfaces

 In the computer-initiated interfaces the computer guides the progress of the

user/computer dialogue. Information is displayed and the user response of
the computer takes action or displays further information.

USER INITIATED INTERGFACES

User initiated interfaces fall into two approximate classes:

 Command driven interfaces: In this type of interface the user inputs

commands or queries which are interpreted by the computer.

 Forms oriented interface: The user calls up an image of the form to his/her
screen and fills in the form. The forms-oriented interface is chosen because
it is the best choice.

COMPUTER-INITIATED INTERFACES

The following computer – initiated interfaces were used:

 The menu system for the user is presented with a list of alternatives and the
user chooses one; of alternatives.

 Questions – answer type dialog system where the computer asks question
and takes action based on the basis of the users reply.

Right from the start the system is going to be menu driven, the opening menu
displays the available options. Choosing one option gives another popup menu
with more options. In this way every option leads the users to data entry form
where the user can key in the data.

ERROR MESSAGE DESIGN

The design of error messages is an important part of the user interface design.
As user is bound to commit some errors or other while designing a system the
system should be designed to be helpful by providing the user with information
regarding the error he/she has committed.

This application must be able to produce output at different modules for

different inputs.

PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

Performance is measured in terms of the output provided by the application.

Requirement specification plays an important part in the analysis of a system.
Only when the requirement specifications are properly given, it is possible to
design a system, which will fit into required environment. It rests largely in the
part of the users of the existing system to give the requirement specifications
because they are the people who finally use the system. This is because the
requirements have to be known during the initial stages so that the system can
be designed according to those requirements. It is very difficult to change the
system once it has been designed and on the other hand designing a system,
which does not cater to the requirements of the user, is of no use.

The requirement specification for any system can be broadly stated as given
below:

 The system should be able to interface with the existing system .

 The system should be accurate.

 The system should be better than the existing system.

 The existing system is completely dependent on the user to perform all the
duties.
 CHAPTER 9

SOURCE CODE

[1] import numpy as np

import pandas as pd

import joblib

# Visualization

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import seaborn as sns

from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder

#Scaling

from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler

#Train Test Split

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

# Models

from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier

from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression

from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier

from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeClassifier

from sklearn.svm import SVC

#Evaluation

from sklearn.metrics import classification_report

from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix

import os

import numpy as np

import pandas as pd

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder

import seaborn as sns

from sklearn.utils import resample

import warnings

warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")

from sklearn.utils import resample

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

import os

import joblib

from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeClassifier

from sklearn.metrics import
accuracy_score,confusion_matrix,classification_report,precision_score,recall_sc
ore,f1_score

#pip install openpyxl

[2] df=pd.read_csv(r'StudentsPerformance.csv')

df

[3] df = resample(df, replace=True, n_samples=10000, random_state=42)

[4] df['total']=(df['math score']+df['reading score'] + df['writing score'])/3

[5] df['total']

[6] df.head()

[7] df=df.drop(columns=['math score','reading score','writing score'])

[8] df

[9] df.isnull().sum()

[10] df.info ()

[11] # Initialize the LabelEncoder

le= LabelEncoder()

# Loop through each column in the DataFrame

for column in df.columns:

if df[column].dtype == 'object':

df[column] = le.fit_transform(df[column])

df.head()
[12] df.describe()

[13] df.isnull().sum()

#Regression converting to classification problem

[14] df = pd.DataFrame(df)

# Define the discretization bins and labels

bins = [0, 34, 49, 74, 89, 100]

labels = ['E', 'D', 'C', 'B', 'A']

df['grade_category'] = pd.cut(df['total'], bins=bins, labels=labels)

[15] df.head()

Converting output variable also

[16] df.head()

[17] # Initialize the LabelEncoder

le= LabelEncoder()

df1=le.fit_transform(df['grade_category'])

df1=pd.DataFrame(df1)

df1.head()

[18] df.head()

HE

[19] ## drop output column

df.drop(['grade_category','total'],axis=1)
[20] df['grade_category']=df1

[21] df.head()

[22] df=df.drop('total',axis=1)

[23] df=pd.DataFrame(df)

df

[24] df.info()

[25] #X_test=X_test.drop('total',axis=1)

[26] # Create a count plot for the 'Caudal_impulses' column

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6))

ax = sns.countplot(data=df, x='grade_category')

plt.xlabel('grade_category')

plt.ylabel('Count')

plt.title('Count of Class Values')

for p in ax.patches:

ax.annotate(f'{p.get_height()}', (p.get_x() + p.get_width() / 2.,

p.get_height()),

ha='center', va='center', fontsize=10, color='black', xytext=(0, 5),

textcoords='offset points')

plt.show()

[27] X = df.drop(columns=['grade_category'])

y=df['grade_category']

y
[28] X_train,X_test,y_train,y_test= train_test_split(X,y,test_size
=0.2,random_state=42 )

[29] labels=['E','D','C','B','A']

[30] #defining global variables to store accuracy and other metrics

precision = []

recall = []

fscore = []

accuracy = []

[31] #function to calculate various metrics such as accuracy, precision etc

def calculateMetrics(algorithm, testY,predict):

p = precision_score(testY, predict,average='macro') * 100

r = recall_score(testY, predict,average='macro') * 100

f = f1_score(testY, predict,average='macro') * 100

a = accuracy_score(testY,predict)*100

accuracy.append(a)

precision.append(p)

recall.append(r)

fscore.append(f)

print(algorithm+' Accuracy : '+str(a))

print(algorithm+' Precision : '+str(p))

 print(algorithm+' Recall : '+str(r))

print(algorithm+' FSCORE : '+str(f))

report=classification_report(predict, testY,target_names=labels)

print('\n',algorithm+" classification report\n",report)

conf_matrix = confusion_matrix(testY, predict)

plt.figure(figsize =(5, 5))

ax = sns.heatmap(conf_matrix, xticklabels = labels, yticklabels = labels,

annot = True, cmap="Blues" ,fmt ="g");

ax.set_ylim([0,len(labels)])

plt.title(algorithm+" Confusion matrix")

plt.ylabel('True class')

plt.xlabel('Predicted class')

plt.show()

[32] df.info()

[33] from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier

import joblib

import os

if os.path.exists('model/KNNClassifier.pkl'):

# Load the trained model from the file

knn = joblib.load('model/KNNClassifier.pkl')

print("KNN model loaded successfully.")

 predict = knn.predict(X_test)

calculateMetrics("KNNClassifier", predict, y_test)

else:

# Train the model

knn = KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=5) # Adjust n_neighbors as needed

knn.fit(X_train, y_train)

# Save the trained model to a file

joblib.dump(knn, 'model/KNNClassifier.pkl')

print("KNN model saved successfully.")

predict = knn.predict(X_test)

calculateMetrics("KNNClassifier", predict, y_test)

from sklearn.naive_bayes import GaussianNB

import joblib

import os

[34]if os.path.exists('model/NaiveBayesClassifier.pkl'):

# Load the trained model from the file

nb = joblib.load('model/NaiveBayesClassifier.pkl')

print("Naive Bayes model loaded successfully.")

predict = nb.predict(X_test)

calculateMetrics("NaiveBayesClassifier", predict, y_test)

else:
# Train the model

nb = GaussianNB()

nb.fit(X_train, y_train)

# Save the trained model to a file

Joblib.dump(nb, 'model/NaiveBayesClassifier.pkl')

print("Naive Bayes model saved successfully.")

predict = nb.predict(X_test)

calculateMetrics("NaiveBayesClassifier", predict, y_test)

 CHAPTER 9

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

9.1 implementation and description

1.Initial setup

Importing Required Libraries: The script begins by importing essential Python

libraries for data manipulation (NumPy, Pandas), visualization (Matplotlib,
Seaborn), preprocessing (LabelEncoder, StandardScaler), machine learning
models (e.g., Decision Trees, Random Forest), and evaluation metrics (e.g.,
accuracy_score, precision_score, f1_score).

2.loading the dataset

 Reading Data: The data is read from a CSV file (dataset.csv) using Pandas'
read_csv method. The first two rows are displayed to get a glimpse of the
data structure.

 Missing values: : Any missing values in the dataset are dropped using
dropna() to avoid inconsistencies during model training.

3.Data visualization

Data visualization is the process of creating graphical representation of data

to better understand, analyze , and communication information
4.lable encoder

The LabelEncoder is applied to all object-type columns to convert

categorical values into numeric representations. This ensures that the machine
learning algorithms can handle them efficiently.

5.Train-Test split

Defining Features and Target Variables: The dataset is split into features (X) and
target variable (y), where X contains all columns except rainfall, and y contains
the rainfall values.

Splitting the Data: The data is split into training and testing sets using an 80-20
ratio (train_test_split). This ensures that the model is trained on 80% of the data
and evaluated on 20%.

6.KNN classifier

KNN is a supervised learning algorithm used for classification and regression

tasks. It predicts the target variable by finding the most similar instances
(nearest neighbors) to the new input.

How KNN Works

1. Data Preprocessing: Normalize/scale features.

2. Choose K: Select the number of nearest neighbors.

3. Distance Metric: Calculate distance between instances (e.g., Euclidean,

Manhattan).

4. Find Nearest Neighbors: Identify K most similar instances.

5. Voting: Assign target variable based on majority vote.

7.Making prediction New data

  Test Data: A new dataset (test.xlsx) is loaded for making predictions. The
model uses this unseen data to predict rainfall and outputs the results.

9.2 Dataset Description

Students’ performance prediction dataset description

The dataset consists of 07 rows in the represented the prediction academic

performance

Observation, with various meteorological features used to predict student

performance . the dataset includes 3 futures

1.Gender

2.race/ethinicity

3.study

4.test preparation

5.atendence

10.3 Results and Description

Accuracy (55.41)

Precision (20.0)

Naive Bayes model loaded successfully.

NaiveBayesClassifier Accuracy : 55.410000000000004

NaiveBayesClassifier Precision : 20.0

NaiveBayesClassifier Recall : 11.082

NaiveBayesClassifier FSCORE : 14.261630525706199

NaiveBayesClassifier classification report

precision recall f1-score support

E 0.00 0.00 0.00 660

D 0.00 0.00 0.00 2874

C 0.55 1.00 0.71 5541

B 0.00 0.00 0.00 840

A 0.00 0.00 0.00 85

accuracy 0.55 10000

macro avg 0.11 0.20 0.14 10000

weighted avg 0.31 0.55 0.40 10000

 CHAPTER 10

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

CONCLUSION

Predicting a student’s educational overall performance is fairly useful to help

the lecturers and novices to decorate their learning training approach
schematically. This paper analyzed the student’s educational ordinary overall
performance with numerous device learning algorithms. To treatment the
trouble of identifying the students who have a awful educational ordinary
overall performance, three kind models have been built to are watching for the
general overall performance of the students. Three device learning techniques,
Random Forest, ANN and XG Boost, have been used. This set of policies gives
better ordinary overall performance for predicting the student’s educational
ordinary overall performance. In conclusion, student’s educational dataset
assessment on predicting student’s educational ordinary overall performance has
stimulated us to carry out further research to be achieved in our domain. It will
help the educational system to track the student’s educational ordinary overall
performance in a based way.

FUTURE SCOPE

Future Scope of AI and ML in Predicting Student Academic Performance

The intersection of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) with
education offers a promising future for predicting student academic
performance. This technology-driven approach has the potential to revolutionize
the way educational institutions identify at-risk students, personalize learning
experiences, and optimize resource allocation.

Here are some key areas where AI and ML can significantly impact student
academic performance prediction:
1. Early Identification of At-Risk Students:

 Proactive Intervention: By analysing various factors like attendance,

assignment submissions, and historical performance, AI can identify students
who are struggling early on.

 Personalized Support: Tailored interventions, such as additional tutoring or

counselling, can be provided to these students to improve their academic
outcomes.

2. Personalized Learning Experiences:

 Adaptive Learning Platforms: AI-powered platforms can adapt to individual

student needs, adjusting the pace and difficulty of learning materials.

 Intelligent Tutoring Systems: These systems can provide personalized

feedback and guidance, simulating one-on-one tutoring.

3. Predictive Analytics for Student Success:

 Future Performance Prediction: By analyzing historical data and real-time

information, AI can predict future academic performance, enabling proactive
measures.

 Identifying High-Potential Students: Identifying gifted students early on can

help institutions provide them with advanced learning opportunities.

4. Optimizing Resource Allocation:

 Efficient Resource Utilization: AI can help allocate resources, such as

teachers and tutors, more effectively by identifying areas of need.

 Data-Driven Decision Making: Informed decisions can be made about

curriculum development, staffing, and budget allocation based on data-
driven insights.
Challenges and Considerations:

While the potential benefits are significant, there are challenges to overcome:

 Data Quality and Privacy: Ensuring the quality and privacy of student data
is crucial for accurate predictions and ethical considerations.

 Model Bias: It's essential to address potential biases in the data and models
to avoid unfair outcomes.

 Human Element: AI should complement human judgment, not replace it.

Educators must play a vital role in interpreting predictions and making
informed decisions.

Future Directions:

 Advanced Machine Learning Techniques: Exploring techniques like deep

learning and natural language processing can improve prediction
accuracy.

 Integration with Other Technologies: Combining AI with virtual reality,

augmented reality, and gamification can enhance the learning experience.

 Ethical Considerations: Developing guidelines for the ethical use of AI in

education, including transparency and accountability.

By addressing these challenges and leveraging the power of AI and ML, we can
create a future where education is more personalized, effective, and equitable.
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