FACULATY of REPUBLIC of YEMEN

ENGINEERING Ministry of Higher Education

Mechatronics Sana'a University
Department

Impact of a Jet

Supervised by: Student name:

Maamoun Hamza Albazly
Eng. Hossam Al-khatib Acd No:202474018
2024

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‫جدول المحتويات‬

Introduction ................................................................................................................ 3
Objectives .................................................................................................................. 3
Theoretical Background ............................................................................................. 3
Equipment and Materials ........................................................................................... 4
Methodology .............................................................................................................. 4
Results and Discussion .............................................................................................. 4
Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 8

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Abstract
This study delves into the dynamics of jet impact to provide a comprehensive
understanding of fluid behavior and the forces exerted on targets of varying
geometries. The investigation encompasses a detailed analysis of the theoretical
formulation for jet-induced forces, juxtaposed with experimental validation to assess
its precision. Furthermore, the experiment examines the reactive forces arising from
variations in fluid momentum, offering critical insights into fundamental principles of
fluid mechanics. The findings underscore the alignment between theoretical
predictions and experimental outcomes, paving the way for advanced applications in
engineering and fluid dynamics research.

Introduction
The interaction between fluid jets and solid surfaces is a cornerstone of engineering
applications, especially in areas such as hydraulic systems, propulsion technologies,
and energy conversion. This study delves into the forces exerted by fluid jets upon
impact, aligning experimental findings with theoretical predictions to provide
valuable insights for optimizing engineering designs and systems.

Objectives
The primary objectives of this study include:

1. 1. Validating theoretical expressions for the forces exerted by a fluid jet on

various target geometries.
2. 2. Analyzing momentum changes in fluid flows and their resultant reaction forces.
3. 3. Applying findings to practical engineering designs involving fluid impact
scenarios.

Theoretical Background
F =mass × acceleration
=mass flow rate × change in velocity
=𝑚̇ × (V2-V1) where 𝑚̇ =ρ×Q
𝑄
𝑉1 = 𝐴

𝑉22 = 𝑉12 − 2𝑔(𝑆 − 𝑆0 )

𝐹𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑒 = 𝑚̇(𝑉1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛳)
= ρQV1(1- 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑄 2 )
𝑄2
=ρ (1- 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛳)
𝐴

𝑄2
𝑀𝑔 = ρ (1- 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛳)
𝐴
ρ
𝑀 = 𝐴𝑔 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛳)𝑄 2

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1. 2. 3.
𝛳 = 90𝑜 𝛳 = 120𝑜 𝛳 = 180𝑜
ρ ρ 3ρ 2ρ
𝑀 = 𝐴𝑔 𝑄 2 Slop=𝐴𝑔 𝑀 = 2𝐴𝑔 𝑄 2 𝑀 = 𝐴𝑔 𝑄 2
3ρ 2ρ
Slop=2𝐴𝑔 Slop=𝐴𝑔
Equipment and
Materials
1. Jet apparatus comprising a
water tank, pump, nozzle, and interchangeable target plates.

2. Pressure gauge for jet pressure measurement.

3. Flow meter for determining flow rates.
4. Weighing scale to
record reaction forces.
5. Volume measurement scale for water height analysis.
6. Control valves for pressure
and velocity adjustments.
7. Stationery for recording data.

Methodology
The following methodology was adopted to achieve the study's objectives:

4. 1. Assemble the jet apparatus and sequentially position various target geometries.
5. 2. Measure the nozzle diameter and calculate its cross-sectional area.
6. 3. Record fluid velocity using a calibrated flow meter.
7. 4. Measure reaction forces for each target and compare them with theoretical
predictions.
8. 5. Identify and analyze any discrepancies between experimental and theoretical
results.

Results and Discussion

The study demonstrated a significant correlation between theoretical models and
experimental findings. The variations observed are attributed to factors such as
turbulence and measurement inaccuracies. Different target geometries exhibited
distinct force characteristics, emphasizing the impact of surface shape on momentum
exchange.

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Nozzle DioD (mm)= 8 mm

Height of target above Nozzle (mm)= 35 mm

Target vanes Additional Volume of Time T (sec)

Weights M (kg) water collected
(degrees) 𝑉 (𝑚3)

0.050 92.71

0.100 20.05

0.150 13.88

0.200 12.01
θ = 90 0.250 3 ∗ 10−3 10.16

0.300 8.99

0.350 7.68

0.400 7.29

0.050 50.73

0.100 25.02

0.150 18.01

0.200 14.69
θ = 120 0.250 3 ∗ 10−3 13.57

0.300 11.22

0.350 10.22

0.400 8.52

0.050 28.92

0.100 20.50

0.150 19.91

0.200 14.35

θ = 180 0.250 3 ∗ 10−3 13.24

0.300 11.87

0.350 10.61

0.400 9.44

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Target Additional Q Q2 𝐹𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑒 (N) 𝐽𝑒𝑥𝑝 (N)
vanes
(degrees) Weights M (𝑚3 /𝑠) (𝑚3 /𝑠)

(kg) *10^-4 *10^-8

0.050 1.0098 1.019696 0.20284 0.44539

0.100 1.496 2.238016 0.44539 0.92936

0.150 2.161 4.669921 0.92936 1.24132

0.200 2.498 6.240004 1.24132 1.73454

θ = 90 0.250 2.953 8.720209 1.73454 2.21539

0.300 3.337 11.13557 2.21539 3.035621

0.350 3.906 15.25684 3.035621 3.36911

0.400 4.115 16.93323 3.36911 0.6957

0.050 5.914*10-5 3.525*10-9 1.04359 0.2860

0.100 1.199 7.090886 0.42902 0.552

0.150 1.666 9.852724 0.828 0.8297

0.200 2.0422 12.07757 1.24456 0.9722

θ = 120 0.250 2.211 13.07585 1.4584 1.42226

0.300 2.674 15.81404 2.1334 1.7142

0.350 2.935 17.35759 2.5713 2.4665

0.400 3.521 12.39744 3.6998 0.2140

0.050 1.037 1.075369 0.42815 0.426

0.100 1.463 2.140369 0.8520 0.4516

0.150 1.507 2.271049 0.90335 0.8694

0.200 2.091 4.372281 1.7389 1.0214

θ = 180 0.250 2.266 5.134756 2.0428 1.27077

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 0.300 2.527 6.385729 2.54154 1.5905

0.350 2.828 7.997584 3.181029 2.0092

0.400 3.178 10.09968 4.018422 0.44539

4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Target vanes ( degrees) Additional Weights M ( kg )

Q (𝑚3 /𝑠) *10^-4

𝐹𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑒 ( N ) 𝐽𝑒𝑥𝑝 ( N )

3.36911 3.36911
3.035621 3.035621

2.21539 2.21539

1.73454 1.73454

1.24132 1.24132
0.92936 0.92936
0.6957
0.445390.44539
0.20284

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Conclusion
This study validates theoretical models for jet impact forces across various target
geometries. The findings underscore the critical role of surface geometry in
determining reaction forces, providing practical insights for designing hydraulic
systems and energy devices reliant on fluid interactions.