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The document covers key Python programming topics including control structures, functions, data structures, object-oriented programming, error handling, and libraries. It provides examples for conditional statements, loops, function definitions, data structures like lists and dictionaries, and basic OOP concepts like classes and inheritance. Additionally, it highlights the use of libraries such as NumPy and Matplotlib for enhanced functionality.

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Akshay Singh Rajput
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Python Topics Content Fixed

The document covers key Python programming topics including control structures, functions, data structures, object-oriented programming, error handling, and libraries. It provides examples for conditional statements, loops, function definitions, data structures like lists and dictionaries, and basic OOP concepts like classes and inheritance. Additionally, it highlights the use of libraries such as NumPy and Matplotlib for enhanced functionality.

Uploaded by

Akshay Singh Rajput
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Python Programming Topics

### 4. Control Structures in Python

Control structures enable developers to determine the flow of execution in a

program.

#### 4.1 Conditional Statements

Python supports `if`, `if-else`, and `if-elif-else` conditional structures for

decision-making.

Example:

age = int(input("Enter your age: "))

if age < 18:

print("You are a minor.")

elif age >= 18 and age <= 60:

print("You are an adult.")

else:

print("You are a senior citizen.")

#### 4.2 Loops (For and While)

Loops are used for iterative tasks. Python provides `for` and `while` loops.

- For Loop: Iterates over a sequence.


- While Loop: Repeats as long as a condition is true.

Example (For Loop):

for i in range(1, 6):

print(f"Number: {i}")

Example (While Loop):

count = 1

while count <= 5:

print(f"Count: {count}")

count += 1

### 5. Functions in Python

Functions encapsulate reusable blocks of code.

#### 5.1 Defining and Calling Functions

Python functions are defined using the `def` keyword.

Example:

def greet(name):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet("Alice")

#### 5.2 Function Parameters and Return Values


Functions can accept parameters and return values.

Example:

def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(10, 20)

print(f"Sum: {result}")

### 6. Data Structures in Python

Python has powerful built-in data structures for storing and managing data.

#### 6.1 Lists, Tuples, and Dictionaries

- List: Ordered and mutable.

- Tuple: Ordered and immutable.

- Dictionary: Key-value pairs.

Example (List):

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

fruits.append("orange")

print(fruits)

Example (Dictionary):

person = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}


print(person["name"])

#### 6.2 Sets and Strings

- Set: Unordered and unique elements.

- String: Immutable sequence of characters.

Example (Set):

numbers = {1, 2, 3, 3}

print(numbers) # Output: {1, 2, 3}

#### 6.3 Basic Operations on Data Structures

Python provides methods like `append()`, `remove()` for lists, and `update()` for

dictionaries.

Example:

names = ["Alice", "Bob"]

names.remove("Bob")

print(names)

### 7. Object-Oriented Programming in Python

OOP principles help organize and structure code better.

#### 7.1 Classes and Objects


Classes define blueprints, and objects are instances of classes.

Example:

class Person:

def __init__(self, name):

self.name = name

def greet(self):

print(f"Hello, {self.name}!")

person = Person("Alice")

person.greet()

#### 7.2 Inheritance and Polymorphism

Inheritance allows a class to reuse properties of another class, while

polymorphism enables methods to behave differently based on context.

Example (Inheritance):

class Animal:

def speak(self):

print("Animal speaks")

class Dog(Animal):

def speak(self):

print("Dog barks")
dog = Dog()

dog.speak()

### 8. Error and Exception Handling

Python uses `try`, `except`, and `finally` blocks to handle exceptions.

#### 8.1 Types of Exceptions

Common exceptions include `ZeroDivisionError`, `ValueError`, and

`FileNotFoundError`.

#### 8.2 Try, Except, and Finally

Example:

try:

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

result = 10 / num

print(f"Result: {result}")

except ZeroDivisionError:

print("Cannot divide by zero!")

finally:

print("Execution complete.")

### 9. Python Libraries and Tools

Python's extensive library ecosystem enhances its capabilities.


#### 9.1 Overview of Common Libraries

- NumPy: Numerical computations.

- Pandas: Data manipulation.

- Matplotlib: Visualization.

Example (Matplotlib):

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = [1, 2, 3]

y = [4, 5, 6]

plt.plot(x, y)

plt.show()

#### 9.2 GUI Development with Tkinter

Tkinter allows GUI creation in Python.

Example:

import tkinter as tk

root = tk.Tk()

label = tk.Label(root, text="Hello, Tkinter!")

label.pack()

root.mainloop()

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