4.

DEFINITE INTEGRATION

Let us Study

• Definite integral as limit of sum.

• Fundamental theorem of integral calculus.
• Methods of evaluation and properties of definite integral.

4. 1 Definite integral as limit of sum :

In the last chapter, we studied various methods of finding the primitives or indefinite integrals of
b
given function. We shall now interprete the definite integrals denoted by f (x) dx, read as the integral
a
from a to b of the function f (x) with respect to x. Here a < b, are real numbers and f (x) is definited on
[a, b]. At present, we assume that f (x) ≥ 0 on [a, b]

and f (x) is continuous.

b
f (x) dx is defined as the area of the region
a
bounded by y = f (x), X-axis and the ordinates x = a
and x = b. If g (x) is the primitive of f (x) then the area
is g (b) − g (a).
The reason of the above definition will be clear
from the figure 4.1. and the discussion that follows
here. We are using the mean value theorem learnt
earlier. Divide the interval [a, b] into a equal parts
by Fig. 4.1

a = x0 < x1 < x2 < . . . < xn −1< xn = b.

Draw the curve y = f (x) in [a, b] and divide the interval [a, b] into n equal parts by
a = x0 < x1 < x2 < . . . < xn −1< xn = b.
Divide the region whose area is measured into their strips as above.
Note that, the area of each strip can be approximated by the area of a rectangle Mr Mr + 1 QP as
shown in the figure 4.1, which is (xr −1 − xr) × f ( T ) where T is a point on the curve y = f (x) between P
and Q.

151
 The mean value theorem states that if g (x) is the primitive of f (x),
g (xr + 1) − g (xr) = (xr + 1 − xr) · f (tr) where xr < tr < xr + 1.

Now we can replace f ( T ) by f (tr) given here and express the approximation of the area of the
n=1

shaded region as (xr + 1 − xr) · f (tr) where xr < tr < xr + 1.

r=0

Now we can replace f ( T ) by f (tr) given here and express the approximation of the area of the
shaed region as
n=1 n=1

(xr + 1 − xr) · f (tr) = g (xr + 1) − g (xr) = g (b) − g (a)

r=0 r=0

Thus taking limit as n → ∞

g (b) − g (a) = lim

n→∞ � (xr + 1 − xr) · f (tr)

= lim
n→∞ Sn

b
= f (x) dx
a

The word 'to integrate' means 'to find the sum of'. The technique of integration is very useful in
finding plane areas, length of arcs, volume of solid revolution etc...

SOLVED EXAMPLES
2
Ex. 1 : (2x + 5) dx
1
2 b
Solution : Given, (2x + 5) dx = f (x) dx
1 a
f (x) = 2x + 5 a=1;b=2
⇒ f (a + rh) = f (1 + rh) b−a
and h=
n
=
2(1 + rh) + 5
2−1

= 2 + 2rh + 5 h=
n

= 7 + 2rh ∴ nh = 1
b n

We know f (x) dx = lim

n→∞ h · f (a + rh)
r=1
a

152
 2 n

∴ (2x + 5) dx = lim
n→∞ h · (7 + 2rh)
1 r=1
n

= lim
n→∞ (7h + 2rh2)
r=1
n n
lim
= n→∞ 7h 1 + 2h 2
r
r=1 r=1

n (n + 1)
= lim
n→∞ 7h·(n) + 2h
2
2
1
= lim
n→∞ 7nh + h n 1 +
2 2
n

1
= lim
n→∞ 7 (1) + (1) 1 +
2
n

= 7 + 1 (1 + 0) = 8
3
Ex. 2 : 7x dx
2
3 b
Solution : Given, 7x
dx = f (x) dx
2 a
f (x) = 7x a=2;b=3
b−a
⇒ f (a + rh) = f (1 + rh) and h=
n

= 72 + rh ∴ 3−2 nh = 1
h=

= 72 · 7rh n
b n
lim
We know f (x) dx = n→∞ h · f (a + rh)
r=1
a
3 n

∴ 7x
dx = lim
n→∞ h · (72 · 7r�h)
1 r=1
n

= lim
n→∞ 7 ·
2
h · 7r�h
r=1

n→∞ 7 · h · [7 + 7 + 7 + 7 + . . . + 7 ]
= lim 2 h 2h 3h 4h nh

7h [(7h)n − 1] 7h (7nh − 1)
lim
= n→∞ 7 ·h·
2
= lim
n→∞ 7 ·
2
7h − 1
7 −1
h

h
lim
7h (7(1) − 1)
= n→∞ 7 ·
2
7h − 1
h
72· 70· (7 − 1) (49)(1)(6) 294
= = =
log 7 log 7 log 7

153
 4
Ex. 3 : (x − x2) dx
0
4 b
Solution : (x − x2) dx = f (x) dx
0 a
f (x) = x − x2 a=0;b=4
b−a
⇒ f (a + rh) = f (0 + rh) and h=
n

= f (rh) 4−0
h=

= (rh) − (rh)2 n

= rh − r2h2 ∴ nh = 4
b n

We know f (x) dx = lim

n→∞ h · [ f (a + rh)]
r=1
a
4 n

∴ (x − x2) dx = lim
n→∞ h · (rh − r2h2)
0 r=1

= lim
n→∞ (rh2 − r2h3)
r=1
n n

= lim
n→∞ h ·
2
r − h3· r2
r=1 r=1

n (n + 1) n (n + 1)(2n + 1)
= lim
n→∞ h
2
− h3
2 6
1 1 1
h2·n·n 1 + h3·n·n 1 + n 2+
= lim n − n n
n→∞
2 6

1 1 1
(nh)2 1 + (nh)3 1 + 2+
= lim n − n n
n→∞
2 6

1 1 1
(4)2 1 + (4)3 1 + 2+
= lim n − n n
n→∞
2 6

(4)2· (1 + 0) (4)3(1 + 0) (2 + 0)
= −
2 6
(64)(2)
=
8−
6
40
= −
3

154
 π⁄2
Ex. 4 : sin x dx
0
π⁄2 π⁄2
Solution : sin x dx = f (x) dx
0 0
π
f (x) = sin x a=0;b=
2
π
⇒ f (a + rh) = sin (a + rh) −0
b−a 2
= sin (0 + rh) and h= = n
n
π
= sin rh ∴ nh =
b n
2
We know f (x) dx = lim
n→∞ h · [ f (a + rh)]
r=1
a
π⁄2 n

∴ sin x dx = lim
n→∞ h · sin rh
0 r=1
n
lim
= n→∞ h· sin rh
r=1

n→∞ h · [sin h + sin 2h + sin 3h + . . . + sin nh]

= lim . . . (I)
Consider,
n

sin rh = sin h + sin 2h + sin 3h + . . . + sin nh

r=1

h h h h
= 2 sin · sin h + 2 sin · sin 2h + 2 sin · sin 3h + . . . + 2 sin · sin nh
2 2 2 2

⸪ 2 sin A · sin B = cos (A − B) − cos (A + B)

h n h 3h 3h 5h 5h 7h
2 sin · sin rh = cos − cos + cos − cos + cos − cos +...
2 r=1 2 2 2 2 2 2

2n − 1 2n + 1
+ . . . + cos h − cos h
2 2

h 2n + 1
= cos − cos h
2 2

h 2nh h
= cos − cos +
2 2 2

h π h π
= cos − cos + ⸪ nh =
2 2 2 2

h h
= cos + sin
2 2

155
 h h
cos + sin
n
2 2
∴ sin rh =
h
2 sin
r=1

2
Now from I,
π⁄2 n

sin x · dx = lim
n→∞ h · sin rh
0 r=1

h h
+ sin cos
2 2
= lim n→∞ h ·
h
2 sin
2
π 1
⸪ nh = as n→∞ ⇒ h→0 →0
4 n

h h
cos + sin
lim 2 2
= n→∞ h
h→0
2·sin
2
h
cos 0 + sin 0
=
1
2
1+0
= =1
1
2·
2
π⁄2
∴ sin x dx = 1
0

EXERCISE 4.1

I. Evaluate the following integrals as limit of sum.

3 4 2
(1) (3x − 4) dx (2) x dx
2
(3) e x dx
1 0 0

2 3
(4) (3x − 1) dx
2
(5) x3 dx
0 1

156
4.2 Fundamental theorem of integral calculus :

Let f be the continuous function defined on [a, b] and if f (x) dx = g (x) + c

b 5 5
then f (x) dx = g (x) + c
b x3 x2
Ex. : (x − x) dx =
2
−
a
a 3 2
2 2
= [( g (b) + c ) − ( g (a) + c )]
53 52 23 22
= − − −
= g (b) + c − g (a) − c 3 2 3 2

= g (b) − g (a) 125 25 8 4

= − − +
b
3 2 3 2
Thus f (x) dx = g (b) − g (a) 117 21 234 − 83
= − =
a 3 2 6
5
151
∴ (x2 − x) dx =
3
2
b
In f (x) dx a is called as a lower limit and b is called as an upper limit.
a
Now let us discuss some fundamental properties of definite integration.
These properties are very useful in evaluation of the definite integral.

4.2.1
a b a
Property I : f (x) dx = 0 Property II : f (x) dx = − f (x) dx
a a b

Let f (x) dx = g (x) + c Let f (x) dx = g (x) + c

b
a b
a ∴ f (x) dx = g (x) + c
∴ f (x) dx = g (x) + c a
a a
a
= [( g (b) + c ) − ( g (a) + c )]
= [( g (a) + c ) − ( g (a) + c )]
= g (b) − g (a)
= 0
= − [ g (a) − g (b) ]
a
= − f (x) dx
b
b a
Thus f (x) dx = − f (x) dx
a b

3 3 1 1
x2 x2
Ex. x dx = Ex. x dx =
2 2
1 1 3 3

32 12 9 1 12 32 1 9
= − = − =4 = − = − =−4
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

157
 b b π⁄3 π⁄3
Property III : f (x) dx = f (t ) dt Ex. cos x dx = sin x
a a π⁄6 π⁄6

Let f (x) dx = g (x) + c π π

= sin − sin
b 3 6
b
L.H.S. : f (x) dx = g (x) + c √3 1
a
a = −
2 2
= [( g (b) + c ) − ( g (a) + c )]
√3 − 1
= g (b) − g (a) . . . . . (i) =
b
2
b
R.H.S. : f (t ) dt = g (t ) + c π⁄3 π⁄3
a
a Ex. cos t dt = sin t
= [( g (b) + c ) − ( g (a) + c )] π⁄6 π⁄6

= g (b) − g (a) . . . . . (ii) π π

= sin − sin
3 6
from (i) and (ii)
√3 1
b b = −
2 2
f (x) dx = f (t ) dt
a a √3 − 1
i.e. definite integration is independent of the =
2
variable.

b c b
Property IV : f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx where a < c < b i.e. c ∈ [a, b]
a a c

Let f (x) dx = g (x) + c

c b
Consider R.H.S. : f (x) dx + f (x) dx
a c

c b
= g (x) + c + g (x) + c
a c

= [( g (c) + c ) − ( g (a) + c )] + [( g (b) + c ) − ( g (c) + c )]

= g (c) + c − g (a) − c + g (b) + c − g (c) − c

= g (b) − g (a)
b
= g (x) + c
a
b
= f (x) dx : L.H.S.
a
b c b
Thus f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx where a < c < b
a a c

158
 5 3 5
Ex. : (2x + 3) dx = (2x + 3) dx + (2x + 3) dx
−1 −1 3
5 3 5
L.H.S. : (2x + 3) dx R.H.S. : (2x + 3) dx + (2x + 3) dx
−1 −1 3
5 3 5
x2 = x + 3x
2
+ x + 3x
2
= 2 + 3x
2 −1 3
−1
5 = [((3)2 + 3 (3)) − ((−1)2 + 3 (−1))] +
= x + 3x
2

−1 [((5)2 + 3 (5)) − ((3)2 + 3 (3))]

= [(5)2 + 3 (5)] − [(−1)2 + 3 (−1)] = [(9 + 9) − (1 − 3)] + [(25 + 15) − (9 − 9)]

= (25 + 15) − (1 − 3) = 18 + 2 + 40 −18
= 40 + 2 = 42 = 42

b b Ex. :
Property V : f (x) dx = f (a + b − x) dx
π⁄3
a a
sin2 x dx
Let f (x) dx = g (x) + c π⁄6
π⁄3
b
Consider R.H.S. : f (a + b − x) dx I = sin2 x dx . . . (i)
π⁄6
a
π⁄3
π π
put a + b − x = t i.e. x=a+b−t = sin2 + − x dx
6 3
π⁄6
∴ − dx = dt ⇒ dx = − dt
π⁄3
π
As x → a ⇒ t → b and x→b⇒t→a = sin2 − x dx
2
a π⁄6
therefore = f (t ) (−dt ) π⁄3
b I = cos2 x dx . . . (ii)
a π⁄6
= − f (t ) dt
adding (i) and (ii)
b
π⁄3 π⁄3
b b a
2I = sin x dx +
2
cos2 x dx
= f (t ) dt ... ⸪ f (x) dx = − f (x) dx π⁄6 π⁄6
a a b
π⁄3
b
= f (x ) dx ... as definite 2I = (sin2 x + cos2 x) dx
π⁄6
a integration is π⁄3 π⁄3
independent of 2I = 1 dx = x
the variable. π⁄6 π⁄6

= L. H. S. π π π π
2I = − = ∴ I =
3 6 6 12
b b
Thus f (x) dx = f (a + b − x) dx π⁄3
π
sin2 x dx =
a a 12
π⁄6

159
 a a π⁄4
Property VI : f (x) dx = f (a − x) dx Ex. : log (1 + tan x) dx
0 0 0
π⁄4
Let f (x) dx = g (x) + c
Let log (1 + tan x) dx . . . (i)
a 0
Consider R.H.S. : f (a − x) dx π⁄4
π
I = log 1 + tan −x dx
0 4
0
put a − x = t i.e. x=a−t
π
∴ − dx = dt ⇒ dx = − dt π⁄4 tan
− tan x
4
= log 1 + dx
As x varies from 0 to a, t varies from a to 0 0
π
1 + tan ·tan x
0 4
therefore I = f (t ) (−dt ) π⁄4
a 1 − tan x
= log 1 + dx
0 1 + tan x
= − f (t ) dt 0

a π⁄4
1 + tan x + 1 − tan x
a b a = log dx
1 + tan x
= f (t ) dt ... f (x) dx = − f (x) dx 0
0 a b π⁄4
2
a = log dx
= f (x ) dx ... as definite 1 + tan x
0
0 integration is π⁄4
= [log 2 − log (1 + tan x)] dx
independent of 0
the variable. π⁄4 π⁄4

= L. H. S. = (log 2) dx − log (1 + tan x) dx

0 0

Thus π⁄4
I = (log 2) 1 dx − I . . .by eq. (i)
a a 0
f (x) dx = f (a − x) dx π⁄4
0 0
I + I = (log 2) x
0

π
2I = (log 2) −0
4
π
∴ I = (log 2)
8
Thus
π⁄4
π
log (1 + tan x) dx = (log 2)
8
0

160
Property VII : Property VIII :
2a a a a a
f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (2a − x) dx f (x) dx = 2 · f (x) dx , if f (x) even function
0 0 0 −a 0
a a
R.H.S. : f (x) dx + f (2a − x) dx =0 , if f (x) is odd function
0 0
f (x) even function if f (− x) = f (x)
= I1 + I2 . . . (i)
a
and f (x) odd function if f (− x) = − f (x)
Consider I2 = f (2a − x) dx a 0 a
0 f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx . . . (i)
put 2a − x = t i.e. x = 2a − t −a −a 0
0
∴ −1 dx = 1 dt ⇒ dx = − dt Consider f (x) dx
−a
As x varies from 0 to 2a, t varies from 2a to 0 put x = − t ∴ dx = −dt
a
As x varies from − a to 0, t varies from a to 0
I = f (t ) (− dt) 0 0
2a I = f (−t ) (−dt ) = − f (−t ) dt
a a a
= − f (t ) dt a b a
2a = f (−t ) dt ... f (x) dx = − f (x) dx
2a b a 0 a b
= f (t ) dt ... f (x) dx = − f (x) dx a b b
0 a b = f (−x) dx ... f (x) dx = f (t ) dt
2a b b 0 a a
= f (x) dx ... f (x) dx = f (t ) dt Equation (i) becomes
0 a a
a a a
a 2a
f (x) dx = f (−x) dx + f (x) dx
∴ f (x) dx = f (x) dx
−a 0 0
0 0 a
from eq. (i) = [ f (−x) + f (x)] dx
a a a 2a 0
f (x) dx + f (2a − x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx If f (x) is odd function then f (−x) = − f (x), hence
0 0 0 0
a
2a
= f (x) dx : L.H.S f (x) dx = 0
−a
0
Thus, If f (x) is even function then f (−x) = f (x), hence
a a
2a a a
f (x) dx = 2 · f (x) dx
f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (2a − x) dx
−a 0
0 0 0
Hence :
a a
f (x) dx = 2 · f (x) dx , if f (x) even function
−a 0

=0 , if f (x) is odd function

161
Ex. :
π⁄4
1. x3 sin4 x dx
−π⁄4

Let f (x) = x3 sin4 x

f (−x) = (−x)3 [sin (−x)]4 = −x3 [− sin x]4 = −x3 sin4 x

= −f (x)
f (x) is odd function.
π⁄4
∴ x3 sin4 x dx = 0
−π⁄4
1 1
1
x2 x2 x2
2. dx dx = 2 dx
−1
1 + x2 1 + x2 0 1 + x2
−1
1
x2 1 + x2 − 1
Let f (x) = = 2 dx
1 + x2 0 1 + x2
1
(−x)2 1
f (−x) = = 2 1− dx
1 + (−x)2 0 1 + x2
1
x2 = 2 x − tan x −1
=
1 + x2 0

= 2 �(1 − tan−1x) − (0 − tan−1x)�

= f (x)
π
f (x) is even function. = 2 �1 − − 0�
4
π 4−π
= 2 1− =
4 2
1
x2 4−π
∴ 2 dx =
1+x 2
−1
SOLVED EXAMPLES
3
1
Ex. 1 : dx
1 √2 + x + √x
3 3 3
3
1 √2 + x − √x 1
Solution : = dx =
3
(2 + x) − (x)
2 2

1 √2 + x + √x √2 + x − √x 1
3 3 3 3
3
√2 + x − √x 1
= dx = � (2 + 3) 2 − (3) 2 − (2 + 1) 2 − (1) 2 �
2+x−x 3
1
3 3 3 3
1 3 1
= (√ 2 + x − √ x ) dx = �5 2 − 3 2 − 3 2 + 1 2 �
2 3
3 3
1 1
3 3 3 = �5 2 − 2(3) 2 + 1�
1 x2 3
(2 + x) 2
= − 3
1 1 3 3
2 3 3 ∴ dx = 5 2 − 2(3) 2 + 1
2 2 1 √2 + x + √x 3
1

162
 π⁄2 π⁄2
Ex. 2 : √ 1 − cos 4x dx Ex. 3 : cos3 x dx
0 0
π⁄2 π⁄2
Solution : Let I = √ 1 − cos 4x dx Solution : Let I = cos3 x dx
0 0
π⁄2 π⁄2
1

I= √ 2 sin2 2x . dx = [ cos 3x + 3 cos x ] dx
4
0 0
π⁄2
A 1 1
⸪ 1 − cos A = 2 sin2 = sin 3x· + 3 sin x
2 4 3 0
π⁄2
1 1 π π
= √2 sin 2x dx = sin 3 + 3 sin −
0 4 3 2 2
− cos 2x
π⁄2 1
= √2 sin 3 (0) + 3 sin (0)
3
2 0

√2 π 1 1 3π π
= cos 2 − cos 0 = sin + 3 sin −
2 4 3 2 2
2 1
√2 sin 0 + 3 sin 0
3
= − [cos π − cos 0]
2 1 1
√2 = (− 1) + 3 (1) − 0
4 3
= − (− 1 − 1) = √ 2
π⁄2
2 1 1 1 8 2
= − +3 = =
∴ √ 1 − cos 4x dx = √ 2 4 3 4 3 3
0 π⁄2
2
∴ cos3 x dx =
π⁄4 3
sec2 x 0
Ex. 4 : dx
0 2 tan2 x + 5 tan x + 1
π⁄4
sec2 x 1
Solution : Let I = dx 1
2 tan2 x + 5 tan x + 1
0
1 (t + 1) −
1 √2
put tan x = t ∴ sec2 x dx = 1 dt = log
2 1 1
π 2 (t + 1) +
As x varies from 0 to √2 √2
4 0
t varies from 0 to 1 √2 √2 t + √2 − 1
1
1 1 = log
= dt 4 √2 t + √2 + 1 0
0
2t2 + 4t + 1
√2 √ 2 (1) + √ 2 − 1 √ 2 (0) + √ 2 − 1
1 1
1 = log − log
= 1 dt 4 √ 2 (1) + √ 2 + 1 √ 2 (0) + √ 2 + 1
2 0 t + 2t +
2
√2
2 2 √2 − 1 √2 − 1
1 1
1 = log − log
= dt 4 2 √2 + 1 √2 + 1
2 1
0 t + 2t + 1 − 1 +
2 √2 2 √2 − 1 √2 − 1
2 = log ÷
1 1
1 4 2 √2 + 1 √2 + 1
= dt
2 2 1 2 √2 3 + √2
0 (t + 1) − = log
√2 4 3 − √2

163
 2 log x
Ex. 5 : dx
1
x2
2
1
Solution : Let I = (log x) dx
1 x2
2 2
1 d 1
= (log x) 2 dx − log x dx dx
x 1 1 dx x2
2 2
1 1 1
= (log x) − − − dx
x 1 1 x x
2 2
1 1
= − log x + dx
x 1 1 x2
2 2
1 1
= − log x + −
x 1 x 1

1 1 1 1
= − log 2 − − log 1 + − − −
2 1 2 1
1 1 1 1
=− log 2 − 0 − + 1 = − log 2 ⸪ log 1 = 0
2 2 2 2
2 log x 1
∴ dx = 1 − log 2
1
x2 2
π⁄2
cos x
Ex. 6 : dx
0 1 + cos x + sin x
π⁄2
cos x
Solution : Let I = dx
0 1 + cos x + sin x
x x
π⁄2 cos2 − sin2
2 2
= dx
0
x x x
2 cos 2
+ 2 sin ·cos
2 2 2

x x x x
π⁄2 cos − sin cos + sin
2 2 2 2
= dx
0 x x x
2 cos cos + sin
2 2 2

x x
π⁄2 cos − sin π⁄2
2 2 x
= dx = 1 − tan dx
x 2
0
cos 0
2

164
 1 x 1 π⁄2

= x − log sec
2 2 1 0
2
1 π π
= − 2 log sec − (0 − 2 log sec 0)
2 2 4

1 π 1 π π
= − 2 log √ 2 − 0 + 2(0) = − 2 log √ 2 = − log √ 2
2 2 2 2 4
π⁄2
sec2 x π
∴ dx = − log √ 2
1 + cos x + sin x 4
0

1⁄2
1
Ex. 7 : dx
0 (1 − 2x ) √ 1 − x2
2

1⁄2
1
Solution : Let I = dx
0 (1 − 2x ) √ 1 − x
2 2

put x = sin θ ∴ 1 dx = cos θ d θ

1 π
As x varies from 0 to , θ varies from 0 to
2 6
π⁄6 π⁄6
cos θ cos θ
= dθ = d θ
0 (1 − 2sin θ) √ 1 − sin θ 0 (cos 2θ) √ cos θ
2 2 2

π⁄6
1
= dθ
0 cos 2θ
π⁄6
= sec 2θ d θ
0
π⁄6
1
= log (sec 2θ + tan 2θ)
2 0

1 π π
= log sec 2 + tan 2 − log (sec 0 + tan 0)
2 6 6

1 π π
= log sec + tan − log (1 + 0) ⸪ log 1 = 0
2 3 3
1
=
2
[log (2 + √ 3 ) − 0]
1
= log (2 + √ 3 )
2
1⁄2
1 1
∴ dx = log (2 + √ 3 )
(1 − 2x2) √ 1 − x2 2
0

165
 2 2x
Ex. 8 : dx
0 2x (1 + 4x )
2 2x
Solution : Let I = dx
0 2x (1 + 4x )

put 2x = t ∴ 2x · log 2 dx = 1 dt
As x varies from 0 to 2, t varies from 1 to 4
4
1 1 1
4
= log (t ) − log (1 + t 2 )
log 2 log 2 2 1
= dt
1 t (1 + t 2 ) 1 1
= log 4 − log 17 −
1
4 log 2 2
1
= dt 1
log 2 1 t (1 + t 2 ) log 1 − log 2
2
4
1 1 + t2 − t2
= dt 1 1 1
log 2 1 t (1 + t 2 ) = log 4 − log 17 + log 2
log 2 2 2
may be solved by method of partial fraction
⸪ log 1 = 0
4
1 1+t t
2 2
1 4 √2
= − dt = log
log 2 1 t (1 + t ) t (1 + t 2 )
2
log 2 √ 17
4
1 1 t
= − dt 2 2x 1 4 √2
log 2 1 t 1 + t2 ∴ dx = log
0 2x (1 + 4x ) (log 2) √ 17
4 4
1 1 1 2t 4 √2
= dt − dt = log2
log 2 1 t 2 1 1 + t2 √ 17
1
Ex. 9 : | 5x − 3 | dx
−1
1
Solution : Let I = | 5x − 3 | dx
−1
3
| 5x − 3 | = − (5x − 3) for (5x − 3) < 0 i.e. x <
5
3
= (5x − 3) for (5x − 3) > 0 i.e. x >
5
3⁄5 1 3⁄5 1
= | 5x − 3 | dx + | 5x − 3 | dx = − (5x − 3) dx + (5x − 3) dx
−1 3⁄5 −1 3⁄5
3⁄5 1 3⁄5 1
x2 x2 5 2 5 2
= − 5 − 3x + 5 − 3x = 3x − x + x − 3x
2 −1 2 3⁄5 2 −1 2 3⁄5

2 2
3 5 3 5 5 5 3 3
= 3 − − 3 (−1) − (−1)2 + (1)2 − 3 (1) − −3
5 2 5 2 2 2 5 5

166
 9 9 5 5 9 9
= − − −3− + −3 − −
5 10 2 2 10 5
9 9 5 5 9 9 9 9 5 18 − 9 +25 34
= − +3+ + −3− + = 2 − + = 2 =
5 10 2 2 10 5 5 10 2 5 5
1 34
∴ | 5x − 3 | dx =
−1
5
π⁄2
1
Ex. 10 : 3 dx
0 1 + tan x
π⁄2
1 a a
Solution : Let I = 3 dx By property f (x) dx = f (a − x) dx
0 1 + tan x
0 0
1
π⁄2 π
= 3
sin x dx π⁄2 cos −x
3
2
0 1+ 3
I = dx
cos x 0 π π
cos − x + 3 sin −x
π⁄2 3
cos x
3
2 2
= 3 3 dx . . . (i) π⁄2 3
0 cos x + sin x sin x
= 3 3 dx . . . (ii)
0 sin x + cos x
adding (i) and (ii)
π⁄2 3 π⁄2 3
cos x sin x
I+I = 3 3 dx + 3 3 dx
0 cos x + sin x 0 sin x + cos x
π⁄2 3 3
cos x + sin x
2I = 3 3 dx
0 cos x + sin x
π⁄2
2I = 1 dx
0
π⁄2
1 1 π π
I = x = −0 =
2 0 2 4 4
π⁄2
1 π
∴ dx =
1 + tan x
3
4
0

with the help of the above solved/ illustrative example verify whether the following examples
π
evaluates their definite integrate to be equal to / as
4
π⁄2 π⁄2 π⁄2
1 sin x sec x
dx ; dx ; dx ;
0 1 + cot3 x 0 sin x + cos x 0 sec x + cosec x
5
π⁄2 π⁄2
sin4 x cosec 2 x
dx ; 5 5 dx
sin4 x + cos4 x
0 0 cosec 2 x+ sec 2 x

167
 2
8 (11 − x)
Ex. 11 : dx
x2 + (1 − x)
2
3
2
8 (11 − x)
Solution : Let I = dx . . . (i)
x2 + (1 − x)
2
3
b b
By property f (x) dx = f (a + b − x) dx
a a

8 [11− (8 + 3 − x)] 2 8 [11− (11 − x)] 2

I = dx = dx
3 [ 8 + 3 − x] 2
+ [ 11 − (8 + 3 − x)] 2
3 ( 11 − x) 2
+ [ 11 − (11 − x)] 2

8 x2
= dx . . . (ii)
3 (11 − x)2 + x 2
adding (i) and (ii)
8 2 8
(11 − x) x2
I+I = dx + dx
x2 + (1 + x) (11 − x)2 + x 2
2
3 3

8
(11 − x)2 + x 2
2I = dx
3 x 2 + (11 − x)
2

8
1
I = 1 dx
2 3
8
1 1 5
I = x = [8 − 3] =
2 3 2 2
2
8 (11 − x) 5
∴ dx =
3 x2 + (1 + x)
2
2
b f (x) 1
Note that : In general dx = (b − a)
a f (x) + f (a + b − x) 2

verify the generalisation for the following examples :

2
√x 7 x3
dx ; dx ;
1 √3 − x + √x
3
2
(9 − x) + x3

1
9
x4
π⁄3 1
1 1
dx dx
1 + √ cot x
4 (13 − x) 4 + x4 π⁄6

π⁄3 1
dx
π⁄6 1 + √ cosec x

168
 π π
Ex. 12 : x sin2 x dx Ex. 13 : Evaluate the integral cos2 x dx using
0 0

Solution : the result/ property.

π
Solution :
Consider, I = x sin2 x dx . . . (i)
0 2a a a

π
f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (2a − x) dx
2
I = (π − x) [sin (π − x)] x dx 0 0 0

0 π

π
Let, I = cos2 x dx
I = (π − x) sin2 x dx 0

0 π
2 2
π π = cos2 x dx
I = π sin x dx − x sin x dx
2 2
0
0 0 2
π⁄2 π⁄2
π
π 1 = cos x dx +
2
cos 2 − x dx
I =π (1 − cos 2x) · dx − I . . . by (i) 2
0
2 0 0

π⁄2 π⁄2
π π
= cos x dx +
2
cos2 x dx
I+I = (1 − cos 2x) dx
2 0
0 0

π 1
π
⸪ cos (π − x) = − cos x
2I = x − sin 2x
2 2 0
π⁄2
= 2 · cos2 x dx
π 1 1 0
I = π− sin 2π − 0 − sin 0
4 2 2 π⁄2
= (1 + cos 2x) dx
π 0
= [π] ⸪ sin 0 = 0; sin 2π = 0
4 1
π⁄2

= x + sin 2x ·
π2 2 0
=
4
π 1 π 1
π π 2 = + sin 2 − 0 + sin 2(0)
2 2 2 2
∴ x2 · sin2 x dx =
4
0 π
= +0 ⸪ sin 0 = 0; sin π = 0
2
π
=
2
π π
∴ cos2 x dx =
0
2

169
 π
x (1 + sin x)
Ex. 14 : dx
−π 1 + cos2 x
π
x (1 + sin x)
Solution : Let I = dx
−π 1 + cos2 x
π π
x x sin x
= dx + dx
−π 1 + cos2 x −π 1 + cos2 x
x x sin x
The function is odd function and the function is even function.
1 + cos x
2
1 + cos2 x
a a
f (x) dx = 2 f (x) dx , if f (x) even function
−a 0
=0 , if f (x) is odd function
π x sin x
∴ I =0 + 2 dx
0
1 + cos2 x
π x sin x
∴ I =2 dx . . . (i)
0
1 + cos2 x
π (π − x) sin (π − x)
= 2 dx
0
1 + [cos (π − x)]2
π (π − x) sin x
= 2 dx
0
1 + (− cos x)2
π π sin x − x sin x
= 2π dx
0
1 + cos2 x
π sin x dx π x sin x
= 2π −2 dx
0
1 + cos2 x 0
1 + cos2 x
π sin x dx
I = 2π − I . . . by eq.(i)
0
1 + cos2 x
π sin x
I + I = 2π dx . . . (ii)
0
1 + cos2 x
put cos x = t ∴ − sin x dx = + dt
As varies from 0 to π, t varies from 1 to − 1
1
−1
2I = 2π dt
−1 1 + t
2

1 1 1
I = π 2 dt where is even function.
0
1 + t2 1 + t2

170
 1

I = 2π tan t
−1

= 2π [tan−1 (1) − tan−1 (0)]

π π2
= 2π −0 =
4 2
π
x (1 + sin x) π2
∴ dx =
−π 1 + cos2 x 2
3
Ex. 15 : x [ x ] dx , where [ x ] denote greatest integrate function not greater than x.
0
3
Solution : Let I = x [ x ] dx
0
1 2 3
I = x [ x ] dx + x [ x ] dx + x [ x ] dx
0 1 2
1 2 3
= x (0) dx + x (1) dx + x (2) dx
0 1 2
2 3
x2
= 0 + + x2
2 1 2

4 1
−= 0+
+ (9 − 4)
2 2
3 13
= +5 =
2 2
3 13
∴ x [ x ] dx =
0
2

EXERCISE 4.2
I. Evaluate :
9 3 π⁄4 π⁄4
x+1 1
(1) dx (2) dx (8) √ 1 + sin 2x dx (9) sin4 x dx
1 √x 2 x2 + 5x + 6 0 0

π⁄4 π⁄4 2 4
1 1 1
(3) cot x
2
(4) dx (10) dx (11) dx
−π⁄4 1 − sin x −4 x + 4x + 13 0 √ 4x − x
2 2
0

5 1 π⁄2
1 1
(5) dx (12) dx (13) x sin x dx
3 √ 2x + 3 − √ 2x − 3 0 √ 3 + 2x − x2 0

1 π⁄4 1 ∞
x2 − 2
(6) dx (7) sin 4x sin 3x dx (14) x tan x dx −1
(15) x e−x dx
0 x2 + 1 0 0 0

171
II. Evaluate : III. Evaluate :
1 a
1
√2
sin x−1 (1) dx
(1) 3
dx 0 x + √ a2 − x2
0
(1 − x2) 2 π⁄2
π⁄4
sec2x (2) log tan x dx
(2) dx 0
0
3 tan2x + 4 tan x + 1 1
1
π⁄4 (3) log − 1 dx
sin 2x x
(3) dx 0
0 sin x + cos4 x
4
π⁄2
sin x − cos x
π⁄2 (4) dx
1 + sin x·cos x
(4) √ cos x sin3 x dx 0

0 3 5
π⁄2 (5) x2 (3 − x) 2 dx
1
(5) dx 0
5 + 4 cos x
0 3 x3
π⁄4 (6) dx
cos x 9 − x2
(6) dx −3
4 − sin2 x π⁄2
0 2 + sin x
π⁄2 (7) log dx
cos x −π⁄2 2 − sin x
(7) dx
0 (1 + sin x) (2 + sin x) π
π⁄4 x+
1 1 (8) 4 dx
(8) dx 2 − cos 2x
−1
a e
2 x
+ b e
2 −x −π⁄4

π⁄4
π
1 (9) x3 sin4x dx
(9) dx
0 3 + 2 sin x + cos x −π⁄4

1
π⁄4 log (x + 1)
(10) sec4x dx (10) dx
0 x2 + 1
0

1 1 x3 + 2
1−x (11) dx
(11) dx √ x2 + 4
0 1+x −1

π
a x + x3
(12) dx
(12) sin3x (1 + 2 cos x) (1 + cos x)2 dx 16 − x2
−a
0
1
π⁄2
(13) t 2 √ 1 − t dt
(13) sin 2x tan −1 (sin x) dx 0
0
1 π
(ecos x)(sin−1 x)
−1

(14) dx (14) x sin x cos2 x dx

1 √ 1 − x2 0
√2
1
3
cos (log x) log x
(15) ·dx (15) dx
x 0 √ 1 − x2
2

172
Note that :
π⁄2 π⁄2
To evaluate the integrals of the type sinn x dx and cosn x dx, the results used are known as
0 0

'reduction formulae' which are stated as follows :

π⁄2
(n − 1) (n − 3) (n − 5) 4 2
sinn x dx = · · ··· , if n is odd.
0 n (n − 2) (n − 4) 5 3

(n − 1) (n − 3) (n − 5) 3 1 π
= · · ··· · , if n is even.
n (n − 2) (n − 4) 4 2 2
n
π⁄2 π⁄2
π
cosn x dx = cos −x dx . . . by property
0 0 2
π⁄2
n
= [ sin x ] dx
0

π⁄2
= sinn x dx
0

π⁄2
(7 − 1) (7 − 3) (7 − 5)
sin7 x dx = · ·
0 7 (7 − 2) (7 − 4)

(7 − 1)·(7 − 3)·(7 − 5)
=
7·(7 − 2)·(7 − 4)

6 · 4 · 2 16
= =
7 · 5 · 3 35
π⁄2
(8 − 1) (8 − 3) (8 − 5) (8 − 7) π
cos8 x dx = · · · ·
0 8 (8 − 2) (8 − 4) (8 − 6) 2

(8 − 1)·(8 − 3)·(8 − 5) ·(8 − 7) π

= ·
8·(8 − 2)·(8 − 4)·(8 − 6) 2

7·5·3·1 π
= ·
8·6·4·2 2
35π
=
256

173
 Let us Remember
n=1 n=1

֍ (xr + 1 − xr) · f (tr) = g (xr + 1) − g (xr) = g (b) − g (a)

r=0 r=0

Thus taking limit as n → ∞

b
g (b) − g (a) = lim lim
n→∞ � (xr + 1 − xr) · f (tr) = n→∞ Sn = f (x) dx
a
b
֍ Fundamental theorem of integral calculus : f (x) dx = g (b) − g (a)
a
a
Property I : f (x) dx = 0
a
b a
Property II : f (x) dx = − f (x) dx
a b
b b
Property III : f (x) dx = f (t ) dt
a a
b c b
Property IV : f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx where a < c < b i.e. c ∈ [a, b]
a a c
b b
Property V : f (x) dx = f (a + b − x) dx
a a
a a
Property VI : f (x) dx = f (a − x) dx
0 0
2a a a
Property VII : f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (2a − x) dx
0 0 0
a a
Property VIII : f (x) dx = 2 · f (x) dx , if f (x) even function
−a 0

=
0 , if f (x) is odd function
f (x) even function if f (− x) = f (x) and f (x) odd function if f (− x) = − f (x)
֍ 'Reduction formulae' which are stated as follows :
π⁄2
(n − 1) (n − 3) (n − 5) 4 2
sinn x dx = · · ··· , if n is odd.
0 n (n − 2) (n − 4) 5 3
(n − 1) (n − 3) (n − 5) 3 1 π
= · · ··· · , if n is even.
n (n − 2) (n − 4) 4 2 2
n
π⁄2 π⁄2 π⁄2 π⁄2
π n
cos x dx =
n
cos −0 dx = [ sin x ] dx = sinn x dx
0 0 2 0 0

174
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 4

(I) Choose the correct option from the given alternatives :

3
dx
(1) =
2 x (x − 1)
3

1 208 1 189 208 189

(A) log (B) log (C) log (D) log
3 189 3 208 189 208
π⁄2
sin2 x dx
(2) =
0 (1 + cos x)2
4−π π−4 π 4+π
(A) (B) (C) 4 − (D)
2 2 2 2
log 5 x
e √ ex −1
(3) dx =
0 e +3
x

(A) 3 + 2π (B) 4 − π (C) 2 + π (D) 4 + π

π⁄2
(4) sin6 x cos2 x dx =
0
7π 3π 5π −5π
(A) (B) (C) (D)
256 256 256 256
1
dx k
(5) If = , then k is equal to
0 √1 + x − √x 3
√2 2√ 2 − 2
(A) √ 2 (2√ 2 − 2) (B) (2 − 2√ 2 ) (C) (D) 4√ 2
3 3
2
1 1x
(6) e dx =
1 x2
√e − 1
(A) √ e + 1 (B) √ e − 1 (C) √ e (√ e − 1) (D)
e
e
1 1 b
(7) If − dx = a + , then
2 log x (log x)2 log 2

(A) a = e, b = −2 (B) a = e, b = 2 (C) a = −e, b = 2 (D) a = −e, b = −2

e2 2
dx ex
(8) Let I1 = and I2 = dx, then
e log x 1 x
1
(A) I1 = I2 (B) I1 + I2 = 0 (C) I1 = 2I2 (D) I1 = I2
3

175
 9
√x
(9) dx =
0 √x + √9 − x
9
(A) 9 (B) (C) 0 (D) 1
2
π⁄4
2 + sin θ
(10) The value of log d θ is
−π⁄4 2 − sin θ

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) π

(II) Evaluate the following :

π⁄2 1
π⁄2
cos x cos θ 1
(1) dx (2) dθ (3) dx
3 cos x + sin x π⁄4
θ θ 3
0 1 + √x
0 cos + sin
2 2
π⁄4 1 1
tan3 x
(4) dx (5) t √ 1 − t dt
5 2
(6) (cos −1 x)2 dx
0 1 + cos 2x 0 0

1 π π
1 + x3 x
(7) dx (8) x sin x cos x dx4
(9) dx
−1 9 − x2 0 0 1 + sin x
2

∞
1
(10) dx
1 √ x (1 + x)

(III) Evaluate :
1 π⁄2
1 2x 1
(1) sin −1
dx (2) dx
0 1 + x2 1 + x2 0 6 − cos x

a 3π⁄10
1 sin x
(3) dx (4) dx
0 a + ax − x sin x + cos x
2 2
π⁄5

1 π⁄4
2x cos 2x
(5) sin −1
dx (6) dx
0 1 + x2 0 1 + cos 2x + sin 2x

π⁄2 π
(7) (2 log sin x − log sin 2x) dx (8) (sin−1 x + cos−1 x)3 sin3 x dx
0 0

4 3
(9) [√ x2 + 2x + 3 ]
−1
dx (10) | x − 2 | dx
0 −2

176
(IV) Evaluate the following :
a π⁄2 a+1
(1) If √ x dx = 2a sin x dx then find the value of
3
x dx
0 0 a

k
1 π
(2) If dx = Find k.
0 2 + 8x
2 16
1
1 1
(3) If f (x) = a + bx + cx , show that
2
f (x) dx = f (0) + 4 f + f (1) .
0 6 2

v v v

177