DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – PHYSICS DSC 6:

SOLID STATE PHYSICS

Credit distribution of the

Course Title course Eligibility Pre-requisite of
Credits
& Code Criteria the course
Lecture Tutorial Practical
Solid State
Class XII pass
Physics Understanding of
with Physics and
4 2 0 2 basic concepts of
Mathematics as
PHYSICS Physics
main subjects
DSC – 6

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
This course introduces the basic concepts and principles required to understand the various
properties exhibited by condensed matter, especially solids. It enables the students to
appreciate how the interesting and wonderful properties exhibited by matter depend upon its
atomic and molecular constituents. It also communicates the importance of solid state physics
in modern society.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
On successful completion of the module students should be able to,
● Elucidate the concept of lattice, crystals and its planes
● Understand the elementary lattice dynamics and its influence on the properties of
materials
● Understanding about origin of energy bands, and their influence on electronic behaviour
● Explain the origin of dia-, para-, and ferro-magnetic properties of solids
● Explain the origin of the dielectric properties exhibited by solids and the concept of
polarizability
● In the laboratory students will carry out experiments based on the theory that they have
learned to measure the magnetic susceptibility, dielectric constant, trace hysteresis loop.
They will also employ to four probe methods to measure electrical conductivity and the
hall set up to determine the hall coefficient of a semiconductor.

SYLLABUS OF PHYSICS DSC – 6

THEORY COMPONENT

Unit – I - Crystal Structure (10 Hours)

Solids: amorphous and crystalline materials, lattice translation vectors, lattice with a basis,
unit cell, types of lattices, Miller indices, reciprocal lattice, Ewald’s construction
(geometrical approach), Brillouin zones, diffraction of X-rays by crystals. Bragg’s law

Unit – II - Elementary Lattice Dynamics (6 Hours)

Lattice vibrations and phonons: linear monoatomic and diatomic chains, acoustical and
optical phonons, Dulong and Petit’s law, qualitative discussion of Einstein and Debye
theories, T3 law.

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Unit – III - Elementary Band Theory (5 Hours)
Qualitative understanding of Kronig and Penny model (without derivation) and formation of
bands in solids, concept of effective mass, Hall effect in semiconductor, Hall coefficient,
application of Hall Effect, basic introduction to superconductivity

Unit – IV - Magnetic Properties of Matter (6 Hours)

dia-, para-, and ferro- magnetic materials, classical Langevin theory of dia– and para-
magnetism (no quantum mechanical treatment), qualitative discussion about Weiss’s theory
of ferromagnetism and formation of ferromagnetic domains, B-H curve hysteresis and energy
loss

Unit – V - Dielectric Properties of Materials (3 Hours)

Polarization, local electric field in solids, electric susceptibility, polarizability, Clausius
Mossoti equation, qualitative discussion about ferroelectricity and PE hysteresis loop

References:
Essential Readings:
1) Introduction to Solid State Physics, C. Kittel, 8th edition, 2004, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.
2) Elements of Solid-State Physics, J. P. Srivastava, 2nd edition, 2006, Prentice-Hall of India
3) Introduction to Solids, L. V. Azaroff, 2004, Tata Mc-Graw Hill
4) Solid State Physics, N. W. Ashcroft and N. D. Mermin, 1976, Cengage Learning
5) Solid State Physics, M. A. Wahab, 2011, Narosa Publications

Additional Readings:
1) Elementary Solid State Physics, M. Ali Omar, 2006, Pearson
2) Solid State Physics, R. John, 2014, McGraw Hill
3) Superconductivity: A very short introduction, S. J. Blundell, Audiobook

PRACTICAL COMPONENT

(15 Weeks with 4 hours of laboratory session per week)

At least six experiments to be performed from the following list

1) Measurement of susceptibility of paramagnetic solution (Quinck’s tube method)

2) To measure the magnetic susceptibility of solids
3) To determine the coupling coefficient of a piezoelectric crystal
4) To study the dielectric response of materials with frequency
5) To determine the complex dielectric constant and plasma frequency of a metal using
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) technique
6) To determine the refractive index of a dielectric layer using SPR technique
7) To study the PE Hysteresis loop of a ferroelectric crystal
8) To draw the BH curve of iron (Fe) using a Solenoid and determine the energy loss from
hysteresis loop
9) To measure the resistivity of a semiconductor (Ge) crystal with temperature (up to 150o
C) by four-probe method and determine its band gap
10) To determine the Hall coefficient of a semiconductor sample
11) Analysis of X-ray diffraction data in terms of unit cell parameters and estimation of
particle size
12) Measurement of change in resistance of a semiconductor with magnetic field.

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 BSC. (PHYSICAL SCIENCES)- CHEMISTRY COMPONENT
SEMESTER -VI

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE -16: Chemistry -VI Quantum Chemistry and
Spectroscopy

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course title & Credits Credit distribution of the Eligibility Pre-

Code course criteria requisite
Lecture Tutorial Practical/ of the
Practice course (if
any)
Quantum 04 02 -- 02 Class 12th NA
Chemistry with Physics,
and Chemistry,
Spectroscopy Mathematics
DSC-16:
Chemistry-
VI

Learning Objectives

The Learning Objectives of this course are as follows:

• To introduce the concepts and methodology of quantum mechanics

• Application of Quantum chemistry to spectroscopy
• To establish the relation between structure determination and spectra.

Learning outcomes

By studying this course, students will be able to:

• Understand basic principles of quantum mechanics: operators, eigen values, averages,

probability distributions.
• Understand and use basic concepts of microwave, IR and UV-VIS spectroscopy for
interpretation of spectra.

Syllabus

Unit 1: Quantum Chemistry (Hours: 16)

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Postulates of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical operators.

Schrodinger equation and its application to free particle and particle in a 1-D box (complete
solution), quantization, normalization of wave functions, concept of zero-point energy.

Qualitative treatment of H and H like atoms. Setting up of Schrodinger equation for many
electron atoms.

Rotational Motion: Schrödinger equation of a rigid rotator and brief discussion of its results
(solution not required). Quantization of rotational energy levels.

Vibrational Motion: Schrödinger equation of a linear harmonic oscillator and brief discussion
of its results (solution not required). Quantization of vibrational energy levels.
Unit 2: Spectroscopy (Hours: 14)

Electromagnetic radiation and its interaction with matter. Lambert-Beer’s law, Jablonski’s
diagram. Florescence and Phosphorescence.
Difference between atomic and molecular spectra. Born- Oppenheimer approximation:
Separation of molecular energies into translational, rotational, vibrational and electronic
components.

Microwave Spectroscopy: Microwave (pure rotational) spectra of diatomic molecules. Selection

rules.
Structural information derived from rotational spectroscopy.

IR Spectroscopy: Selection rules, IR spectra of diatomic molecules. Structural information

derived from vibrational spectra. Effect of hydrogen bonding (inter- and intramolecular) and
substitution on vibrational frequencies.

Electronic Spectroscopy: Electronic excited states. Free electron model and its application to
electronic spectra of polyenes. chromophores, auxochromes, bathochromic and hypsochromic
shifts.

Practical component Credits:02

(Laboratory periods: 60 )

UV/Visible spectroscopy

1. Study the 200-500 nm absorbance spectra of KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7 (in 0.1 M H2SO4) and
determine the λmax values. Calculate the energies of the two transitions in different units
-1 -1 -1
(J molecule , kJ mol , cm , eV).
2. Study the pH-dependence of the UV-Vis spectrum (200-500 nm) of K2Cr2O7
3. Record the 200-350 nm UV spectra of the given compounds (acetone, acetaldehyde, 2-
propanol, acetic acid) in water. Comment on the effect of structure on the UV spectra of

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 organic compounds.

Colorimetry

4. Verify Lambert-Beer’s law and determine the concentration of CuSO4/ KMnO4/ K2Cr2O7/
CoCl2 in a solution of unknown concentration
5. Determine the concentrations of KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7 in a mixture.
6. Study the kinetics of iodination of propanone in acidic medium.
7. Determine the amount of iron present in a sample using 1, 10-phenanthroline.
8. Determine the dissociation constant of an indicator (phenolphthalein).
9. Study the kinetics of interaction of crystal violet/ phenolphthalein with sodium hydroxide.

References:

Theory:

1. Banwell, C.N.; McCash, E.M.(2006), Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy,

Tata McGraw- Hill.
2. Kapoor, K.L.(2015),A Textbook of Physical Chemistry, McGraw Hill Education,
,Vol 4, 5th Edition, McGraw Hill Education.
3. McQuarrie, D.A.(2016),Quantum Chemistry, Viva Books.
4. Chandra, A. K.(2001),Introductory Quantum Chemistry, Tata McGraw-Hill.
5. Dua A and Tyagi P, Molecular Spectroscopy: Quantum to Spectrum, (2022)
Atlantic Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd.
6. Dua A, Singh C, Quantum Chemistry: Classical to Computational (2015)
ManakinPress.

Practical:

1. Khosla, B.D.; Garg, V.C.; Gulati, A. (2015),Senior Practical Physical Chemistry,

R. Chand & Co, New Delhi.
2. Kapoor, K.L. (2019),A Textbook of Physical Chemistry, Vol.7, 1st Edition,
McGraw Hill Education.
3. Garland, C. W.; Nibler, J. W.; Shoemaker, D. P.( 2003),Experiments in Physical
Chemistry, 8th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York.

Additional Resources:

1. Castellan, G. W .(2004),Physical Chemistry, Narosa.

2. Petrucci, R. H.(1989),General Chemistry: Principles and Applications, Macmillan
Publishing

Note: Examination scheme and mode shall be as prescribed by the Examination Branch,
University of Delhi, from time to time.

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 B.Sc. (Physical Sciences/Mathematical Sciences) Semester-VI
with Mathematics as one of the Core Discipline

Category-III

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – 6 (Discipline A-6): PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course title & Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite
Code criteria of the course
Lecture Tutorial Practical/ (if any)
Practice

Probability 4 3 0 1 Class XII pass NIL

and Statistics with
Mathematics

Learning Objectives: The primary objective of this course is to:

• Make the students familiar with the basic statistical concepts and tools which are
needed to study situations involving uncertainty or randomness.
• Render the students to several examples and exercises that blend their everyday
experiences with their scientific interests to form the basis of data science.

Learning Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:

• Understand some basic concepts and terminology-population, sample, descriptive and
inferential statistics including stem-and-leaf plots, dotplots, histograms and boxplots.
• Learn about probability density functions and various univariate distributions such as
binomial, hypergeometric, negative binomial, Poisson, normal, exponential, and
lognormal.
• Understand the remarkable fact that the empirical frequencies of so many natural
populations, exhibit bell-shaped (i.e., normal) curves, using the Central Limit Theorem.
• Measure the scale of association between two variables, and to establish a formulation
helping to predict one variable in terms of the other, i.e., correlation and linear regression.

SYLLABUS OF DISCIPLINE A-6

UNIT-I: Descriptive Statistics, Probability, and Discrete Probability Distributions (15 hours)
Descriptive statistics: Populations, Samples, Stem-and-leaf displays, Dotplots, Histograms,
Qualitative data, Measures of location, Measures of variability, Boxplots; Sample spaces
and events, Probability axioms and properties, Conditional probability, Bayes’ theorem,
and independent events; Discrete random variables & probability distributions, Expected
values; Probability distributions: Binomial, geometric, hypergeometric, negative binomial,
Poisson, and Poisson distribution as a limit.

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UNIT-II: Continuous Probability Distributions (15 hours)
Continuous random variables, Probability density functions, Uniform distribution,
Cumulative distribution functions and expected values, The normal, exponential, and
lognormal distributions.

UNIT-III: Central Limit Theorem and Regression Analysis (15 hours)

Sampling distribution and standard error of the sample mean, Central Limit Theorem, and
applications; Scatterplot of bivariate data, Regression line using principle of least squares,
Estimation using the regression lines; Sample correlation coefficient and properties.
Practical (30 hours)
Software labs using Microsoft Excel or any other spreadsheet.
1) Presentation and analysis of data (univariate and bivariate) by frequency tables,
descriptive statistics, stem-and-leaf plots, dotplots, histograms, boxplots,
comparative boxplots, and probability plots ([1] Section 4.6).
2) Fitting of binomial, Poisson, and normal distributions.
3) Illustrating the Central Limit Theorem through Excel.
4) Fitting of regression line using the principle of least squares.
5) Computation of sample correlation coefficient.

Essential Reading
1. Devore, Jay L. (2016). Probability and Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences (9th
ed.). Cengage Learning India Private Limited. Delhi. Indian Reprint 2022.

Suggestive Reading
• Mood, A. M., Graybill, F. A., & Boes, D. C. (1974). Introduction to the Theory of Statistics
(3rd ed.). Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Co. Ltd. Reprinted 2017.

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