Wates and Wastewates

reatment laboTatory
CE405
Name: AMAN BHORIA
Expesiment No.-La
ENTRY NO: 2018cEBIO03

Date o202]202
litle de termime the pH of qiven water Sample
To
em
Lntroduehom: pH value is the logrithm af eciprocal hydreg
m activity im moles p e r l i t s e . In wates so luthion , Vanati o7S m

Value s
PH Jrom 7 are
mainly due to hyd solysis oSalt
9 bases and weak acids o r vice. versa .Tmdustrial wastes V

be stongy acidic er kasic and their tect on pH value

Tecievimgr water depends on the
bufferimg capacity
wate
he pH value may be detemined eithevr elechwmetricall o r
Co lonmeically. The electoomehic method is moTe ac usiate beut

eases specia apparatus

inciple and Theosy: The pH value is detemimecl kby measusement
the electomotive tos cefa cell comsishingr am indi'cator
electode Can electode
espomsi ve to hydgen ioms such aS gas
elechrpde) mmessed in the test Soluhion
and a gle-sence electnde
Contact behween the test solution and
electo de is sdesem ce

usuelly achieved by
means o liquid junehon, which foms
pastthe selerence elechode.The electo mohi ve oTce is measured
with a pH meBe that is
im tems p H
high impedence voltmeBe calibated
a

Raw Data Thvee PH buffers viz 47 and lo arse

the used yos calibvating
pH metes. The
voltages obtained
9ven below duima Calibrarh'om ar
a se
e

PH mV

A 70-5
7 O

lo-1152
Colculatiom then u
agraph is plotted blw pH and voltaqe Cmv) amd
ind dhe pH 9iven voltages

feault and obseavation

150 y3PH
0-5 699
-180 0-09
 CE405 -Water and hla.ste wate
reatmemt Labovrtay
Expeimert No-1
Date 02 02 )2 62

Eectsical
litle To detesmme the total dissolved Solids usimg
Comduchivity.
lrtsoduchiom: Total dissolued solids CTDS) Com cesati o n descibes
the proesent eimorqanic Salts and Smal amoumts gan
the meaSuse
matter im water amd elechical Conduchvit-CEC) is
water capacity to conduct elecical Cusorent. The Souses
ca
mateia im T DS amd EC Can Ceme yoom mature, 1 ol@j'
Comditi om and Sea water, amd fom human activihieS e domestic
amd Imdustrial oaste md also
aariculuse
rimciple amd Theory: The ability a soluhon to comduct an

elecmc curent is a funetiom o -the Concentarti om and ahag U

oms amd also de pemds lomic
im
solutiom on ionic mobility. mobili
decseases with imcvease im mumber el ioms pes umit volume
Solu tiem due o imteriomic tect omd othex factss. Broady
theselartion ship betoeen Comeluci vity and dissolved Solids is
given by
TDS(mglL) =k xEC(us Jcm)
K mulbplication factur os Comvestimg conduchi vity values
to total disso lved Solids
EC Comduucthivity n MS/ cm
The value ok will imcsease
inwater. Howeves, the
alomg wth the mcvease s
iem S
TD S IS mot divecHy
Tdartiomship betwee n comductivity- and
lmeas, it depends the activity
on
disselved ions
avesoge achivity al ims in the liqui and gSpechic
1omic Stoeng th 1 d,
 detenimed
Data: The elechrical Conducthivity of a wates Somple uwas

Conductivi ty metes and its values im a ti plicale omalesis

using a

aR 458 uS Jem 4-30uSlcm, 446 uScm.

Conduchivity Coefficjent 0 6
Calculartoms Ca) E.C 458S em, k z 06

TDS- Kx EC
0 6 X 5 8 u S|cm
2t48 mgL
Cb EC - 430uS/cm, k= o 6
TDS k XEC
0 6x 430 uS/cm
258 mq |L
CCEC = 446 us/em) k:0 6
TDS Kx EC
0 6X 446 uS/cm
67 6 mg|L
Avesage TDS - (2+48+ 25 8+ 267-6)/3
266 8 mg|L
Result The total dissolved solids s a
given wates mple
is 366-8 mqlL
obsesvation: The Buseau Indian Standasd s CBIS) fxes the
pper limirt TDs im drimpimg- wate at Soo PPm

TDS level less tham 300 mq|L is ¬xcellent

TDS level betuween 300- 50o mg|L i_ Good

o, The given wates sample TDS a66 8mgL i_ best foo

dmnkim purpose
 Assiqnment d
Total obdsk
Name AMAN BHORIA
3oj8Ce BIO03
EntryNo
8Calaulate Re TSS amd TDS fos the fplloimg given observrbion
Volume 10o ml
s _ample taken
Iritial wriokt o Cmucible. (W)= 18 o 69
hnal weigkt o Cruible Cotea prcessinCWz)= 18 1365

Tnitial weight flte pper (a)= 17523

hmal weight Sltes pape-v (wy)= } 78 S
Polutiom
Initial seight o Cucible CW= 18 o363
imal weigkt o Cable C Wa)- 18 1365
Amaunt 1DS psesent im the fam ple (w2- Wxlco
-
JouD
Vol Semple tetencmi)
-
C18 1365- 18
0369)x1aotD lGob
TDS psesent J96 mgrlL
Tnitial weiot Altes paper CWa)= I75 23
hmal weight fltes Ppe CWy- -7861
Amaunt o total Suspende olids present in the fomple =
TSS -Wy- W3)xICUD X aud

VelSample totenCml
C17851 -1:7525)XIOOOIaUD

TSS 338 mlL

92 ushat signifpcant imfomatio is
Jusmished, by he delenim
tiom
oV olatile soli ds?
he is he oganic mtezrial. bur
Sigmficant imomation
a s Seme
vapouss evaposate, leavimg the sesidue dghles
amd juse oTgomic motter bumi
$3 Gmb sample imdustrial uoaste woter a s been
ollected amd amalysed im he Yor the
labortbTy
detemimatiom o solids i e Tss, VSs ard FSS The

obsesvotions weve as fpllo us

-tia crucible (Wj)= 38
uwight ao6 -
Dry wught o cuci ble uoi th solidc (W)= 38 2331a

Wer ght o Cnici ble pme ss i

oter tor vokati le Solids
38 2736
Calcukate 1ss, FSS ad VSS Consi der the velume
Sample tpen- SomL

TSS (Na- h) X100 loo o

V

(38 2736-38 2o5)x jooo Io00

TSS 1352 mgl

VSS (W3- W2)X 1000 (o oo
V

38 a73 6-38 334)X l0o 00

50
VSS- 8o4 mq|L
TSS= VSS +FSS
FSS TSS -Vss
1352-8 o
F SS548 mglL
 Hss iqmme n t - 3

ALkamity
1 Caludate the phenolphthaleim amd total alkanity h e fllowi vg

Somple s
Ca) A 50- mlsample Tequwived. 53mL
002 o N Ha Soy 7 each
do

the phemolphthalein end poimt and a total 152 ml

to och
he metyl orange erd poit
Phenlphtakein alfanitypr GomL o o20 NH; Soy to pH 83) ICT
mL Somple

5-3x |oud
So
l06 mg|L as CaC02
lotal
altamity total ml 6 02 0 N HSoy t pH X
mLSonPE
15- 1o00
S0

3Omg/L as Ca Coa
Cb A 10o mL
Sample Teuised ao mL o0 02 N
HSoy te
Teach he phene)phrtkalein end poimt amd a totl ot26 6m
each +he methyl oramqe end peit
Phenolphthalein altamity= (mL 0-02o N HSoy to pH 83) cD
9mL Sape

o x IOUD

o&mg/L as CaCo3
Totall atonut total ml o o20N Soy to pH 1OC
mL Sompe
5 6 x loOD

a56 mg|L as Ca CO8

Question-3) f uohat benejt is altanityr im matunal udey
Alkamity is pmmay beneht as a matusal buffer in wates
to mau n t a l n pH meas meds ali t y - a s neces sany in ChemiCa

water d he
cogulati em, Softenimg , CoTras ien Con ty ol an

Pvesee a c idc industial. uoa Steoatess. Chemi'cal reuisemts

to Chemical Cooguladiom amd wter syteni a tat
allacted by atani ty- e a oates
Gueshien-3) On Amalysis a seies o samples oas foue to
have 4he llooi pH Values S.5,3.o, 12, 8.5,74ard
-0 hat Can yow Com udo gorrding h e possi ble presence
a Si9ipicant bicas bo mate Carbonafe amd hy dro xide
alfanity im each sample

pH: 5 5
Bicas bon ate iomS will b domimated in sample omd

Cas bon ate jon s too poesemt in Sample

PH-3
lom uoull be present
Only bicosbo mate
PH:112
Hydoo ide. iom uwill be. dominated Im Sample

pH-95
Casbomate iom wul be do mimaitel Im Sample

ComVented te bicasborates
All Cosbomate s au

pH:
wilU be domimated
Cosbon at lon
 Hssigmmemt- 4
Acidity
Name AMAN BOR IA
ao/8ce Bjoo03
Entry No
g1 Awates gample coliec ted in Ae feld Ahad a pH o 68 5 he
n e the water somple veachect e labosactoy he aa siS
th p
e had mcreased to 75. Give a possible explamodhoT y
this chonge
had p
e the oote-s yield
sample collecte d im 4he a

ut when the water Sample sea ch ed the

labos
aths
oheamalsis,the pH had incveased, to 75 becay i
h e n e Sample Came im Cont oct with ai, these
oss Co2 due to uobich he pH mcse asec
2 o ) Con the pH a woter Sample be calalated e m

notedge its acidity-) ohy

t both iomi zed amd umioni 2e d
HCacu meaSuses

dcids, while pH is a measuse o iomized acids ery

Cb)whot Causes acidity- im mual wate-s )
and acds in
Corbon dioxide , imorgoni c oT9amiC
abamdomed
Imdustri al oasteuwatezs , dsaimaqe som
munes amd leon oYe dumps , galts o heaymtaly
amongr otherg.
 ssiqnment-5 Name AMAN Br1oRI A
6nbynb o18cE B10o3
Havdne_)
8Calculate. dhe hovdne _$ owakes wuh the llowmg onalysi
Catons mg/L hnien
Nat 16
Ca22
65 HCO 28 67
Mq4 18:2
Say 28
S2 98
2
Alkamty 50
Ars Ony he davalat
cabens, G Mg3*, and S ause hancrstf
Caton EW
Movdne "g lac
Ca2 6SCS/2 125
Mg2 18 2(50)/2-2 751
S2+ 2-8 2 (5o/43 3 2.28

27 why might we wish to mow how muh he hasdrSs in

ades is
Caused b mami'siun and kowr mueh bg- Goium?
As One meeds t neuo Hhe eative popohioms
nd Wcium
agnesium
im oales ohen us ing ha lime saola-ash
a

methsd hosdness emo val a s cakcium is

demo ved l
psectpitatbn as cacium Cas bonade uehule amesium is
emo ved as
maamesium hydnxsde Chemical vuiserits
.

aTe dictaBd ya ms harrdress as well

a4 pest
he dmaunt hordnesz
 man Bhonà
Name
Hssiqnment-6 6doy nb o/8CEBIo03

Cchloride)
9 rplaim wy
slank
Comecd'on
Vauts Mohy's
n
a
torecb'on must be
m Do
applied do he ikatien
Ams 7T chloridle cantt
method in dhe aleudabion
Mohy's Method. makes use o silves Ni rate _ oliutb orn 7
Ofat'o. In he
ite silver hmhon, e chlomide 1on is
chlonde .
preuipi tated "p
Hf + cl
Agcl Cs)
he encl
pajnt Camnot be detected. visually unles
apa ble demonshratimghe presemce an
heindicatvs exces
nomally used is potass i u
cho mate, ushi ch SuPP " e
chomocte ioms. Hs he
(omcentsation e ch lorde ion appooches s
exhinetien, h e silves - lom Concensaci om imcoeases o a lwel at
wich he Solubility produuc
silver chomote (s exceede anod
it beq ins to
oom a rddesh- boon p>ecipitate
P +GO Aga CrOy Cs
Sinu an ecess Aa s
produ ce meedest to
vi'ci ble a
anount g A92 (Oy Cs),he blank Coech on m+ be
detemi mo a d subacked from al he
ttsch en
Q2 y matt the sems/e pH be muther high low mor
.
Mohr's methal r chlonde
Ans The be In the
pH must rramge t 74o8
becaye tis
Dreipi tated as hg-®H (3) at uigl pH levels ano he Gas
Con ve ted C o7 at low pH leve
 Hssiqnmen l- 1| Name Armon Bhena
dy No o 18CCB/003
CDissewed Oygen)
Ve ca.sons why fxaben o- dis sol ve d onygin hauld ha
eld if at all feasible ? pvprm n he
ms Fixa hon m the helo is usel whi Samples
fed, but Cannot be analyzed un Th6
must be bovught o
the laborabry Since
may chong ttadically wih uhme ogen vau
Custvmary to
fx the
becauge bioloqical achvi, t
'f
proceduve is to samples immedial ely aller collech 1he usual
reat he en
used in
he Do test amd henSam ple s with he Con vention
pesoom al
the htredhiem whunrengirnts
Sample a s e
boouht h e laboratoryThe Chem he
ic al keatm ent
empleyed im
"fiximg' is Tadcal enough b a7rest all
Gch on, ard he fnal 4itsatbom
be
biologic al
ma ddayel up to GH.
8 22 Discuss why it is des ivable
maintai siqmificant disso e a
Oen Comcenortiom in iveT and
Ams t
Streas
adeg uate
SupPly disso lve d
Seams in osdes t ozygen is
essenh al in n vers ard
maintain Condu tiomsav osabl e
amd fo he q7DuT
eproduction el a
monmal popdaton fsh amd ehu oqust
O7gon'smst 's also
important o pse ven t h e oodor
C
hat res ults nu senmce
TPmanervab ic Comdi hors Such
as-
Suote veduchon tr fo m Side
ugh
 Assiqnment-8
CBob Nome: AMAN BHoRIA
6y No o/8(E Bieo3

1 deBemimimg BoD, ofa Sample, amalyst added d, 5 md 10ml

an
Sam ple to three different 3oD ml BoD bottles amd flled hem u h

Seeded. diudion water and

inubadeol +e set t a0c 5
DISso lvecl oXygen measurementt wese made en he
SamPS
bepre amd gter with the
tpllowimg resulls:
Sample Size in bottle Initial Do Cmq/L) Fmal Do CmglL

81 56
80
I7
8
phat is BoD?
1f Seeded diluthion woter is ured hen Corechon s must be
applied borth fos the sed and he diluhion water,
BoD5 Cmg lL) = (Dj- D,)-fC8-82 (when seeded
du'luchi on water
B. and B2 ave he seed dusso
lved-oxygem s used
Comcen ations immg/l beloe and alter incubebion e the seed
U,
fsachiom seed in he imcubded
Sample - 1-P
D. and D2 axe he disco lvecd-
oygen Com cem rahion (in malt) he
Sample bottle Contents initiall arol athe end ojhe S-doay inubtin
perioo
e
sedi vely.
C he Blana vesoqe is mot 9iven in he queshion
Rut witha good see dd in h e Corect amo ut , Bj-B shall

Only be o1 o 02 mq|L

Ass umima B-Bz O mglL

For-ml Sample betle, BoDg = (31-S )-C1-2) Co.2
3c0

3oD

345m/L
 fo7 S mL Sample ottle BoDs =
C80-17)-()o2)
306-2 mg
Cnly he and SmL Sample be tes are in +he acep table

amge ihhnal Do valuy a t lco4tmal hel ow iniial

Valuy md wih more han 05 mgL Do He
emd he remaum " a

5-day pen od
go Ds 3452 +3662
2

B0Ds 356 mgl

m wades Corel
9 27 what use is made o he BoD test pollubion
Ans The BoD tst is used o delemime the plldimal strenath
domeshc amd imdustial ooste in tems h e oxygen th at
hey oll equred if diseharged into mchunal oate cóurges
Im h ich aesvbic conditioms exist.
 Hssigmme rt 3 CoD)
Name. AMAN BHORifA
Entry No 2018CeB1ao3

Sueshen 1 whot
mgenual
a l qaubs
mhe
yaup
CoD
a nic Cernpeund ona not Gi
di sed
est ?
Pm Omodhc ydvDCa zbon_ and
Pyidi ne a n
os9omic Conbaund ae mat ou'di sed dnT
CoD te_t

Cuestien a u de Coo and BoD

usulks Re Game unge ?
analyses usuobl o
he Cob test qenerally meapwus b eth sso cte ord
biodegsoclable
bO19anic matena, vehs +ha e oD t t
mea suse orl
CoD Ondu Bob
brodegTodab orgorve mate That g
onaluyse s wsuall g u darus sja
 HsSIgm nent- 1o CP hion de)
Name-Aman Bhoma
r t y No-3018CeBIoD3

1
Descnbe +hree situ 0s im
u oder wods hce utic
ei Te
uasudo. dsterrnt nchors
nC) To debemmime nal
aith sow uote z cubblies uhether o
A dc additi on i't mee ded. to pote ct oga nst o rtal
a OY Temoved is requ'red o prewent dertak aa
o mouaum Suve lance ynished uwote-ss ben
Onde i ad ded im oTdes t e imSw Ke de s'
amount is psesent.
C3 To de m me ushon uonde remo val units m

nC ahon im caea ushvw uasu de emaool s

mecesSo
27
Caushct problem Canm esult whtn uoide is obseyt )
HbsemCe- iuent Ju otide
P in e diet com grlk i
I Teaseol. eni dence o detal c a it , water is aHa
molm
Sousce uetan uonde
Cbohok pmblensesult usi+% excess i ve usud Conerdrocb an
im uader subloA)
ns x tess uomda on cendbabien im o ades Can ead +e
OTDSiS