HAZARD IDENTIFICATION & RISK CONTROL

Chapter-1 Plant & Equipment Safety and Appraisal & Control Technique

Objective: -

- To appraise means “To set a value on safety appraisal therefore includes all wages and means to
measure and include the value of any plant machinery, process, method exposers etc. In terms of
their individual & total safety effectiveness, performances, maintenance and controlled techniques.
This is the first step of any safety organisation in its march towards accidents or less prevention
programme.

Plant Safety observation: -

Planning, (enter exact) definite procedure wise streamline the work to ensure effective result.

Plant Safety Inspection: -

It can be defined as that monitoring function conducted in an organisation to locate and report
existing and potential hazards which have the capacity to cause accident in the workplace.
It is an essential part of control hazard.

Safety Sampling: -

A technique for quantitative indication of accident potential

Four Distinct causative factors
(i) Personal factor
(ii) Material factor (must be low ash content, carbon content)
(iii) Unsafe actional factor
(iv) Proximate causal factor

Safety Survey: -

A safety survey is a detailed examination of specific “major key areas” identified by safety
inspection or audit. It is forced by a formal report action plan, and subsequent monitoring.

Job Safety Analysis: -

It is a procedure used to review job methods and uncover hazards that may have been overlooked
in the layout of the plant or building and in the design of the machinery equipments, tools,
workstations and processes.

Safety Inventory system: -

It is a safety data collecting technique and is carried out to promote full employee co-operation in
the implementation of the company’s safety programme.
This method proceeds to analysis quantity of hazardous material and reduce it
to the minimum possible lable to find out its safe substitute if any and to find out necessary control
measure to prevent or contain any accident due to it.

Product Safety: -

Injuries resulting from the use for often the misuse of products are the basis for an ever increasing
of product liability, which are costing industry million dollars each year.
 It is a legal responsibility of every manufacturing seller, agent or supplier of each product to render
its safe, otherwise if any harm is (enter exact) to a consumer, buyer, user by that product legal
damages are payable over and above any statutory compensator for accidental injuries.

Permit to Work System: -

Work permit system requires that authorisations be issued and obtained before any work is
performed or process.
(i) Who requires a work permit?
(ii) What Jobs require work Permit?
(iii) What type of Permit are available?
(iv) Who is responsible for issuing work permit?
(v) Arrangements for recording the issues, revalidation and (enter exact) period of permits?

Safety Tag system: -

IS 8095 Provides specification for accidents prevention tags. The tags are used as a temporary
means of warning employees of an existing hazards, or to warn them not to start any switch or
operation because some other person may be injured due to that
Red, Yellow, Green

Loss Control: -

Where it is applied to control human injuries and property damage (losses) both and also extended
to include injuries and property damage to society or surrounding it is called total loss control.

Synopsis total loss control: -

1. Total loss control on damage control is a system of reporting and controlling all incidents
however small whether the associate loss is small or large. All incidents are examined, potential
loss estimated and recommendation are made and acted upon to avoid repetitions.

2. Major accidents often involving disabling injuries or ever loss of life is usually the (enter exact) of
a sequence of events. This sequence has usually simple and in-significant origin in the large no of
unplanned incidents which remain, hidden and unreported.

3. The present (enter exact) approach to accident prevention is no longer adequate.

4. Emphasis must be on the accident prevention technique i.e. to prevent all incident this impact
should be an all embarrassing one throughout the enterprise.

5. Loss prevention or control would embarrass all the system to ensure that a company’s assets are
safe guarded and are available at all times for it to function with continual profitability.

6. The procedure for industrial loss prevention involves four steps

(I) Identification of Hazards
(II) Evaluation of hazards and its detailed analysis
(III) Planning and implementing measures to reduce hazard
(IV) Frequent review
7. The benefits following successful application of this procedures are
 (a) Minimizing damage to people, plants, raw materials and finished products
(b) Limiting the properties loss
(c) Saving on insurance. Better insurance cover at lower cost

Damage Control: -

Damage means severity of injury or physical or functional or monitory loss that could result if
control of hazard is lost.
Damage control is directly concerned with the protection of machinery
material & manufactured goods assets from accidental loss within the factory.

System Safety: -

System safety is a system method, practice or procedure to measure the safety performance or
standard of the purpose of evaluating its effectiveness and reliability to find out drawbacks or
deficiency if any and to suggest the safety measure to raise its safety value.

Chapter-2 Hazard Identification Techniques

Hazard analysis: - Hazard analysis methods can be derived in to broad categories

(i) Inductive (Productive approach)

(ii) Deductive

Inductive: - The inductive analysis method uses observer data to predict what can happen. The
component parts of a system will contribute to the success or failure of the system as a whole. The
inductive method forms the basics of such analysis as failure mode and affect analysis(FEMA) and
construction hazard analysis(CHA).
Deductive: - If inductive analysis tell us what can happen deductive analysis tell us how? The failure
of the entire system and then identifies how the components could contribute to the failure.
FEMA:- Failure Mode Effect Analysis
The failure r malfunction of each component is considered including the mode of failure.
The effect of the hazard(s) that led to the failure are traced the system the ultimate effect on the
task performance is evaluated

FEMA
Form
1. Components 2. Failure or Error mode 3. Effect on 4. Severity index
(a) other components
(b) whole system
5. Failure frequency index 6. Criticality 7. Defective method
8. Compensating provisions and remarks

(To be insert the table format)

CMA: - Consequence Mode Analysis

Consider physical effects and damaged caused by them. A combination of different discharge
effects should also be considered – LPG, S2, Cl2, Benzene, (non boilin liquid (enter exact) )
Fault Tree Analysis: - It is a method to represent the logical combination of various system, which led to
particular outcomes (top event). It is a graphic mode that determines various combination of equipments
faults ou failures, that can results in an accidents

Top Event

Possbility of fire Ignition source must be present

after mixture is flammable

Fault Oxidiser Mixture is Ignition

Present present flammable source

Lighted Other open Electric Hot Others

match flames arc spark surface

(Example of each)

Risk Analysis Techniques

1. Look for the hazards

2. Decide who might be harmed and how?

3. Evaluate risk

4. Record your findings

5. Review and Revised

Risk=Probability × Severity

(Table to be inserted)

HAZOP

It is the study of that identified hazards and operability problems by investigating how the plant might form
the design.
Definition

The application of a formal systematic critical examination to process and engineering intention of the new
facilities to access the hazard potential of mal-operation or mal-function of individual items of equipments
and the consequencial effects on the facility as a whole.

Why we need HAZOP :-

-Chemical industry handling hazardous substance

-Manufacturing unit with complex reactions

-Deviation may have serious effects

-Responsible corporate organisations

-Law abiding company

-Care for community in and around the unit

Where We Need to apply HAZOP :-

-Limited resources results in method of selection factors considered

-Abnormal occurance, accidents in the past

-Some study has indicate “High potential Risk”

-Extinguish modification have been done

-Statutory requirement.

Where Hazop should be Done

-Ideally to be done when design is firm, before construction & start up

-Technically can be entended to existing plants to improve operating method

Who should carry out HAZOP

-Normally to be done by multi-desciplinary team two types of teams

-Technical contributions

-Supporting and Struggling role

-Shouldn’t be too large, ideally 3 to 5 members

(a) Technical Team :-

-Chemical, Mechanical, Instrument, Electrical

-Details knowledge of process, plant, equipments

-Technique of guide works generate question that need to be answered without resource to further
expertise.

(b)Supporting Team :-

Some one to control discussion, called study leader

-Guide systematic questions

-Shouldn’t be closely associated with the subjected danger of developing blind spots

Main steps are

Define the purpose, objective, scope of study

- Select the team

- Prepare for the study
- Carry out team review
- Record the result
Where we need to Apply Hazop
Limited resource result in method of selection factors considerd
- Abnormal occurance, accidents in the past
- Some study has indicated “High Potential Risk”
- Extensive modification have been done
- Statutory requirement
HAZAN :- Hazard analysis can be defined as the function which is directed towards recognizing, evaluating,
and eliminating the destruction effects of hazard (enter exact) from human errors and from the situtional
and environmental aspects of the workplace. Its primary function to create assess and set effective,
preventive, and corrective measure for those elements determental to operational efficiency and
effectiveness
Safety Audit :-
- To carryout a systematic critical, appraisal of all potential hazards involving person, plant, services method
etc
- To ensure that companies occupational safety of health system and safety policy and objectives satisfy
the legal requirements
Benefits Improvements
Insurance Premium Productivity
Non value Adding Waste Sales and Profit
Damage Quality
Absentism Moral
Motivational workplace
Safety Report:- Should be well documented by the safety officer and it should be signal by the HOD of
safety. It should send all departmental heads and work head at the information and (enter exact) if any
Evaluating Risk in chemical process
Generally fire explosion and toxic release are the main types of major hazards and death, injury, evaluation
of people, property loss & environmental damage are the main type of their consequences.
Probability, frequency or likelihood of hazard occurring and or estimation of risk. This is also quantitative as
it depends on failure rates, No. of chances or cycles and reliability engineering. This step is known as risk
analysis of chemical process.
Concept of Reaction vessel in Fertilizer Plant
- Urea Reactor and auxiliary explosion due to high oxygen content
- Amonia Oxidation Reactor
Explosion due to upset in ammonia air mixture.
System and procedure
1. Identification and assement of hazards (HAZOP)
2. Control of access to plant
3. Normal and emergency operation of plant
4. Control of plants modification (Procedure)
5. Inspection of plant equipments
6. Incident investigation and reporting
Pesticide industry & complex process plants :-
1. Identification of hazards and risk assesments
2. Safe starting and closing down of a plant
3. Flue or toxic gas sampling procedure
4. Statutory Standards.
5. Indian standard (IS) and codes.
Chapter-2 Accident Reporting Investigation & Analysis

Purpose :- The activities on reporting, investigation and analysis should be clear and well explained to
employees. It should not be oriented towards fault findings and (enter exact) any individuals. Its main
purpose is to find out the real cause(s) of the accident and then based on it to suggest appropriate
remedial measures to prevent its re-occurance.

Identify the key factor & causes :-

- To learn accident causes, so that similar accident can be prevented.

- Oversight or omission or malfunction of the management system.

- Situational work factors. (Facilities, tool equipments and materials)

- Human factor (either the work or another person)

- Environment factor (noise, vibration, temperature & illumination)

Root Causes & contributing causes :-

- Types of contact

- Nature of injury

- Effected body part

- Source of injury

- Accident type

- Hazardous condition

- Agency of accidents

- Agency of accidents parts

- Unsafe acts

Corrective Actions :-

- Report must be followed by necessary corrective actions to provide safe working conditions to teach safe
working conditions to teach safe working action to improve existing training system, to make new safety
rules, necessary to improve inspections techniques and analysis to design, posters, safety manual and
positive actions to minimizes accidents.

Standard classification of factor associated with accidents :-

- Classification according to agency

- Classification according to unsafe act

- Classifiction according to unsafe condition

- Classification according to type of accidents

- Classification according to nature of injury

- Classification according to location of injury

(i) Classification according to the agency :-

(a) Machine :- Prime movers, transmission machinery metal working machinery/machine, wood and
associated machine, Agriculture m/c, Mining m/c

(b) Means of transportation and (enter exact) equipments :-

* Lifting m/c and appliances

* Means of rail transportations

* Other wheel means of transportations

 * Means of air transportations

* Other means of transportations

(c) Other Equipments :-

* Pressure vessels (gas cylinder)

* Furnace, Ovens, Kilns

* Refrigerating plants

* Electrical installations including electric & motors

* Electric hand tools

* Ladder mobile ramps

(d) Material Substances & Radiations :-

* Explosive

* Dust, Gases, Liquid and Chemicals

* Flying objects

* Radiations

(e) Working Environments :-

* Outdoor * Indoor

(f) Other Agency :-

* Mining and tunneling

* Open cast mining underground mining and tunnelling

(ii) Classification according to unsafe condition :-

- Improperly guarded agency

- Defects in agency

- Hazardous (enter exact) , Procedure

- Improper illuminations

- Unsafe dress

- Improper ventilation

(iii) Classification according to unsafe act :-

- Operating without authority

- Operating at unsafe speed

- Marking Safety devices in-operative

- Using unsafe equipments

 - Unsafe loading, Placing, missing, combining etc.

- Taking unsafe position or posture

(iv) Classificaion according to unsafe personal factor :-

- Lack of knowledge and skidded.

- Unsuitable physiological and psychological (enter exact)

- Unsuitable mechanical or physical condition social environments

(v) Classification according to type of accident :-

- Face of person

- Fall of objects

- Staping or striking against or struck by objects

- Wrong movement

- Exposure to extreme temperature

- Exposure to electrica current

- Exposure to harmful substances including radiation

- Explosions

(vi) Classification according to Nature of injury :-

- Facture - Acute poisioning

- Dislocations - Affect of weather and exposure

- Sprains and strains - Asphyxia

- Amputations - Effect of electric current

- Burns - Effect of radiations

- Other wounds - Multiple injury of different nature

- Crushing

(vii) Classification according to location of injury :-

- Head - Upper limbs

- Eye - Lower limbs

- Ear - Multiple locations

- Neck - General injuries

- Trunk

Method of collecting and Tabulating Data :-

- Type of accidents - Time wise

 - Shift wise - Sex wise

- Age wise - Month wise / Year wise

- Department wise (a) Non reportable (b) Reportable (c) First-aid case (d) Near miss

Chapter-4 Measurement & Control of Performance

Lost time accident :- Accident causing disablement extending beyond rr48 hours on which the accidents
occurs.

Disabling Injury :- An injury causing death or disablement to an extend as prescribed by the relevant (enter
exact) then accident

Accidents reportable under the Factories Act and E.S.I Act

Accident causing disablement report in “form no.18” as for factory act 1948 and rules 1950 and “form
no.16” as per ESI Act 1948

Frequency Rate :- The frequency rate shall be calculated both lost time injury and both reportable loss time
injury.

( NO . lost timeinjury ×106 )

Fr =
( Man hours worked )

( Man days lost due ¿ lost time injury × 106 )

Sr =
( Man hours worked )

In a factory = 100 Employee

Man hour worked = 100 × 8 × 26 = 20,000 + 500 (over time)

= 21,300 – 200 (leave)

= 21,100 man hours/months

= 21,100 × 12 = 2,53,200 man hours/years

( 10 ×106 )
Fr = = 39.49
2 ,53,200
Man days lost = 60 days – 8 days (W/O) – 2 (declined leave) = 50 days + 40 days + 70 days = 160 days

[date of incident on 3rd Sep 2018 @ 10 am, Two month leave & date of join 4th Nov 2018]

Sr =
( 160 ×106 ) = 631.91
2 ,53,200

Q. Booklet -2-

Q. Booklet -2 & 3-
Q. In a factory the average daily rate of employement per unit is 1500. There are three shifts of 8 hours
duration. In a year the factory works for 300 days. If the total reportable accident in the year was 80 and
man day lost was 200. Find the frequency and severity of rate of accident.

Ans: Total 4500 employee Man hour worked = 4500 × 8 × 300 = 1,08,00,000
6 6
(80 ×10 ) (200 ×10 )
Fr = = 7.40 Sr = = 18.59
1, 08 , 00,000 1, 08 , 00,000

Frequency Severyity Index or Indicator = FSI =

√ Frequency × Severity rate
1000
( No of fatal accident ×10 ) ×106
Weighted Frequency rate =
Total man hours worked is expected
Q. Factory A Man hours worked (Regular employee) = 10,50,000

Man hours worked (Contractor employee) = 1,50,000

Fatal accidents = 0 (for both)

Non-fatal accidents Regular = 19

Contractor = 5

Man days lost Regular = 600

Contractor = 120
6 6
No . lost timeinjury ×10 24 ×10
Fr = = = 20
Man hours worked 12, 00,000
6
6 ¿ 720 ×10
Sr = Man days lost due ¿ lost timeinjury ×10
Man hours worked 12, 00,000 = 600
=

Man hours worked (Regular employee) = 20,00,000

Man hours worked (Contractor employee) = 5,00,000

Fatal accidents Regular = 0

Contractor = 1

Non-Fatal accidents Regular = 24

Contractor = 11

Man days lost Regular = 200

Contractor = 50
6 6
No . lost timeinjury ×10 35 ×10
* Non-fatal Fr = = = 14
Man hours worked 25 , 00,000
 6
6 ¿ 250 ×10
Sr = Man days lost due ¿ lost timeinjury ×10
Man hours worked 25 , 00,000 = 100
=
6 6
No . lost timeinjury ×10 6,250× 10
* Fatal Fr = = = 2500
Man hours worked 25 , 00,000
6
6 ¿ 1× 10× 10
Sr = Man days lost due ¿ lost timeinjury ×10 = =4
Man hours worked 25 , 00,000

6 6
No . lost timeinjury ×10 35 ×10
* Non-fatal Fr = = = 14
Man hours worked 25 , 00,000
6
6 ¿ 250 ×10
Sr = Man days lost due ¿ lost timeinjury ×10
Man hours worked 25 , 00,000 = 100
=

Q. Followings are the accidents statistics of two factories A&B.

Factory Total Man-hour Worked Non-fatal accidents Fatal Accidents Man-days lost due to non
fatal accidents
A 4,50,000 3 0 48
B 26,50,000 11 2 195

(A) Total man hours worked = 4,50,000 Non-fatal accidents = 3

Man-days lost due to lost time injury due to non-fatal = 48

6 6
No . lost timeinjury ×10
Frequency Rate (Fr):- = 3 ×10 = 6.66
Man hours worked 4 ,50,000
6
6 ¿ 48× 10
Severity Rate (Sr):- Man days lost due ¿ lost timeinjury ×10
Man hours worked 4 ,50,000 =
=
106.66

(B) Total man hours worked = 26,50,000 Non-fatal accidents = 11 Fatal accidents = 2

Man-days lost due to non-fatal accidents = 195

6 6
No . lost timeinjury ×10
Frequency Rate (Fr) (Non-fatal accidents):- = 11× 10 = 4601.88
Man hours worked 26 ,50,000
( No of fatal accident ×10 ) ×106 ( ) 6
Weighted Frequency Rate for fatal accident :- = 2× 10 × 10 =7.54
Total man hours worked is expected 26 ,50,000
Q.4 Factory A,B & C (a) Frequency rate for non-fatal accidents (Sr) and (FSI) for Factory A.

(b) Weight frequency, severity for Factory B.

(c) Fr , Sr & FSI for Factory C.

Factory Total Man-hour Worked Non-fatal accidents Fatal Accidents Man-days lost due to non
fatal accidents
A 5,80,000 4 0 32
 B 10,40,000 0 1 0
C 21,32,000 18 2 950

6 6
No . lost timeinjury ×10
Factory A - Fr = = 4 × 10 = 6.89
Man hours worked 5 ,80,000
6
6 ¿ 32 ×10
Sr = Man days lost due ¿ lost timeinjury ×10
Man hours worked 5 ,80,000 = 55.17
=

FSI =
√ 1000 √
F r × S r = 6.89 × 55.17 = 0.616
1000
6
6 ¿ 6000 ×10
Factory B Sr = Man days lost due ¿ lost timeinjury ×10
Man hours worked 10 , 40,000 = 5,769.23
=

( No of fatal accident ×10 ) ×106 ( ) 6

Weighted Frequency Rate for fatal accident :- = 1× 10 × 10 =9.61
Total man hours worked is expected 10 , 40,000
6 6
Factory C Frequency rate (Fr) for fatal =
No . lost timeinjury ×10
= (18+2)×10 = 9.38
Man hours worked 21, 32,000
6
6 ¿ 12,950× 10
Severity rate (Sr) = Man days lost due ¿ lost timeinjury ×10 = =
Man hours worked 21 , 32,000
6,074.1

FSI =
√ F r×S r =
1000 √ 9.38× 6,074 = 7.54
1000
Incident Rates : For 1000 Workers

Incidents rate is the ratio of injuries to the no. of person during the period under review. It is expressed as
the no. of injuries / thousand person employed.

No . of lost timeinjury ×1000

Lost time injury incident rate =
Avarage No. of personemployed
Man-days lost :- Man days lost means the charges in days of earning capacity last due to such permanent
disability or death. In other cases the day on which the injury occurred or the day the injured person return
to work are not to be included as man-days lost.

Partial Disablement :- Two Types (i) Disablement od temporary nature, which reduces the earning capacity
of an employed person in any employment of the which he was engaged at the time of the accidents
resulting in the disablements.

(ii) Disablement of a permanent nature which reduces the earning capacity in every employement which
he was capable of under-taking at the time.

Total Disablement :- Disablement wheather of a temporary or permanent nature which in-capable of a

workman for all work which he was capable of performing at the time of accidents resulting in such
disablements provided that permanent total disablement shall be deemed to result from every type of
injury or primary combination of injury where the aggregate % of the loss earning capacity amounts to
100%
Time charges schedule in Workmen’s Compensation Act and the Indian Standard

Schedule :- 1 See Section 2 (1 & 4)

Annual of compensation (a) Death results from the injury – 40 % of the monthly wages × relevant factor or
rupees 20,000 which ever is more.

(b) Permanent total disablement – 50% of monthly wages × relevant factor or rupees 24,000 which ever is
more.

* IS 3786 – 1983 clauses 2.8, 2.10 & 6.2.1 scheduled charges for disabilities.

Study of appraisal report of the Department of Labour, Government of West Bengal

- West Bengal Factory rules – 1958

- Welfares officers rules - 1971

- Safety officers rule - 1978

- Exemption rules – 1982

(i) Person deemed to be holding position of supervision of management etc to be a factory

(ii) Holidays due to workers. (Casual, Sick & Previlige)

(iii) Workers engaged in the loading and unloading railways wagons, or lorries or trucks.

(iv) Continous Process.

(v) Maintenance workers and workers employed on dispatching or receiving of goods.

(vi) Urgent repair.

(vii) Record of white washing

(viii) Disposal of trade waste and effluent

(ix) Washing facilities

(x) Canteen

(xi) Rest rooms and launch rooms.

(xii) Creches

(xiii) Notice to leave with wages.

(xiv) Working hours of adults

(xv) Payment of wages if the worker dies

(xvi) Adult register

Q What is the incidence rate for a firm with 80 avg. no of workers employed and where four workers were
injured due to which they lost jointly 80 man days from work ?
 3 3
No of lost time injury × 10 4 × 10 4000
= = =50
Average no of Workers 80 80
Q Calculate frequency rate of a factory with 100 workers, average 40 hours a week in 6 months four
workers were injured. If they lost jointly 120 days from work ?

Total men hours = 100 worker × 40 hours a week × 52 week × ( 126 ) years = 1,04,000
Worker injured / no. of less of injury = 4
6 6
No . lost timeinjury ×10
Fr = = 4 × 10 = 38.46
Man hours worked 1, 40,000
Man days lost = 110
6
6 ¿ 110 × 10
Sr = Man days lost due ¿ lost timeinjury ×10 =
Man hours worked 1, 40,000 = 785.71

Chapter-5 MAJOR ACCIDENT HAZARD CONTROL :-

The world had been many major accidents during last 50 years, but the concept of major accident hazard
(MAH) control come in our coutry after Bhopal accident in 1984 may. There after there is a constant rise in
bulk storage hazardous process ad heavy transportations of dangerous chemical. This needs and take
appropriate safety measure to identify & prevent the major accident causes, and to mitigate there
consequences.

Introduction :- Major hazard means that hazard which arises because of

(i) The hazardous nature of the substances.

(ii) Its storage quantity equals or exceeds the threshold quantity, Prescibed in the manufactured, storage
and import of hazardous chemical rules. (MSIHC 1989)

Major hazard is due to isolated storage or industrial activity that has the potential to cause
extensive damage to men, materials or environment within or outside the site foundary.

The Bhopal disaster has remained at the top and opened the eyes throught the workd
regarding major chemical hazardous their consequences and controls.

Types and consequence of major hazard :-

All such accidents differing in the made up of happening and the chemical involved have some common
features.

(i) They uncontrolled events caused by fire, explosion or/and toxic release.

(ii) The result in death or/and injury of a large no. of People, inside or/and outside the plant

(iii) They casual evacuation of people of the surrounding area.

(iv) They caused heavy damage to plant property or environment.

(A) Fire explosion and toxic relax.

 (B) Types and effects of gas disperssion

(C) Probit analysis – It is a method to access probability of injury or damage due to serious lethal
dispersions.

“V” = K1 + K2 in C
Where V is a major of the vulnerable resource (human or property) which gets injury or damage and
variable C is a major of the intensity of the causative factor which harm the resources. In case of fire K1 and
K2 depend upon effective time duration, radiations, intensity duration of pool buming, and
radiation intensity from pool buming
Consequence :- (i) Atmospheric dispersion as a function of source strength, gases density, whether
condition of the surrounding areas.

(ii) Intensity of heat radiation due to a fire.

(iii) Energy of vapour cloud explosion as a functions of the distance of the exploding clouds.

(iv) Concentration of the evaporated material which may be explosive or toxic.

(v) Concentration of the toxic products of combustion produce by a fire.

(vi) Duration that these respective effectively may prevails.

Role of Management :-

1. Provide information to the authorities of criteria, quantities and process of hazardous substances, to
identify the unit as an “MAH” Unit.

2. Area with safety audit and risk assesments

3. Report to the authorities the results of the hazards / risk assessments.

4. Set up emergency plan i.e Onsite ans Offsite emergency plan.

5. Take all necessary steps of safety measure to prevent major accidents.

6. Update the information following changes

7. Give information to the public liable to be affected by major accidents.

8. Notify within 48 hours to the concerned authorities a report of major accidents occurred.

9. Inform the concerned authority before 30 days regarding import of hazardous chemical. (Director of
Explosive Nagpur)

Role of local authorities :-

1. To (enter exact) implement and amend the law on the major hazard (enter exact).

2. To require statutory information from industry to identify then as an “MAH” (enter exact)

3. To compile the data of MAH units Nation wise, State wise, and Dist. Wise with the (enter exact) of MAH
factories

4. To publish and circulate usefull informations for the “MAH Management” their workers and the general
public.
5. To Set up the crysis alert system as provided in emeregency planning preparedness and response.

6. To establish and material, update an inventory of MAH Units based on Safety reports.

7. To inspect the “MAH Units” based on safety reports.

8. To draw of or off-site emergency plan after consulation with the “MAH Units”

9. To make and implement citing policy to separate “MAH Units” from the othere units and populations.

10. To acquire for self expertise by establishing a group of expert to prepare checklist to evaluate plant
safety measures.

Role of Public :-

1. They should know their role at the time of off site emergency affecting them.

2. At the time of off-site emergency they should follow instruction for them regarding they are staying in
houses or be prepared for evacuation.

3. The injured people should take immediate medical health.

4. The Public should give full co-operation in emergency activities (enter exact) to them by the authority.

5. They shouldn’t cause obstructions, (enter exact) or difficulties at the time of emergency. They should
give correct information to the authorities.

Role of Safety Officers :-

1. Safety Reports :- Statutory information required in a safety report is given in schedule – 8 rule – 10. (1) of
the MSIHC 1989 rules.

Before 90 days if any modifications and update safety report shall be submitted to
the authority.

2. Safety Audit Report :- Safety audit with the help of an expert not associated with such industrial activities
is to be submitted every year wishes 30 days after the completion of such audit.

Risk Assessment Report :- Quantitative assessment is derived for probability and severity part of the risk
then using the formula Risk = Probality × Severity , Risk level are calculated and tabulated.

This report should content

(a) Legal requirement of risk assessments.

(b) Hazard indentification.

(c) Hazard analysis

(d) Hazard & risk assessments

(e) Risk control

(f) Risk Management

* MSIHC – Manufacture, Storage and import of hazardous chemical rules in 1989

Dangerous Occurrence :- Any accident which we create a different situations may lead to dangerous
occurrence reported on form under 18(A)

* (A foresaid)
* type of fire