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Unit 6 - Input Output Organization

The document discusses peripheral devices, which are essential for input and output operations in computer systems, categorizing them into input, output, and storage devices. It explains various data transfer methods between the CPU and peripherals, including Programmed I/O, Interrupt-initiated I/O, and Direct Memory Access (DMA). Additionally, it covers priority interrupt systems and the differences between serial and parallel communication methods.

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5 views

Unit 6 - Input Output Organization

The document discusses peripheral devices, which are essential for input and output operations in computer systems, categorizing them into input, output, and storage devices. It explains various data transfer methods between the CPU and peripherals, including Programmed I/O, Interrupt-initiated I/O, and Direct Memory Access (DMA). Additionally, it covers priority interrupt systems and the differences between serial and parallel communication methods.

Uploaded by

chibunnajoe31
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 6

Input Output Organization


BCA , Sem - II
Peripheral Devices

• Peripheral device, also known as peripheral, computer


peripheral, input-output device or input/output
device,
• Any of various devices (including sensors) are used to
• enter information and instructions into a computer
for storage or processing
• to deliver the processed data to a human operator
or, in some cases, a machine controlled by the
computer.
• Such devices make up the peripheral equipment of
modern digital computer systems.
Peripheral Devices

• Peripheral are commonly divided into three kinds:


• input devices
• output devices
• storage devices
• An input device converts incoming data and instructions into a pattern of electrical signals in binary code
that are comprehensible to a digital computer.
• An output device reverses the process, translating the digitized signals into a form intelligible to the user.
Peripheral Devices

• Input devices include • Output equipment includes


• typewriter-like keyboards • video display terminal ink-jet and laser printers
• handheld devices such as the mouse • Loudspeakers
• trackball • Headphones
• joystick • video display terminals
• Trackpad • USB hubs, may provide both input and output.
• special pen with pressure-sensitive pad
• Microphones
• Webcams
• digital cameras.
Input Output Interface

• The method that is used to transfer information between internal storage and external I/O devices
is known as I/O interface.
• The CPU is interfaced using special communication links by the peripherals connected to any
computer system.
• These communication links are used to resolve the differences between CPU and peripheral.
• There exists special hardware components between CPU and peripherals to supervise and
synchronize all the input and output transfers that are called interface units.
Modes of Transfer

• The binary information that is received from an external device is usually stored in the memory unit.
• The information that is transferred from the CPU to the external device is originated from the
memory unit.
• CPU processes the information but the source and target is always the memory unit.
• Data transfer between CPU and the I/O devices may be done in different modes.

1. Programmed I/O.
2. Interrupt- initiated I/O.
3. Direct memory access( DMA)
Programmed I/O.

• It is due to the result of the I/O instructions that are written in the computer program.
• Each data item transfer is initiated by an instruction in the program.
• Usually the transfer is from a CPU register and memory. In this case it requires constant monitoring by the CPU of the
peripheral devices.

• Example of Programmed I/O:


• In this case, the I/O device does not have direct access to the memory unit.
• A transfer from I/O device to memory requires the execution of several instructions by the CPU, including an input
instruction to transfer the data from device to the CPU and store instruction to transfer the data from CPU to memory.
• In programmed I/O, the CPU stays in the program loop until the I/O unit indicates that it is ready for data transfer.
• This is a time consuming process since it needlessly keeps the CPU busy.
Interrupt- initiated I/O.

• Since in the above case we saw the CPU is kept busy unnecessarily. This situation can very well be avoided by using an
interrupt driven method for data transfer.
• By using interrupt facility and special commands to inform the interface to issue an interrupt request signal whenever data
is available from any device.
• In the meantime the CPU can proceed for any other program execution.
• The interface meanwhile keeps monitoring the device. Whenever it is determined that the device is ready for data transfer
it initiates an interrupt request signal to the computer.
• Upon detection of an external interrupt signal the CPU stops momentarily the task that it was already performing,
branches to the service program to process the I/O transfer, and then return to the task it was originally performing.
DMA : Direct Memory Access

• The data transfer between a fast storage media such as magnetic disk and memory unit is limited by the
speed of the CPU.
• Thus we can allow the peripherals directly to communicate with each other using the memory buses,
removing the intervention of the CPU.
• This type of data transfer technique is known as DMA or direct memory access.
• During DMA the CPU is idle and it has no control over the memory buses.
• The DMA controller takes over the buses to manage the transfer directly between the I/O devices and
the memory unit.
Priority Interrupt

• In a typical application, a number of I/O devices are attached to computer, with each device being able to originate an
interrupt request, so to provide services to device which initiate interrupt request, the task of interrupt system is to
identify the source(device) of interrupt and then provide services to them.
• But, in most cases there is a possibility that several sources will request service simultaneously. So, in this case, the
interrupt system must also need to decide which device to service first. But, these simple interrupt system are not able
for that, so, another system known as Priority interrupt system is provided.
• Priority Interrupt are systems, that establishes a Priority over the various sources(interrupt devices) to determine which
condition is to be serviced first when two or more requests arrive simultaneously.
• This system may also determine which condition are permitted to interrupt to the computer while another interrupt is
being serviced.
• Usually, in Priority Systems, higher-priority interrupt levels are served first, as if they delayed or interrupted, could have
serious consequences. And the devices with high-speed transfer such as magnetic disks are given high-priority, and slow
devices such as keyboards receives low-priority.
Serial Communication & Parallel Communication

• Serial Communication implies


transferring of data bit by bit, • Parallel communication implies
sequentially. transferring of the bits in a parallel
• This is the most common form of fashion at a time.
communication used in the digital word. • This communication comes for
• Contrary to the parallel communication, rescue when speed rather than
serial communication needs only one space is the main objective.
line for the data transfer. • The transfer of data is at high speed
• Thereby, the cost for the owing to the fact that no bus buffer
communication line as well as the space is present.
required is reduced.

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