A G LO S S ARY

O F T HE

T RI
BES A N D CA S T ES
OF T HE

Pu n ja b an d N or t h a We s t F r o n t ie r Pr o v in ce .

Ba s e d o n th e Ce n s u s R ep o r t fo r th e Pu nj a b, 1 8 8 8,

by th e la te S ir D E N Z IL IB B E T S O N ,

an d th e Ce nsus R ep o r t fo r th e Pu nj a b , 1 892,

by th e Hon . . Mr . E . D . MacL A G A N, an d

co m p i le d b y H . A . ROS E .

V OL I
I . .

A .
—K .

I abo rc
Hum an AT THE CIVIL A ND MILIT ARY G A Z E TT E PR ES S ,
BY S A MU E L r WES TON
'
. .
C ONSTABLE
L e i ce st e r S quar e ,
C a lc u tt a
S tr e e t NEWMA N 00
P ar li ame nt
.
.
,

G RIND LAY SL
,

R C A MBR A Y
.
C a lc u t ta .

C 65 00 m 1
HE NRY S K ING T R ACK ER B o mb a y .

2 an d Gr ea t HIG GINBOT HA M 00 Ma d r a s .

P 3 K I NG <3 3 S ON ;
.
,

W s W
.

S mlth S t r e e ,
t t mm s te r , C al cu t ta
6 8
F F IS HE R U NW IN ,
. .
. .

v
T &C

E s p l a n a d e R O W , 1‘1 3 d )

1 1 G f t S t e e t N ew
B Q U AR T
I CH, ,
r a o n r ,

G A NA T E S AN 00 Ma d r a s
B on d Str e e t W
.
.
. .

.
,

S U PER INT E ND E N T , A ME R ICA N B A PT IS T

T F IS HE R U NWIN 1 ’ A d e l phi Te r r ac e
. ,
,
M IS S IO N P R ES S R a n g o o n ,
.

W 0 .
0 Imp e r la l Boo k
V D e pot
% :T§3 ll f
.

A
W T HACK E R
.
2, Cr e e d L an e ,
O 0 e l

L o n don ,
E" 0 '

GU L A B S IN G H 81 S O N S M u fi d i A m ,
-
’
-

L U Z AC 46 ,
G r e at R uss e ll S tr e e t , P r e s s L a h or e
,
.

L ondon W 0 ,
' ' M ANA GE R P u nj a b L a w B oo k D e p é t
, ,

A n ar k a li B a z a r L a h o r e ,
.

’
M M Z A S N R f ah i Am
S U
. T A L I O a ,
-

Pr e ss L a h o r e [ f or V e r n a cula I
O N T HE C ONTI NE NT ,

PublIca tlon S o n ly ]
.

F S OHN 1 1 0 ar 1st1 a sse

’ ’ , M AN A GER T h e A r y a n Pr i n t in g PubliS h ,
,

i n g an d G e n e r a l T r a din g Li m i t
H AR R AS S OWIT Z , L e i pz i g e d L ah o r e
O TTO .
,
.

N B MAT E U R s up e r i n t e n d e n t a n
K A R L W HIE R S EMAN N L e ip zi g ,
' '

N a z ai r K a n u n Hi n
.

Pr op r le t o r
.
. ,
,

ER NE S T L E ROU X 28 ; :
R ue B on ap ar te , P r e s s A ll a h a b ad ,
.

Pa r i s .
D B T A RA PO R E V AL A S O NS
o
00
M A BTINU S NIJ BOF F Th e Hague . Bo mb a y .
 PR E F A CE T O V OL U ME II .

T h i s Glo s s ar y of t h e T r i be s an d Cast e s f ou nd in t h e Punj ab,

t h e No r t h - We s t F r o n t i e r Pr o v i n c e an d th e Pr o t e ct e d T e r r i t or i e s
on th e No r t h -
We st F r on t i e r of In di a i s b ase d, u
p on t h e w o r ks of

t h e lat e S ir D e n z i l Ch ar l e s J e lf Ibbe t s o n , L i e ut e n a n t
G o ve r n o r of the Punj ab and it s D e p e n de n ci e s , and of the
Ho n ’
ble Mr . E dw a r d D o ug l a s Macl ag a n , no w S e cr e t a r y
t o t h e G o v e r n me n t of In di a i n t h e R e ve n u e D e p ar t me n t . S ir
D e u zil Ibbe t so n th e Pun j ab Ce n s us
’
s R e p or t on of 1 881 w as

r e p r n te d a s
i Punja b E th nogr a p hy V o lum e IIIo f t h e p r e se nt co m
il t i o n w ill i n cl ude t h e r e st o f t h i s G lo ss a r y , a n d V o lume I w il l
p a

ho mpr i s e the v a l uabl e ch a p t e r s of S ir D e n z il Ibb e tso n s R e p o r t ’

w h i ch de a l w i t h t h e Ph s i ca l D e s cr i t i o n o f t h e Pun a b i
y p j t s R e l i ,

g i o n s a n d o t h e r s ubj e ct s s u
pp l e m e nte d b
y t,h e m a t t e r co n t a i ne d

i n t lia Ho n ble Mr Maclag an s R e p or t o n t h e Pun j ab Ce n sus o f

’ ’
.

1 891 , an d f rom ot h er
‘

. s our ce s .

T h i s G lossa r y e mbo di e s so m e of the m a t e r i al s co l l e ct e d i n

th e E th n og r a p h i c S ur v e y of In di a w h i ch w as be g u n i n 1 900 ,
un de r th e s ch e me i n i ti at e d by S ir He r be r t R i s l e y ,

T h e co m il e r m
’
but i t h a s n o p r e t e n s i o n s t o fi n al i t
y p . s ai

h as b e e n t o co l l e ct f a ct s f ul le s t p o ss i bl e
a n d r e co r d t h e m in t h e

de t a i l w i t h o ut f o r mulat i n g t h e o r i e s as t o t h e r aci a l e l e me n t s w h i ch
h ave ma de t h e p o p u l at i o n o f t h e m ode r n Pu nj ab t h e g r o w t h o f ,

i t s t r i be s o r t h e e vo l u t i o n o f ca s t e F o r i n f o r m at i o n r e g ar d
'

i ng t h e v ar i o us t h e o r i e s w h i ch h a v e be e n s ugg e s t e d o n t h o s e
t o pi cs t h e r e a de r m a b e r e f e r r e d t o t h e w o r k s o f S r A l e x an de
i r
'
y
Cunni n gh a mfl Be lle w i an d Ne s fi e ld i
‘ '

T h e Ce ns us R ep or t f or India , 1 903, an d T h e R a ce s of Indi a

m ay al s o be r e f e r r e d t o as s t an da r d w o r k s o n t h e s e s ubj e cts .

It i s i n co n t e m p la t o n i to a dd to V o u l me III , or to p ub l i sh as

V olume IV , a s ub e ct - n de x
j i t o th e w h ole of the p r e se nt w or k
,

A r ch aeolo g i ca l S u r ve y R e p o r ts : m o r e e s p e c ia y V o s II V ll l . a nd X IV fo r t he Pun j a b .

l
A s o h i s An ci e n t G e og r a h y of In d ia Th e B u dd h i s t F e r i e i 1 87 1
p , , .

f R ace s of Af g h a n i s t a n and Yn s nf za i
All ah ab ad, 1 885
,

1: Br ief v i e w of ( h e Ca s te S ys te m of th e No r t h We s te r n Pr o vi me s -
a nd O udh .
 h au s t i v e li st s of th e
co n t ai n n g i ex
t og e t h e r w it h a p p e n di ce s
t r l be s an d
cla n s i nt o w h i ch t h e
s e p ts an d
n um e r ou s s e ct o n s i
f t h P o vi n ce s ar e di vIde d
cas t e s r
.

o e s e

a n ce r t ai n omt s 1n th e
A f e w w o r ds ar e ne ce s s a r y to l i
e xp p
c o m p il e r h a s a v o i de d co n s t a n t
G lossa r y . To e n sur e br e v i t y t h e
by L ah o r e t h e D i st r i ct
r ep i
et t i o n o f t h e w o rd D i st r i ct e .

d t d t h u s i n L ah o r e is e q ui v a le n t
o f t h a t n a m e m u st b e u n e r s o o

f L b u t by at L ah or e is
t o th e i n th e D i st r i ct o a h o r e ,

me an t
“
in th e ci t y o f L a h or e .

i i g o f t h e n am e o f a ca st e or t r i be in ca p i t als in
Th e p r nt n

i n di cat e s t h at a r e f e r e n ce to th e ar t c e i l on t h at ca s t e
th e t e xt

or t r ib e i n vi t e d fo r f l
is i f u le r
i n o r m at o n . R e f e r e n ce s t o D i s t r i ct

or S t at e G a ze tte e r s s o uh l d b e t a k e n t o i n d i c a t e t h e l a t e s t e d i t i o n

of th e G a ze tt e er u n l e s s t h e co n t r a r y i s s t a t e d R e f e r e n ce s t o a .

Se ttle m e n t R e
p o r t i n d i ca t e t h e s t a n d a r d R e p o r t o n t h e R e g u l a r

S e t tle me nt of th e D i st r i ct i n th e ab s e n ce of ex r e ss re
-
an
y p
f e r e n ce to a n e ar lier or l at e r re o rt
p .

J f or t h e J o ur n a l of t h e R o a l A si at i c S o ci e t
y y .

J for th e J o u r n al of th e R
( y )
o a l A s i a t i c S o ci et
y
of Be n g a l .

f o r Pun j ab No t e s an d Q ue r e s , i 1 883- 85 .

f o r In di an No t e s an d Q ue r e s , i 1 880 .

f o r No r t h In di a n No t e s an d Que r i e s, 1 891 90-

.

f o r E lli o t Hi st o r y
‘

s of In di a .

T N , f o r R ave r ty
’
. . s T r an slat i o n of t h e T a ba a t- i -Na si r i
g .

In ce r t ai n di st r i ct s of the Pun j ab l i st s of a g r cu i l t u r al t r i be s
h a v e be e n l co m
d b h
fi
P t ct Offi ce r s f o r
i
c
y s i i
a dmi n i st r a t i W
P11 1
‘

o 88 8 i 1] co n n e ct 1 0 11 W 1 1 t h e w o
i

p j
r k In 0 o f t h e Pn u a b A l i e n at i o n
j
‘

b
o f L an d A ct (Pun j ab A ct X I II o f 1 900
)
In cor o r at e d In t h e p r e s e n t G lossa r f o
p y r f aci l i t y o f r e e r e n ce
f
T h e t w o fo l l o w i ng e x t r a ct s

l at e S i r D e nz i l lbbe t son on t h e S t ud of
y A n th r o 1
p o
o
th e An t h r op o l ogi cal S oci e ty of Bombay i n 1890 ar e r e- i
p nt e
r d
h er e as of r m an e n t i nt e r e st a n d valu e
p e

A n o t h e r S ch e me w hich s u gg e st e d i t s e l f t o me s o m e y e a r s a go , a n d
m e t w it h t h e a p p r o v a l o f S i r Ch a r l e s E lli o t , w o uld , I t hi n k , g r e a tly s i m pli fy
a n d ligh t e n t h e l ab o ur o f r e c o r di n g c us to ms, b ut w hich I u n fo r t un at e ly
n e v e r f o u n d l e i s ur e t o c ar r y o u t It w as t o p u bli s h t y p ic a l c us t o m sh e e t s
.
-

p r i n t e d w i t h a w id e ma r gi n
*
Th e p r i n t e d p o r t i o n w o ul d g iv e a t y p ic a l
.

s e t o f , s ay , m a r r i a ge c e r e m o n i e s , divid e d i n to S h o r t p a ra g r a p h s, o n e f or
e a ch s t a g e T h e i n qu i r e r w o u l d n o t e o pp o s it e e a ch p a r a g r a p h th e d e pa r
.

t u r e s f r o m t h e t y p ic a l c e r e m o n i a l w hich h e f o u n d t o o b t a i n amo n g t h e
e op l e a n d in t h e l o c a li t y un d e r i n qu i r y T h e m a i n li n e s o f t h e s e a n d
p .

s i m il a r c e r e m o n i e s a r e c o mmon t o m a n y t r ib e s o v e r a c o n s id e r a bl e ar e a ,
a n d t h e s y st e m , w hich i s o f c o u r s e c a p a bl e o f i n d e fi n i t e e x pa n s ion , w oul d
sa v e a d e a l o f w r i t i n g, w o u l d s ugg e s t In q u i r y , w o ul d be a s af e gu ar d a g a i n s t

o mi ss i o n s , a n d a b o v e all, w o u ld b r i n g diff e r e n c e s o f c u s t o m i n t o p r om i n e n ce .

9( 9( 9(

A nd n ow I h a v e c om e l a s t h e a d of my di s co ur s e
t o t h e f o ur t h an d
,

a n d y o u w ill I a m s ur e be r e li e v e d t o
, ,
k n o w t h a t I s h a ll be b r i e f Wh a t .

i s t h e u s e o f i t a ll I m u st p r e m i s e t h at n o t r ue s t u d e n t e v e r a s k s hi ms e l f
s uch a q u e s t i o n T o s o m e o f y o u I f e a r I s h a ll a p p e a r p r o f an e b ut I ta k e
.
, , ,

i t t h at t h e sp i r i t whi ch a n i m a t e s t h e t r ue s ch o l a r i s t h e same i n e s s e n c e a s
t h a t which p o s s e ss e s t h e c o i n c o ll e c t o r o r t h e p o s t a g e s ta m p m a n i a c
-
He .

y e ar n s f or m or e k n o w l e dge n o t b e c a u s e h e p r o p o s e s t o p u t it t o a n y
,

d e fi n i t e u se w h e n h e h as p o s se s se d hi m s e l f o f i t but b e c a use h e h as n o t ,

g o t i t a n d h a t e s t o b e wi t h o u t i t
,
N e v e r t h e l e ss i t i s a
.
q ue s t i o n which i f , ,

w e do n o t a s k o ur s e lv e s o t h e r s w i ll a s k f o r us a n d i t b e h o v e s u s t o h a v e
, ,

o ur a n s w e r r e a dy In t h e fi r s t p l a c e i t i s i m p o ss ibl e t o a s se r t of a n y
.
,

a ddi t i o n h o w e v e r a a e n t ly i n s ig n ific a n t t o t h e s um o f h um a n k n o wl e dg e
r
, pp , ,

t h a t i t w ill n o t t u r n o ut t o b e o f p r i m a r y i m p o r t a n c e T h e w h o l e fa b r ic .

o f t h e un iv e r s e i s s o cl os e ly i n t e r w o v e n m e s h by m e s h t h a t at wh at e v e r
, ,

o ut o f t h e w a c or n e r w e m a y b e gi n u n r a v e lli n g w e ma p r e se n t ly i s t
y y
-
- -
a s s ,

i n t h e l o o se n i n g o f s o m e k n o t w h ich h as b ar r e d t h e p r o g r e s s o f s ci e n c e .

Wh at l h i lis ti n e w oul d l o o k w it h o t h e r t h a n co n t e mp t upo n th e s t u dy o f

‘

t h e S h ap e s o f f a n cy p ig e o n s o f t h e m a r ki n gs o f c a t e r p ill a r s a n d b ut t e r fli e s
, ,

and of the r e s p e c t iv e c o l o ur i n g s o f co ck a n d h e n bi r d s Y e t f r o m t h e se .

t h r e e s o ur c e s h a v e b e e n d r a w n t h e m o s t vivi d ill u st r a t i o n s a n d t h e s t r o n g
e st r oofs o f a t h e o r y t h e e p o ch m a ki n g n a t ur e o f which w e a r e h a r dly
p
-

a bl e t o a p p r e ci a t e b e c a u s e i t h a s a l r e a dy b e co m e a n
, i n t e g r a l pa r t o f t h e
i nt e ll e c t u a l e qui pm e n t of e v e r y t hi nki n g man But w e n e e d n o t t r u st t o .

t h e v a g u e ne s s o f t h e f ut ur e f or e vid e n c e o f t h e v a l u e o f o u r s t udi e s i n
I n di a Th e y h a v e a l r e a dy c ast a fl o o d o f ligh t u po n t h e o r i gi n a n d n at ur e
.

o f E ur o p e a n t e n u r e s an d th e y h a v e e v e n mo difi e d t h e c o ur s e o f Br i t i s h
,

l e gi s l a t i o n I do n o t t h i n k i t i s t o o m u ch t o say t h at h a d w e k n o w n
.
,

n o t hi n g o f l a n d t e n ur e s i n I n di a t h e r e c o g ni t i o n o f t e n a n t r igh t i n Ul st e r
,
”
w o uld h a v e b e e n i n de fi n i t e ly p o s tp o n e d .

Th e sc e n t ifi c
i S
p i r it w h i ch i n s p i r e d t h e ab ov e r e mar k s lai d
th e f o un dat i o n s o f all a n t h r o p o l o g i ca l r e s e ar c h i n t h e Pun j ab an d

hi s me th o d w as v ey i n Prov
mce S
g
*
adop te d in carr y i ng o ut th e E thn og r ap hi c S ur th e se
H
.

A
Nor t h -We st F r o n t i e r Pr ovi n ce . T h e p r act i cal i mp or tan ce of an
i n t e n s i v e st udy o f t h e m i n ut e st i n t h e p o p ular r e li g io n ,
f l k l o r e , t r adi t i o n s ,
o -
sur v i v al s an d s up e r st i t i on s ca n n o t be e as i ly
e xa
g g e r a t e d, an d t h e p r e se n t w r i t e r i s co n v i n ce d th at n ot h in
g bu t
a c os e r s t ud
l of t h e m w ill , f o r e x am p e , r e co n c
l i l e th e ar e n t ly
y a
pp
h o p e le ss i nco n s i ste nci e s o f t h e Punj ab cus t o m ar
y law .
 GLOSSARY

PUNJAB TRIBES AND CASTES .

A
A BA Z A I, a se c ti o n of th e Y us uf zai P a than s , f o und i n B une r .

ABBA K BE L , one o f th e S ix s e p ts of th e B aiz ai cl an of t h e A k o z ai Y ii sufzai

P a tha ns ,
f o un d i n P e shaw a r .

A BBAS S I, th e n a m e o f t h e r uli n g f a mily o f t h e D a udp o tr as w h o a r e

‘

Na w abs of B aha w alp ur an d cl a i m d e s c e nt fr om th e A bb ass id e dy n ast y

o f Egyp t : s e e D audp o t r a a n d K alh o r a .

A BD AL , a s ma ll c ast e of M uhamm a d a n s f o u nd i n Ka n g r a a n d t h e .

J as w au D im o f H o s h iar p ur T h e A bd el s a r e divid e d i n t o 1 2 toli s

'

0 r s e p ts T h e A bdals o f Ka n g r a do n o t a s so ci a t e w i t h t h o se o f
.

S ukhar a n d Nur pur T h e A b dals a r e b e gg a r s an d w a nd e r i n g .

S i n ge r s p e r fo r mi n g e sp e ci ally a t Raj p ut f u n e r a l s a t which t h e y

, ,

p r e ce d e t h e b o dy s i n gi n g a n d pl ay i n g di r ge s be n o r bi r lcip In , .

t h e t i m e o f t h e Raja s w h e n a n y Raj p u t w a s ki ll e d i n b a t tl e a n d
th e n e w s r e a ch e d h i s h om e t h e y g ot h is cl o th e s an d u s e d t o
,

w e ar t h e m whil e S i n gi n g h is di r g e Th us th e y s a n g di r g e s f o r .

R am Si n gh w a zi r o f N u r p ur a n d Sha m Si n gh A t ar iw ala w h o h a d
, , , ,

f o u gh t a g a i n st t h e B r i t i sh a n d f o r Raj a R a i S i n h o f Ch a mb a
,
g .

T h e A bdals n o w s i n g v a r i o us S o n g s a n d a t te n d R a j p u t w e dd in g s .

Th e y ar e e n d o g amous A bdal me a n s ’
li e ut e n a n t (se e Pl a tt s
.
‘ ’

Hi n d D i cty s v ) a n d i s t h e n ame o f a cl a s s o f w a nd e r i n g
. ., . .

M uh a mma da n s ai n ts *
Wh e th e r t h e r e i s a ny c o n ne c t io n b e tw e e n
.

t h e n am e a n d t h e Chihil A bdal o f I s l a mi c myt h o l o gy d o e s n o t

a pp e ar F or t h e A bd el s i n B e n g a l se e Ri s l e y Pe op le of Indi a ,
.
,

pp 7 6 a nd 1 1 9
. .

A BD A L a n A r ai n cl an (agr ic ul t ur a l ) fo und i n M o n tg ome r y

, , .

A BD AL I (I) a te r m o n c e a ppli e d g e n e r ally to a ll A fgha n s (9

,
but .

n o w a p p a r e n t ly o b s o l e t e : ( 2) t h e n a m e o f a f a m o us f a m il
y o f th e
S a ddo za i P a tha n s which g a v e A f gh a n i s t a n i ts fi r s t A f gha n dy n a s ty
No w k no w n a s D u rr a n i t hi s f amily b e l o n g e d to t h e S a r b a n i b r a n ch
,

o f t h e A f g h a n s a n d i s b e li e v e d by t h e m to
,
d e r iv e it s n a me f ro m A bda l
o r A vdal bin T ar i n bi n S h a r k h ab u n b S a r ba n b Q a i s w h o r e ce iv e d . .
,

t hi s n a me f r o m K w h aja A buA h m a d a n a bdali o r s a i n t o f th e Ch i s h t ia

’
’

.
,

It i s th e p l ur o f b d l ub ti tute and th e A b dal 4 0 in n umb e r ta k th e fi fth p l ce

’
s s

A l s o call e d R uk p
. a a , , , , e

n th e S i f i h i e r ar ch ical or de r o f ain ts i s s ui ng fr o m th e g r e at Q utb

I
‘
é
’
i s . a ,

g uar di ans , th ey r es i de in S y r i a,
’
b ring rain and V i ctory and av e r t ca a l mi ty E n cyclop e di a

of Is lam , 3 v p 6 9 . . . .

1
'
S ee A da sup r a b l .
 2 A bddli—zi dam Khe l .

or d e r D r iv e n fr om th e i r l a n d s n ear Q an d ahar by th e G h alza i th e

.
,

A bdali h ad l o n g b e e n s e tt l e d n e a r H e r at but w e r e r e s to r e d by Nadi r

'
,

Sh ah to t h e i r o ld h o me a n d w h e n A h ma d Shah b e c a me ki n g a t ,

Q a nd ahar h is t r ib e se r ve d as a n ucl e u s fo r t h e n e w e mpi r e I n fl ue n c e d .

by a f a qzr n ame d sabar Shah h e t oo k t h e t i t l e o f D urr i d ur r an

’
- -
,

a r l of p e ar l s
’
T h e t w o p r i n ci p a l A bdali cl an s a r e t h e P o p a l za i
‘
p e .
,

(to which b e l o n ge d t h e r oy a l s e c t i o n t h e S a d o z a i ) an d t h e B a r a k za i ,

M L o ngw or th D a me s i n E n cycl of Is lci m p 6 7

. .
, . .

A BDAL KE a Kh ar r al cl a n (ag r ic ul tur a l) fo un d i n M on tgome r y

, , .

A BD HIII ‘
a d e g r e e o r cl a ss o f t h e c e lib a t e G o sa in s w h o l iv e by
b e g gi n g Th e y a r e w a n de r e r s a s opp ose d t o th e ma tddr i or dsan ddr i
.
,
cl ass S ee G os ai n
. .

A nn i s A th e mod e r n A h ir (q a )
, . .

’
A BHAPANTHI o n e o f th e 1 2 o r d e r s or s ch ool s o f t h e J o gi s
,
(q .

A BKAL a se p t o f Raj p uts d e sc e n d e d f r om Wahgal a so n o f S ang r Ch n d

, , a a , ,
loth Raj a o f K a hl ur .

A BL ANA ( 1 ) a J at cl an (ag r ic ul tur a l f oun d i n M ul t an

,
) ( 2) a b r an ch o f th e ,
K h ar r a ls f oun d i n M o n t gome r y a n d th e
,
Mi n chi n abad n i zci ma t o f
B a hawa lp ur .

A BnA, a n an ci en t f d it r ib
Si dh of B h awJ et l p s tat us
e o un n n a n d th e a a ur
S t at e It IS c r e di te d Wi t h h a vi n g i n tr od u c e d t h e a r ts o f a g r ic ul
.

t ur e
In to t h e s out h w e st P un a b 0
j a n d S in dh i n th e p r o v e r b

E a r n ba khsh e hi r e r .

A bra bakhshe h a l di or .

n u me r o us in
B ahaw alp ur .

A BU I a J at cl an (ag r ic ul tur al
,
I
) foun d i n M ul ta n ,
A BWANI a P a th a n cl an a gr i c ul t u l
I .
f

(
9
‘

) foun d In A mr i tsar
, O

ra
,
Aa K HE L an lni por tant cl an of
' .

th e M ar w at
Ba nnu . P a th ans foun d i n ,
'
A CHI L i Mo (Tib e t an
) a g ro u ) o f a c tor
-

J h e y w e ai m
m g e i s an d d a nc e r s fo d
e

Si
1 n K a n é Wa r ' ‘
un
as k s
. ‘
,

e y e s a nd a d r e
ss t o which w e 0 11
en
d an ci i i t h e p i e a d o ut
0

th e lrlgn a i li all d n pl a y a I
.

a r g e t a mb 11 1
r um S h a e d and
p lik e
t
0 1 11 9 ,
 Adan S Mhi- Aha ngar . 3

A DAN S a i nt a S ikh , c t or mor e c o r r e c tly o r d e r foun d e d by A d a n

se , , ,

Shah a di scipl e , of K an bya Lal t h e f ounde r of th e Se wap anth is ,

(q .

A D E -NATE , o ne o f th e 1 2 o r d e r s or s ch ool s of t h e J o gi s (q .

A D MAL, a se pt of th e G ak kh ar s (q .

A D P NIHi ,
A '
p ossibly a t itle o f th os e Sikh s w h o a dh e r e to th e ori g i n a l
d
( ) di f a i t h ( o r to t h e d d i g t ) f
r an h : c C e ns us R e p or t 1 8 9 1 -
88 .
, , ,

but se e A dh n ath -
.

A D V A IT a Hi nd u sect which mai n t ai n s t h e uni t y o f th e sou l wi th G od

,

a fte r d e at h .

A F G HAN pl Af ag h in a : sy n Ro hill a or R o h e l a a nd P ath a n (q

, . . Th e .

e a r lie s t hi stor ic a l me n t i o n o f t h e A f gh a n s occ ur s un d e r t h e y e a r

1 024 A D (4 1 4 15 Hij r i ) wh e n M a h m ud o f G h a z n i ma d e a r a id
. .
-

i n t o t h e moun ta i n s i nh a bi te d by t h e A fg h an i an — af t e r h i s r e t ur n
f ro m I n di a to G h a zn i — pl un d e r e d th e m a n d c ar r i e d o ff much b oot y *
n
.

A f gha n t r a di t i o n m a k e s K a sh i g h a r o r Sh a wal t h e i r e ar li e st s e a t ,

a n d t h e t e r m A f gha n i s t a n o r l a n d o f t h e A f ghan s i s s a id t o be ,

s tr ic t l y s p e a ki n g a pplic a bl e t o t h e m o u n t a i n o us
,
c o un t r y b e t w e e n
Q an d a ha r a n d t h e D e r ajat a n d b e t w e e n J a lalabad a n d th e ,

Kh aib ar v a ll e y o n th e n o r th a n d S i w i a n d D a da r o n th e so uth ,

but i t is n ow g e n e r ally u s e d t o d e n o te t h e ki n gd o m o f A f gha n is

t an T h e A f gha n s us e d t o be t e r me d A bdéli s o r A w dali s f r o m
.

M a lik Abdal u n d e r w h o m t h e y fi r st e m e r g e d f r o m t h e S ul a i ma n
R a n ge a n d d r o v e t h e K afi r s o r i n fi de ls o ut of t h e Kab ul va ll e y .

( S e e a l s o 8 y P a t h é n B a n g
. as h D.ila z ak
) By r e ligi o
,
n t h e , .

A f gh an s a r e wh olly M u h a mm a da n a n d cl a i m a s t h e i r p e c u li a r
A fgha n Q ut b Khwaj a h Q utb u d di n B a kh t ia r K ak i ’
s ai n t t h e
‘ - -
, , ,

o f U s h (n e ar B aghdad) w h o p r o b ably ga v e his n ame t o t h e Q utb

M imi r a t D e lhi .

“
A G ABi A g r i o r A ga r ia a w or k e r in s al t f r o m dga r a s a l t p a n T h e A g ar i s
”
- .
, , ,

ar e t h e s a l t mak e r s o f Raj p u t a na a n d o f t h e e a st a n d s o ut h e a s t P un j a b
- -
,

a n d w ould a ppe ar t o b e a t r ue c a s t e l In G ur ga on t h e y a r e s a id to .
' '

cl ai m d e sc e n t f r o m th e Raj pu t s of Chi tt a ur A ll ar e Hi n d us a n d .
,

f o un d e s p e ci a lly i n t h e S ul t a n p ur t r a c t o n th e c o mmo n b o r de r s o f D e lhi ,

R0 t a n d G ur ga o n wh e r e t h e y ma k e s a l t by e v a p o r a t i n g t h e b r a cki sh
,

w at e r of th e w e ll s S oci ally th e y r an k b e lo w t h e Jats but a bo v e L ohar s

.
, .

A p ro ve r b say s T h e a h t h e j a w ci s a t h e A g a r i an d th e c ar t m a n — wh e n
, ,
”
th e ligh tn i n g fl ash e s t h e se giv e up t h e gh o st a p par e n t l y b e c aus e th e r a i n ,

whi ch is lik e ly to fo ll o w w o uld di ssolv e t h e ir sal t Cf NU NGA R . . .

A GGAR WAL a s ub c as te o f t h e Ba nia s ( 9

,
-
.

A s i a 3 d o ubt ful sy n on y m o f A gar i (q

, . .

A GWANA a J et cl a n (a gr ic ul tur a l ) fo un d i n M ul ta n
, , .

A HANGA R a bl a ck smi t h , .

F or fu e r de tai s s e e th e admi r a e ar t ic e s by Mr Long w o r th D ame s

ll l bl l . on A fg h ani stan
nd Afr fdi in th e E ncy c op aedi a of I s am ( L ondon : L uz ac l
now i n l cour se o f p ub
pica ti on .

1 But th e Ag ar is
’

ar e a s o sai dl th e K umh ar s In K umao n a q a r z

to be a me r e s ub cas te of .
’ ’

me ans an i ron-s me te r N IN I, l
21 4 , 21 7 . . .
Q
It i s do u t fu w h e th e r A g r a ( lCl lV CS
. . . b l ‘

i ts n ame f r om th e A g ar i s , as t h e r e i s an A g r a i n th e Pe s h aw ar a le y F o r an account of th e v l .

l
s a t industr-
y i n G urgaon, s ee G u r ga on G a ze t te er , 1 884 , p ag e 5 7 .
4 Ahdr i —Ahi r.

AHARf, a doubtf ul sy n ony m of Ah e r i (q ‘ . a ) .

d th e
A HE Rf ( )A H e r i A ha r i a n o u
,
t c a s t e a n d o f te n v ag
f m Ra
i
j
b
p e-

t
f s em
r an t tr ,
o un in

,
d igi n a lly i m m i g r a nt r o u a n a e p ,
s o ut h e a st P -u n j a b a n o r
,
d t b d v d f r om
d Bika ne r T h e n a m e i s sa i o e e r i e
a lly J o dhp u r a n
pp
.

t h u a lly
b t t h A h e r i w h o a e a r s o e u s
h e r a h e r d o f c at l t e u e
H
,
f
,
ll d H ,
i P j b i b h e di t a h u n t e r a n d o w
l e r e
h e r y
.

ca e er i n t e u n a s y
i
l
,
ci lly r e a p e r a n d e v e n c u t
i s h o w e v e r o r n ar di ily a l a b o u r e r e s p e a a ,
, '

whil K al h e ma k l t p e t r e * l n a
p
v a te s l an d i n H i s a s r e i n a r n
,
e s s a .

B b t h y h v
i t a e n o
d hy i u e A b e r i a r e s e m bl e a o r as u e
p e a r a n c e a n p s q ,

d t t r i me
di al e c t of t h e i r o w n a n d ar e n o t a s b dy d c d a o a
,
i e o c , ,
.

t h f ll wi g f o u n d i n t h e Baw al
Of t h e i r n u m e r o u s g e t s e o o n a r e

m zama t o f Nabh a
'

G h h an d
Bh at a .
a c .

Chah u r w a l G h a.
m a n .

Char a n .
G og a l
Ch an dali a G o tala
.
.

Be kh t a .
Haj ip fi r i a .

D ahi n w al .
J h in di a .

D a h mi w al . J un ba l
Dh ar o r ia .
M a ht a .

D h ar ii h e r i a
’

. Me w al .

mo st S t t f Hi n di i s bu t i n th e Ph ulk ian
’

T h e Ah er is ar e al all
a e s a ew
,

a e
r Sikh s B e s id e s t h e.o t h e r vill a g e d e i t i e s t h e y w o r s hip t h e g o dd e s s

Ma san i a nd sp e ci all y a ff e c t Babaj i o f K o h m a n d i n J o dhp ur a n d

K h e tr pal In ma r r i a g e fo ur ge ts a r e a v oid e d a n d w id o w r e m a r r i a g e
.
,
-

i s p e r mi tt e d A ll th e i r r i t e s r e se m bl e t h o s e o f t h e D h an a k s 1 a n d
’

. ,

Ch a mar w a B r ah ma n s o ffi ci ate a t t h e i r w e ddi n g s a n d lik e o cc a s i o n s .

T h e N aik s w h o f o r m a s up e r i or cl a s s a m o n g t h e H e r i s r e se m bl e
, ,

t h e m n all r e sp e c t s h a vi n g t h e s a me g e ts a n d f oll o wi n g th e s a m e
it ,

p u r sui s b u t t h e ,
t w o g r ou s
p d o n o t i n t e r m a r r y o r e v e n t a k e w a te r
’
f r o m e ach o th e r s h a nd s O n t h e o t h e r h a n d t h e A b e r i i s s a id to
.
\

be d ubb e d T h or i as a t e r m o f c on te mp t a nd p o s s ibly th e t w o t r i b e s ,
a r e r e a lly t h e s ame .

F o r a cc ount s o f th e A b ar i s i n th e U n i t e d Pr ovm ce s s e e E lli ot s ’

G lossa r y .

As i a Th e n ame A hi r i s d o ub tle s s
. d e r iv e d f r o m th e S an sk r i t abh W a a
mi lk man , but v a r i o us o th e r f olk e ty mol o i e s a r e cu r r e n t
g
’
i
T h e A h i r s ow n t r a dit i o n as t o t h e i r o r i i n IS t h a t a B r a h ma n o n e
g
t o ok a V ai sy a g i r l t o W i fe an d h e r o ff s r i n g w
e

’ p e r e p r o n o un c e d a ma t
s a n gy a o r o ut c a s t t h a t a ga i n a d a ugh t e r o f t h e a m a t s an i d
gy i
c s m a r r e
-

a B r a h ma n a n d t h a t h e r o ffs r i n
f g w e r e ca11e d a bh u s
,
G Op as o r
h e r d sme n ) a w or d c or r upte d i mto A hi r , .

Th e y ar e chi e fl y f ou n d i n t h e so u t h of D e bl1 , G ll /
g CL n , a n 1
d5 53
0 11 1
and th e Ph ulk i an S t a t e s b or d e r i n g u p on i i
t h e s e di st i ct t a n
'

: 1

l
Ah e r i s a so w or k i n r e e ds and r ass e s eci a
‘
g at mak i n ll
s to o s o flr ee d .
p y g w m now mg ask e ts and -
b
+ Th e Ah e r is cla i m th at th e y w i n ot t ake at f l m 2xDh amak a s th e C
ll
l e t th e y r an k no h i gh e r th an th e atte r S ince
not r e mo e th v fil , ls
.
e at ea( 1 annua s
,
. h uh r as do
a th oug h t h e
l
y W1 11
Ey d l l
.

i Onc of th e se i s a kt o r m
’

s nak a k cr (Ine t th at S “
(

ll
r
O

But accor di n g to th e Ma d Bh a g w a t Il s h ua h ad o n ce k i e d
‘

a s nak e
0

10’ A ddh i ae 1
. -

ll b 7 » 3” K r i sh na di d i on
.

k i th e snak e , but r ough t i t out of th e J umna y ‘

,
 Ahi r gr oup s . 5

li mi te d t r ac t t h e y f or m a c onsid e r abl e p r op or ti on o f th e w h ol e opul

p a~
tio n .

Th e fi rst hi s tor ic al me nti o n cc ur s i n t h e c o n f use d of th e A bh i r a s o

s t a te me nt s o f t h e Vi s h n u Pu r ri n a c o n c e r n in g t h e m a n d t h e S ak a s ,

Y av a n a s Bah lik as a n d o th e r ou tl a n di s h dy n ast i e s which s ucc e e d e d

,

t h e A n dh r a s i n t h e 3r d c e nt u r y A D . .

In t h e 4th c e n t ur y t h e A bh i r a s Ar jun ay an a s a n d Malav a s a r e de

'

s c r ib e d as r e p ublic an tr ib e s s e tt l e d in e a s t e r n Raj p uta n a a nd Mal w a * .

Th e y a r e divid e d i n to t h r e e kh dnp s or sub c aste s -

i h a l l t h e ms e l v e s t h e o fl s r i n
l
( ) t h e N a n d b a n s w o c p g of N an da th e , ,

f o ste r f a t h e r o f S r i K r i sh n a J
L
-

i t ban s z w h o cl a i m t o be d e sc e n d an ts o f th e Yad a a
’ ’

(2 ) t h e J dd , ,

n o ma dic r a c e .

z w h o s a y t h a t t h e y a r e de s c e n d e d f r om t h e G uala
’

3
( ) t h e G u a l b a n s ,

or h e r d sm an dy na st y an d t h e G o p i s w h o da n c e d w i th t h e
‘ ’
,

o d K r i s h n a i n t h e w o o ds o f Bi n d r a b a n a n d G o k al
g .

Th e J adfiba n s i A h i r s ar e mo s tly f ou n d in t h e Ah i r w at i i a n d H a r ia na ,

w hil e t h e N a n dba n s i s a n d G ualban si s a r e f o u n d i n M a th ur a a nd

Bi n d r a b a n .

A ll t h r ee s ub c ast e s a r e e n d o ga mo us a n d a v o id four g e ts i n marr i ag e

-
.

T h e ge ts of t h e J aduba n si s a r e
l A bh i r y a
. 21 J h a r udh ya . . . 39 . L an ba .

2 Ba chh w aly a
. 22 K a k r aly a . . . 40 . L o diy a .

3 Balw an
. 23 K a k u dh y a . . . 41 . M ah la .

4 Bh a n ka r y a
. 24 K a laly a . . . 42 . Ma n dha r .

5 . Bh og w a r y a 25 K alga n . . . 43 . Mith n .

6 . Bh u n k a lan 26 Ka nk a s . . . 44 . Moh a l .

7 . Bh asa r y a 27 Ka rera . . . 45 . Na g a r y a .

8 . Bh usla 28 Khal o d . . . 46 . N ar ba n .

9 . Ch at a sy a 29 K h a r o ty a . . . 47 . No ti w al .

10 . C h ur a 30 Kh ar p a ra
. . . 48 . Pa ch a r y a .

11 . D ab a r 31 K h ato dh y afro m
. . 49 . S ap p .

12 . D a hiya K h a to de in Patial a
. . 50 . S o n ar y a .

1 3 D a ta r li
.
32 K h isw a . . . 51 . S ult an y a .

14 . D h oli w al 33 Kh o la . . . 52 . T h o ka r an .

D h u n da la 34 K h o r ry a 53
‘
l o h an i a
'
15 . . . . . .

l6 D um do ly a 35 Kh o s a 54 l un d a k
' ‘
. . . . .
.

17 . Ha r b ala 36 K h ur m y a . . . 55 . S ola n gi a , o r ig i na l . .

18 . J ad a m 37 K iuw al . . . 1y S o l a nk i R ajpfits .

19 . J an j a r ya 33 K o s aly a fr o m K osl i . .

20 . J ar w a l i n Ro h t a k . .

V A S mi th A n ci e n t Hi s t or y of In di a pp 240 and 25 0
. . , . . ,

1 S r i K r i sh na th r oug h f e ar o f R aj a K ans w as ch ang e d f or Naud s daug h te r and so

'
‘

, ,

b r o ugh t up by h i m Nand w as an A h i r K r i s h n a a K s h at r y a
. adfi w as th e so n of J a at ,
g , . J
f ro m w h om K r i sh na w as de s ce nde d and th e adubans t a s o c aim de s ce nt fr om h im , J l l ,

IAno th e r acco unt say s th at th e A h i r w at i i s h e d by th e J adaba ns i and N an dbans f l ,

w h o s mo ke tog e t h e r , w h e r e a s t h e G ualba ns i w i no t s mo k e w i th t h e m (ln s p i te o f th e ll

lat te r s i n f e r i o r i ty )
’
.

It i s not e asy t o de ne th e o undar i e s o f A h i r w at i fi b

It i nc ude s R e w ar i and th e country
’

. l
t o t h e w e st of i t R at h o r Bi g h auta y i ng to th e so uth w e s t o f th a t t o w n a nd ap p ar e nt y l -
l
v l
o e r ap p ing i t si nce Nar naul ap pea r s to h e in th e Bath as w e l as m th e A h i r wa t i l ’

,
 Ahi r or i gi ns .

ll N t h a w at Ra j p ut s f r o m A m l a B'
h a n e r a
56 B h anotr a , or i g l n a y a ,

t c mm i tt e d m ur d e r a n d fl e d fi n di n g a r e f ug e
i n J ai p u r : t h e i r a c o
o r ,
n e s

T un
R p u t s t i11 99 5 S a m b a t : t h e l e
g e n d
D a i i l l w a r a
j
h
5 y a r o r n a y f
. ’

m
,

gh d i h i d a u gh t e r i n a r r i a g e t o Kal ii Ra j a o
i s t at A n an gp al v e n s
a g d
h b d v h e r v e s s e l s f o r h e r s e p a r a t e u s e a
n
D h a r a n a g a r b u t h e r u s a n g a e ,
,
A a l w o u ld h a v e a t t a ck e d 1 1 1 8
sh e c l
omp a n e i d t o h e r f a t h e r n a gp
n .

d
.

di d d h i m a n d s o h e t r e a ch e r o u s ly a It e
s o n i n la w bu t
- - h i s n o bl e s s s u a e , .

d h t s w e ddi n g Kal i i c a m e wi
’
t h h i s f o u r
’

K alli t o h i s s c d n a u g e r .

e o
Bh w d J a l b u t t h e y l a r n t o f t h e pl ot
b r o t h e r s Pa r m ,
a r N i l a a n an
,
a gp ,
e ,

h A hi f m wh om Kal e t o o k a b r id e a n d t h u s f o u n
d e
d
an d fl e d t t
o e r s r o ,

t h e D ay ar ge t .

S o me of th e Nan dbansi ge ts a r e
l . Bach h w a1 .
4 . K h atban .

2 . H a r b an wal .
5 . Pach a r y a .

3 . K ah oli .
6 . Rab ar .

7 . S anw ar y a .

h g i g i v t h i m t t h e A h i r w a t i di al e c t w hich i s
T he A ir s a a n e e r n a e o ,

p k
s o e n in th e t r a c t r o u n d N a r n a u l K a n a u d h a n d R e wa ri I t di ff
,
er s .

litt l e i f a t all f r om t h e o r di n ar y Hin d i o f th e sou t h e a st P un j a b

, ,
f or -

a fu ll a cc o un t o f i t a n d i t s l o c a l v ar i e t i e s t h e r e a d e r m u s t b e r e f e r r e d t o

I d i V l I X pp 4 9 — 5 1 d 2 3 3 — 2 4 1
th e L i n gui s ti c S y f
u r ve o n a o a n .
, . .
,

Th e A h i r s a r e a l l Hi n d u s b u t i n s p i t e o f t h e i r t,
r a di t i o n a l c o n n e c
i
t on w i t h S r i K r i s h n a i t h e y a ff e c t S h i v a ji D e vi a n d T h a k ar i
j Th e y ,
.

l hi B d w h s h i n e i s a t R a i u r i n t h e B a w a l n i z a ma t
a s o w o r s p a n e o o s e r , p
o f Nabh a a n d w h o i s s a id t o be a bl a ck s na k e : h e n c e n o A h i r wil l kill

a bl a ck s n ak e In S a ha r anp ur t h e i r ma r r i a g e d e i t i e s a r e Br ah n a n d
.

Bar de otas but n o t r a c e s o f t h e s e c ul t s a r e n o te d i n t h e P un j ab };

,

A h i r w o me n d r e ss di ffer e n tly t o t h o se o f th e J at tr i b e s w e a r i n g ,

r e d a n d y e ll o w s tr i p e d go w n s w i t h a s h a wl o f r e d m usli n , But i n .

J i n d th e y ar e sai d t o w e a r a go w n (leng h ci ) o f bl ue cl oth .

T e A h i r s w er e p r o b a bl y by o r igi n a p a s t or a l c as te b ut i n t h e
h ,

Pun j ab t h e y ar e n ow a l mo s t e xcl us iv e ly a g r ic ul t ur al a n d s t an d i n ,

q u i te t h e fi r st r a n k a s h us b a n d m e n b e i n g a s g o o d a s t h e K a mb o h ,
a n d s ome w h at s up e r i o r
.

t o t h e J at Th e y a r e o f t h e s ame s o ci a l .

s ta n d i n g a s t h e J at a n d G i i a r
j
’

w h o will e a t a n d s mo k e wi t h th e m ,

b ut t h e y h a v e n o t be e n a t an y r a te wi t hi n r e c e n t t i m e s t h e d omi n an t
,
,
r ac e i n an b o n S i de r a ble t r a c t P e r h a s th e i r ne a r e s t p p ch
y p a .
r o a to
s uch a p o si ti o n w a s i n th e S t a t e of Ra mp ur n e a r R wa r
e i wh o se l as t ,
chi e f ,
R ae T ul a Ram m ut i n i e d i n 1 85 7 a n d l o s t h i s s t a t e ,
Hi s f am il y .

s t ill h old s a j dgi r a n d i ts me mb e r s a r e a (1di ss

e e d as R a o 9 t i tl e w h i ch .
,
i s i n de e d gr a te f ul to e v e r y A h i r .

Th e y a r e i n d us tr i o us p a ti e n t a n d o r de r ly , and t h o ugh t h e
; ,
y
a r e i ll S p o k e n o f i n t h e r o v e r b s o f t h e co
p t t h a t i s p r ob .

a bly on ly b e c ause t h e J ag i s of
cul t iv a tor s t h an hi m se l f Th us t h e y s a y i n R o h t a k .

Ko sl i (th e h e a d
C R 1 891 p 263
. . , . .

f S ti acco r di ng to Mr M
ll ac ag an K r i sh na i s t1i l
ei r I t
p 1 20 Mo r e o e r , v
o R
.

lha
.

ii h
l
th e y ade p t Br ah man o r Ball a g l g um s , r e ce i in f r o m
g
v i .
. '

K r i sh na man tr a i n r e t ur n f or :1 Me t or p 12 g; of R s 2 r
-

j o 3
i ba n t h z l
( ne ck ace ) an d t h e
1 N I
. N Q .1 v 4 6
. 0 . .
 A h ir —Ah ldw at . 7

vill a g e o f th e Ahi r s ) h as fi fty b r ick h o use s a n d s e v e ra l th o us a n d

s w a gg e r e r s S o i n D e lhi . R at h e r be kick e d by a R j p u t o r s t umbl e
a

om a
”
u hill t h a n h o e a n t hi n
p f j a c k al s p e a r g r a ss o r a n A h i r
, p y g r , ,

a nd a g a i n A ll c as te s a r e G o d s c r e a t u r e s b ut t h r e e c a s te s a r e
’

r uthl e s s wh e n th e y g e t a ch an c e t h e y h a v e n o s h a me : th e w h e r e
, ,

t h e Ba ny a a n d th e A h i r , T h e p h r a s e Ahi r be p i r r e f e r s to th e i r s up
-
.
-

p o se d f a i thl e ss ne ss But t h e s e st ig ma s ar e n ow a d ay s at l e a s t wh o lly

.
,
- -
,

u n d e se r v e d .

Th e ir bi r th d e a t h an d m ar r i a g e c e r e mo ni e s ar e lik e th os e o f th e
,

Mal i s G ii ja r s an d J ats K a r ew a i s pe r m i ss ibl e bu t in J i n d i t i s said

’

, .
, , ,

a wid o w ma
y n o t m ar r y h e r h u s b a n d s e l de r b r o t h e r a n d t hi s i s a l so
’

t h e c a se i n G ur gao n w h e r e s o m e o f t h e high e r A h i r f a mili e s d i s a ll o w

,

wid o w r e m a r r i a g e i n to to
- *
a n d h o ld a l o of f r o m o t h e r A h i r s Lik e .

t h e Raj pu t s t h e A h i r s r e c o g ni s e c on c ubi n a g e a n d a f a t h e r h a s a r igh t ,

to t h e g ua r di an s hi p o f a c o n c ubi n e s s o n (s ur ctw ci l) b ut h e do e s n o t ’
,

i n h e ri t T h e A hi r s w h o di sall o w wid o w r e mar r i a g e a l so foll o w th e

.
-

r ul e of ch22 ndava ndf l

Th e y e atka chch i a n d p a kki wi t h all B r ah m a n s and V a i sy a s, but t h e

l atte r do no t e at ka ch ch i f r o m t h e m Th e y w ill e a t ka chch i w i th Raj .

p ut s , J ats, Hi n d u Gr ii ja r s, R o r s , S un ar e a n d T a r kh ans, whil e th e l a tte r

’

e a t a l so wi th t h e fo r me r Th e y do n o t e at tie sh i . .

In a n d ar o un d D e lh i ci ty t h e A h i r i s a l so k no w n a s G h o s i a nd
cl a i ms des c e n t f r o m Na n d j i , a do p t e d f a th e r o f K r i s h n a (K a n li y aji ) .

A n ci e n tly c a ll e d G w alas t h e A h i r s w e r e c a ll e d G h os i a f t e r t h e i r c o n v e r
s i o n to I slam § , bu t a n y c o w man o r milk se lle r i s al s o c a ll e d gh os i .

T h e p r i n cip al A h i r or G h o s i ge ts a r e

Muk hia llwhich r an k s high e st o f a ll th e g e ts .

Cli a r i a (g r az i e r s) .

G h u r-ch arh a (c a v a l r y me n ) an d Ka sa b .

The Hi n d u G h os i c ust o ms r e se mble t h ose o f t h e H i n d u R j p uts A a

.

G a ur B r a h ma n o ffici a t e s a t t h e p h er a r i t e i n m a r r i a g e T h e G hosi .

h a v e a sy s t e m o f p un ch e s a n d h e r e di t ar y ch a udh r is If o n e o f t h e .

l a t t e r s li n e f a il h is wid o w m a y a d o p t a so n to s ucce e d h im o r f aili n g

’
, , ,

s uch a d op t i o n t h e un ch e l e c t s a fi t p e r s o n
p , .

A ve ry f ull des cr i p ti on of th e Ah ir s w i ll be found i n Elli ot t s R ces of th e N r th We t

’
o - s
a

Pr ovi n ce s ,
and a so l i n S h e r r ing , I, 332 ff .

A HL AWAT, a J at t r ib e , sa i d to b e d e s c e n d e d f r o m a Ch a uli an R aj pii t w h o

’

c ame fr o m S ambh a r i n J a ip ur so me 30 g e n e r a t i o n s a g o F r o m h im .

s p r an g th e A b law a t , Oli an , Bi r ma , Ma r e , a n d J an Ja ts w h o do n o t
i n t e r mar r y T h e t r ib e i s f o un d i n R o h ta k , D e lhi , a n d K ar n al Its
. .

me mb e r s w o r s hip a commo n a n c e st o r c all e d S a d u D e b .

*
P C L
. .
p . . 1 32 .

lbid p 1 37 .

me
. .

1 p 1 38
. . ,

T h e me ani ng app e ar s to be th at any Muh ammadan tvh e e came a ce tvmah by trade w as b

ll
ca e d G h o si , and th at thi s name th e n e came ap p li e d t o any A h i r or G wa a , s o th at w e now b l
ll
fin d th e Hi ndu A h i r as w e as h i s Muh ammadan co mp e ti to r common y cal e d G h e sn l l
llMu k h i a , sp okes man, i s a so a ti t e g i e n to a eading mem e r of th e caste , but it does
‘
l l v l b
not appear to be e qui a ent to ch a udh r i vl ,
 Ahl i Hdd
- - i —Ah m d s r a zai .

a cc e p t th e S IX be e
p ur i st s Th e y
l
.
o t o s s e s
S unn i s but r e j e c t t h e s u b se q ue n g o

,
d cl m lib er yt o f c o n s o le n ce
o f th e ch ur ch a n a i
,

Th y i n s i st s t r o n gly u p on
h
i n t e r r e tat i o n e
v renc p d by t e

f h e a i
by
.

t e r e e
t h h a s b e e n e n d a n g e r e d d
doc tr n e e y s a y h I m a m s a n d t o s a i n t s ; a n
M h m m d t o t e
or di n ar y M u s a l m a n t o u a a ,
i t v n a s a
f p y e r t o a n y p r o ph e t p r i e s t o r s a n e e
,
,

f or bid t h e o ff e r i g
n o r a
p lch l h n o u r s
l m igh t y Th ey c o n d e m n t h e se u r a o
wi t h t h e A
me di t b f
.

a o r t o r e
f vi i t t a n d p r o s t r a i o n e ,
um
o
p a id to h o ly m e n a n d ill i n a t i o n o s s
, ,

m c t d ;
e r
,
f as t o d e s t r o y t h e d o e s e r e e o v
t h e i r s h r i ne s a n d e v e n g o s o a r
M h k
’

Th
,
y c ll t h e r es t o f t h e M u h a m m ad a n s u s r i ,

t h e i r r e mai n s e a
.

wi h G d d s tr e n uo u sl y p r o cl a i m t h a t
ci t n o t h e r t o a n
or t h o s e w h o a s s o a e a ,
m ki g f
m Th y di sa oll w t h e s o n o
M uh amma d w a s a m e r e m o r t al a n e .

d d i c t n a n c e t h e u se o f r o s a r i e s o r b e a d s .

to b a cc o a s u n l w l
a f u a n s o u n e
h
,
p r o a chi g pp c f t e
A p p a r e n tly t h e y i n si s t m u ch u p o n t h e a p n a e a r a n e
o
d i l t f t h e w o r ld P o l i t i c a lly
l ast Imam M ahdi p r e p a r a t o r y t o t h e s s o u i o n o .

i p nd b xi u s o p
i n i o n i s t h a t t h e y a r e b o u nd
th e i r m o s t m o r t a n t a o n o o
f
d l T h t h d
o o x d e n y t h e m t h e t i t l e o
to w a g e w a r a g a i n s t all i n fi e s e o r .

Musalman s .
”

H d “ i b y d t h c o p e ” o f th i s
f th A h l i i s s e o n e s
A f ull h i stor y a - -
o e
bd l W hhab w b o r n i n N e j d i n 1 69 1 A D
It s o d , A a s
.
,
a r ticl e f
.

u n e r u a -
,
d t h
.

d c d t h w h o l e o f N e j d a n t h e n o v e r r a n e
a n d h i s s u cc e s sor s r e u e e .

c p ll d h G v m t f B m b ay
Hij a z In 1 809 t h e i r p i r a ci e s om e e t e o e r n e n o o

d i 1 8 1 1 1 8 t h
.

h i t gh ld e n t h e c o a st o f Ki r m a n a n n e -

to cap t ur e t e r s r o n o ,

S ul t an of Tur k e y b e h e a d e d t h e i r chi e f a n d r e d c d h
u e t e m t o t
p l i ic l
o a

Th e ir do c tr i n e s w e i n t r o d c d
u e i n t o I n d i a by S a yy i d
in sig n i fican ce .
e r

h d Sh h i B li igi ll f r ee b o o t e r w h o a f t e r a vi s
i t
f R
-
A ma a o a a r e o r n a y a ,

W
,

bi c d d N h st F r t i d t h e r e i n 1 8 26
to A r a a p r o e e e t o t h e o r t - e o n e r a n , , ,

r
,

o cl a i me d a j i h ad o r r e ligi o u s w a
r ag i a n s t t h e Sikh s H i s e x t ra .

p d h i
f h B s
or di n a r y a s c e n d e n cy o v e r t h e t r ib e s o P h aw d
t e e s a r o r e r a n

f w i t h t h D u r r a n i s o n t h e
f our y e ar s s tr uggl e n o t wh o lly u n s cc u l e
’
u e ss ,
,
h d h i t m t f t nd
o n e h an d an d o n t h e o t h e r w i t h t h e Sik l i d
s a n s u a e e e a a
,

h
de at a r e d es rc ib e d i n J a m e s S e t t l e m e n t R e
p o
’
r t o
f P e s h a w a r (p p .

43 44) an d mo e
- r f u lly i n B e ll e w s H i s to r
y f o Y a s uf z a
’
i ( pp 8 3 .

P a tn a i s t h e h e a d quar t e r s o f th e s e c t i n In di a but i t h a s a l s o c o l on i e s
-
,

I
Polos i o n th e n us a n d ad t S i t t a n d M a lk a i n Y a s u f z a i b e y o n d
i:
t n a a

un e r .

[ For ge ne r al hi stor y o f Th e Wahabi s i n I n di a se e t h r e e ar ticl e s in

a

y]
’
S m h C l R i by E J O Ki l
e le c ti o n s
f r o t e a c u t t a e v e w n e a ,
. . .

AHL I H (H d i ’ ’

- - U N I
J D i
()
’
I n,
di a n s : li t p e o pl e o f t h e I n di an s .
u n i i , pl o f Hi n d .
,

Cataf a ge s A r a bic D i e t y s e Huii ti d) 3 (u ) Hi n d us, as o pp ose d t o

'
’
. . .

M uh a mmad an s .

A nLi i w i L IA o n e o f th e Sikh mi e ls f oun d e d by J a ss a Si n gh o f A h lii , a

,

villag e L ahor e a n d ne w r e p r e se n t e d by th e r ul i n D f a mily o f

fi
n g
,

K a p ur t n la
a .

t r ib e s f o un d
'

X N f’ 0 11 0 o f th e un o r g an i s od
A HMAD I B al o ch in th e l owl a n d s of
D e r a Gh az i K h an .

A HMADZ AI, one of th e t wo mai n divi sions of th e D ar we sli K h e l Wa z i rs .

10
'

Akdli —Ak eza i .

fi f d h A t t h i e ge M 1 8 1 8 a f e w
of u l tan in
or rs t o f th e o u r e r ae e s .
0 .

d p c p t a t ed
A kal i f a n a t ic s c a r r i e d t h e f auss e b y by
e i
* r a e s u r p i ,
r s e a n r i

P l ll t t
’

t h e f a ll o f t h a t f or t r e s s T h e c ar e e r o .
f h i i a i
S gh n i u s r a e s

bo th t h e i r d e fe c ts an d t h e i r qu ali t i e s Thi s gr e at A kal i fi r st c a me i nto .

n o t ic e a s t h e l e a d e r o f t h e a t t ck a o n e t c l
a f e
’
s e s c o r t a t M A m r i t s a r i n

1 809 .He w a s t e n e m o e
h pl y d by R a n j i t Si n gh , w h o s t o o d i n c o n s i der

a bl e a w e o f h im a s a e a l ,
d e r i n t h e I n d u s v a ll e y , wh e r e h e w a s g m lt y
o f a tr o ci o us c r ue tl y t w
o a r d s t h e M u h a mm a d a n p o p u l a t i o n , a n d i n

K a sh mi r Fi n ally , Ph ii la Si n gh a n d h i s A kali s c on tr i but e d t o , o r

.
’

h i lly f R j i Si gh t h g t Sikh vic t y v t h e

r a t e r v r t ua w o n or a n t n , e r e a o r o e
r
Y ii sa f z a s
’

i a t T e r i i n 1 8 2 3 I n t h i s b a tt l e. a l a S i n gh m e t w i th a

h e r oic d e at h , a n d h i s tomb a t N a ush ah r a i s n o w an o bj e c t o f pilg ri ma g e

t o Hi n d us a n d M uh ammad an s a lik e .

Un de r Ph ii la Si n gh s e a r li e r l e a de r sh ip an d p e r h a p s b e f or e h is
’ ’
,

r i se t h e A kali s h a d b e c o me a t e r r o r t o f r i e n ds a n d f o e s a lik e an d ,
,

t h e y w e r e d r e a d e d by t h e Si k h chi e f s f r o m wh o m t h e y o f te n l e vi e d ,

con tr ib u ti on s by f or ce i t R a n ji t Si ngh a f t e r 1 823 di d much to r e , ,

d uc e th e i r p o w e r a n d th e o r d e r l o st i ts i mp or tan c e
, .

h e a dqua r te r s w e r e th e A kal Bii n g a i a t A mr i ts a r , wh er e

’

T h e Akal i
t h e y a ss um e d t h e di r e c t i o n o f r e ligiou s c e r e mo n i e s a n d t h e d ut y o f
co n v oki n g t h e G ur u mat a; i n d e e d t h e y l a id cl a i m t o e x e r ci se a ,

g e n e r al l e a d e r s hip o f t h e Khal s a Si nc e R a nj i t Si n gh s t i m e A n an dp ur
.
’

h a s b e e n th e i r r e a l h e a d q uar te r s b u t t h e i r i n fl ue n c e h a s to a l ar g e e x
,

t e n t p a s se d a w a y , a n d s o me o f t h e m h a v e d e g e n e r at e d i n to m e r e
b uff o on s .

A s an or d e r t h e A kali s ar e c e lib at e Th e y h av e say s T r umpp n o .

, ,

r e gul a r chi e f o r di s c i pl e y e t o n e h e a r s o f t h e i r , G ur us wh o se l e a vi n g s ,
a r e e a te n by t h e i r di s ci l e s
p (se w a k o r ch e la ) Th e y do n o t e a t mea t .

o r d r i n k s pi r i ts as o t h e r Sikh s do but c on s ume i n o r di n a t e quan t i ti e s

, ,
of bh a ng .

L IT E RAT U RE — Th e g e ne r a h i stori e s of th e S i kh s , s ec ar t
l Si kh J 0 Oman , My s tics , .

—
. .

A s ce t i cs a n d S a i n ts of Iudza , L ondon, 1 903

.

, pp 1 5 3 ,
1 98 20 1 ; A Bar th , R e li g i o n s of In di a
. .

A KAZ AI, (i ) o ne of the

pri n cip al b r an ch e s of th e U r Mi NZ A i P a th ans (i t ) a
Bla ck Moun ta i n t r i b e a s e ct io n o f t h e I sa z a i cl an o f th e Yii su f z a i
,
’

P a tha ns w h ose mo der n h isto r y i s de sb r i be d In tli s Ha za r a G a ze tte er

,
‘
'

1 907 , PP- 1 6 4—1 82 .

,

AKERE, an a gr ic ul tur al cl a n , f o und i n Shahp ur .

A K EZ Ai, a P atha n cl an (a g r ic ul tur a l ) f o un d in

, M o ntg ome r y .

The y w e re h e ade d by o ne J assa S i ng h ca e d ll Ma l a ( ‘

) S i nbO h ’ f r om
id li
0 r os ar y ’S
s s of b h he
p g Ep
nly
i nt oxi cati ng dr ug i n use ai non th
ug ,
’

i c i g n mg
.
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, p 1 88 P r i us s O 1 } S k
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.

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.

1 h l
fl
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p a n o o a S i ng h , th e A ka i in Car mi ch ae
’

S my , 0p
.
,
, - 92 .

l Conte mp or ar y w r i ter s h ad a low 0 p i ni on of th ei r ch

ar act e r ,

2 fif
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.

81 0 th e A k é lls
’

at
cce i ve s s o me Wh i le mal l mi r r or i ’ ’ d befor fe W
mum hIS lmage
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pr acti ce , lf i t e ve r i s te d, i s now ob olz a
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 Akhund K hel -Ali S he r Khel —i
. ll

AKHU ND K HEL , th e c ti on o f th e P ai n d a Kh e l se p t of t h e Mal i z ai Yii sufzai

se
’

P a than s to which t h e Khan o f D ir b e l o n g s It o cc upi e s th e l o w e r p a r t .

o f th e K as hk a r (D i r ) v a ll e y i n which l i e s t h e vill a g e ,
o f D ir It o w e s .

i ts na me to t h e f a c t t h a t i t w as f o un d e d by M u ll a I lias o r A kh ii n d
’

’
Baba w h o a c qui r e d a sa i n tl y r e p ut a ti o n [Thi s A kh i i i i d Baba i s
’

n o t to be c onf us e d w i t h t h e A kh ii n d o f Swat w h o w a s b o r n i n 1 7 84
’

o f G ii j ar p a r e n t s i n B un e r o r Up pe r S wa t a n d a s A bd ul G h af i i r
’
- -

'
b e ga n li fe a s a h e r d boy bu t a c qui r e d t h e t i tl e s o f Akh ii nd a n d B u z ur g
’

( sa i n t ) by h is s an c ti ty H e ma r r i e d a w o m an o i t h e N ikb i Khe l ]
. .

A K Hii N DZ ADA o n P IRZ A D A a d e s c e n d an t o f a sa i n t o f me r e l y l ocal o r

'

, ,

t r ib a l r e p ut a t i o n (a s o pp ose d to a M i a n ) a mon g th e P a tha n s o f S w a t

Th e d e s ce n d a n t s o f M ulla M us hk i Kl a m r an k a s Ak h i i n dz adas
’
an d D i r
’
.

b e c aus e h e h e ld th at ra nk o th e r wi se t h e y w o uld on ly be sah ibzadas

,

(q .

A K KU KE a Kh ar ral clan (agr ic ul tur al ), f o un d i n M on t gomer y Cf A k ii k

’

. . .
,

A Ko K HEL s e p t o f th e R azz ar cl an o f t h e R a z z ar P a tha n s

, f ound in ,

P e s haw ar .

A xo nA t h e b r an ch o f t h e K h a t tak s d e s c e n d e d fr om M a lik A k o r w h o fo und

, ‘ ,

e d A k o r a on t h e Kab u l r iv e r i n t h e P e s haw a r D i s t r ic t i n t h e t i me of

A kb a r . T h e A k or a o r e as t e r n f ac t io n of t h e K li a t t ak s i s o pp o se d to
t h e w e s te r n o r T e r i p ar ty .

AK RR a t r ib e (a gr ic ul tur al ) f o un d i n Jh e l um [ G r p
,
.
, .

A K O Z A I Yi i sAr z u , th e t r ibe of Y ii sa fz ai Pa tha n s which n o w h old s U p p e r

’

a n d L o w e r Swa t Th e i r s e p ts h o ld t hi s te r r i to r y a s f ollo w s , w o r ki n g
.

u p w a rds al o n g t h e l e f t b a n k o f th e Swa t r i ve r t h e R an iz a i a n d Kha n

Kh e l h o ld L o w e r Swa t : w hi le t h e K uz -S uli z ai (o r l o w e r S uli zai) c o mp r i s
B B
’

d
’

i g
n t h e A l a Kh e l , M ii sa Kh e l a n a b i i z a i a n d t h e a r -
S uli z ai , co m
p r i s i n g t h e Matcr i z ai , A z z i an d J i n ki K h els h o ld U pp e r S w a t : B a i z a i
i s a g e n e r ic t e r m f o r a ll t h e se s e p ts e xc e p t t h e R an i za i Wo r ki n g d ow n .

w a r d s o u th e r igh t b an k o f t h e Swat a r e t h e Sh a mi ani , S e bnj n i , Nikbi

Kh e l a nd Sh a moza i i n Uppe r , a nd t he A di n za i , A ba z a i a n d K h a da k z a i ,
a ll, e xc e p t t h e t w o l a s t -n a me d , k no w n c o ll e c t iv e ly a s K h w az o z ai , i n
Lo w e r S w at T h e A k o z ai also h old mos t o f D ir , t h e Pa i n d a Kh e l
.

h o ldi n g t h e l e ft b an k and t h e S ul tan Kh e l th e r igh t b e l o w Ch u t ia ta n r ,

w hil e lo w e r d o w n t h e S ul t a n K h e l h old s b o t h b a nk s ; a nd be l o w t h e m
a ga i n lie t h e Na s r udi n Kh e l an d t h e A u sa Kh e l .

A K ii K E , a gre a t s e pt o f th e J o iya s fo und i n M ont gomer y and M ul tan , and

als o in B ahaw a lp ur S ta te , i n la r ge numbe r s .

At e ANG , a s e p t o f Ka n e t s f oun d i n th e vill age of L ab r ang in K anaw ar

(in th e Ba sh ah r S t a te ) .

A L ISNf, o ne of th e fo ur cl an s o f th e L agha r i tr ib e of th e B al o c h . T he ch i e f
o f th e L ag h ar i s b e l o n g s t o i t .

A Li K a i ni na , a clan of th e Sials Ch e n ab C ol on y G a ze tte e r , p . 54 .

ALI K ur t , an a f fili ate d h a ms dya or cli e nt cl a n of th e Or ak z a i P ath a n s .

A L IS a na K HEL o ne o f t h e fo ur mai n cl a ns o f th e S li i n w ar i Pa th an s w h e n
, ,

e a s t e r n s e c ti o n s a r e t h e Kh uj a o r K h w aj a S h e k h ma l A s h e Pi r w a l , , ,

and Pi sat Oth e r se c ti on s a r e th e A o ba r o r Wa ta r and t h e Iakh e l

’
. .
1 o
d
Ali zai —A ir i.
nsc

f iv g t cl P a a n s of th e Or a k za i a th ns Th e
A L IZ AI, A L LE Z Ai 1
, ( )
o n e o f th e e r e a
.

n ame i s n o w p r a c ic lly
t a o b s o l e t e a nd t e h c la n s m e n a r e k n o w n by t h e

h S t A nd a n d T a m T h e t w o l a s t n a m ed
n m
a e s o f t e i r s e t
p , s e g ,
u r i , .
; .

i h d f m ly M u l t n (s e e G a z e t t e e r 19 0 2
a r e Shi as, ( )
2 a d i s ti n g u s e a i i n a ,

p .

p i ci l b c h f t h U t m a n z a i P a th a ns O f th e
A L L AZ AI o n e o f t h e r n p a r a n e s o e .

,
h b ch es ( A k i A ll i d K a n a z a i )t h e A l la z a i a r e
t r e e U ti n an z ai r a n a z a e z a a n ,

m os t n um e r o us i n H a
a z r a a nd c o m p r i s e t h r e e cl a n s , Kh u s hhal kha ni -
,

S a id kha n i a n d T ARK HE IJ
- T h e l e a di ng f a m ili e s a r e by cl a n S a i d
khani t h e m s t i mpor tan t b e i n g t h at of Kh alab at o f wh i ch Mi r z a man
.

o ,
,

K ha n S ir J a me s A bb ot t s b r a v e s t a n d m os t l ’
o y a l f ol lo w e r w a s a , ,

m e mb e r .

i m d
A LFAH a M
,
uh am m a d a n J a t cl a n (a g r ic u l t u r a l ) f o u n d n M o n t g o e r y a n
,

Mul tan .

A LL A H D A D I a B a lo ch cl a
,
n (a g r ic u l t ur a l ) f o u n d i n M o n t g o m e r y ,
.

A L PI A L a t r ib e o f M u h a mm a d a n Raj p u t s f o u n d i n Raw a lpi n di wh e r e t h ey

,

h old t h e sou t h e r n c o r n e r o f t h e F a t a h J a n g ta hs i l T h e i r m a r r i a g e .

c e r e mo n i e s s till b e a r t r a c e s o f t h e i r Hi n d u o r igi n a n d th e y se em t o ,

h a v e w a n d e r e d t h r o ugh t h e Kh u sh a b a n d T a l a g a n g c o un t r y b e f o r e
s e t t li n g i n th e i r p r e s e n t a b o d e s Th e y ar e a b ol d l a wl e s s s e t o f m e n .

o f: fi n e h y s i u e a n d m u ch giv e n t o vi o l e nt c r i me
p q .

A LI lAJ IA a sy n ony m f o r K a lal (g

,
.

' ' ' ’

A L ii w i t i , A L ii w fi L i A , A L i i w ii ni w ali a )
’

(
se e A h lii .

A L W ER , Kh ar r a l cl an (agr ic ultur a l ) foun d in

a ,
Mon tgomer y .

’
A L w i (1 ) a J at cl an (a gr ic ul tur al ) f o un d i n M ul t a n
,
—
( ) 0 r A l vi a
2 , .
,

b r an ch o f t h e K h o k h a r s w hi ch cl ai me d d e sc e n t f r om t h e Kh ali fa A li
a n d i s f oun d i n Ba haw a lp u r M ul ta n M uz aff a r g ar h a n d L u dhia n a , , .

A MA Z A I, a se c tio n o f th e U tm a n z ai Y i i s ufza i P a than s, lyi n g n o r t h o f t h e

’

U tman z ai s Th e i r t e r r i t or y ma r ch e s w i th th e t r an s -I n d us t e r r i to r y o f
.

th e T an a w al i Kha n o f A m b .

Am i a tr ib e of Ja ts cl ai mi n g d e s c e nt f rom A ml a, Raj p ut f o un d i n
g?
a a
in

S ik h , es p e ci ally o ne w ho w or sh ip s at th e G ol d en T e mpl e
in A mr i t s ar .

A nanD i , a ti t l e f o un d amo n g S an n i asi s .

A N DA R , a P a th a n se pt , w hich o cc u pi e s mo st o f t h e di st r ic t h o f G h a z ni
sou t
i n A f g h an i st a n a n d i s a ss oci a t e d wi t h t h e M i i s a Kh e l ’
Kak ar w h o a r e
d e sce n d e d fr om a n A n d a r w oma n P r o b ably G hil z ai s .
.

A NDAR , a Jat cl a n (ag r ic ul tur a l ) f o un d i n M ul ta n , .

A ND WAL, a se p t o f t h e D h ii n d t r ib e f o un d i n H a z a r
’

a , .

A NG AR A n gr a, an a gr icul tur al c l an f oun d i n Shahp ur .

Ausi ni (pl o f n i car h e l p e r ) lit a uxili ar i e s w a s th e i

a
t tl e g ’v e r t o tl
.

b e l i ever s o f M a d i n a w h o w e lc o me d
M uh amma d a f te r h i s fi ig h t f r o ifi
A n s ar i a p p e ar s t o be re a lly an ad e ct i a j v lf or m f r o m a nsdr , p l . of n dsi r
 Ans drt—Ar azn
'

. l3

M e cc a * a nd t h ose w h o cl ai m de sc e n t f r om th e se me n styl e th e mse l v e s

,

A n s ar i O ne o f th e m o s t i n te r e s t i n g A n s a r i f a mil ie s i n t h e P un j a b i s
.

t h a t o f th e A n s a r i Sh a ikh s o f J ull u n d ur It cl ai ms d e s c e n t f r o m .

Kh a li d A n s a r (A bi i A y ah ) w h o r e ce iv e d M uh a m mad i n h i s h o u s e a t
’ ’

Ma di n a t h r o u gh Sh a ikh s Y i i s u f a n d Si r aj u d di n (Sh a i kh D ar w e sh )
,
’
- -
.

F r o m th e l a t te r w a s d e sc e n d e d t h e Pir R o sh a n f o un d e r o f t h e R o s h a n i a s , .

T h e s e A n s a r i e a r e s a id by R a v e r t y t o be o f Taj ik e x tr a c ti o n Th e y i n .

t e r m a r r y w i th t h e B a r ki s or Ba r ikk is o f J ullun dur w h o a r e P a tha l i a .

ANS i .
, a J at cl an (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) f o un d i n M ul ta n , .

A NIIJ A , a J at cl a n (a gr ic ul tur a l ) f oun d i n M ul ta n , .

A NWA L, J at cl a n (ag r ic ul t ur al ) f o un d in M ul ta n
a , .

A OR mait a tr ib e o f A fgha n s see U r mur

-
, .

’
A Pa PANT Hf p o s s ibly a f o ll o w e r o f P a d ma k ar Bha t o f B an d a a c o u r ti e r o f
-
, ,
'
t h e M h r a t t a chi e f t h e A p a Sahib a n d a w o r s hi p e r o f t h e G a n g e s
a
p , , .

T h e s e c t i s m a i nly f o u n d i n R o h t a k a n d B i s sa r .

’
A RA B, cl a n (agr ic ul tu r a l ) f o un d i n M ul ta n [ It i s v e r y d o ub t f ul if th e
a J at ,
.

A r a b s o f t h e C e n su s r e t ur n s a r e t r ue A r a b s t h o ugh t h e r e m a y be a f e w ,

A r ab me r ch a n ts e t c f o un d o cc a s i o n a ll y a t s u ch ce n t r e s a s P e s h a w a r
,
.
,

an d Mult a n It i s p o s sibl e t h a t a c e r ta i n n umb e r o f Q ur e sh i s Sh a ikh s

.
,

a n d o t h e r s r e tur n t h e mse lv e s a s A r a b s ]

A R AIN R A IN (t h e l a t t e r f or m p r e v a il s i n t h e J u mn a v a ll e y ) i s a t e r m w h i ch
, ,

h as a t l e a s t t w o di s t i n c t m e a n i n g s i n t h e S u tl e j v a ll e y a n d t h r o u gh o u t
t h e e a s t e r n p l a i ns t h e A r a i n s f o r m a t r u e c a s t e b ut i n a ll t h e r e s t o f ,

t h e t w o P r o vi n c e s t h e t e r m i s a p p l i e d t o a n y m ar k e t g a r de n e r a n d i s -

s y no n y mo u s w i t h Baghba n Mal i M a l i ar a n d o v e n J at i n t h e S o ut h
, , ,

We s t P un j a b We a r e n o w c on c e r n e d wi t h t h e A r a i ns as a cas te
. .

A l mo s t to a ma n M u h a m m a d a ns a n d s tr o n gly i ncli n e d t o o r t h o do xy fi
t h e A r a i n s cl a i m t o be i m mig r a n t s f r o m U ch a n d h a v e so me a ffi n i ti e s w i t h
'

t h e K a mboh s O n t h e o th e r h a n d s o me o f t h e A r a i u a n d H i n d u S a i n i
.

cl a n n ame s ar e i de n t ic al , a n d th o se n o t a l w a y s m e r e ly n am e s o f o t h e r
a n d d o m i nan t t r ib e s F r om Uch t h ey mig r a t e d to Si r sa a n d t h e n c e i n to
.

t h e P unj ab .

In Si r sa A r a i n s me e t t h ose o f t h e G h a gga r
th e S utle j T h e t w o do .

n o t i nt e r m a r r y , but t h e A r a i n s o f t h e G h a gg a r v a ll e y sa y th e y w e r e
R aj p ut s livi n g o n t h e Pa n jn ad n e a r M ul ta n w h o w e r e e j e c te d s o m e
fo r e
u c n t u r i e s a g o by S a i y a d J a lal ul-di n o f Uch T h e y cl ai m s o me -
.

s o r t o f c o n n e c ti o n W i t h J a i s a l me r Till th e g r e a t f ani in e s of 1 7 5 9 .

a n d 1 7 83 A D t h e y a r e s a id t o h a v e h e ld a ll t h e l o w e r v a ll ey s o f t h e
. .

Ch o y a a n d G h a gga r , but a f te r t h e l a t te r d a te t h e B h a ttis h a r a ss e d t h e

S um r as , t h e c ou n t r y b e c a m e di s t ur b e d , a n d m a n y o f t h e A r a i n s e mi
g r at e d a c r o ss t h e G a n g e s a n d s e t tl e d n e a r B ar e li a n d Ra mpu r Th e y .

m a r r y o n ly w i t h t h e G h a gg a r a n d B a r e li A r a i n s T h e S utl e j A r a i n s .

Mui r s L if e of Mu h a m m a d 1 88 80 ( ab r i dg e d e di ti o n ) T h e m a h aj a n w e r e th e
' ’

S ee , p .
-
. a

i w h o a cco
r e f ug e e - mp ani e d Muh ammad but th e t w o name s ar e s ome ti me s conf us e d F o r ,
.

f ur th e r de tai l s s e e T e mp l e s L e g e n ds of t h e Pu nj a b, III T h e S a i n t s of J dla n dli a r an d

'

D G Ba r k l e y i n P N Q II
. .
, . . .

1 8 0 m uc h so t ha t i n A m b al a th e S h ai kh s th oug h r e all y o fte n i de nti cal Wi t h th e R ai ns ,,

ar r ogate to th e ms e l v e s a much hi g h e r p l ace i n th e soci al scal e .

14 Ar ai u gr oup s
. .

h h A i n s o f L a h o r e a n dlik eM th e
o n tg o m e ry,

gi fii gg f
t r
y t t e y ar e , a

L m M W
o

b y r i g i n m th t h e Hi n d u K a b o h s r i l s o n t h i n k s i t . .

p r o b abl e t h at b o t h cl a s se s a r e r e all y K am boh s w h o h a v e b e c o me

A i m i t d i b dy f r om
Musalman s , a nd t h a t t h G h g g e a a r r a n s e g r a e n a o

M ul ta n , w hil e t h e o t h e r s m o v e d g r a d ua lly u p t h e S u tl e j i nt o t h e i r
d c ib f h G h a gg ar a s t h e m o s t
p r e s e nt
p l ace H e es r e s.
t h e A r a i n s o t e

dv c d civili d ib i t h S d t c t v e n s u r a ss i ng th e
a an e and se t r e n e i r s a i s r i ,
e
p
Sikh Ja t s f r o m P a tial a ; a n d h e c o n si d e r s t h e m a t l e a s t e q u a l i n so c i a l
s t a t us wi t h t h e
v wh m t h y t h m lv cl a m s u p e r i or i ty
Ja t , s o e r o e e s e e s
i .

L dhia m bal d H i ss r a l so t rac e

T h e A r a i ns o f F e r o z e p o r e ,
u n a , A a a n
* o r i t s n e i hb o ur h o o d t h o ug h t h e H i ss a r A r a i ns
a
h i
t e r or igi n fro m Uch g ,

a r e s a id t o be m e r e ly M uh amm ad a n Mali s .

On th e wh o l e i t w ould a pp e ar p r o b a bl e th at th e A r a i n s or igi na lly

c ame fr om t h e l ow e r I n d us a n d s p r e ad up t h e fi ve r iv e r s o f t h e P un j a b ;
a nd t h a t a t a n e a r ly s ta g e i n t h e i r h i sto r y a s e c t i o n o f t e m m o v e d
h
up t h e G h a ggar , p e r h a p s t h e n a p e r m an e n t r i ve r fl o w mg i n t o t h e
.

I n d us , a n d t h e r e g a i n e d f o r t h e mse lv e s a p o si t i o n o f som e i mp o r ta n ce .

A s t h e G h agg ar d r ie d u p a n d t h e n e ighb o u r i n g c o un t r y b e c a me m o r e
m
.

d -S ut l e j
.

ar id ,
t h e y m o v e d o n i n t o t h e J u n a di s t r ic t s a n e i s t r act

lly d h s r e a d al o n g t h e f oo t o f t h e h ill s a c o s s t h
g e n e r a ,
a n
p e r a p s p r e
li n e o f mo ve me n t o f t h e i r b r e th r e n w h o w h e r e mo vi n g u p t h e v a ll e y s
o f t h e l ar g e r r iv e r s Th e i r a ll e g e d c onn e c t i on w i t h t h e M ali 3 i s p r o b a bly
.

b as e d o n ly up on c o mmon o cc up at i o n ; but t h e r e d o e s s e e m s o me r e a son

t o t hi n k th at th e y m ay p e r h a ps be a ki n t o t h e K a mbo h s , t h o u gh t h e
d i ffer e n c e m ust b e mor e t h an o n e o f r e ligi on on ly , a s m an y o f th e
K amboh s ar e M usa l man .

In A mbal a th e d ivid e d i n to t w o t e r r i t or i al g r o up s Mul ta n i

R ai ns ar e ,

a nd S ir s a w ala T h e f o r me r r e g ar d t h e mse l ve s as Sh a ikh s a n d will n o t

.

i nte r mar r y wi th t h e l at te r .

Th e se c t i on s of th e R ai n s in J ul l un d ur i n which D i s t r i ct th e y
, fo r m
mo r e th a n 1 9 p e r c e nt of the l i o n a n d i n K a ii r t h a la a r e
’

. o
p p u a t , p
A da n , Shah p ur . Br a h m i n .

A r ki , Sialk o t . B ur j i .

Ba gga , G uj r a t . Cli ach a r .

B a g h ban , B ahaw alp ur . Cli ab e Sialk o t

, .

B a r ai ‘

. Ch a n do r Sialk o t a nd M al e r K o tl a
, .

Be t o r Bh at . Ch a n ial Sialk ot , .

Bha ddii , cl a i mi ng t o b e Hi n d u
’

Ch a n dp al Mal e r K o tl a , .

Raj pu ts f r o m t h e D e cc a n . Oli b a n n i .

Bh o h a r . Ch a u g li att a Shahp ur a n d B a ha ,
Bh a mbh an i , D e r a G li az i Kha n . w alp ur .

Bh atti , D e r a G hazi Kha n a n d D ab r i .

B a h aw al p ur . D h an j i i n , B a haw a l p ur
’

Bh ut ta B ahaw alp ur , . D h e ng a , Mal e r K o tl a .

Bot T . D li i n g aq Sialk o t
‘
.

Poss i b l y th e p e r si ste nce of th e U ch tr adi ti on p oi nts r ath er to l igi ous l

re i n f ue nce th an to
l
t h e p ace o f or ig i n .

+ T h e Ro t or Bat de s ce nt f ro m Malii k (tutor o f J ah aii i r '

l
c ai m
’

g vh o l e w d
l
o f an d w h e n Nur m ah a w as fo un de d l a g r ant
.

i h e Dli i ng ac ai m to be de sce ndants o f F attu, son o f Mi th a a D 11M

' ‘

l l "
m “ Dh ol a
“ mg “ F attu w as con e r te d to Is am i n Akbar s r e ig n
.
v h t
l ’

,
0f
 Ar a i u . or i gi n s . 15

D h o t, B ahaw alp ur .
M e tl a i n D e r a Gh azi Kha n
, .

D ol e .
M i r o k B a haw a l p u r
, .

G a i la n a , cl a i mi n g Hi n d u-Raj p u t N a dhi Ba ha w a l p ur , .

or i gi n .
Na i n Mal e r K o t l a
, .

G a r h i, G a dh i N a n i (G uj r a t) .

Pa dii
’

G and a r .
.

G h a b a r , B a ha w a l pur .
Par j i .

G li e r , Sialk o t .
Pa tli an , a l s o a. K a mb o h se c tio n ,

G h ilfi, Sialk o t .
Ba h aiNa lp ur .

G il an , Mal e r K o tl a . Q ur a i s h i .

G ili n , D a r bah .
Rahla .

Ha dw ani, i n D e r a G ha z i Kha n . R a i o r Ra m i .

Ha s i .
R ai i bi .

In dr aL S o n k a l, i n D e r a G h az i Kh an .

J a n éla .
S ahj a, B a h aw alp ur .

G uj r a t . Sak h
J h a n jh ii n a, i n Shah p ur
’

.
S al ot a .

J in dr a i i , B a h a w al pur .
S a pal , i n Sialk o t .

J iy a Ba h é w a lp ur d
,
‘
S i n dhi B ahaw a l p ur , .

J u tala , S ialk o t .
S in dh fi .

K a mb o h , B a ha w a lp ur . S ob ad .

K h a t u r a , (K a t ur i i n B a h aw alp u r ) . S o h an a .

Kh o h a r a , G uj r a t .
Tar a r i n G uj r a t
, .

K h n k h a r , G uj r a t, Shahp ur an d Thi n da B a ha w a l p ur , .

Bahaw a lp u r .
Ti n d .

K i r, Sialk o t .
T h a n o w i n Sialk o t , .

Ma h ma n i a Sialk ot ,
.
T li e kr i Ba h a w al p ur
, .

Ma qs fidpur i a . w aban d i n G uj r a t a n d Raw a lpi n di .

M a n d ii .

In G uj r a t t h e Wzi h a n d, Kh o kh a r , B a gg a a n d Na in do n o t i nt e r mar r y
’

wi t h th e K a mb o h a n d Kh o h a r a s e c t i on s —wh o m t h e y
. r e ga r d a s

in te r ior .

Th e n ucl e us of t hi s c a s t e w as p r o b a bly a b o dy o f Hi nd u S a i i i i o r
K a mb o h c ul tiv a to r s w h o w e r e c o n v e r te d t o I sla m a t a n e ar l y p e r i o d .

Th u s i n J ull un d ur t h e A r a i n s s a y t h e y c a m e f r o m Si r sa, Ra n i a a n d
D e hli a n d cl a i m de sc e n t f r o m R a i J a j (g r a n d so n o f L a u , f o u n d e r o f
L a h or e ), w h o r ul e d Si r s a : t h a t t h e y w e r e c o n v e r te d i n t h e 1 2t h
c e n tur y a n d mig r a t e d t o th e J ull un dur D o ab a b o ut 300 y e a r s a g o .

But t h e Bh ut ta s cl a i m de s c e n t fr o m Raj a E h li t e , fi f t h i n d e s c e n t f r o m
’

Raj a K e r n a nd s a y t h e y w e r e f o r cibly co n v e r t e d e v e n e ar li e r —by

M a h m ii d o f G
’

h a zn i — a n d d r iv e n f r om Uch

U cak 7 1a di te Bhati ci n ch a td Bas a n t i mi r ,

.

D an a , p dn i, c h ukgy ti , ch a ba n mo ti h ci r .

Th e Bh ii tas
’

ne i th e r s ur r e n d e r e d Uch n o r th e l a dy B a sa n ti
, ,

F oo d an d w ate r f a il e d a n d t h e y h a d t o e a t p e a r l s
’
.
,

an i i a c ai b d l
e sce nde d f r om a I
ms l i ndu R a p ut o f Pi ndi Bh atti a n Mih i j Mar dana,
’
1"
J j t o e
'

on e o f i ts ance s to r s , i s sai d t o h a e aid o ut th e S h h mar G ar de n near L ah or e

a
v l .

1
'

S ai d t o be r e al y Kambohs, not Ar ai us l .
16 A r ai u —A r or a .

Th e A r a i ns , a p ar t f r o m t h e i r or th o d o xy , di ff e r li ttl e i n t h e i r c us to ms
a nd d r e ss f r o m t h e M uh ammad a n s ge n e r ally In Mul tan th ey p r e fe r th e .

bl ue mn jhld or w ai s tcl ot h t o t h e w h i t e a n d t h o s e of on e vill a g e (J a ll a in

L o dh r aii t ah si l ) ar e i n c o n s e que n c e k n o w n a s t h e n i li p a lta n or bl u e
i e im e n t
‘ ’
g .

A RAB A im t ib e o f Ma u h ai nrm a da n s o f J a t st a tu s f o u n d i n D i p alp u r t a h s il ,

Mon t e
“
.
,

g o m r y D i s t r ic t w h e r e t h e y a r e s e tt
,
l e d a l o n g t h e L a h o r e b or d e r o n

the upp e r c o u r s e o f t h e Kha n wah c a n a l Th e y cl a i m M u gh a l d e s c e n t

.
,

e t sa y t h e y c a m e f r o m A r a bi a a n d a r e f a i r ly g o o d c u l t iv a t o r s Th e i r
y
.
,

a n c e s tor c a m e f r o m D e lhi wh e r e h e w a s i n s e r vic e 500 y e a r s a g o a n d

, ,

s e ttl e d i n t h e i r p r e s e n t s e a t By co n t r a c ti n g m a r r i a g e s w i t h Ja ts t h e y
.

h a v e sun k to J at s tatus In th e Mi n chi n abad m zdma t o f B aha w a l p u r

'

t h e y a r e t o be f o u n d i n t e r m ar r y i n g w i th o r givi n g da ugh t e r s to t h e , ,

Watt fi s A l so f oun d i n Shahp ur a nd cl a ss e d a s a g r ic ul t ur a l in b o t h

.
,

di st r ic ts .

AR BI, M uh amma d an cl a n s ai d t o be o f A r a bi a n o r igi n w h ich w a s i n

a , , ,

MU g h al t i me s giv e n s e v e r a l vi ll a g e s r o un d M ul t an bu t i t h a s n o w t o a
, ,

la r g e e x t e n t l o s t i t s h o l d o f t h e m It i s cl a ss e d a s J at (a g r ic u l t ur a l ) .

b o t h i n M ul t an a n d Mo n t g ome r y a n d i s a l so f o un d i n t h e A h ma dp ur
E a s t t a h s il o f B aha w a l p u r .

AR K , a M uh amma d an J a ts f oun d i n Ji n d wh os e me mb e r s a r e
t r ib e o f , , .

s a id t o s t ill r e v e r e t h e i r j a th e m S a i n D as
.
’
s h r i ne a n d t o g iv e t h e i r ,

dh i ani s R e 1 a t w e ddin g s i n h i s na me
. .

A nni), an c la n (a gr ic ul tur a l ) f oun d i n A mr i tsar

A r ai u , .

A 30 33 o r R o ra a s i t i s o ft e n p r o no u n c e d
,
is t h e l e a di n g c a ste p a r ,

e xce llen ce o f t h e J a tki s p e a ki n g o r so ut h w e ste r n p ar t o f t h e P un j a b

- -
,
,

o f t h e l o w e r r e a ch e s o f t h e fi v e r iv e r s a n d b e l o w th e i r j un c t i o n o f , ,
t h e Pa njn a d e x t e n di n g t h r o ugh B ahaw a lp ur i n to S i n d
, High e r up .

t h e co ur se s o f t h e fi v e r iv e r s t h e A r o ra s h ar e s t h a t p o si t i on w i t h t h e
Kh at t r i T h e c a s te i s w id e r sp r e a d a n d f a r mo r e nu m e r o u s t h a n t h e
.

Bhat i a but f ull y h al f t h e A r o r a s o f t h e P un j a b d w e ll i n t h e M ul t a n

,

divi s i on an d t h e D e r a j at t h o ug h t h e c as t e i s f o u nd lik e th e K h a t t i i , ,
t h r o ugh o ut A f gha n i s t an a n d e v e n T ur k e st a n Lik e t h e Kh a t t r i a a i n . g
3 ,
bu t un lik e t h e Ba n ia t h e A r o r a i s n o me r e t r a d e r b u t w ill tur d h i s
, ,
h a n d t o a n y thi n g He i s a n ad mi r abl e c ul t iv a t or a n d a l a r g e
.

,
r o o rt ion of th e A r o r as o n t h e l o w e r Ch e n a b a r e p ur e ly ag r i cul t ur a l
p p
w hil e i n t h e We s t e r n P un j a b h e w ill s e w cl o th e s w e a v e mat ti n a n d g
,

b a sk e t s mak e v e ss e l s o f br ass a n d co p p e r a n d do g o ld smi t h s iivor k

z
’
, , .

D e s pi t e h i s i n fe r i or p hy s i qu e h e i s a c t iv e a n d e n t e r r i s i n i n dus ti i o u s
p , g

Wh e n a n A r o r a g i r d s u p h is l o in s (sas a J li an
y
“
a nd t h r i fty .

g
r ov e r b ) h e mak e s i t o n ly t w o mil e s t o
p ,

In B ahaw alp ur t h e A r o ra s ar e v e r y n ume r o us a n d h a v e t

h e w h ol e
o f i t s t r a d e i n th e i r h a n d s d e a lin g i n e v e r y ommo t
c di y a n d e v e n
,

s e lli n g s h o e s a n d v e g e t a bl e s S ome a r e co n t r a c tor s ba n k e r do r n o n e

.
r
l e n de r s a n d i n th e l at te r c a p a ci ty t h e y h a v e n ow a c ui r e d a co n side r a l
.

,
q be
a mo un t o f l a n d by mo r t g a g e o r p ur ch a s e f r om
M uh a mm a d a n o w n e r s
A ar i ant v of th i s p r o v b
er cur r e n t i n G uj r anw a a i s l
k h L a h 'r 1 Am “ 31 “ up th 6 1 ! l
oms , th e
y make i t
fh
e
only th i ee four th s
f of a h as to
-

I a or e
 Ar arat tradi ti ons .

18
p ay me n t n ot by xch an g e an d in
on
b ut e ;
*
fr o m t he Dah r as .

l
to h a v e th e Ba i r - Bunjah i
h i l m as a ru e,
lli e U t t ar ad
' ‘
a o n e se e ,

n i s ts o f 1 2 s e c t i on s , t h u s
divi sions T h e B ar i g p .
r o u co S

S u b- r ou
g p i
()
4 . B a za z .

5 . S h ik r i .

S ub gr oup (n )
6 M an ch an de .
7 . Pa s r i ch e .

S u b-
gr oup ( )
i ii .

8 . K a nt o r .
11 . Wadh w e .

9 .
Ma n a k T ah le .
12 . S e thi .

10 . G ur ii w ar e .

ill l y t k w iv s f r om bu t
nt e r m
i y a e e
An d of th e se n u m b e r s 1 7 - o n ar r ,
w

h f t h t d cy t h e a r t o f n u mb e r s
1 2 d t i a u r e r e n e n o n p
n umb e r s 8 a n - e r e s
I n th e
, '
ivi d h t t o n u m b e r s 6 a nd 7
di c t i ng u
a g e r s .

1 5 to
- s o n n u e g
h t t
s o ut
h e a st
- o f t h e P u n j a b t h e Ba r i a n d B u n
j a i g r o u p s e x i s b o h
h d S t h A a s l
‘ ‘

a m o n g t h e No r t
e r n a n o u e r n r o r .

li a c t i w ill b f o u n d i n A pp e n dix I t o t h i s
A st o f th e A r o r gots or s e o n s e

V ol ume .

f S h d L d B a z a z a n d o th e r s
T h e r e ar e a e w s ec it o n s a c e o u n
, , , ,

w hi c h ar e fou n d i n m o r e t h a n o n e o f t h e t e r r i t o r i a l g r o u p s T h e S e t hi .

i ibly b h m t h S t h S t l i S c t i n f t h e
s e ct on m a y o ss e t e sa e a s e e o r e i e o o
p
K h attr i s T h e R a sse w t
.
a o r r e
p e m a k e r s a r e cl e a r ly by o r igi n a n o cc u p a

t i on al s e c ti o n lik e t h e B a z a z o r Cl o t hi e r s .

T h e n a m e s e n d i n g i n 7a a r e b e y on d ali q u e st i o n p a t r o n y mi c s O th e r s
I o
a o

. .

s u ch a s Budli r a j a o r Bo dh r aj i s u gg e s t a r e ligi o us o r i g i n .

T h e ( osa m M ul e s a n t i e cl a i m t o b e d e sc e n d a n t s of a G a u r B r a h ma n
O I C

-
J

w h o c ame t o t h e J li a n g D i s t r i c t a n d a s s um e d t h e n a me o f t h e G ur ii w ar a
’

s e c ti on b ut b e ca me a d e v o t e e o r gosa i n w h o m a de c o n v e r t s
.

.
,

h av e v ar i o us t r a di t i on s a s t o t h e ir o r igi n s Th us th e
ma n g s a y t cy w e r e o r i g i n a l ly R a g hba n s i s w h o d e n i e d t h e i r r a c e
i
. s

w h e n P a r a s lla m de s t r o y e d t h e K h a t tr i s w i th t h e w or d s out r a g No
Na r a g b e c a me Na r a n g T h e Chik ur a sub s e c t i o n (hf t h e
,
’
lta g li ba n si .
.
-

S a cl de o s a r e so c a l e d b e c a u se o n a m a r r i a g e i ri t h a t s e c t i o n s w e e t
j l
as ple n t i f ul a s mu d ch i h u r l Na r i i li t i s d e r iv e d f r o m n i w i ld
.

(
’ ’
s w r
j jia a
iq i l e g
r .
,

ce s a s e o n c e a s n a k e
,
g o t i n t o t h e ch u r n wh e n a w o m an w as

n
Th o g ia s o r C e ga s h av e a sa yi n g
h a t kh n h , bh a r ri n t T an t a n t
’

p a r s i n g G ogt a m
'

p , .

tl sa
y t o a w o u ld be son -i h -la w : -

i
g a w e ll an d fill it w i th w a te r , Th e n mar r y a G Og iani .

T rans I ndus Cap tai n O Br i e n n t

‘

d ltmy case l Of th e J am s e ct i on
f lhds
Of a
-

v gir ( U ttar a
(lh i ) be i n g g i e n to a K umbh al D lc i
9
I

(
‘

TS i rsa S e tt e me nt R e po r t, p 1 14
l .
 A r ora tote m s ecti ons . 19

i n o th e r c a s te s so me s e c ti o n s o f t h e A r o ra s a r e c r e d i te d w i t
'

As
i nh e r i t e d c ur a t iv e p o w e r s Th us t h e D a le w ai i i s o f Ja ni p u r ca n c u r e .

h y d r o p h o bi a by s pi tti n g o n a li t tl e e a r th a n d a p p lyi n g i t t o t h e bi te .

Thi s p o w e r w a s c o n f e r r e d o n t h e i r f o r b e a r s by t h e bl e s si n g o f t h e i r
p i r t h, e s a i n t o f D a i r a Di n P a r i ah Th e D u a s
* ha
v e an i n h e r i t e d p o w e r .

o f cur i n g a S r a i n i n t h e b a c k o r l o i n s by t o uchi n g t h e p a r t a ff e ct e d
p .

Th e p a i n call e d ch uk may a l s o be c u r e d b y t hi s s e ct i o n w hic h u s e s t h e

f o ll o wi n g ch a r m : — D uri s i t/ t a r i p h alo n hh dg i da r i bh a m w ch il
' ' ’
‘ ‘ r

i . ,

i r e n dd s ti r i Th ch m d v l h n d t hi s i s t h e n
( i
’

w a s t ) k a e a r s r e a o e r a c. o t a .

a p pli e d t h r ic e t o t h e p a r t a p u s h b e i n g fi n a lly giv e n to i t t o e xp e l ,

th e p a in T h e po w e r w a s c o nf e r r e d o n Set h Ba r i t h e a n c e s t o r o f
.
,

It i s a l s o s aid t o be e ss e n t i a l t h a t t h e p a ti e n t
'

t h e s e c t i o n by j a q i r s ,
.

s h o uld g o s tr a igh t h o me wi t h o ut l o o ki n g b a ck T h e p o w e r i s e x e r ci s e d .

g ra t i s .

A man o f t h e Gh u gh g o t ca n c ur e ch a ir o r p a i n i n t h e lo ii i s i by
‘

p us hi n g t h e s u ff e r e r f r o m b e hi n d If a Gh ugh i s n o t o n h a n d i t i s .
,
’
s uffici e n t t o o t o h i s h o us e a n d r ub o n e s b a ck a g a i n s t t h e w a ll
g .

Ch ug h m a y be de r iv e d f r o m ch u k b e c a use t h e t r i be h a s t hi s p o w e r , ,

b ut p e r h a p s t h e id e a i s s i mp l y t h a t a Gh ugh h a s p o w e r o v e r ch i ck It .

ca n a l so be c u r e d by a f a mi ly o f D hi n g ra A r o r a s o f li aj a n p u r w h o
a p ly a a rt o f t h e i r cl o t hi n g t o t h e p art a ff e c t e d a n d p u s h t h e
p p
p a t i e n t t h r ic e o r if n o n e o f t h e m a
,
r e p r e s e n t t h e i r h o us e w a ll i s a s -

e ffic a ci o us a s a Gh ugh .

S e ve r a l A r o i a s e c ti o n s a r e na me d a f te r a n i ma l s
ch a s su

B a bb a r 1 ) in M o n tgome r y: L amar f ox M o n t g o m e r y
, , .

Ch i t t an i, 1 ba t . M a chh a r mo s q ui t o G uj r at , ,
.

G aba , c a lf . Ma kk a r l oc us t G uj r a t , ,
.

G hi r a, do v e , M on tgo me r y an d M e n da r a m o r Mi n dh a l o n g ,

M ul tan . h a i r e d M o n t g om e r y , .

G idd a r j a ck a l , . Na n g ial sn a k e D e r a I s ma il
, ,

G h o r a h o r s e D e r a I s ma i l Kha n
, , . K h an .

H a ns g o o s e M o n t go me r y
, , . Nag pal Na n g pal ”
-
,
-
.

K ii k a r § K ukk a r c o ck M o n t
’ ’

an
, , , g r ti .

g o me r y M ul t a n a n d Hi ss a r , . i
( ) Sip r a, a se r pe n t .

K uk re ja , c o ck e r e ll D e r a I s ma il ,

K han .

O th e r se c ti o n s ar e na me d f r o m pl ant s , e tc .
,
an d ar e p e r h a p s mo r e
l ik e ly t o be t o te mi s t ic S uch a r e .

Chaw a la r ic e , . J a n dw an i, n a m e d a f t e r t h e j a ncl
G e r a s a id t o a v o id t h e u s e o f
,
tr e e i n D e r a I s ma il Kha n .

o ch r e
g e r zi (i n D e,
r a I sma il ,
K a s t ii r i a, s a id to a v o id t h e us e o f
Kha n) . m us k, ka s ti i r i, ( D e r a I sm a i l
G h e i a f r gh i cl ar ifi e d b ut te r
, .
,
. Khan ) .

In Hi s th e A r o r as may no t w e ar
s ar th i s se ct ion o f
ue lé n g h d ( t r o us e r s ) bl .

l b
1 A ch i d o r n fe e t fo r e mo s t can cur e p ai n i n th e oi n s by k icking t h e p a r t a lTe cte d
'
l .

l
ICh utani , h at : a ch i d ‘w as once a ttacke d by h ats , w h ich , h o w e e r , e ft h i m un in ur e d
. v l j .

T h e s e cti on w or sh i p s ats ne s ts t ch a r uch i t t i l at mar r i ag e s b .

l
T h e K ii kar w il n o t ea t f ow s , but mos t Hi ndus h a e a p r e udice ag a in s t t h e m a s f o o d l v j
an d i n th i s e r y ca ste th e Mel v
i n di ratta h a e f o r th e as t 1 2 o r 1 4 y e ar s i cf us e d to e a t th e m v l
t oo .

]Nangp al doe s not

I ap p ear to me an snakc,
’
but pr ote ctor or r ai s e r of s n ake s .
 Ar ora cus to ms
20
.

M un gi a ki nd o f tr ee (Bi ss ar )
(M o nt
.

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d f t tan)
h
Fa r e j a a k i n o pl a n ( M u l i
go me r y) ,

Riha n i § b as il
.

i 96 d a g e r
(M l t a )
.

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r a

K h a ni j
,

b l y a u, ar e -
e ate r
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-
,
- .

a l t r e e D e r a I s ma il
- .

i
p p
L e ta a v e s s e l l
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,
.
,
M an a k t ah lia s a i d i n H i s s a r t o
-
Khan .

Ta n e j a ” a ki n d o f g r a s s, ti m n
, ,

v c t h t dh li o r s h i sha m
.

e ,
re e r e n e

t ree .
(M u l t a n a nd M o nt g ome r y )
.
.

M e h n di r a t tag hen n a (M o n t
go me r y an d M ul tan ) .

T a r e j a ta r r i a g o ur d t h e i r a n c e s to r o n c e h a d t o c c l hi
o n e a m se lf
, ,

a mo ng
g o u r d s a n d t h e y d o n o t
,
e a t g o u r ds .

n e a t e r : f r o ch m o s o n l n t h e ‘

Ve l i k h a n i - V i n kha n i p e l
,
s o - -
:
o r u
p i . ,

Sin dhi di al e ct a s s p ok e n i n B ahaw a l p ur P os s i bly a r s e n i c IS m e a nt .

.

I m il
Wi th r e ga r d t o t h e se c t i o n s me n ti one d a s e s xi t i n g i n D e n a s a ,

Kha n i t i s dis t i n c tly s a id t h a t e a ch s h o w s e v r e r e n c e t o t h e a n l m el '

,
l a n t a f t e r w hich i t i s n a m e d t hi n ki n g i t s a c r e d I h e a n i m a l 18
r ‘

p
.
or ,

Th e C h a la h w v d 11 0 1
3
f e d a n d t h e p l a n t n o t cut o r i n j ur e d
,
w a s o e e r o .
, ,

a b s t a i n f r o m u s i n g r ic e o r s h o w i t a n y r e sp e c t ,
.

Th e w o m e n o f t h e U t a r adh i g o up w e
t r a r r e d iv y b c l
or r a e e t s ( a n d
a fi e ct r e d p e t t i co a t s
’ w i th a re d bo d e r r i n F e r o z e p ) wh c
o r e e n e '
t h is
, ,

g r o u p i s s ty l e d L alch ur i w ala
l h e D a kh a n a w o me n w e a r wh i t e iv o ry b r a c e l e ts (an d a ls o a ii e ct
' ‘
,

r e d p e t tic o a t s t h e l o w e r p a r t l a c e d w i t h bla ck J)
,
' ‘
.

By g otr a t h e Ar o ras i n G uj r at a t l e a st a r e s a i d to be K ush a l , but

, ,

t h e i r r e a l go tr a a p p e a r s to b e Kas ib Ki s h e h 0 r K e sh av , .

A t w e dd in g s t h e U t tar adh is i n F e r o z e p o r e a r e sa id to h a v e a di s ti nc
t iv e cus t o m i n t h e do r a te p h er e i e t h e bo y s p a r t y m us t r e a ch t h e
’
.
, .
,
’
b r id e s h o us e o n th e a f t e r n oo n o f t h e 5 t h i f t h e d a t e fix e d ! be t h e 6 t h
o r n i g h t o f t h e 7 t h a n d t h e m i la i m u s t b e o n t h e 5 t h ¢ 6 t h D e kh n as .

a n d D a h r as m us t o n t h e o t h e r h a n d a r r i v e b e f o r e o r o n t h e a f t e r n o o n

o f t h e 6 t h a n d i f t h e la a n be fi x e d f o r a n e a r ly h o ur o n t h e 6 t h t h e
g
b r id e gr o o m a n d a B r a h man g o i n a dv a n ce f or t h at ce r e mon y t h e ,
w e ddi n g p a r t y f o ll o w i n g s o a s t o a r r iv e i n t h e a f t e r n oo n
-
.
,

Wid o w ma r r i a g e* * is i n th e o r y r e p r o b a te d bu t i n p r a c tic e t ol e r a te d ,

a mo n g t h e A r o r a s a n d i n t h e so ut h w e s t o f t h e , P unj a b i t i s o f t e n -
.

Th is s e ctio n h as l e g end th at
dag g e r f e f r om a w a amo n s t a num e r of ch i dr e n
a
g
a ll ll b l
w h o w e r e p ay i n l b
g e ne at h i t but di d no t h u rt t h e m He nce th e s ection e came know n as
,
b
K ata rm and w or sh i p s th e da gg e r , p utti n
,
g o w e r s e fo r e i t at mar r i ag e s fl b
Dec ar e the y mi ke d a cow i n to a lo t d and r e se nte d i
l l .

p t to th e i r y a r d
T h e Me h ndir atta i n Mu tan a s tai n f r om th e use o f l b .

h e nna but s o do oth e r Hi ndus

s Be cause one of i ts me m e r s once r e ce i ve d a fl u o cor di allv
I
b and th e f a il " e s se d h i m bl
.

l l b l
.

s ay mg h e s ou d p r o s p e r i ke
h as i ( r i h dn i
)
H M M
.

I n U “ t he T 9 139 abs mi n f r om e ati n

3
9 g t a ? 7i ( g our d) or a t e as t t h e i r w omen do i n
Mo ntg ome ry l h e l an e Ja s of J h an 0o s e 3r u e a1 8 K h attr i s an , l
d th at th e i r ance s tor i n st e ad
.
L

l
0 l e mp 0 3mg us ca n p u r o h i t ca e d i n s o
ll
me o t h e r Br ah man and se ate d h i m n a kmd o f
g r as ca e d I a n
s n ll
h e nce came th e name Ian e a,
J
o ' ‘

1| D a h i a w ome n ar e sai d to h a e r e d p e tti coats m th a q r e e n bor de r v

Tli e s e i e fine d di e ti ne
bl
t i o ns may p os s i y be o se r e d i n F e r oze or e
p but t h e y d b v . .

t h a t i n so me 1fl aw s D ah ra w o me n a10 as “ca r “11

,

1 W, and D ah h a
n ot
g e ner al T1; i s a so s ai d . l
b l b
r

na s s o t te d r ace e ts o f o th
l
co o u rs .
p
In Muzallarg arh w i do w r e marr i a e i s not
g app r o e d and a
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-

t m v
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 A r o r a — A r ya S a mdj . 21

l e m n i z e d by t h e c o upl e go i n g o u t a n d ci r c u ma m b ul a ti n g b u r n i n g
so

reeds T h e B ra h m a n s r e c o g n i s e W id o w m a r r i a g e a n d a s s i s t a t i t i n
.
,

f a c t i f i t i s s o l e mn i s e d w i t h o u t a B r a h ma n p e o p l e r e f r a i n f r o m e a t i n g
,

o r d r i n ki n g w i t h t h e co u l e f o r a s h o r t t i m e
p .

Th e c us to ma r y la w o f t h e A ro r a s di ff e r s b o th f r o m Hi n d u L a w a n d
t h e o r di n a r y P un j a b C us to m In i ts m a i n f e a t ur e s i t r e s e mbl e s t h t
. a

o f th e Hi n d us ge n e r a lly i n t h e s o uth w e s t P un j a b a nd o n e o f i t s
-
,

di s t in ctiv e f e a t ur e s i s t h e s a w d i a n e x t r a q uar te r s h a r e w hich g oe s to

,

t h e e ld e s t s o n M a n y A r o r a s e cti o n s a ll o w s o n s by t h e w ife o f
.

a n o th e r cas t e r o vid e d h w s m a r r i e d a s a vi r gi n n o t a s a w id o w
p s e a , ,
’
o n e th i r d -
of th e ir f a t h e r s p r o p e r ty t w o t hi r d s go i n g t o t h e s o n s by
,
-

t h e o th e r (A r o r al w i f e Th e p os i t i o n o f d a u gh t e r s a n d s i s t e r s i s mo r e
.

f a vo ur a bl e t h a n i t u s ua lly i s a mo n g H i n d us u n d e r t h e P un j a b C us t o m * .

3
A R W AL , a J at t r ib e , f o un d i n t h e S a n g a r l i t a h s i l o f D e r a G h a z i Kh a n D is
tr i ct L ik e t h e Ma n j o t h a s a n d S an g h i s i t f o ll o w s t h e Ba l o ch c us to m s
.

i n a ll m a t t e r s c o n n e c t e d w i th m a r r i a g e , e t c , t h u s di ff e r i n g f r o m n e a r l y
.

a ll t h e o t h e r J at t r ib e s o f t h a t t a h s il A l so f o un d i n M ul t a n, w h e r e i t
.

i s cl a s s e d a s a gr ic ul tur a l .

A R Y A, cl a n (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) f o un d i n M ul ta n
’

a J at .

A R YA S a r fish —By fa r t h e mo s t i mp o r ta n t m o de r n H i n du s e c t i n t h e Punj a b

t
,

t h e A r y a S a maj w a s f o un d e d a bo ut 1 84 7 by P a n di t D a y an a n d S a r a s
w a ti a B r a h m a n o f K a thia w a r
,
Bo r n i n . D a y an a n d h a d a n
‘

e ua l a v e r s i o n t o i d ol a t r y a n d ma r r i a ge an d a f t e r p r o f o un d r e s e a r ch e s
q ,

i n S a n sk r i tic l o r e h e f o un d e d a s a mdj o r u n i on a t L a h o r e so o n a f t e r
1 8 L7 —a n d s u bs e que n tly i n t h e r e s t o i t h e P un j a b
~
T h e l a tte r .

p a r t o f h is li fe w a s sp e n t i n t r a v e l s i n t h e U n i te d P r o vi nc e s a nd
li ajp ut an a Hi s a t ta ck s o n e xi s t i n g H i n du i s m r o us e d g r e a t a n t a g o n i s m
.
.

He i n i s te d o n a s pe cia l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e V e d as a n d l e f t b e h i n d h im
s

s e v e r a l w o r k s s uch a s t h e Ve de t i s h y a o r t r a n s l a t i o n o f t h e V e da s
, ,

t h e S a i y dr th Pr a k i s h i n w hich t h e A r y a r e ligio n i s c o n tr a s te d w i t h
c

o th e r s a n d t h e Bh um k a a n i n t r o d uc t i o n to t h e s t u dy o f t h e V e d a s
, , .

w r i t e s Mr M a cl a g a n ,
’
T h e A r y a o r V e d i c r e l igio n i s p r i ma r ily .

t h e o utco m e o f t h e s o lv e n t a c t i o n o f n a t ur a l s ci e n c e o n m o de r n
Hi n d ui s m T h e m e mb e r s o f t h e A r y a S a maj fi n d t h e f a n t a s tic a l
.

r e p r e s e n ta t i o n s o f t h e w o r ld a n d o f m a n w hi ch a r e p u t fo r w a r d i n t h e

e igh t e e n P u r a n a s t o b e i n c o n s i s t e n t w i t h n a t u ra l s cre n ce , a n d s o r e j e c t

t h e i r a uth o r i t y , l o o ki ng o n t h e m a s t h e o ut c o m e o f t h e ig n o r a n ce a n d
c r a f t o f c om p a r a t iv e l y r e c e n t g e n e r a t i o n s o f Br a h m a n s T h e o r igi n a l .

a n d o n l y a u t h o r i t a t iv e sc r ip t ur e s i n t h e e y e s o f t h e A r y a S a m aj a r e

t h e f o u r V e d a s , a n d i t s p r o f e s s e d a i m i s t o r e s to r e t h e p a r a m o u n t
a ut h o r i ty o f t h e V e da s by p ur gi n g a w a y s ub se q ue n t a cc r e t i o n s Sc r i p .

t u r e s m o r e r e c e n t t h a n t h e V e d a s a n d a n t e r i o r t o t h e Pu r a n a s (s u ch
a s t h e Br a ln na n zi s, t h e s i x p hil o s o phi c D a r s h a n a s , t h e t e n U a n i sh a ds ,
p
a r e r e g a r d e d a s e x l a n a t o r y o f t h e V e da s a n d a u t h o r i t a t iv e o n ly
e tc
) , p
w h e r e t h e y a r e no t co n t r a di c t o r y t h e r e to T h e V e da s t h e m s e lv e s co n
.

’
s t i t u t e t h e o n ly i n f a llibl e r e v e l a t i o n T h e V e da s , w r o t e D a y an a n d,
.

ar e r e ve a le d b G od I r e g a r d t h e m a s s e l f e v id e n t t r ut h , a d m i t ti n g
y
-
.

o f n o do u b t a n d de e n di n g o n t h e a u t h o r i t o f no e the r b o o k, b e i ng
p y

P u nj a b Cu s toma r y L a u , X V II
I, p p
‘

.
v11 , ix, xv1 1 , cf ,
a sol Introd , p 8. .
 A r ya S a mdj jdoctr i n es .

p re s e n te d i n n a tu r e t h e ki n g dom o f G o d T h e ba s e s o f th e A r y a
’
re ,
.

f a i t h a r e t h e r e v e l a t i o n o f G o d i n th e V e d a s a n d in Na t ur e a n d t h e fi r s t ,

p r a c t ic a l e le me n t i n t hi s b e li e f i s t h e i n t e r p r e ta ti o n o f t h e V e d a s i n
c o n f o r mi ty w i t h t h e p r o v e d r e s u l ts o f n a t ur a l s cie n c e .

In t h e i n te r p r e t a ti o n o f t h e V e das t h e A r y a S ani aj fi n d s i tse l f a t

i s u e w i t h th e S a n s k r i ti s t s o f E ur o p e wh o s e tr a n s l a t i o n s r e p r e s e n t
s ,

t h e V e d a s a s t h e r e li g i o us li te r a t ur e o f a p r i m i t iv e p e o pl e a n d l i k e t h e ,

l t e r a tu r e o f o t h e r p r i mi t iv e p e opl e s q ui te r e ga r dl e ss o f a n d in co n s is t
i , ,

e n t w i t h s ci e n tific a cc ur a c y
,
T h e A r y a s c o n t e n d t h at such a vi e w
.

a r i s e s f r o m a m i s ta k e n l i t e r a l t r a n sl a t i o n o f t h e i r s c r ip t ur e s a n d th a t ,

t h e e a r li e r a n d co n s e q ue n t ly m or e t r u st w o i t h y c o mm e n t a t o r s h a vi n g
‘

, ,

a l w a y s r e f us e d t o co n st r ue t h e V e d a s i n t h e i r li t e r a l s e n s e i t i s a ,

mi s t a k e n v i e w t o s up p o s e t h a t t h e y w e r e O r igi n a lly c om p o se d w i t h
a n y m e a n i n g o th e r t h a n a m e t a p h o r i ca l o r d e r i v e d o n e F o ll ow i n g .

t h e s e p r i n cipl e s t h e S a m aj n o t o nly d e f e n d s t h e V e dic r i s h i s f r o m a ll

,

i i n put a tion s o f p a n t h e i s m a n d p o l y t h e i sm b ut fi n ds i n t h e i r w r i ti n g s
,

n um e r o us i n di ca t i o n s o f a n a cc ur a t e a c ua i n ta n c e
q w i th t h e facts o f
s ci e n c e It h old s th a t c r e m a t i o n v e g e t a r i a n i s m a n d a b s ti n e n c e f r o m
. , ,

s i r i t u o u s li q uor s a r e i n c ulc a t e d by t h e V e d a s a n d i n c u l ca t e d t o a
p ,

l a r g e e xt e n t o n p ur e ly sci e n t i fi c gr o u n ds It h ol d s t h a t t h e g r e a t
.

r e l i gi o u s r i t e o f V e dic t i m e s t h e a gn i h o tr a o r h om o s a c r ific e i s i n s t i t u t e d
, .
,

w i t h a v i e w t o r e n d e r i n g a i r a n d w a te r w h o l e s o m e a n d s ub s e r vi e n t t o
h e a l th a n d b e c au se i t p l a y s a p r o mi n e n t p a r t i n p u t t i ng a s to p t o
‘
,

t h e p r e v a l e n c e of e pid e m i cs a n d t h e s c ar ci ty o f r a i n f a ll It i s co n ’
.

vi n ce d t h a t t h e l at e s t d i s c o v e r i e s o f s ci e n c e s uch a s t h o s e o f e l e c tr ici t y
,
h
a n d e v ol u t i on w e r e p e r f e c t ly w e l l k n o w n
, to t e s e e r s w h o w e r e in
s pi r e d t o w r i t e t h e V e d a s .

Whil e c on c e di n g t hi s much t o mo d e r n n a tur a l s ci e n c e , t h e A r y a s

re f u s e to s e e i n i t a n y t hi n g t e n d i n g t o ma t e r i a li sm o r a t h e i sm R e ta i n .

i n g th e i r co n fid e n c e i n t h e V e d a s , t h e y h a v e a v o id e d t h e r a di ca l
m a t e r i a li s m o f s o me o f th e e a r li e r o p p on e nt s o f p o p ul a r Hi n d ui s m .

T h e A r y a p h il o s o p hy i s o r t h o d o x , an d b a s e d ma i nly o n t h e Up a n i s h a d s .

T h e t e n e ts o f D ay an a n d, t h o ugh l e a n i n g r a t h e r t o t h e S h a n k y a do c
t r i n e , do n ot fi t i n p r e ci s e ly w i t h a n y o n e o f t h e s ix o r t h o d o x s y s te ms ;
bu t t h e s e sy st e ms a r e all r e g a r de d by t h e A r y a s a s t r u e a n d a s di ff e r
e n t a s e ct s o f t h e sa m e p r i n ci pl e s T h h e n t i t i e s o f D a an a n d s
’
p e t re e
.
y
hil s o hy a r e Go d, t h e S o ul a n d r a kr i ti o r M a t t e r S l h g d d
p o p p o u e r e ar e
.

as hy s ic a ll di s t i n c t f r o m G o d, b ut r e l a t e d t o Hi m a s t h e c on t a i ne d
p y
t o t h e c o n t ai n e r , t h e co nt e mpl a t e d t o t h e c o nt e mp l a t or , t h e s on to t h e
f a th e r . So ul e n te r s i n t o all a n i mal s a n d t h e r e a r e i n dic a t i o n s o f so ul
i n th e v e g e t abl e ki n g d o m a ls o In mo s t o f i t s de t a il s th e A r y a n s y s t e m
.

r e t a i n s t h e t e r mi n o l o gy o f t h e t r a di t i o n a l p h il o so phy o f H i n d ui s m .

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t h e a i m o f vi r t ue i n e s ca p e f r o m t h e la w bu t t hi s mo ics h o r b e a t i t ud e
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p
s o r r o w s o f t h e s o ul , w h e t h e r t h e s e b e i n t hi s li f e o r i n t h
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bu t f or a ll e g e d sani tar y r e a so n s th e y e m pl o y spic e s fo r th e b ur ni n g .

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t h e n e a r e s t s t r e a m t h e y do n o t c all i n t h e A ch zt r a j a n d t h e y o mi t a ll
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t h e c e r e mo ni e s o f th e ki r y a ka r m A t m ar r i a g e t h e y g o r o u n d t h e
.

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.
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b u t i t g r e a tly li m i t s t h e n umb e r o f c e r e m o n i e s t o w hich i t a c ce de s a n y
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.

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fi n d a u t h o r i t y i n t h e V e d a s a n d t h e se a r e 1 6 i n n umb e r o n ly
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w h o i s a B r a h m a n i n t h e h e ar t ; t h a t t h e V e d a s ar e n o t c o n fi n e d t o o n e
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s a cr e d t h r e a d f o r t h e th r e e s u pe r i o r c a s te s a n d b y i m p l ic a tio n d e b r s .
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t he S ud r a s f r o m s o m e o f t h e p r ivil e g e s o f t h e t w ic e bo r n In p r a c ti ce -
.

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b a s e d n t h e o r i e s un fi tt e d to t h e u n d e r stan di n g o f t h e l o w e r c a s t e s t h e
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do n o t r e ga r d t h e co w a s a sa cr e d a n i mal but f o ll o w Hi n du p r e j u di ce ,

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.

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a r r a n ge s f o r th e d u e p r o v i s i o n o f U p a de sh a k s o r m i ss 1 0 n a r 1 e s Th e A r y a .

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m e n t a l i n k e e p i n g t h e so ci e ty t o g e th e r a n d p r e v e n t i ng s o f a r a n y
s e r i ou s s c h i s m i n i t s r a n k s A s t ill m o r e m a r k e d i n fl u e n c e i s u n
.

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w a s f oun d e d i n L ah o r e s o me t i me a g o a n d h a s b e e n c o n d uct e d e n t i r e ly
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y e x a m i n a t i on s p a y s ,

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p ,

c e r t ai n a m oun t of r e li g i o us t r a i n i n g by t h e i n s ti tut i on s o f m o r n i n g a n d
e ve n i n g r a y e r i n th e b o a r d in g h o us e s a n d by t h e r e a di n g o f x t c ts
p e r a ,

f r om t h e S a tydr t h Pr a kds h .
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a

d e s cr ib e d a s a s e c t Si n c e t h e y w e r e p e n n e d i n 1 891 t h e S a m aj h a s
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t h e n c e a l so c all e d t h e A n ar k a lli o r C o ll e ge t y d
p a r a s o pp o s e to t h e
v e g e tar i a n o r Ci ty p a r ty .

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wh e r e t h e y a r e Muh a m m a
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i a i d d id t b f A bi n igi n and
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y loca ity ll 2 l .
 Amén gr oups . 27

Th e or igi n ally Hi nd u ch ar a c ter o f t h es e name s i s p ate nt , and no t

e x pl a i ne d a w ay by t h e t r a di t io n t h a t C h a uha n a n d Kh o kh a r too k th e i r
mo t h e r s n ame ’
.

In G u r a t t r adi ti o n giv e s Q ut b Shah t h r e e wiv e s , f r o m w h o m s p r a ng

°

t h e K h o b ar s a nd t h e f o u r muh i n s or cl a n s o f th e A w é ns By B a r th , .

h i s fi r s t wi fe , h e h a d a s o n n a me d K h o kh a r : by S a hd , h e h a d K h ur a r a
o r G ura ra a n d by F a te h Kh a tu n , t h r e e s o n s—K a lg au, Ch a uha n a nd

K un d an .

Th e se fo ur g ai n divid e d i n to nume rous se p ts ofte n be a r

cla n s ar e a ,

in g e p o nymo us n ame s but s ome t i me s t h e n a m e s o f G uja r J é t a n d

, ,

oth e r t r ib a l se pt s a p p e ar Th us in Sialk o t t h e A w an s a r e said to

*
.

be di vid e d i n to 24 mu hi ns But in G uj r a t t h e Kh ur a ra cl a n c o m p r i se s
.

21 sub divi s i o n s i n cl udi n g s u ch n am e s a s Jal a p a n d Bh akr i : t h e

-
,

K a lga n c o mp r i se 4 3 sub divi si on s in cl u di ng D udial A n d ar P a p i n

-
, , ,

a n d ot h e r s : t h e Cli a uh an s h a v e t h r e e s e p t s L udain Bh us in a n d , ,

G h utta r an d t h e K un da n Ch e chi M a h r Ma lka M a yan P uch al an d , , , ,

Bar oda F e w o f t h e s e l o o k lik e M uh a mma d a n p a tr o ny mic s

. .

Nar m—Th e A w ans in K ap ur tha l a ar e s ai d to h av e th e foll owing g o ts z K alg én (r e ally a -

mu h i n l Rai D al, G h alli , J and, Bag e w ali , J asp al, K h okh a r , G obu or G uli s tan Hal-pal
, ,

and Kh or Joti .

Th e Awa n s e p ts n ame s me s ,
E Khi
ve th e ir to se v e r a l pl a c e s -n a su ch a s
G ole r a in R aw alpin ( ) i n J h e lnm Ba ar e
or a Kh e w r a
j ,
in S i alk ot
,

J a nd, e tc .

As cl ai mi n g d e sc e n t fro m Q ut b Sh ah t h e A w ans a r e o f te n c all e d

Q ut b-shahi a n d so me t i m e s styl e th e mse lv e s U lami In G uj r a t t h e y
, .

o n ly mar r y in te r as r e f us i n g to giv e d a ug h t e r s e v e n to t h e
r
, Chibb s ,
“
an d n o t in t e r ma r r yin g w i t h th e K h o k hars
- In J b e l um t o o A wa ns .

gi v e t h e i r d a u gh t e r s in ma r r i a g e t o A w a n s o n ly a s a r ul e t h o ugh ,

t h e r e s e e ms t o be so me i n st a n c e s o f ma r r i ag e s w i th l e a di n g m e n o f t h e
C h a kwal t r ib e s i t i s sa id h o w e v e r t h a t t h e K alabagh Mallik r e fus e d
, ,

t o b e tr o t h h is d a u gh te r to S ar dar M uh amm d A li chi e f o f t h e Raw a l ,

pi n di G he ba s In s ome f ami l i e s a t l e a st p r omi n e nt A w an s n o t i n

.
,

fr e qu e n t ly t a k e t o w i f e w ome n o f lo w t r ib e s (us ua ll y h avi n g a n A wan

w i fe al so ) a n d t hi s p r a c t ic e d oe s n o t s e e m t o me e t w i th as much
,

di sa pp r ov al as i n mos t o t h e r tr ib e s o f e qua l s o ci a l st an di ng but

or di n a r ily A wa n w iv e s al o n e ar e t a k e n 1 C e r ta i n f a mili e s ma rr y w i t h .
'

ce r ta i n o t h e r f ami l i es o n ly a n d i n a ll c a se s ma r r i a e is n ll but
g g e e r a y
n ot ne ce s sari ly w it hi n t h e mt t h z
’

Th e Customar y Law of thi s D istr ict (V ol ume X IV )p 3, gi ve s th e following li st of Aw i n .

“lb
1 Bagw él 9 Hal p al
-

2 BaJra 10 Jalkh fih
3 Bi ddar 11 Jand
4 Ch an dh ar 12 J h én
l3 K h a m br e
6 D h i n gle l4 K har éna
7 G h nlle 15 Ma ka l
8 G orar a 16 Manda
Th ose in i talics ar e r etur ne d as K h urar a in G u r at Nos 2, 3, 9, 1 1 , 1 4, 22 and 2‘ j . .

are classe d as K a gan l .

1 11 R aw a p indi the chi dr en of a low -caste w oman by a

l n Aw i n are not considered tm
l
1
A1 ma ,
28 Ami n e s -A mi d .

i h h p p l l fi t n
i
p
Thi s p assa g e i s en t i r ly e c o n s i st e n t w t t e o u a r c a S S i c a

m i n c o ntr a d s t n c t i o n to t h e 8 a to
o f t h e A w ai i s a s za mzn i i
’
i
d c r o r y e o e n ,

b t l v l w i t h t h e M a i r s a n d
o r g e nt r y (J a n j ua s a n d G l i a k k a r s
) u o n a e e
,

o t h e r l e a di n g t r ib e s o f Ch a k w al .

l di g ily g h A a i s th t f t h M a lik o f K a
T he e a n f a m a m o n t e w n s a o e

lab a h a n d t h r o u g h o ut t h e Jh e l u m S a l t R a n g e t h e y h a v e n u m e r o u s

morlil
,

cs
’e
n o t a b l y Lal K ha n o f N u r
p u r in F i n d D a d a n Kh a n h e a
d ,
,
d c f Shiha g t m li k i n t h e l a t t e r
of t e h S h i al ( e s e n d a n t s o n a r ea a
,

a r t o f t h e e i g h t e e n t h c e n t ur y )
p
.

Lik e t h e K a s s a r s J a n ju a s a n d K h ok h a r s b u t u n li k e t h e G h a k k a rs ,
, ,

a v i i i b f i d d r i w h by t h e ld e s t s o n
th e A w n s h a e t h e n s t t u t o n s r e r e e
,

In o t h r r e s p e c t t t m s o f
o f a ch i e f g e t s a n e x t r a s h a r e h c
e .
s e i r u s o

i n h e r i t a n c e a r e cl o s e ly a l i k e t h os e o f t h e o t h e M h r u a m m a d a n t r i b e s

g h h y liv I Sh ah d Jh l m h o w e v e r the
amo n w om t e e n .
p u r a n e u , ,

A wa n s r e c o g n i z e a d a u g h t e r s r igh t t o s u cc’
e e d .

In t h e A w a n v ill a g e s o f T a l a g a n g t a h s il a ll t h e g r a v e s h a v e a
v e r t i ca l sl a b a t e i t h e r e n d w hil e a w o m a n s g r a v e ca n b e a t o n c e
,
’

d i s t i n gu i s h e d by a s ma ll e r sl a b i n t h e ce nt r e i .
' '

A n A w an gi r l p l a i ts h e r h a i r o n t h e f o r e h e a d a n d w e a r s o n l y
e ar d r op s
-
t his s t yl e b e i n g giv e n u p a f t e r m a r r i a g e i B e t r o t h a l i s
,
’
e ffe c t e d by t h e gi r l s f a t h e r s e n di n g a b a r d o r
’
b ar b e r t o t h e b oy s
h ome wi t h a f e w r up e e s a n d s om e s w e e ts : o r n o c e r e mo ny a t a ll
i s o b s e r ve d .

A YES I, J at cl a n (a g r icul t ur a l ) f oun d in M u l t an

a .

A YES HE (h e a v e n ly ) t h e n am e o f th e r uli n g f a m il y o f Hn n za d :
, ,
fo r t h e
l e ge n d o f i t : o r igi n s e e Bi dd ul ph Tr i be s of th e Hi i zdoo K oos h , , p 27 . .

A Z AD ,
“
fr e e a te r m ap p li e d d e r s o f I slam
to t h e lye - s h a m or i r r e g ul a r or

a l s o c all e d maj zzi b ; o p p o s e d t o s aith Als o u s e d a s a s y n o n y m f o r .

Q al a n d a r Az ads h ol d t h a t t h e s h a r d o r r i t ua l la w i s o n ly f o r th e
.

m a s s e s n o t f o r t ho s e w h o h a v e at t a i ne d ma mf a t o r fu ll c omp r e h e n s i o n
,

o f t h e G o dh e a d .

But Br andre th s ay s th e chi e f is l

ca le d
‘
R ai ,
’
and hi s y ounge r b r o th er s and sons
‘
Malik .
’

l
S e tt e me nt R e p or t , 4 9, p .

rP N Q
’
. . .

b l ish ed by Dr
hoie
i la Gh ul am
t Th er e i s
bib
d ? 52 hi story
Na
. a of th e Aw ans in U r du, p u .

l
 29

A PP END I X .

M A min Ch an d s Hi s tor y of S i ci lko t giv e s

.
’
a c ur i ous p e di gr e e of th e
A w an s wh ich i s ta b ul a t e d b e l o w

A usl S hah — 1 5 th in de sce nt

I I
Kh okh ar J ah an G ole r a K ulug an
l
( 1 5 fami i e s )
.

Bi ndii
l
L

Pi i su
’

Pr og e ni tor s of th e J ah ans of
L
S i alk ot ] .

Anoth e r accoun t mak es A usl S h ah de sce nde d fr om Muh ammad Kh aif a, th e Pr oph e t s
'

s on , by a w oman of J ani r .

'
l
1 S e e ar ti c e J an .

I l
n S i a k ot th e A w an s ar e k no wn un de r th e se 4 r anch e s — G oh e r a [th e r e i s a tr act in
b
.

th e Raw alp i ndi D i s t r i ct s t i ll l

ca le d G uh er a b
( or G oh e r a) aft er thi s tri e], Kahambara,
D engla an d Mandii .
 31

B
Bu —A M uh ammad an J at clan (agr ic ul tural ) found i n Mon tgo mery and
M ul tan .

B ABA L i t D aur f u a se c t foll ow e r s of a sadka wh o se s h r i ne is o n t h e Ch e nab

.
, ,

i n t h e Waz i r abad t a h s il o f G uj r anwala a n d w h o mi r a c ul o u s ly t ur ned

w a t e r i nto foo d .

B3133L ALi a f oll o w e r o f o n e of s e v e r a l Baba Lal

, Bab a Lal Tahl i wala w a s s
.

a B a i r agi o f F in d D ad a n Kha n w h o co ul d t ur n dr y st icks i nto s ha s h a m

‘

(ta h lt ) t r e e s A n o t h e r Baba Lal h a d a fa mo us c o n t r o v e r s y wi th D ara

'

S h ik oh
*
A no t h e r Baba Lal h a d h i s h e a d q uar te r s a t Bh e r a, a n d y e t
.

a not h e r h as a s h r i n e i n G ur da s p ur .

B au m — A s mall t r ib e a lli e d to th e Sh e r a ni s— i i de ed sa id to be d esc e n de d i

f r om a s o n o f D o m a g r a n d s o n o f S h e r an ai , Th e y ar e di vide d i nt o .

t w o mai n b ran ch e s Ma h s a ud a n d G h or a Kh e l Th e f or me r ar e s ub
, .

di vi de d i nto f o ur an d th e l a t t e r i nto e igh t sub div is io ns -

.

T h e B ab a r s a r e a civili s e d tr ib e an d mos t of th e m can r e ad a n d

w r i te l Th e y a r e d e v o t e d t o c omme r c e a n d a r e t h e w e a l t hi e s t u i e te s t
‘ ’

q ,

a n d mo st h o n es t t r ib e o f t h e sub S ul a i ma n pl a i n s E dw ar de s call e d -
.

t h e m t h e mo st s up e ri o r r a c e in t h e w h o l e o f t h e t r an s I n dus di s tr ic t s -
,

an d t h e p r o v e r b s ay s :
’
A Bab ar fo ol i s a G an dap ur sage I n te n se ly .

de mocr a t ic t h e y h av e n e v e r h a d a r e c o g n i s e d chi e f a nd th e tr ib e is
, ,

i n d e e d a s c a t te r e d o n e ma ny r e s idin g i n K a n da h ar a n d o t h e r p a r t s of
,

Kh or a sa n a s tr a de r s A f e w a r e s till e n g a g e d in th e p ow i n da t rafi c
. .

Th e Bab a r s a p p e ar to h a v e o cc u p i e d t h e i r p r e se n t s e at s e a r ly i n t h e
1 4 m c e n tur y d r ivi n g out t h e Jats a nd , p o p ul at i on f r om t h e
pl a i n s a nd t h e n b e i n g p ush e d n o r thw a r d by th e U s h t a r e ni pr o ,

Th e i r ce nt r e i s Ch audw a n a n d t h e i r o utlyi n g vill age s ar e h e ld by J at

a n d B a l och te n a nt s as t h e y c u l t iv a t e li t tl e t h e mse lv e s
, .

B ABBA R , Jat tr ibe i n D era G h az i Kha n—p r o b a bly i m mig ra nt s fr om th e e as t

a.
o r a b o r igi n a l —a nd i n B a ha w a l ur w h e r e t h e y giv e t h e f o ll ow i ng
p ,

g e n e al o gy ’

RAJ A K a aAN .

Ba bba r . G a bba r .

BAs L A ct i on o f th e Bh atia s to which be l o ng t h e cha udlm s of Sh uj ab ad

'

. a se . .

Mul ta n G in 1 902 p 1 66 , , . .

B ACHHA L a t r ib e o f Ja ts foun d in a r gana Bhirug Nar ai ngar h t ah sil

, , , ,

Ambal a : d esc e n de d f r o m a T ao n i jp i t by hi s J at wi fe
’
i .

B um s —A J at cl a n (a g r ic ul tur a l ) fo un d i n M ul t a n .

Thi s sect i s noti ced i n Wi son s s ects of th e Hi n dus l ’

Di w an i-K ul Mam ah at to
.

A Ba ar , th e A mi n ul-Mulk Nur Muh ammad Khan,

b -
w as - -
l
v
T ai mri r Sh ah and g a e a daugh te r to S h ah Z amau A dali
’

b . b
F our Ba ar f ami i es ar e also l
S ettl e d in Mult an G a ze tte e r , 1 6 1;
p .
32 B a dan a h
—Ba dii .

B AD ANAH , a J at cl an (a gr ic ul tur al ) fou i i d i n M ul t a n .

BADD U N, B AD U se e .

B AD E CHE a tr ib e o f Ja ts cl ai mi n g to be S a r o a R a] pii t s by d e sc e n t t h r o u gh
, ,
Pal wh l d i S ialk ’

i ts e po yn m a n d h i s d e s c e n da n t K i i r a o se s on s s e t t e n o t
u n d e r Sh ah J a ha n a l s o f o un d i n A mr i t sa r .

B AD E R , J at cl a n (a gr ic ul t ur al) fo un d i n Mul tan

a .

BADG U J AR BAB a cl a s s (o r p o ss ibly r a n k ) f oun d a mo n g t h e B r ah ma n s

, ,

Raj puts M e o s an d p o ss ibly ot h e r t r ib e s a s w e ll a s o f t e n a l o n g w i t h

, ,

G fijar s Th u s t h e Ba rg ii j a r Raj p ut s a bo u t Bh u n d s i i n G u r ga o n bo r de r
.
’

o n vill a g e s h e ld by G ii ja r s a n d i n o n e v ill a g e t h e r e G U J a r s h o ld mo st o f
’

t h e v ill a g e a n d Ba r g ii j ar Raj p ut s t h e r e s t S i mil a r l y i n Bas da lla n e ar

’

Pim ah an a i n G u r ga o n Me o s h o l d mo s t o f t h e vill a g e a n d G uj a r s t h e
’

r e st ( S i r.J W il s on i n P N Q I
.
,
But a cc o r din g . . . .
,

to Ibb e t so n t h e Bar g ii jar a r e o n e o f th e 36 r oy a l Raj put f a mili e s a n d

’

, ,

t h e o n l y o n e e xc e p t t h e G a hl o t w hi ch cl a i m s de s c e n t f o m L a w a s o n r
,

o f R am Ch a n dr a T h e i r c on n e ct i o n w i t h t h e M a n d a har i s n o t ic e d
.

u n d e r M a n d a h ar Th e y a r e of c ou r se of S o l a r r a c e Th e i r old c a p i t a l
. .

w a s Raj o r t h e r ui n s o f w hich a r e s t ill t o be se e n in t h e s o ut h o f Al w a r

, ,

a n d t h e y h e l d m u ch of A l w a r a n d t h e n e ighb o u r i n g p ar t s o f J a i u r t ill
p
di po s s e s s e d by t h e K a ch w ah a Th e i r h e a d q ua r te r s a r e n o w a t .
-

A n ii p s h ah r o n t h e G a n g e s bu t t h e r e i s st ill a c ol o n y o f t h e m i n
’

G u r ga o n o n t h e A l w a r b or d e r C u r i ou sly e n o ugh th e G u r gao n .

,

Ba r g ii j a r say t h a t t h e y ca m e f r o m J ull un d ur a b o u t t h e m i ddl e o f t h e

’

1 5 t h c n t u r y ; a n d i t i s c e ta i n t h a t t h e y a r e n o t v e r y old h o ld e r s o f
e r

t h e i r p r e s e n t c a p it a l o f S o h u a a s t h e b u ldi n g s o f t h e K a mbo h s w h o ,
i

h e ld i t b e f or e t h e m a r e s t ill t o be s e e n t h e r e a n d a r e o f co m p a r a t iv e ly
r e c e n t d a te .

B A D HAN o s PA K HA I a t r ib e o f Ja ts cl a i mi n g S a r o a R ajpii t o r igi n a n d

, ,

d e s c e n d e d f r o m a n e p o n y m t h r o u gh K a l a a r e s id e n t o f J a mmu , .

F o un d in Sialk ot .

B AD HAR ,
a D og a r cl a n (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) f o un d i n A m r i t sa r .

BAD HAU R , an a gr icul tur a l cl an f ou n d i n Shahp ur .

of f o un d i n
B AD HI ,
a se
pt K an e t s B a sh a h r . Th e y l
a so own
p a r ga n a G h ar
in K uthar .

B AD HI ,
th e ca r
p e nte r who m a k e s p l o ug h s an d o t he r de
ru w oo d -
w or k a mo n g
t h e G a dd i s : (f r . ba dh mi , to o u t w i t h a n ax e o r saw ) . See B a r hai
.

B39 1 , a gi p sy t r ib e hi ch d o e s n o t p r o s ti t ut e
w its w o me n . Th e word is sa id
t o be a co r r u t i o n o f Ba z i
p (g a r ) q Cf -
. . d ia .

BAD O E A L a t r ib e o f, J ats w h o off e r f o o d t o t h e i r s a ti a t h e r s h r i n e i n J a s r au ,

i n Nabh a, a t w e ddi n g s ; a l s o m i lk o n t h e 9t h w ai t i n e a ch m o n t h .

F o un d in Ji n d .

B AD OZ AI a Pa th an f a mily, f o un d i n M ul t a n t h e D e r a at
S ta te
,

.
j an d B ah aw alp ur

B AD RO J at cl a n (agr ic ul tur al ) fo un d i n M ul t an
,
a
.

B AD U BA D D U I I a gi p sy t r ib e o f Mu li ai nm a da n s f o u
‘
, , n d i n t h e C e n t r a l P un j a b ,
,
ch i e fl y i n th e up p e r v all e y s o f t h e S u tl e j and B e a s Lik e t h e K e h a ls .
 .

re t u r n e d t h e m s e l v e s a s H h a t t i Raj p u t s w hi ch
t i
t
h
h e y
t h
cl
o
a

n
i,
m t o b e by d e
.

c I Hi a t h e y a pp e a r t o b e a B ag i r i e
g ,
s e nt s r
n s
.

C h u h a n s o f S a m bh a r i n R a
j p u t a n a w h e n c e

be D w ali a n d t o h av e be e n a
m
“
I
M
e s h
,
Si P u r s y a s o f t e n
B i k a d r s a r r s e
th e y spr e a d i n t n e r a n .

f
.

o
b t i l o v e o f r o bb e r y t h e y y i e ld t o n o n e o
n umb e r s t e h y a r e w e a k ; u n
h 1 5 t h t
g v m h t o u bl e i n 1 8 5 7 I n t e c e n u r
y
t h e t r ib e s Th e y
”
a e u c r
B i ka w
.

t h e n
ich n r a s
.

t e
l h ld f t h e s i x c a n t o n s i n o wh
th e Bah ni w a e o n e o

divid e d .

g ic l t l ) f d i M n t g o m e r y
Kh r a l cl ( u u r a o u n n o .

a n a r
Ba n o x a a ,
a r

g ic l ur l cl f u d i n Shah p u r
f m f u t a a n o n .

Ba no w x a n a
,
r
cc t i n a l t e r m d e r iv e d
BA nR fi PIA B a h r n-
p i a i s i n i t s o r igi n a p u re ly o u p a o
.

t b h m n y a n d r zcp a f o rm a n d’
d e n o ‘ t e s a n ’

fr o m t h e S a n s k r i a u a ,

r ms o r c h t n
g e s
g
a
c i ic h m m n y f o a r a c e r s o r e
a t or a m m o n e w o a s s u e s a ,
, ,
f t h f v i t d vic o f t h e B a h r u p i a s
i n man y o cc u p a i t o n s O n e o e a o u r e e e s
m b
. .

h i t i r e f us e d t s k t h a t i t a y e
i s to a s k f o r mo n e y a n d w
,
e n s o a ,
m h
.

i c di ’

g i d e l v
g t e
giv e n on o n c d i t i o n o f t h e B a h r ii
p a s u c e e n n e c

m d y l t t h e Ba h i i i a w ill a g a i n m’
el t
e r s o n w h o r e f us e s
i t S o e a s a e r r
p
p
.

g i f dl a m ilk m a n o r w h a t n o t s e l l
t h e h o us e i n t h e d i s u s e o a p e ar , , ,

t t d t h w o ff h i s di s g u i s e a n d cl a i m t h e
h i s go o d s w i t h b i g d c
o u t e n e e e ro , ,

d T h y m b e d r aw n f r o m a n y c a s t e a n d i n
s t i pu l a t e d r e w ar e a y ,

m
.

h i B t i
’
m di t ic t s a f a ily
Ro h t ak t h e r e a r e Ch fi h ra B a s u n s o e s r
a r
ip
i .

i t and
‘

fi i h b t i d l d n d s e t t l e d d o w n o n
o r c o l on y o f B a h r
p a s a s o a n e a n a ,

fi i
.

t a s m h
'
an y ot h ' '

Th u s t h e r e i s a B a h r
p a
so b e oc m e a ca s e u c a s e r .

i
f am i ly i n Pa n i p a t W hich h o ld s a vi ll a g e r e ve n u e f r e e t h o u gh t -n o w
,

Sh ikh I Si a lk t d G u j a t M a h t a m a a r e c o m m on
ly
p ro f e ss e s t o b e a n o .
a n r

i i m
’

k n o w n a s Bah r fip i a s In t h e a l t
.
t e r D i s t r ic t t h e B a h r i i p a s cl a c on

wi h Raja f C h i t t d s ay h y t a cc o m p a n i e d A kb a r i n
nec t i o n t t h e s o a u r an e

x i i g i t h P ha A f t t h a t t h e y s e t t l e d d o w n t o
a n e p e d t o n a a n s t e a t ns e r .

c ul t iv a t ion * on th e b an k s o f t h e Ch e n ab Th e y h a v e four cl an s .

R a th aur Ch a uh an Pun w ar a n d S a p aw a t —wh ich a r e s a id n o t t o i n

, ,

t e r m ar r y A ll ar e .
Sikh s in t hi s D i s t r i c t E l s e w h e r e t h e y.
a r e Hi n d u s or

M uh amm a d a n s a c t o s m o un te b an k s a n d s om e t i m e s ch e a ts T h e
,
r
,
.

Bah r fip i a s o f G ur s p u da r a r e s a id t o w o r k i n c a n e a n d b a m b o o .

T h e Ba l r fip i a i s i d i st i n c t f r o m t h e Bha n d a n d t h e B a h r fi p
,
i a vill a g e s

o n th e S ut e l j i n Phill a u r t a h s il h a v e n o c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e M a h t o n s
.

p m
H B i f f d i w d i g g g
L ’

o f os h i a r u a h r i i
p a s a r e o t e n o u n n a n e r n a n s .

BAHTi a t e r m u se d i n t h e e a s t e r n #1 8 C h é n
g i s u se
,
d i n t h e w e s t e r n p o r t i o n ,
’

of t h e l o w e r r a n g e s o f t h e Ka n g r a Hill s a n d H o s hia r p u r a s e q u iv a l e n t
t o G h t r th All o f t h e m i n t e r m ar r y
.

. .

B AHT I h ill m e n o f f a i r ly g o o d c a st e , w h o c ul t iv a te a n d o w n l an d l a r g e l y ;
a n d a l so w o r k a s l a b o ur e r s Th e y ar e sa id t o be d e gr ade d Raj p ut s . .

In H o sh i ar p ur (e xc e p t D a suy a ) a n d J ullun dhr t h e y a r e c a ll e d Bah t i ;

.

l n D a s uy a a n d Nu r pur Ch an g 3i n Ka n g r a G h ir t li a ll i n t e r m ar r
y fr e ely
’

; .

In th e c e n sus o f 1 881 a ll t h r e e w e r e cl a s se d a s Bah t i T h e Ch an g a r e .

al so s a i d t o be a lo w c as te o f l ab o ur e r s i n t h e h ill s w h o a l so ply a s

mul e t e e r s .

As cu ti l v at or s th e y t h r i f t y a n d am i t i ous
ar e b . Th e y a 1so make b asket s r op e s a nd
— ti a ozgga r s
,
and ch zt t a s i n G uj r é t
‘

r o p e -n e t s , .

( r . NQ I
. .
 Bai d—Bazr dgi
'

.
35

BAID, a
ge t o f th e Os w al Bh abr as, Muli ial B r a h man s and h e r c aste s al so
ot

p h y si cian fi i t e r m a ppli e d g e ne r aly t o all w h o p ract i s e V e d ic me

gm o

to e .

BAID WAN, * an i m po r t an t Hi n d u Sikh J at t r ib e - in A mb al a .

B A INS a J et t r ib e w h o s e h e a d q ua r te r s a p pea r to be i n Ho sh iar p ur ’r an d

, ,
-

J ull un d ur th ough th e y h a v e s p r e a d w e s t w a r d s e ve n a s f a r a s Raw a l

,

pi n di a n d e a s t w a r d s i n to A m bal a a n d t h e a dj o i n i n g Na t iv e S tat e s
, .

lh e y s a y t h a t t h e y a r e by o r igi n J a nj fi a lt aj ut s a n d t h a t t h e i r a n ce s
r
'

p ,

to r Ba i n s c a m e e a t w a r ds i n t h e t i me o f l i r o z Shah B a i n s is o n e o f ‘
s i
.

t h e 36 r o y a l f a mili e s o f R a j p u t s b u t T d b e li e v e s t h a t i t i s me r e l y a ,
o

s ub divi s i o n o f t h e S fi r y a ba n s i s e c t i o n
-
T h e y giv e t h e i r n a me t o B a i s .

w ar a or t h e e a st e r nmo s t o r t i o n o f th e G a n g e s J a mn a doci b The

p
-
, .

S a r da r s o f A la w al p u r i n J ull un d ur a r e Ba i ns w h o se a n c e s t o r c a me ,

f r om H o s hia r p u r to J a ll a n e a r S i r hi n d i n Nabh a s o me t w e l v e g e n e r a
t i o n s ag o .

T HE BA IRAG i .

B i mi ni — T h e B a i r agi (V a i r a g i m o r e c o r r e c tly fr om S a n sk r vai r ci gy a , , .

,

d e v oid o f
‘
is a de vo te of V i nu T h e Ba i r ag i s p r ob ably e s
‘
.

r e r e s e n t a v e r y o ld e l e m e n t i n I n di a n r e l igi o n f or t h ose of t h e c t
p s e ,

w h o w e ar a l e o p ar d ski n d o u b t l e ss do s o a s p e r s on a t i n g Nar Si n gh -
,

t h e l e o p a r d i n c ar n at i o n o f V i sh n u j us t a s t h e Bh ag a ut i f a qir i mi t a te s ,

t h e dr e ss Id a n c e e tc of ,
K r i s h n a T h e p r i e st w h o p e r so n a t e s t h e
,
.
, .

d w h o m h e w o r s hi p s i s f o un d i n al mo s t e v e r r ud e r e ligio n : whil e
g o y
i n l a t e r c ul ts t h e o ld r i te s ur viv e s a t l e a s t i n t h e r e ligi o us u se o f a n i mal
r a c t ic e s t ill t o b e f o un d i n T i be t Th ere i s m o r e ov e r an
a
p '
.

’
, ,

u n d o ub t e d p un o n t h e w o r d bh r a g l e op a r d a n d B a i r a g i a n d t hi s ‘
, , ,

p o s s ibly a c co u n t s f o r t h e w e a r i n g o f t h e l e o a d s ki n
p T h e f e m i n i ne r .

f o r m o f B ai r ag i ba i mi ga n i t h e t e r m a p p li e d t o t h e ta u s h a p e d c r ut ch
, ,
s -

o n w h ich a d e v o te e l e a n s e i t h e r s i tt i n g or s ta n d i n g t o t h e s m all
, ,

e n ble ma t i c c r ut ch a bo ut a f o o t l o n g a n d t o t h e cr u t ch hil t o f a sw o r d ,

o r d a gg e r : In Ji n d t h e B a ir agi i s sa id t o be al s o c a ll e d Sha mi .

T he d e r s de v ot e d to t h e c ul ts o f R am a n d K r ish n a r e k n o w n
or

n e r i ca lly a s Ba i r ag i s a n d t h e i r h s t o r y c o m m e n ce s w i t h R aman u a
g e i
j . ,

w h o t a u gh t i n S o u t h e r n I n di a i n t h e l l l Z th c e n t u r i e s a n d f r om
‘
h is -
,

n a m e t h e de s ig n at i o n R am an ii ji m a y b e d e r i v e d ” But i t i s n o t un t i l .

t h e t i me o f Rama n a n d i e un t il t h e e n d o f t h e 14t h c e n t u r y th a t t h e ,
. .
, ,

S e c t r o s e t o p o w e r o r i m p o r t a n c e i n No r t h e r n I n di a .

T h e Ba ir ag fs a r e di v i d e d i n to f o ur ma i n o r d e r s (s a mp ar da s ) , vi a ,

Rama n an di , V i sh n u s w am i , N i man an di a n d Madh a v ach ar i .

F a nc f i u y de r i e d f r ll
o m b a i d ,
a p h y s i v
c i a n — w h o r e s cue d a r i de o f t h e c an fr om b l
ro bb e r s a n d w a s r e w a r de d b y t h e i r a do p t i n g h i s n a m e .

l
1 T h e Ba i n s h o d a bdm h o r g r o u p o f 1 2 (a ct ua y 1 5 o r 1 6 ) i ag e s n e ar Mah i lp ur i n
‘
ll v ll
t h i s D i s t r ic t .

T rumpp s Adi -G r an th p 98
‘

I . . .

b
R o e r t son S mi th : R e li gi on of th e Se mi te s , p 437 . .

ll bb
S e e I e ts on , 5 21 w h e re t h e R aman fij i s ar e s aid to w o r s h i p Mah ade o a n d t h us ap

p e ar to be S h ai a s v
F ur th e r th e Bai r é g i s are t h e r e s ai d t o h a e
. e e n f o unde d by S r i v b
A nan d, th e 1 2th di s ci p e o f R amanan d l
T he te r min at i on n a m lt ap p e ar s t o be conne cte d .

w i th h i s n ame .

l l
It i s on y to th e fo l o w e r s of R aman and o r h i s ce n te mp or ar ie s th at t h e te r m Bai r ag i i s
l
p r op e r y ap p i e d l .
36 T h e Bai r dgri ca s te .

n ame d c o n t a i n s six o f th e 5 2 ( dw dr ci 3
ch oo l *
s ) o f s
Of th e se th e fi r st -

D undar am A g ar j i T e laj i
.

t h e se B ai r ag i or der s ,
i
v a ,
th e A n bh i man di , , , ,

K ubh aji , and R amsa luj i .

In th e P un j ab
on ly t w o o f t h e f o u r sa m p a r d d s a r e u s u a lly f o u n d .

Th e s e ar e (i ) t h e Ra m a a d i n n s w h o l i k e t h e V i s h n u sw a m i s a r e d e v o
,
t e e s

h i t t h R a m m l
' ‘

o f R amch a n dr a n d a cc o r di,
n g l y c e l e b r a t e s bi r hd a y e n a u i
, ,

i i
st u dy th e Ra ay
m an a a n d m a k e pilg r i m a g e s t o A j u d b i a : t h e i r
ii g i t
n s n a
.

b e i n g th e ta r p u nd i or t r id e n t ma r k e d o n th e f o r e h e a d i n w h t e W h
r , ,

t h e ce n tr a l p r o n g i n r e d o r w hi t e .

T h e on ly ot h e r gr o up f o un d i n th e P un j a b is (u ) t h e Ni man an di w h o , ,

l ik e t h e Madh a v a e l ar i s a r e d e v o te e s o f K r i s h n a T h e y t o o c e l e b r a t e
i ,
.

t h e 8th o f Bhad o n a s t h e d a t e o f K r i s h n a s i nc a r n a t i o n but t h e y s tu dy

’
,

t h e S r i M a dh Bh a g w a t a n d t h e G i t a a n d r e g a r d B i n d r a b a n M a t h r a , ,

a n d D w ar k an ath a s s a c r e d p l a c e s O n t h e i r f or e h e a d s t h e y w e ar a t w o .

r on g e d for k Ia ll i n whi t e
p ,
.

In t h e P un j a b p r e p e r h o w e v e r e v e n t h e d i st i n c ti on b e t w e e n Ra ma
, ,

an d Ni ma n an di i s o f n o i m p o r t a n c e a n d p r o b a bl y h a r dl y k n o w n
‘
In ,
.

a r t s o f t h e cou n tr y t h e B a i r a i s f or m a v e r i t a bl e c a s t e b e i n g a ll o w e d
‘

p g
t o ma r r y a n d (e g ) i n Si r s a t h e y a r e h a r dl y t o be di s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m
,
. .

o r di n a r y p e a s a n t s w hil e i n K a r n al m a n y
, (e x c l u di n g t h e s d d h a s o r

m o n k s o f t h e m o n a st e r i e s a ath a l w h o s e p r o p e r t y d e s ce n d s t o t h e i r , ,

s p i r i t ua l c h ild r e n § ) m a r y a n d t h e i r hi n der o r n a t ur a l child r e n s u cc e e d

r .

t h e m “ T hi s l a t t e r cl a s s i s m a i n ly r e c r ui t e d f r o m th e Ja t s b u t t h e
.
,

c a s t e i s a l s o r e cr ui t e d f r o m t h e t h r e e t wi ce b or n c a s te s t h e di scipl e -
,

b e i n g r e c e iv e d i n t o h i s g ur u s s amp a r d i a n d dw ci m fll In s o m e t r a c t s ’
c ,

i n J i n d t h e Ba i r a i s a r e m o s t l e c u l ar Th y v o id i n m r iage
e .
g ,g y s e a a r .

t h e i r o w n s a mp a r da a n d t h e i r m o t h e r s dw ar a In t h e o r y a n y B a i r agi
’
. .

m ay t a k e f o d f r o m a n y o t h e r B a i r agi bu t i n p r a c t i c e a B r a h ma n
o
,

Ba i r agi w ill o n ly e a t f r o m th e h a n ds o f a n o t h e r B r a h m a n a n d i t i s ,

o n ly a t t h e g h o s ti o r l a c e o f r e ligi o u s a s s e m bly t h t r ui t s o f ll
p a r e c a

c a s t e s ca n e a t t o ge t h e r T h e r e s tr ic t i o n s r e ga r di n g foo d a n d d r i n k a r e
.

h o w e v e r la x t h r o ugh o u t t h e o r de r Th o ugh t h e Bai r ag i s a s a r ul e .

, ,

a bs t a i n f r o m fl e s h a n d s i r i t s th e s e c u l a r me m b e r s o f t h e c a s t e c e r t a i n ly
p ,

do n o t In t h e s o ut h e r n P un j a b t h e B a i r ag i i s o f t e n a ddic t e d to bh a n
g
.

To r e t u rn t o th e Ba i r ag i s
d e r it w ou ld a p p e a r t h at a s a as an or ,

b o dy th e y k e e p t h e j a ta o r l o n g h a i r w e a r c o a r s e l o i n cl oth s a n d ,
-

u su a lly a ff e c t t h e s uffi x D as A s o p p o s e d t o t h e S an i asi s o r Lal pad r i s . -

, ,
t h e y s t y l e th e mse l v e s S i t a p ad r i s a s w o r s hi p e r s o f Si t a R am -

p , .

*
It may be j
con e ctur e d
th at th e V a ‘ abh ach ari s , Bi anan di s an d Ni mi K h ar ak -sw ami
g s ar e
~

th r e e of th e se d w ar da o r th e att e r t e r m ma
,
l
y be e q ui a e n t to Ni manandi Possi y th e v l bl
S i ta p adr i s ar e r e a y a mode r n dw a r a
-
ll Th e Badh a balabh 1 ’ Wh 0 a le ct K r i sh na 8 Wi f e
’

-
’

l
.

l
Badh a , can h a r d y be any thi ng but a d w ci r a .
,

TT h e 9th o f Bh adon .

Its sh ap e i s s a i d t o be der i e d f r om th e fi ur e o f
g
v
th e N ar S i ngh ( man i on ) i ncar n ati on - l
w h i ch tor e P r ah lad t o p i e ce s .

C ll
§ a e d m ut t , i s con tr adi sti ncti on t o bm du ch i dr en Ce i ate Bai rag i s ar e ca e d Na as l lb ll
l
th e s e cu ar g h a r boMf o r o h i r i s tv, t a h ouse h o de r s
-
’
g , l
M
,

l
.

It i s n ot c e a r h o w p r op e r ty de s ce nds e i t i s s ai d th at i f a l b l an
f
a i l g f l
g
,

d
n
i a
p l
qgi
l y
d s ce nds on h i s de ath to h i s di sci p e s , i n J i nd ( u st as i t
e
do e s i n l a u
l t
j
p p
‘

t h t d f m t h m l y l v lv l l
p n t f y d o e s o n th e n at ur a ch i d e n wh le th r i
p r o e r y i e r i e r o e n a ur a a i e
at i n
h e r i te d f r m th e aun t de sce n ds to th e ch e la
~
o In th e K a th al t‘ lh b ll 0 f K
l l l
'

am a t h e a r i cu tur a
l ?
.

Bai r ag i s w h o ow n th e v i ag e of D i g ar e p ur e y s e cu ar ll g l
1TBut me n of any cas te may ecome Bcn r ég i s and th 6 or de r a l("“ m b ’

i as 3 “1 19, t o be
cr ui te d f r o m the o e r ca te s
w s l .
i s
 Bai r dgt deve lop men ts . 87

As g ar d s h is t e ne t s a Bai r ag i i s so me t i me s s a id to be s ubj e c t to
re

fi v e r ule s — (i ) h e mu st j o u r n e y t o D w a r ka a n d t h e r e be b r an d e d wi t h
i r o n o n th e r ight ar m ( )
n h e m u s t m a r k h i s f o r e h e ad as a l r e ady ,

d e s c r ibe d w i th t h e gap i ch a n da n cl ay : (ii i ) h e mus t i n v o k e o n e o f th e

,

i n c ar n a t i on s o f K r i s h na : (i v ) h e must w e a r a r o s ar y o f tu ls i : a nd
h e sh ould k n o w a n d r e p e a t so m e ma n tr a r e l a ti n g t o o n e o f V i s h n u s
’

i n c ar n a t i o n s P r o b abl y t h e s e t e n e t s v a r y i n d e t a il s t h o ugh n ot i n
. ,

p r i n cipl e f or e a ch s a mp a r da a n d p o ssibly f o r e a ch dw dr a al s o
, , .

T h e m o n a s t ic co mm un i ti e s o f t h e Ba i r ag is a r e p o w e r ful a n d e x
ce e di n g ly w e ll co n d u ct e d, o f t e n v e r y We a l thy , a n d e x e r ci se m uch
h o s pi ta li t y Th e y a r e n ume r o us i n H o shia r pu r S o m e o f t h e i r ma h an te
. .

a r e w e ll e d uc a t e d a n d e v e n l e a r n e d me n , a n d a f e w o s e s k wl dg
p s s a n o e e
o f S a n s kr i t .

BAIs ii e i D E V E L O PMENT S .

T h e i n te nse vi t a li ty o f t h e Ba i r agi t e a chi n g s m ay b e g a ug e d fr o m th e

n umb e r o f s ub s e c t s t o w hich t h e y h a v i g i v e n bi r t h
-
A m o n g t h e s e ma '

y
.

b e n o t e d t h e Ba r i - D a si s (in R o h t a k ), th e K e sh o p a nth i s T (i n M ul ta n )3 -

t h e T ul s i D a s i s , G uj r a n w ala , t h e M ur a r pan th is i , th e Bab s Lali s

- - -
.

T he c onn e c t i o n o f t h e e a r li e st f o r m Sikhi sm wi t h t h e B a i r a g i of

d o c t r i ne s i s o b s c ur e but i t i s cl e a r t h a t
i t w a s a cl o se o n e K a lla dh ar i
, .
,

t h e a n ce s t o r o f t h e Be di f a mily o f U n a w a s al so th e
p r e d e c e ss o r o f ,

t h e Br a h m a n K a lla dh ar i m a h a n ts o f D h a r m s al in t h c U n a ta h sil w h o
‘

a r e Ba i r ag i s as w e l l a s fo l l o w e r s o f N a n a k w h e n ce th e a r e ca ll e d
, y ,

V a i s h a v Na n a k pa n t h i
-
Thi s c o m m un i ty w a s f o u n de d by o n e Na k o dar
-
.

D as w h o i n h i s y o ut h w a s a b so r b e d i n t h e d e i t y w hi l e lyi n g i n t h e
s h a de o f a b a n y a n t r e e i n s t e a d o f t e n di n g h i s c a t tl e a n d a t l as t , ,

a fte r a p r ol o n g e d p e r i o d o f a d o ra t i o n di s ap p e a r e d i n t o t h e u nk no w n , .

A n o th e r B a i r agi R am Th a mma n w as a c o us i n o f N an a k a n d is s ome

, ,

t i me s cl ai m e d a s h i s f o ll o w e r His t a n k n e a r L a h o r e i s t h e s ce n e o f a .

fa i r h e l d a t t h e B ai sakhi a n d f or me r ly n oto r i ous f o r di s t ur ba n c e s

, ,

a n d i t i s sa id
,
im mo r a li t i e s It i s s t ill a g r e a t me e t i n g p o i n t f o r
,
.

B a i r ag i a sc e tic s F u rt h e r i t w il l n o t be f o r g o t t e n t h a t B an d a th e
.
,

s ucc e s s o r o f t h e S i kh gur zi s w a s o r igi na lly a Ba i r ag i w h il e t w o , , , ,

Bai r a g i s ub-s e c t s (th e S ar ndasi an d S im r a n das i § ) a r e s o me t i me s cl as se d

as U das i s .

A mod e r n o ff s h oot of t h e Ba ir ag i s ar e th e Ch a r a n dasi s, fo un d e d by

o ne Char a n D as w h o w as b o r n a t D e br a i n A l w ar S t a t e i n Hi s
f a th e r a D h ii s a r w h o di e d w h e n h i s s o n , t h e n n a m e d R a n j i t Si n gh
’

w as
,

w as on ly 5 B r o ugh t u p by r e l a ti o n s a t D e lhi th e bo y b e c am e a
.

b l
Th e s e r ands i nc ude t h e conch s h e l (s h a n k) di scus or ch u kka r c u or g a da , and ot us l , , l b l
b
.

Be s i de s t h e i r on r ands ( t a p t m u d r a li t fi r e mar ks ) w ate r ma r k s ( s ua l m a dm , li t co d

, .
- -
.
l .

l
mar ks ) ar e a s o use d F ur th e r th e i mti atory r i te , th oug h of te n p e r for me d at D w ar ka may
.
,

be p e rf or me d any w h e re e s p e ci a y i n th e g ur u s h ous e gll

S o me Ba i r a i s e e n r a n d the i r
’
. v b
w o m e n s arms
'
b
e fore th e y w rll e at or dr in k any th i ng to uch e d by t h e m ,

b bl
1 Pro a y w o rs h i p p e r s of a o ca S a i n t o r o f K r i shna h ims e f
‘

l l l .

I Pos si y fo o w e r s o f a Ba be Mur at w h ose sh r i ne i s i n L ah or e Di s tr i ct, or w or s h ippe r s

bl ll
o f K r i s h n Mu r ar i i e , th e e ne my o f Mur a de mon
, . .
, .

§ S ome ti me s sai d t o be one and th e s ame S imr an D as w as a Br ah man wh o i e d tw o .

,
lv
ll
ce nt r i s a o and h i s fo ow e rs ar e Co s si ns w h o w e ar th e t u ls i ne ck ace and w o rs h i
u p th e i r l
fie d g ,

gu r us

ll A n o th e r accoun t he
s ay s b eca me S ukh de o
‘

s di sci p le at th e 1 0 i n S h t 1 7 08,
ag e of .

1 6 5 1 A D F o r a fu
. . ll account of th e se ct s e e Wi l son s '

q uote d i n Maclag an s , Pu nj a b Cen sus

'

R ep or t , 1 891 , p 121 . .
38 Bafr dgi —Baj wa .

di scipl e o f S uk hdeo D as hi ms e l f a s pi r i tua l d e sce n d ant o f BiaSJ i i n , ,

M uz a ff ar na g a r a n d a s s ume d th e n a me o f Ch ar an D as He t a ugh t
,
.

t h e u n i t y of G od p r e a ch e d a b o li t i o n o f c aste a n d i c ulc at e d p ur i t y o f
, n
li fe His t h r e e p r i n ci p a l di s ci pl e s S wam i R am r up J a g t a n G o s a i n
. ,
-
,

a n d a w o ma n n a me d S h ah g o le a i e a c h f o u n d e d a mon as t e r y i n De lh i ,

i n w hich ci t y th e r e i s al so a t e mpl e d e di c a te d t o Ch ar a n D as wh e r e t h e
i mpr e s s i o n o f h i s f oot (ch a m n ) w r ship p e d His in i t i a te s a r e c e lib ate
i s o * .

a n d w o r s hip K r i s h n a a n d h is f a v o u r i te que e n Rad h a a b o v e a ll g o d s a n d

“
g o d de ss e s T h e y w e a r o n t h e f or e h e a d th e j o tt s a r up o r b o dy o f
'

fl a me w hich c o n s is t s o f a s i ngl e p e r p e n dicu l a r lin e o f Whi t e ; I a n d

,
” ‘ ’

d r e s s i n s a ff r on cl o the s w i th a tu ls i n e ckl a c e T h e chi e f s c r ip t ure .

o f t h e s e c t i s t h e Bh a g a t s ag a r a n d t h e l lt h day o f e a c h f o r t n igh t i s-
,

k e p t a s a fa st Ch a r an D as i s b e l i e v e d to h a v e di s pl a y e d mi r a cl e s
.

b e fo r e Nad i r Shah o n h is c o n qu e st o f D e lhi an d h o w e v e r t h a t m ay b e

, , ,

h i s di sci p l e s o b t a i n e d g r a n t s o f l a n d f r om t h e M ugh a l e mp e r or s which

th e y s t ill h old .

R AIR WAL a t r ib e of J éts w h o cl a i m t o be d e s c e n d a n t s o f Bi r k h m an a

, ,

Ch auh an Raj p ut w h o se so n m a r r i e d a J at gi r l a s h i s s e c on d wi fe a n d
,

s o l o s t st a t u s T h e n a m e i s e p o n y mo u s an d t h e y a r e f oun d i n t h e
. ,

Baw al N iz amat of Nabh a .

BA IS TOL A a J a i n se c t : s e e J a i n
, .

B A IZ A I , t h e tw o cl a n s o f th e A k o z a i Y us a f z a i
on e o f It o r igi n a lly h e ld .

t h e L un dk h w ar v a ll e y , i n t h e c e n t r e o f t h e n or th e r n mo s t p ar t o f
P e s ha w a r , a n d a ll th e e a s te r n hill c o u n tr y b e t w e e n t h a t a n d t h e S w at
r iv e r It st ill h o l ds t h e hill s , but t h e Kh a t ta k n o w h o ld a ll th e w e s t o f
.

t h e v a ll e y a n d t h e U t ma n Kh e l it s n o r t h e a s t c o r n e r , s o t h a t t h e B a i z a i -

on l y h ol d a s ma ll t r ac t
h e s e l a st Th e i r s ix to the so u t h of t .

se
p t s a r e t h e A bb a a n d A z i z K h e ls t h e Bab o z a i Ma to r e z a i M u sa , , ,
a n d Z a n gi K h e ls T h e l a s t li e s s o ut h o f t h e Il a m r an ge whi ch
.

di v id e s S w at f r o m B un e r On ly t h e t h r e e fi r st n a me d h o l d l a n d i n .
-

B r it i s h t e r r i tor y .

BAJ Aa a G ii ja r cl an (ag r ic u l tur a l) f oun d i n A mr i ts a r

’

, .

BAJ ARA H, cf th 1 5 A w an f a mili e s d e sce n de d f r o m K ulu an ,

e
so n o f Q ut b
g
Shah : se e H i s to r y o f Sialk o t , p 37 . .

BAJ U jj fi
?
R ajpii t t r ib e
’
a a f o un d in Sial k o t and a lli e d t o th e Ba j w a
fié
,

s .

B AJ WA J t cl an (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) fo un d i n Sialk o t A mr i tsa r a n d M ul a n
a a
, an d
,
, t
a s a H i n d u J at cl a n i n M o n t g o m e
r
y T h e Baj w a Ja ts ar e o f th e same .

k in a s t h e Ba jj ii Ba p i t s 1 ln Sialk o t t h e h a v t h c
’ ’ ’

j i y e e us to m s o f m s oa
.

o r la goon a n d bh o a t w i x t b e tr o th a l a
y n d ma r r i ag e .

j
T he a t h e r a. o f t he B aj w a is Baba Ma n g a , an dh e is r e ve r e d a t
w e ddin gs at hich th e r i te s o f
, w
j a n dfa n and ch h a t r a ar e al s o
o b se r v e d ,

“C e ar
3
l
l y th e e i s some connecti on h e e w i th th e V i st l i d or fOOt l m r e s
r
“Sh un
r

i m
of Bh a ii
g iii
0f
I
. It i a l s o call e
s d si m l
p y p o r b ody
p sc r a :
“
'
s

1 It mi g h t b e sugg e st e d t h at m i i s a dim i ut i v f m c n e or .
 i wa 39

S h a li p w as M ul t an i n th e t i me o f Sik a n d a r L o di His
dr iv e n o ut o f .

t w o s o n s K ale a n d h i s e s c a e d i n t h e di s g ui s e o f f a lc o n e r s L i s w e nt
p .

t o J a mm u a n d th e r e ma r r i e d a Ka t il Raj p u t b r id e w hil e K a l s m a r r i e d ,

a J at gi r l i n Pa s r ii r T h e de s c e n d a n t s o f b ot h liv e i n t h e Baj w at bu t
. ,

ar e sai d to be di st i n gui s h e d a s Ba jj ii Raj p ut s a n d Baj w a Ja ts .

A n o t h e r s to r y h a s i t t h a t t h e i r a n c e s t o r J a s o r Ka i J a is a n w as dr iv e n
f r o m D e lhi by Ra i Pi to r a a n d s e ttl d a t K a r ba la i n S ia l k o t Ye t e .

a n o t h e r t a l e i s t h a t Na r u Raj a o f J a mmfi g a v e h im 84 vill a ge s i n

, ,

i lci qa G h o l fo r killi n g Mi r J e gw a a m igh ty P a tha n T h e Baj j ii

’
.
,

Raj puts a dmi t th e i r r e l a ti o n s hi p wi t h t h e Baj w a Ja ts K ale h a d a . .

s on D aw a w h o s e so n D e w a h a d t h r e e s o n s Mud a We s r a n d Na n a
, , , , ,

s ur n a me d Ch a ch r a h Na n a s chil d r e n h a vi n g a ll di e d h e w a s t o ld by
’
.
,

a n a s t r o l o g e r t h a t o n ly th o s e b or n u n d e r a ch e ch r i t r e e w o uld liv e .

His a dvic e w a s t ak e n a n d Na n a s n e x t so n fo un d e d t h e Ch ach r a h s e p t ’

,

chi e fly f oun d n e a r Nar o w al Th e Ba jj ii R aj p ii ts h av e t h e c us t o m ’ ’

o f ch dn da v a n d an d ar e s a id t o m ar r y t h e i r da ug h t e r s to Ch ibh
Bh au a n d M a n has Raj p uts a n d th e i r s o n s t o R aj p ii ts T h e Ba jjii
’ ’

.
,

Raj p ut s a r e s a id to h av e h a d t ill qu i t e l a t e ly a c u s to m by w hich a

M ussa l ma n g i r l c o uld h e t u r n e d i n t o a Hin du fo r p ur p o s e s o f
ma r r i a g e b y t e mp o r a r ily b ur yi n g h e r i n a n un d e r g r o u n d ch a mb e r a n d
,

p l o u ghi n g t h e e a r t h o v e r h e r h e a d I n t h e be t r o t h a l s o f t h is t r ibe .

d ate s a r e use d a c us t om p e r h a p s b r o ugh t w i th t h e m f r o m M ul tan a n d

, ,

t h e y h a v e s e v e r a l o t h e r s i n g ul ar c ust o ms r e s e m bli n g t h o s e o f th e S ph i
J ats Th e y a r e a l mo st c on fi ne d t o Sialko t t h o ugh t h e y h a v e sp r e a d
.
.

i n small n umb ers e a st w a r d s a s f ar a s P a t ial a .

BAKA R K i , a J at cl a n (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) fo un d in M ul ta n .

BAK HAR , a Raj p ut cl an (a g r ic ul t ur al ) f oun d in A mr i tsa r .

BAK K HA R , an a g r ic ul tur al cl a n f oun d in Shah p ur .

B AKHR I , a fo un d i n t h e Sh a h r F ar id i lciqa o f B a haw al pur

c la n Th e y cl aim .

t o b e S u mr as by o r igi n , a n d h a v e Cha r an b a r ds, which po i n t s t o a

Raj p ut o r igi n Th e y mig r a t e d f r om Bh ak h k h a r to M ul ta n, wh e r e
.

t h e y w e r e c o nv e r te d t o I sla m by G e n e B a ha- ud-D in Z a k a r i a , an d

f e a r in g t o r e t u r n t o t h e i r H in du ki n sme n s e t t l e d do w n i n M ul t an
a s w e a ve r s Th e n c e t h e y mig r a t e d t o Nfir pur , Pakp att an a n d o t h e r
.

p l a c e s , a n d F ar id Kha n I s e t t l e d s o me o f t h e m in Sh a h r F a r i d f r o m

N i i r p ur Th e y ma k e ln is (T h e c o rr e ct fo r m is p robably Bh akhr i )
’

. . .

BAKHS HIAL , a fa mily of We b or a K h a tr is, se t t e l d at Bha un in J be l um , w h ich

h a s a t ra di t i on o f m ili t ar y s e r vi c e .

BAKHT IAR, a s ma ll P a than t r ib e of P e r si an o r i g i n w h o a r e associ ate d w i th the

Mi an Kh e l P a tha ns o f D e r a I smail K ha n, an d no w for m o ne of t h e ir
p r i n cip a l c t i on s se .

Rav e r ty h o w e v e r di s p ut e s t hi s a n d a s c r ib e s t o t h e Bakh tiars a ,

S ayyi d o r igi n Shi r a n t h e e p o ny m o f t h e S h i r a mi P a than s, g av e a

.
,

da u g h t e r to a S a y yid I sh a q w h o se so n by h e r w a s n a me d H a b i b t h e
A bii S a i d o r F o r t un at e (B a k h ty ar ) Thi s so n w a s a do t e d by h i s
-
’
,
‘ ’
.

st e f a th e r Mia n a i so n of D o m o n o f Shi r a z T h B h t iar s h ay s

p
-
a s , e a ,
.

p r o d uc e d s e v e r a l s a i n t s a mo n g t h e m t h e Ma kh dfim i ,
-

Y a hya i K a b i r so n o f Khw aj a lli a s s o n o f Sa y y id M uh amma d and a

- -
, , ,

cont e mp or a r y o f S ul t a n M uh a mma d T u h lu
g q S h ah H e di ed i n .
 Bakh ti ar —Balka .

d h i d c d t c ll e d S h a i k h z a i s B a v e r t y s a y s
1 333 A D e e n a n s a r e a .
a n .
s s
.

t f m t h B k h tl ar s
th e P e r si a n B akh t i ar i s a r e qui e di i c t
* t s n r o e a .
.

BAK H T M A L s a dh s a Sikh
’
s e c t f o u n d e d by n
o e B a k h t m a l W h e n G u r fi G o
vi n
d .

m
,

Si ngh d e s tr oy e d t h e ma sa n ds o r t ax g h - a t e r e r s o n e o f t e m
h , by n a e

im
Ba k h t mal, t o ok r e f ug e w it h Ma ta, a G uj a r w o m a n w h o d gi s u i s e d h
d m th
‘

i n w oma n s
’
cl h
ot e s p utt n i g b an gl es o
,
n h s i w r i s t s a n a a o r n o s e

Thi s a tt i r e h e a d op t e d e p m t ly a n d t h e m a h a nt
r i n g i n h i s n o se .
r a n e n

His f oll w e
.

d t b o
o f h i s ga ddi s t ill w e a r s b a n gle s l
o r s a r e s a o e a s
.

c all e d B a kh shi s h sci dh s, but t hi s i s o p e n o d b t o u t T h e h dq

e a - u a r t e r s .

o f th e se c t a p p e a r s t o be u n k n o w n .

BAL , a J at t r ib e o f t h e Bia s a n d U p p e r S u t l e j sa id t o b e a cl a n o f t h e
,

S e kh u t r ib e w i th wh om t h e y do n o t i n te r ma r r y Th e i r a n c e st or i s a l s o .

sa id t o h a v e b e e n n a m e d B a y a Ba l a R a
q t w h o c a m e f r o m ,
“
Mal w a T h e n a me Be ] which me a n s s t r e n g t h i s a f amo u s on e in
.
, ,
”

a n ci e n t I n di a n hi stor y an d r e c u r s i n all sor t s o f f o r ms a n d p l a c e s

,
.

In A mri t sa r t h e y s a y t h e y c ame f r om Balla mg a r h a n d do n o t i n te r ,

ma r r y wi t h t h e D hill on .

BAL , a cl an (agr icu l t ur al ) fo un d i n A mr i tsar

J at .

BALAG AN a t r ib e of Ja ts cl ai mi n g t o be J amm u Raj pu ts by d e s c e n t

, ,
f rom
t h e i r e p o ny m F o un d in Sialk ot . .

BAL AHAB, i n G ur g a on th e ba ldh a r (i n Si r sa h e i s c all e d da u r d) i s a vill a g e

me n i a l w h o s h o w s tr a v e ll e r s t h e w a y , c ar r i e s m e s sa g e s a n d l e t te r s , a n d
summ o n s p e o pl e wh e n w a n t e d by t h e h e a d me n In K a r n al h e i s ca ll e d .

le h ba r l bu t i s n o t a r e c o g n i s e d m e n i a l a n d a n y o n e ca n p e r f o r m h i s
’

d u ti e s on o cc asi o n In Si r s a, G ur g a on a n d K a r n al h e i s a l mo s t a l w a y s
.

a Ch u h r a cf Ba lw dl . .

h aw t h rn—I n D e lhi an d H ag ar a ch a u ki ddr o r w a t ch man

BAL é II, s a
l f lt o ,
o .

i n S i r s a a Ch a m ar e m l oy e d t o m an u r e
’
p fi e ld s, or w h o t ak e s t o syc e s
a n d g e n e r al w o r k , i s s o t e r me d .

BaL BIR, a se pt hich mig r ate d f r om Ch i tto r in R ajp uta na

of K an e t s w
Wi t h t h e f oun d e r s o f K e o n th al an d s e t tl e d i n th e l a t t e r S ta t e Th e .

fo un d e r s o f Ke on th a l w e r e a l s o a cc o m p an i e d by a Ch aik a S alat h i a n d ,

a Pak r o t a ll B r a h m an s a Ch h ib a r K a n e t
, a bl a ck smi t h a n d a tur i
, ,

a n d t h e d e sc e n d a n t s o f a ll t h e se a r e st ill s e t t l e d i n t h e S tat e or i n its

e mploy .

BALF AR OS H a sy n ony m for Bha t (Raw alpi ndi )

, .

B AL HAM a J at cl an (agr ic ul tur al ) f oun d i n M ul tan

, .

B ALI, an a g r ic ul tur a l cl an f o un d i n Shahp ur .

BALI a sec tion o f t h e Muh i als B r ah mans) c or r t o th e D h an n a o tr a s of

th e S outh We st P unj ab p .

-
.

BALK A a n a g r ic ul t ur a l clan f oun d i n Shahp ur ba lk th th e

.
’

h e la f or th e diz
l

p
.

ci l e of :
PunJab i s use d a s e qui v al e nt ,

on b oth side s of th e Panjnad .

1 Or h b p b ab l y fr om r dh ba r ,
gui de In Kar nal
’
»
re ar , ro .
i

te rm b e ing app l i d t a w e e p e e o s r w ho doe s th i s at ticu1ar kmd

a sweep er (or in defaul t a Dhansak) wi ll p erfo ii n .

oi l é° “
Wh1 °h
42 Ba loch h is tor y .

h
a nd K ai K usr ao T h e p oe m
.
s a y s t h a t t h e a r m y o f A s h k a s h w a s

f r om t h e w d
an e r e r s o f t h e K o ch a n d B a l o ch i n t e n t o n w a r W ,
i th ,

l
e xa te d co ck sco rnb c re st s w h o s e b a ck n o n e i n
,
t h e w o r ld e v e r s a w .

U n de r Na ush ir w an t h e Ch o s r o e s w h o f ough t a g a i n s t J us t i n i a n t h e
,
,

B a lo ch ar e a g a i n me nt ion e d a s mo un ta i n e e r s w h o r a i de d h i s k i n gd om
a nd h ad to b e e x t er m i n a t e d t h o u gh l a te r o n w e fi
,
n d t h e m s e r v i ng i n

Na us h i r w an s
’
m y I t h p t h i m t n W t h t h e
o w n a r n e s e a s s a
g e s .
e r a s so a i
o i

me n of G i l a n d B a ila m (t h e e
p p e l e s o f G ila n a n d A dh a r b a i
j a n ) w o ul d

p
ap e r a t o l o c at e t h e B a l o ch i n a p r o vi n c e n or t h o f K a r m a n t o w a r d s t h e

C aspia n S e a .

H o w e v e r t hi s ma y b e th e c om me n c e m e n t o f th e 4t h c e n tur y of t h e
,

H ij r a a n d o f t h e l0 t h A D fi n d s th e B a l ii s o r Ba l o ch e s t a bl i s h e d i n
. .

K a r ma n w i t h if M a s udi ca n be t r u st e d t h e Q a f e (K o ch ) a n d t h e
, , ,

Z utt (J a tts ) T h e B a l o ch a r e t h e n de s cr ib e d a s h o ldi n g t h e de se r t

.

p l a i n s s o u t h o f th e m o un t a i n s a n d t o w a r ds M a k r an a n d t h e se a b ut ,

t h e y a p p e a r in r e a li t y t o h a v e i n f e s t e d t h e d e s e r t n o w k n o w n a s t h e
L u t w h i c h lie s n o r th a n d e as t o f K a r m a n a n d s e p a r a t e s i t f r o m
O

Kh o r a san a n d h i s t an Th e n c e t h e y c r o s s e d th e d e se r t i nt o t h e t w o
‘

l ast n a me d p r o v i n c e s a n d t w o di s t r ic t s o f S i s t an w e i e i n Is t a kh r i s t i me
-
,
’

B l o ch r a i de r s pl u n d e r e d M a h m ii d o f
’

k n o w n a s B a l o ch c o un t r y *
.
i

G h a z n i s a m b a s s a do r b t w e e n T a bba s a n d K h a bi a n d i n r e v e n g e h i s
’
e s
,

s o n Ma s fi d d e f e a t e d t h e m a t t h e l a t t e r p l a ce w h i ch li e s a t t h e f o o t o f ,

t h e K ar m a n Mo un t a i n s o n t h e e dg e o f t h e d e se r t .

A b o u t thi s t i me Fi r d a u s i W r o t e a n d so o n a ft e r i t t h e B a l o ch m us t
h a v e mig r a t e d b o dily f r o m K a r man i n to Me k r an a n d th e Si n dh
f r o nt i e r , a f t e r a p a r ti a l a n d t e m p o r a r y h a l t i n Si st a n W it h gr e a t .

p r o b ab ili ty D a m e s c on j e c t u r e s t h at a t t hi s p e r i o d t w o m o v e m e n t s o f t h e
B a l o ch t o o k p l a c e : t h e fi r s t , co r r e s p o n di n g W i t h t h e S a lj uq i n v a s io n
a n d th e o v e r t h r ow o f th e D a i l am i a n d G h a z n a w i p o we r i n P e r s i a ,
b e i n g t h e i r a b a n do nm e n t o f K a r man a n d s e t t l e me n t i n S i s t an a n d
We ste r n M akr an w h ~le t h e se co n d, to w a r d s E a s t e r n M a k r an an d t h e
n d
Si h b d , o r e r w a s co n e m o r a n e o us w i t h Ch an i z Kh a n s i n v a s i on an d
t ’
p g
t h e w a n d e r i n g s o f J a lal u d- D i n i n Ma k r a n -
.

T o t hi s con d mo v e me n t t h e B a lo ch ow e d t h e i r opp o r tun i t y o f

se

v d g t h e I n du s v a ll e y ; a n d t h e n ce i n th e i r t h i r d a n d l ast
i n a in
,
m i r a t i o n a g r e a t po r t i o n o f th e r a ce w a s p r e cipi t a te d i n t t h P
g , o e u nj a b
p mm
l .

It i s n o w p o ss ibl e t o c on n e ct t h e t r a di t i o n a l hi t
s or y of t h e Ba l o ch
t h e m s e l v e s, s t o ld i n t h e i r a n ci e n t h r i c
~

a e o ba a s, w i t h t h e a b o v e
ll d
a cco un t .Li k e o t h e r M uh a m ma dan r a c e s t h e Ba l o c h cl a i m A r a bi
, an
e xt r a c t i on a s s e r ti n g
, th at t h e
y a r e d e s c e n de d f r o m Mi r H a mz a a n
u ncl e of t h e P r o ph e t , a n d f r o m a f a i r y
l a ce t h i r fi r t s e t t l e m e n t i
.
(p aw ) Th e y co i i s i s t e i t l
y
.
i
p e s
n Ha la b
( A l e p p o ), w h e r e t h e y r e m a i n e d
u nt i l , s i d i n g W i t
.

t h e s o n s o f A li a
h nd taki ng r t i n t h e b a t t le of
K a r ala , t h e y W e r e e x p e ll e d by a z
b p a

Y id th e se r O i i d o f th e O m
, a
y i ad
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C a l i ph s , i n 6 80 A O T h e n ce t h e y fl d, fi r s t t o K a r i n an n v
a d e e n t ua lly
. .
e
,

de d i n to K h or asan
th er e i s a consi de ra b le l
Ba och p op ula tlo n as far E ‘ en .
at th e p r e se nt da
y
no r th as T ur bat l Haldar i ( Curzon s
.

Pe r s i a , 1 802, i . p ‘
‘
‘

.
 Ba loch his tor y . 43

to S i stan wh e r e t h e y w e r e hos pi ta bly r e c e iv e d by Sh ams nd D i n * - -

,

r ul e r o f t h a t co un t r y Hi s s ucc e ss o r B ad r ud D i n d e ma n de d a cc o r din g
.
,
- -
, ,

to e as te r n usa g e a b r id e f r o m e a c h o f t h e 4 4 bo la ke o r cl a n s o f t h e
,

B a l o c h But t h e B al och r a c e h a d n e v e r y e t p a i d t r i b ute i n t his fo r m

.

’
t o a n y r ul e r a n d t h e y se n t t h e r f o r e 4 4 b o y s dr e s s e d i n gi r l s clo t h e s
, e

a n d fl d b e f o r e th e
e de c e p t i o n 0 0 ul l be d i s c v e r e d B a d r ud D i n s e n t i o .
- .

t h e b o y s b a ck b ut ur s ue d t h e Ba l o ch w h o h a d fl e d s o ut h e a s t w ar d s -
p , ,

i nto K e ch M a k r a n w h e r e h e w a s de f e a t e d a t th e i r h a n ds
- .

A t t hi s p e r i o dMi r J a lal K h a n so n o f Ji a n d w a s r ule r o f all t h e , ,

B a l ch He l e f t f o ur s o n s R i n d L a s ha r Ho t a n d K o r ai fr o m wh o m
o .
, , ,

a r e de s ce n d d t h e Ri n d L a s h a r i Ho t a n d K o r ai t r ib e s
e
,
a n d a s on in ,
-

la w M u r ad f r o m w h o m a r e d e s c e n d e d t h e J a t o i i o r chil d r e n o f J a t o
, ,
’

,
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J a lal Khan s d a ug h t e r U n f o r t un a t e ly h o w e v e r c e r t a i n t r ib e s
.
, ,

c an n o t be b r o ugh t i n to a n y o f t h ese fi v e a n d i n o r d e r t o p r o vi de ,

th e m W t h a n ce s t o r s t w o m o r e s o n s A li a n d B ul o a n c e s t o r o f th e
i , ,

Bule dh i h a v e h a d t o be f o un d f o r J a lal Kha n

,
Fr o m A l i s t w o s o ns .
’
,

G h a z a n a n d U ma r ar e de s c e n de d t h e G h a z a n i M a r r i s a n d t h e
,

s ca t t e r e d U mr an i s .

Tr a di t i o n a v e r s t h a t J a l al Kha n h a d a pp o i n te d Ri n d t o t h e p h dg h
o r t ur b a n o f ch i e f s hi p b u t t h a t Ho t r e f us e d t o j i n h i m i n
,
c e a ti n g o r

t h e ds r kh o r m e m o r i a l ca n o py t o t h e i r f a t h e r
o Th e r e upo n e a ch p e r .

f o r me d t h a t c e r e mo n y s e p a r te ly a n d t h us t h e r e w e r e fi ve dsr o khs a

But i t i s f a r m o r e p r o b a bl e t h a t fi v e p r i n ci p l g a t h e r i n g s
’
i n K e ch . a

o f cl a n s w e r e f o r me d u n d e r w ell k n o w n l e a d e r s e a ch o f w hi ch b ca m e -
,
e

k n o w n by s o me n ick n am e o r e p th e t suc h a s r i n d ch e a t h o t i
, ,
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,
”
w a r r i or L a s h ar i , me n o f L as ha r a n d l a t e r Bule i hi
,
me n o f ”
, , ,
”
B ol e d a T o t h e se o t h e r cl a n s be c a me i n t h e c o ur s e o f t i me a ffi li a t e d
. .

A t y pic a l e x a mpl e o f a n a ffili a t e d cl a n i s a ffo r d ed by th e D o da i , a

cl a n o f J at r a c e w h o se o r igi n i s t h us de s c r ib e d
D o dat S u mr a , e xp e ll e d f r o m Th a th a by h i s b r e t h r e n, e s c a p e d by
s wi m m i n g h is m a r e a c r o s s t h e I n d us a n d h a l f f r o z e n , r e a ch e d t h e . ,

b ut of s alh e a Ri n d To r e vi v e h i m Sal b e pl a c e d h i m u n d e r t h e
,
.

bl an k e ts wi t h h i s d a u gh t e r Mu dho , w h o m h e e v e n t ua ll y m a r r i e d .

F o r t h e w o m a n s s a k e , s ay s t h e p r o v e r b , t h e ma n b e ca me a B a l oc h
’

w h o h a d b e e n a J a tt , a J a g h da l, a n o b o dy ; h e dw e l t a t H a r r a n d
u n d e r t h e h i ll s , a n d f a t e m a de h im chi e f o f a ll l h u s D o da f o u n de d
' ‘

t h e g r e a t D o dai t r ib e o f t h e B a l o ch , a n d G o r i s h , h i s s o n , f o un d e d
t h e G o r s han i o r G ur cha n i , n o w t h e p r i ncip a l t r i b e o f D od a i o r igi n .

Th e g r e a t Mi r r an i t r i be , w h i ch f o r 200 y e a r s g a v e chi e f s t o D e r a
G ha z i Kha n , w a s a l so o f D o da i o r igi n .

Accor di ng t o Dame s th e r e w as a Sh ams -ud D i n , i nde pe nde nt mum: o f S i s tan w h o -

,

clai me d de scent fr om th e Sa fi a r i s o f F or ms an d w h o di e d in 1 1 6 4 A D ( 5 5 9 H ) or near y . . . l

y e a r s af t e r th e Ba oc h mi g r ati on f r om l
Ale p p o B a dr -
u d D fn ap p ear s to be unkn own .
-

t o i sto ry .

T
It i s sugge s te d t h at J atoi o r h us an d of a J at w o ma n, j us t as ba lmm me ans b ‘
h us and b
‘
’

‘
l
of a ms te r , a th ough i n J atoi th e t i s s oft .

i D oda, a common name among th e S umr as w h os e dyna sty rule d S indh un ti i t w as l

v
o e r th r o w n b th e S e mme s A out 1 25 0 A D or
y e fo.r e th a t by ear w e fi nd B a och a d.
e n t ur e r !
. b l v
l
fi rst a li e d w i th th e S o dh és and J h are jas , and th e n supp or ting D oda IV S umr a U nde r ,
.

U mar , hi s succe ssor , th e Baloch e s ar e f oun d com inin g w i th th e S ammas , S odh é s and b
J atts i ( J h ar e j as ), but w e r e e e ntual y for ced ack to t h e hi s w i th out e fi ecting any pe r m»
. v l b ll
l
ne nt odgme nt i n th e p ai n s l .
44 Ba loch hi s tor y .

A f te r th e v e r th r o w o f th e S u mr as o f Si n dh n ot hi n g i s h e a r d o f
o

t h e B a l o ch f o r I y
SO e s a r a n d t h e n i n t h e r e i g n o f J a m T u t a
q t h e ,

S ummit “4 23 t h e y a r e r e co r d e d a s r a id i n g n e a r Bh a k h a r i n

Si dh D n btle s s a s D a m e s h o l d s T a i mur s i n v a s i o n of 1 399 le d

n . n
, ,
’

i n di r c t ly t o t hi s n e w m o v e me n t T h e D e lh i e mp i r e w a s a t i ts w e a k e s t
e .

a n d T i m u s d s ce n d a t s cl i m e d a v a g ue s uz r e ig n t y o v e r i t
n i
’
e n a Pr o b e .

a bly a ll th e We s te r n P u n j a b w a s e ff e c t iv e ly h e l d by M ug h a l i n
t e n da n t s u n til t h e L n di dy n a s t y w a s e s t a bli s h e d i n 1 4 5 1 Me n w h i l e . a

t h e L a n g ah Raj p ut s h a d e s t a bli sh e d t h e ms e lv e s o n t h e t h r o n e o f M ul t a n
a n d S h a h H us a i n L a n gah ( 14 6 9— 1 5 02) c a ll e d i n B a l o ch m e r c e n a r i e s ,

g r a n ti n g a j ri g ir w hi ch e x t e n de d fr o m K o t K a r o r t o D h a n k o t t o
, ,

M alik S o h r ab D o dai w h o c am e t o M ul t an w i t h h i s s on s G h é z i Kha n , ,

F at h Kha n a d I mail Kha n

n s
*
.

Bu t t h e D o dai w e r e n o t t h e o n ly m e r ce n a r i e s o f t h e L a n g ah s .

Sha h Hus s e i n h a d co n f e r r e d t h e j ri g ir s o f Uch a n d Sh o r (k o t ) o n t w o

S a m ma b r o t h e r s J am B ay a z i d a n d J am I br h i m b e t w e e n w h m a n d
,
a
,
o

t h e D o dai s a f e u d a r o s e o n S hah Ma h mii d s a cc s si o n T h e Ja m s

’ ’
e .

p r o mp tly a llie d t h e m s e l v e s w i t h Mi r U h ak ur a Ri n d B a l o ch o f S i bi ,

w h o h a d a l s o s o ugh t s e r vic e a n d l a n ds f r o m t h e L a n gah r u l e r a n d

t h e r e by r use d t h e D o dai s j e lo ii sy
o Mi r Ch ak ur i s t h e g r e a te s t fi g ur e
’
a .

i n th e h e r o ic p o e t r y o f t h B a lo c h a n d h i s hi s t o r y i s a r e m a r k a b l e
e
,

one T h e R i n d s w e e a t p i c t u r e qu e b ut d e a dl y f e ud w i t h t h e L a sh ar i s
. t s .

G o h a r t h e f a i r o w n e r o f v a s t h e r d s o f c a m e l s f a v o u r e d Ch ak ur b ut
, ,

G w ah a r am L a s ha r i a l s o cl ai me d h e r h a n d T h e r i v a l s a g r e e d t o d e ci d e .

t h e i r q ua r r e l by a h o r s e r a c e but t h e Ri n d s l o o s e n e d t h e g i r t li s o f ,

G w a h a r am s s a ddl e a n d Chak u r w o n In r e v e n g e t h e L a s h ar i s kil le d

’
.

s o me o f G o b e r s c a me l s
’
a n d t hi s le d t o a de s p e r a t e 30 y e a r s w a r
’
,

w hi ch e n d e d i n Ch ak u r s e xp ul s i o n f r o m S i b i i n s i t e o f a i d i n v o k e d
’
p
a n d r e ce iv e d f r o m t h e A r h ii n co n u e r o r s o f Si n dh
g q M i
’

r C i i ak u r w a s .

a cc o m a n i e d by m a n y R i n d s a n d by h i s t w o s o n s S h ah zad l a n d
p
‘ '

Sh a i b a k a n d r e c e i v e d in j a g zr l a n d s n e a r Uch f r o m J am B ay a zi d
’ ’

, ,

S a mma L a te r h o w e v e r h e i s s ai d i n t h e le e e n d s t o h a v e a cc o m pa n i e d
.
, ,
Humay ii n on h i s r e c on qu e s t o f I n di a Ho w e v e r t hi s m a y h a v e b e e n
’

-
,
.

h e u n d o ub te dly f o un d e d a m i lit a r c o l n y of Ri d s at S a t g rh a i n
y o n a
,
M o n tg om r y a t wh ich pl a c e h is t o mb s t i ll e xi st s Th e n c e h e w a s
- p
i .

e x e ll e d b f a c t w hic h w o uld e xpl a i n h is j o i n i n g

p y Sh e r Shah a ,
Humay ii n
’

At hi s p e r i o d t h e B a l o ch w e r e i n g r e a t f r c e i n t h e S outh We st
t
o -

P j ab p r o b a bly a s m e r ce n a r i e s o f t h e L a n ga h dy n a s ty o f M ult a n
u n ,
,
but a l s o a s i n d e p e n d e n t f r e e b o o t e r s T h e Ri n d s a dv a n c e d u p t h e .

Ch e na
b li é V i a n d S utl e j v a ll e y s ; t h e D o dai a n d H o t s u p t h e Jh e l um
,

a n d I n dus In 1 5 1 9 Ba bar f o u n d D o dai s a t Bh e r a a n d K h ush é b a n d

.

b e c o n fi r m e d S h r b Kh a n s t h r e e s o n s i n t h e i r p o s s i n
a
’
c
se s o o f t he
c o u n tr
y o f S i n dh He a l s o g a v e I s mail Kha n o n e o f S o h r ab s so n s
.
.

,
’

,
t h e a n c i e n t p a r ga n a f Ni n dun a i n t h e G h a kh a r c o un t r y i n e xch a n g e
o
f o r t h e l a n ds o f Sh a i kh Bay a zid S a r w a n i
which h e w a s o blig e d t o
s ur r e n d e r But i n 1 5 24 t h e A r h ii ns o e r t r e w ’

g v h S hah M a h m ud L an gah
.

*
1
T h e foun de r s of t h e th r e e D e b r as, w h i ch
‘

gi v e i ts n ame to th e D e i ai éi t
h an i s now a me r e v i ll ag e D e r a F ath
K .
.

ing b e en ov er sh adow ed by s me o
ri g ms of Mult an i s a cri b e d to s
o Multan , a cur i ous state ment .
 Ba loch or gani za ti on .

wi t h h i s m o tl e y h ost o f B a l o c h , J at, Ri n d ,
D odai an d o t her t r ibes , an d
th e g r e at e st c o n fu s i o n r e ig n e d .

Th e h ow e v e r s ub m i tt e d t o t h e M ugh a l e m p e r o r s an d th is
A r g h ii n s
’

ap ar s t o h a v e t h r o w n t h e b ulk o f t h e B a l o c h i n t o o p p o s i t i o n t o th e
p e

e mpi r e . T h y r a r e ly e n t e e d t h e imp i l
e r e r a se r vi ce — a f a ct w hich i s
o s s i bly e x l a i ne d b t h e i r d i l i k e t o s e r v e at a d i s t a n ce f r o m t h e i r
p p y s

h o m e s a n d u n de r A k ba r w e r e a d o f o cc a s i o n a l e x p e di t io n s a g a i n s t
-

t h e B a l o ch But t h e L a s h ar i s a p pa r e n t l y t o o k s e r vi c e wi t h t h e
.

A r g h ii n s a n d a id e d t h e m a g a i n s t J am F i r o z i de e d l e
g e nd r e p r e s e n ts
’

-¢

t h e L a s ha r i a s i n v a di u G uz e r a t a n d o n r e t ur n t o K a ch li i a s o b t a i n i n g
a g r an t o f G u n da va f r o m t h e k i n g *
T h e J i s t kan i s a L a s h ar i cl a n
.
, ,

a l s o e s t a bli s h e d a p r i n ci p a li t y a t M a n k e r a i n t h e Si n dh S ag ar D o a b a t -

t hi s t i me but m os t o f t h e L a sh ar i s r e ma i n e d in Ma k r a n o r K a chhi
,
.

A m o n g th e e a r li e st to l e a v e t h e b a r r e n hill s o f B a l o chi s t a n w e r e t h e
Ch an di a s w h o s e t t l e d in t h e Cha n dk o o r Ch a n dii ka tr a ct a lo n g t h e In dus l
‘ ’
‘ ‘

i n U p p e r Si n d o n t h e P un j a b b o r d e r T h e H o ts pr e s s e d n o r th w r d s. a

a n d w i t h t h e D o dai s s e t t le d a t D e r a I s m a i l Kha n w h i ch t h e y h e ld f or

200 y e a r s Clo s e t o i t t h e K ulach i s f o un d e d t h e t o w n w hich s t ill b e a r s

.

th e i r n a me Bo th D e r a I smail Kha n a n d K ulach i w e i e e v e n t ua ll y

.

G a ue r e d by P a t ha n s b u t t h e Ku lac li i s s t ill i n h a bi t t h e co un t r y r o un d
,

t he l a t te r t ow n S o ut h o f th e J is tk an i s o f Ma n k e r a la y t h e D o d ais
.

o f t h e o n c e g r e a t Mi r r an i cl a n w h i ch g a v e Na w ab s t o D e r a G h nz i
Kha n till Nadi r Sh ah s t i me F ur t h e r s t ill a fi e ld t h e M a z a r i a s e tt le d
’
.

i n J h a n g a n d a r e s t i ll f o un d a t Ch a t ta B a kh s h a i n t h a t D i st r ic t Th e .

Ri n d s W i t h som e J a t n i s a n d K or ais a r e n um e r o us i n M ul t a n Jh an g , ,

M o nt g ome r y Shahp ur a n d Muz afi a r g a r h a n d i n t h e l a s t n am e d

, ,
-

di s t r ic t t h e G O pan g s an d G u r man is a r e e n c o un t e r e d A ll t h e se ar e .

de sc e n da n t s o f t h e t r ib e s which f o ll o w e d Mi r Chak ur a n d h a v e b e c o me
a s s i mil a t e d t o t h e J a tt t r ib e s wi t h w h o m i n m a n y c a s e s t h e y i n t e r m a r r y .

W e st of t h e I n dus o nly h a s t h e B al o ch r e t a i n e d h is o w n l a ng ua ge an d
t r ib al o r g a n i z at i o n .

In th e D e i a j at a n d S i i la i man s th e B a l o ch a r e gr o up e d i n to tuma ns
w h i ch ca n n o t be r e g a i de d a s m e r e t r i be s T h e tu m a n i s i n f a c t a .

p ol i t i ca l co n f e de r a cy r ul e d by a tu mun da r a n d c o mp r i s i n g me n o f
’

, ,

o n e t r i be W i t h a ffili a t e d e l e m e n t s t i o m o t h e r tr ibe s n o t n e c e s s a r ily

,

B a l o ch T h e tu ma n s w h ich n o w e x i s t a s o r g a n i s a t i o n s a r e t h e Mar r i
.
,

Bug h t i Ma z a r i D r i sh a k T i bbi L un d S o r i L u n d L e g ha r i Kh o sa
, , , , , , ,

N u t ka n i Bo z da r K as r an i G u r cha n i a n d S h am ban i
, , , Ot h e r s s uch a s .
,

t h e Bule dhi H a sa n i J a k r a n i K a h i r i ar e fo un d i n t h e K a chhi t e rr i t o r y

, , , ,

o f K a la t a nd i n Upp e r S i nd w i t h r e p r e se n t a t iv es i n B a haw alp ur

,

te r r i t or y .

The B o z da r tuma n i s p r o b abl in p ar t of R i n d de s c e n t but th e

Tye y liv e i n i n de p e n de n t t e r r i to r y i n
,

n a me m e a n s s i mp ly g o a t h e r d .

t h e S ul e i ma ns a l mo s t e n t i r e ly n o r th w e s t of D e r a G ha z i K ha n
,
-
.

The Bug h ti Z ar kan i tuma n i s comp o s e d o f s e v e r a l e l e me n ts

or .

Ma i n ly o f Ri n d o r igi n i t cl ai ms d e s c e n t f r om G y an dar a co usi n o f ,

Mi r Ch ak u r T h e R a h e j a a c la n w i t h a n ap pa r e n tly In di a n n a me
.
, ,

i s s a id to h a v e b e e n f o u n d e d by R a h e j a a s o n o f G y an dar T h e N o tkan i , .

T he Mag h as s i s , a b r an ch o f th e l ash ar fs , ar e s till

f oun d i n K achh G un dava .

f ch andi as ar e a l so nume rous in Muzafiar g ar h and D e r a Ismai K h an l .

46 Th e Ba loch tumt ms .

cl a n h old s th e g uar di a n ship o f Pir S oh r i s s h r i ne t h ough t h e y h ave ’

a d mi t te d G u r chan i to a s h a r e i n t h a t o ffi c e a n d b e f o r e a n e xp e di t i on ,

e a ch m a n p a s s e s u n d e r a
y o k e o f g un s o r s w o r ds h e l d by m e n o f th e

cl a n Th e y ca n a l o ch a r m g un s s o t h a t th e b u ll e ts s h a ll be h ar ml e ss *
. s
,

a nd cl a i m f o r th e se s e r vic e s a s h a r e o f all c r o p s gr o w n in t h e Bug h t i

c ou n t ry .

T h e S h a mban i s w h o f o r m a s ub t uma n but a r e s o me ti me s cl a s s e d

-
,
-
,

a s a n i n d e e n d e n t t u ma n t r a c e t h e i r d e s c e n t t o Rih an a c ou s i n o f Mi r
p , ,

Ch li kur a n d o cc upy t h e hi ll c o u n tr y a dj a c e n t t o t h e Bug h t i a n d

’

M a z a r i tuma ns T h e Bug h ti o cc u py th e a n gl e o f t h e S ule i m an

.

M o un ta i ns b e t w e e n th e I n d us a n d K a chhi a n d h av e th e i r h e a d q uar t e r s -

a t S y a h af (al s o c a ll e d D e r a Bi br a k o r Bu h ti D e r a
g ) .

T h e Bule dh i o r B ur di tu ma n de r iv e s i t s n a me f r o m B o l e da i n
M a k an a n d w a s l o n g t h e r uli n g r a c e t ill o uste d by th e G i ch ki It i s
i .

a l so f o un d i n t h e Bur di k a t r a c t o n t h e I n dus in Upp e r S i n d h a n d i n ,

K a c h hi .

T h e D r i sh a k tumcm i s s a id to be d e s c e n d e d f r o m o n e o f Mir Ch ak ur s
’

c o mpa n i o n s w h o w a s n ickn a m e d D r i s h a k o r s tr on g b e c a u s e h e h e ld ,
’

up a r o o f t h a t t h r e a te n e d t o c r us h s o m e L a sha r i w o me n c a t iv e s but
p ,

i t i s p o ss ib ly c o n n e c te d w i t h D i z a k i n M a k r an Its h e a d qu a r te r s ar e .
-

at A sn i in D e r a G h a z i Khan .

T h e G ur c h ani t uma n i s ma i n ly D od ai by o ri g i n but t h e S y ah p h adh ,

D ur kan i ar e Ri n ds ; a s a r e p r o b a bl y t h e Pi t a fi J o g an i a n d C h an g , ,

cl a n s — a h l e a st i n p a r t T h e J i stk an i s a n d L a s h ar i s (e xc e p t t h e G a bo ll
.
.
' ’

a n d Bh a n d s e c t i o n s hil i n i a n d Ho la w an i
) a r e L a s h ar i s w e t h e S u h r a ,

a r e Bule th i s T h e G u r chani h e a d qu ar t e r s a r e a t Lalg ar h n e a r H ar ra n d

. -

i n D e r a G ha zi Kha n .

K a sr an i i (s o p r o no un c e d bu t s ome t i me s w r it t e n Qa i sa r an i a s
,

de sc e n d e d f r o m Q ai s a r ) i s a tu ma n o f Ri n d d e s c e n t a n d is t h e mo s t
n o r th e r ly o f all t h e o r g a n i s e d tuma n s o cc u yi n g p a r t o f t h e S ula i ma n s
p ,
a n d t h e a d a ce n t pl a i n s in D e r a s G ha z i Khan n d f o r me r ly , but n o t
j (a
n o w ) I s m ail Kha n
, .

T h e Kh o sa s f o r m t w o g r e at tuma n s o n e n e ar J a cobabad i n Upp e r

§ ,

S i n dh t h e o t h e r w i t h its h e a d q uar t e r s a t Ba til n e ar D e r a G ha z i Khan

, .

Th e y ar e s ai d t o be ma i n ly o f Ho t d e s c e n t but i n D e r a G haz i K h an t h e ,

I s an i cl an i s K li e t r an by o r i g i n a n d t h e sma l l J aje la cl an a r e p r o b a bly

,

a b o r i g i n e s o f t h e J a v a ll e y w h ich th e y i n h a bi
j t .

T h e L e g har i tuma n d e r iv e s i ts o r i gi n f r om K o h h r o sh a R ind

p , ,
n i ck n ame d Ie g h ar o
.

di r ty i ’
But t h e tu ma n a l s o i n cl u d e s a Ch andi a
r
l .

cl a n a n d th e Ha ddi a n i a n d K a l o i t h e s u b tum a n o f t h e moun t a i n s ,

-
,
a r e s a i d t o be o f Bo z da r or ig in It s h e a d u a r t e r s a r e a t Ch o t i i n
D e r a G h a z i Khan but i t i s a l s o f o un d i n S i nfi h
.

, .

th e D ur k am th e J a r am se p t of th e L ash ér i and th e G i r ani J

b )f
f f iiii Z thi} Kliggi
se l t J sk é i
$2
t lg
G ur chams : th e S h ah mam s e p t 0 f th e Hadi éni L e h ar i s
y c
1 o
!
’

g , a id a in n zs ,

'
h bbi .
 Baloch tri bes . 47

Th eL un ds f or m t w o tumans o n e o f S o r i w i th it s h e a d -q ua rt e r s a t , ,

K ot K a n diwal a th e o t h e r a t Tibbi b o th in D e r a G h a z i K h an
,
B o th ,
.

cl a i m d e sc e n t f r o m A li so n o f Riha n Mi r Ch akii r s c o us i n T he S or i ’
’

.
, ,

L un d s i n cl ud e a G u r c h a n i cl a n a n d f o r m a l a r ge tuma n livi n g i n th e ,

la i n s b ut t h e T i bb i L un d s a r e a s ma ll t u ma n t o w hich a r e a ffi li a t e d a
p ,
.

cl an of Kh o s as an d o n e o f Ri n d s — t h e l at te r o f i mp ur e d e s c e n t .

T h e M a r r i tuman , n o to r io us f o r i t s mar a u di n g h abi t s w hich n e ce s

s i ta t ed a n e x p e di t io n a g a i n s t i t o n ly i n 1 880, i s o f c o m p o s i t e o r igi n .

T h e G h a za n i se c t i o n cl a i m s de s c e n t f r o m G h az a n, so n o f A li, s o n o f
J a lal K h a n a n d t h e B jar an s r om Bij a r Ph u zh w h o r e vol te d a g a i nst
i i f *

Mi r Cha k u r Th e l a t t e r p r o b a bly i n cl ud e s s o me P a tha n e l e m e n t s

. .

T h e Ma z a r an i s a r e s a i d t o be K h e t r an s , a n d th e L o h a r an is o f mix e d
bl o o d , while J a tt, K a lm a t i , Bule dh i a n d H a s a n i e l e me n t s h a v e
do ub t l e s s b e e n a l s o a b s o r b e d .

Th e Ma z ar i s ar e a n o r g a n i s e d cl a n o f i m p o r ta n c e w i t h h e ad q uart e r s ,
-

a t R o j h a n i n D e r a G ha z i K ha n Its r u li n g s e p t t h e Balacha n i i s s a i d .
, ,

t o b e Ho t by de s c e n t b u t t h e r e st o f t h e t r ib e a r e R i n d s T h e n a me
, .

i s d e r iv e d a pp a r e n t ly f r o m m a zdr a t ig e r lik e t h e P a th an Mz a r a i
‘ ’
.
, ,

T h e K i r d a o r K u r ds a p o w e r f ul Br a h ii i t r ib e a l s o f u r n i s h a cl a n to
, ,

t h e Ma z ar i s T h e Ma z a i s a s a b o dy (e xcl udi n g t h e Ba lach an i s ) a r e

.
r

’
de s ig n a te d Syah laf o r Bl a ck b e lli e s -
,
-
.

Oth e r n o te ga n i z e d a s tuma n e a r e
w or t hy t r ib e s, not or ,

T h e Ah mdan i s t o f M a n a in D e r a G ha z i Kha n Th e y cl a im d e s c e nt .

f r om G y an dar a n d w e r e f o r m e r l y o f i mp o r t a n c e
'

T h e G is h k ri u r i s f o u n d s c a t t e r e d in D e r a I s mail K han M uz a ffar ga r h

’

, ,

a n d Me k r an n n d cl a i m i n g de sc e nt f r o m o n e o f Mi r Ch ak ur s Ri n d
,
’

c o mp an i o n s n ick n a m d G is h kh a ur Bu t t h e G i sh kh a ur i s r e a lly a
,
- e .

t o r r e n t i n t h e B o l e d a V a ll e y M o k r au a n d p o ss i bly t h e cl a n is o f , ,

c o mm o n d e sc e n t w i t h t h e Bu le dh i 1 .

Talp ur or T a lbu r a c l a n o f t h e L e g h ar i s is by s om e d e r iv e d fr o m
, , , ,

i t s e p o n y m a so n o f B u l o a n d t h us o f Bu le dhi o r igi n
, It s p r i n cip al , .

r e p r e se n t a t i v e s a r e t h e Mi r s o f Kh a i r p ur i n Si n d b u t a f e w T al u r s a re
p ,

s t ill f o un d i n D e r a G h az i K ha n Ta lbu r li te r a lly me a n s w o o d c ut t e r . -

( fr td.l b r a n ch,
a n d bu r a g h t o c ut ) , , .

T h e Pi t afi s a cl an f o un d i n c o n sid e r a bl e n u mb e r s i n D e r a I s mail
,

Khan a n d M uza ff a r ga r h § Pitafi w o o ld a pp e a r to me an So uth e r n .

‘
.
’

Th e N utk an i o r N o dh a kan i a c ompa c t t r ibe o r g a n i ze d t ill u i te

q , ,

r e c e n t l y a s a tu ma n a n d fo u n d i n S a n g a r h D e r a G h a z i Kha n D i s t r ic t
, , .

T he M a s h or i , an imp ur e cl an ,
no w fo u nd ma i n ly i n Muz a
‘
fl a r g ar h " .

Th e
M a s t o i p r o b bly a se r vil e tr ibe ,
a
,
f o un d p r in cip ally in D e r a G ha z i
Kha n w h e r e i t h a s n o s o ci a l s t a t us .

Th e Ph
tn
.

E e is e at
‘

it t 0
l
ar e o r w e r e a c an o f
1 ave once g een
li i nds
calle d Ph uzh
f gr e at i mp or tance i ndee d th e w h o e Bi nd
,
o nce o

T h ey a r e now on]y f ound a t K r lanah i n

- l
'

Mak r an l an Pas
.

, i n K achh i and ne ar th e Bo s .

TLa r g e Ahmdani cl ans ar e als o fo und amo ng t h e L unds o f S or i an d th e Ha ddi ti ni Le g h firi s .

i Th e L ash ar i s ub t u m u n of th e G ur chani also incl udes a U i sh khaur i sep t an d the D ombki s

-

ha v e a c an ofl th at na me .
,

§ Als o as a G ur ch ani c an l in D e r a G hazi Kh an

ve a M
.

Th e Bug h tis h a a son

‘

c anl .
48 Ba loch tr i bes .

The D ash t i a n ot h e r s e r vil e t r ib e , now f ound s c atte r e d i n s ma l l

,

n umbe r s i n D e r a s I smail Khan and G ha z i Khan , i n M uzaffa r g ar h an d

B a haw a l pur .

T h e G o pa n g c o r r e c t ly G Op h an g (f r g op h a n k
,
or mo r e .
,

a ls o a se r V e
i l t r i be n o w s c a t t e r e d o v e r K,
a chhi D e r a I s mai l Kha n , ,

M ul tan an d M u z a ff ar g a r h e sp e ci a lly th e l att e r ,

.

Th e Ho t ( E ti t ) o n c e a v e r y p o w ’
e r f u l t r i b e (s t ill so i n Me k r an ) a n d
wid e ly spr e a d w h e r e v e r Baloch e s a r e f o un d but mo st n ume r o us i n D e r a ,

I sma i l Kha n Muz afi a r g a r h J h a n g a n d Mul t an

, ,
.

T he J a to i n ot n o w an or gan i z e d tr ib e but f oun d wh e r e v e r Ba loch e s

, ,

h a ve s p r e a d i n a ll t h e D i st r ic t s o f th e S o ut h We st P unj a b a n d a s
,
-

fa r a s Jh a n g Shah p ur a n d L a h o r e
,
.

T h e K o r ai o r K a n dai n o t n o w a n o r ga n i z e d t uma n but f o u d , ,

n

w h e r e v e r Ba loch e s h a v e S p r e a d e s p e c ra lly i n D e r a I s mail Kha n M ul t a n , ,

a n d Mu za ffa r g a i h .

T h e hi sto r y of t h e B a l o ch i s a n i n s t r uc t iv e ill u t r a t i o n o f t h e t r an s s

f or m t i o n s t o wh ich t r ib e s o r t r ib al c o n f e d e r a ci e s a r e p r o n e
a T he .

e a r li e st r e c or d o f t h e i r o r g a n i s a t i o n r e p r e s e n t s t h e m a s di vid e d i n to 4 4

bo la ks o f w hic h 4 w e r e se r v il e .

But a s soo n a s hi s t o r y b e gi n s w e fi nd t h e B a l o ch n a t i o n s p l i t up
i n t o 5 m ain divi s ion s Ri n d L a s har i Ho t K o r a i (a ll o f un d ou b te d
, , , ,

B al o ch de sc e n t ) an d J a to i which t r a di t i on w ou l d a pp e ar t o r e p r e s e nt
a s d e s ce n de d f r o m a B a l o c h w o m an ( J a t o
) an d h e r c o u s i n ( M u r ad ) .

Out s id e t h e se g r o u ps a r e th o s e f o r me d o r a ffi li at e d i n Me k r an s uc h ,

a s t h e Bule dh i s G h a z a n i s a n d U m a r an i s
, Th e n com e s t h e D o dai t r ib e .
,

f r a n kl y o f n o n Bal o ch de s ce n t i n t h e m a l e li n e
-
L a s tly t o all t h e s e m us t .

be a d de d th e se r v i l e t r ib e s G o pan g D a s h t i s G h o las a n d o t h e r s
, In s
, , .

a f r a g m e n t o f a n old b a ll d is a li st o f s e r vil e t r i b e s s a id t o h a v e b e e n
a
,

g i ft e d by M i r C h a k ti r t o Ban a r i h is s i st e r a s h e r d o w e r a nd s e t f r e e
’

, ,

by h e r
Th e K i r ds G ab ol e G a dah is Talbu r s a n d t h e M ar r i s o f Kah a n —a ll
, , ,

w e r e Ch akur s s l a v e s
’ ’
.

O th e r v e r s i on s a dd th e Pa ch alo (n o w u n k n o w n a n d t h e r o tte n b o n e d
) -

Ot h e r mi sc e ll a n e o us st o ck s h a v e b e e n f use d w i t h t h e
’
Bo z dar s .

B a l o ch — s uch a s Pa than s K h e tr an s J a tts , , .

No t on e s n i gl e t r ib e o f a ll
cifi e d a b o v e n o w f or ms a tu man t h os e sp e '

o r e v e n g i v e s i t s n a m e to a t uma n We s till fi n d t h e fi ve ma i n d i vi s i o n s .

e x i st i n g a n d n u m e r ou s b ut n o t o n e f o r m s a n o r g a n i e d t umr m
,
A ll s .

fi ve a r e m o r e o r l e s s s ca t t e r e d o r a t l e a s t b r o k e n u a mo n g t h v i o
p e ar us
t ma n s T h e v e r y n m e o f bo l k i s f o g o t t e n — x ce by cl
n
a
t f the a r
.

e
p a an o

R d B l ch e a r S i bi w hi ch i s t ill s t y l e d t h e G h ulai n (s l a v e ) bo la k
i n a n o s

A m n g t h e M a r i us t h e cl a n s a r e n o w c a ll e d ta ke r c
.

o
( f Si n dhi ta ka r a
m o u nt ai n ) t h e se p t a p h a lli an d t h e s ma ll er s u b divi i
. .
’ ’
,
s on s
p h,
drd
-

T h e t uma n (f r T u r k s h t ti ma n
i M ugh a l
'

r e m i n ds u s o f th e ,

h a zdr a o r l e g i o n a n d i s a se mi p o l i t ic a l s e mi m ili ta r d y -
, ,
y Co n f e e r a c ,
-
.

n a me . Th e mo r e mo d e r n t r ib e s h ave a so l
50 Ba loch cus to ms .

do n ot mak e l aw ful m ar r i a g e
an Wh e r e t h e d a u g h t e r i n h e r i ts
un .
*

h e r r igh i s n o t e x t i n g ui s h e d by h e r m a r r a g e
t but t h e Balo h i n i
,
i
i

Raj a n p ur t h si l n s i s t t h a t if ni a r i i e d s h e s h a ll h a v e m r r i d w i t h i n
a i a e

h e r la t h e s h a lli o r if un m r r i e d s h a l l m a r r y W i t h i n i t a s a co n d i
’
a
p u
, ,

t i o n f li r s uc c s s i o n l h e r e s i i e n t s o n in la w a cqui r e s n o s p e ci a l
’ ‘
l -
e
v

o ~ .

r i g h t s b ut t h e d a ugh t e r s s o n i n Ja m p u r a n d Ra j a n pu r s u c c e e ds w h e r e
’
,

his mo t h e r w o uld s ucc e e d No o t h e r B al o ch a p p e a r t o r e c gn i se h i s

.
o

r ig h t Wh e n br o t h e r succ e e ds b r ot h e r t h e w h ol e bl o o d e x cl u de s t h e
.

h a l f i n S a n g a r h a n d D e r a G ha z i Kha n t a h s i l s but i n J amp ur a n d ,

Raj a np ur all th e b r o th e r s succ e e d e q ua lly S imil a r ly i n S a n g a r h t h e .

, ,

a s s o ci a te d b r o t h e r s t a k e h a l f a n d t h e o th r s t h e r e m a i n i n g h a l f e .

Si s te r s n e v e r s uc ce e d (e x 0 e p t i n t h os e fe w se c tio n s of t h e N ut kan i s o f
S an ga r h w h i ch fo ll o w M uh a m m a da n la w ) A s t e p s o n h a s n o r igh t s .
-

o f s uc ce s s i o n bu t m a y k e e p w h a t h i s s t e p f a t h e r giv e s
,
h i m d ur i n g h is -

li f e t i me a nd i n S an g a r h a n d Raj a n p ur m ay g e t o n e th ir d of a n a tur a l
-
, , ,
-

’
so n s s h ar e by w i ll A d e p t i o n i s n o t r e c o g n i s d e xc e p t p o s s ibly
.
e
,

a mon g t h e B a l o ch o f S a n g a r h a n d t h o se o f Raj a n p ur e x p r e s ly f o r bid

,
s

it . But a d o p t i o n in t h e str ic t Hi n d u s e n e i s q ui t e un k n o w n s i n c e a s
,

b oy ca n be a d o p t e d e v e n i f t h e a d o p t e r h a s a s on o f h is o w n a n d ,

a ny o n e ca n a do t o r be a d p t e d I n Sa n g ar h i n w id o w m a y
p a
g a o .
,
a
,

a dopt b ut o n l y w i t h t h e co n se n t o f h e r h us b a n d s k ii i s ni e n Th e
’
.
,

a d o t e d s o n r e t a i n s a ll h i s r igh t s i n h i s n a t ur a l f a t h e r s b
’
i o ert ut
p p p y ,

i n S a n ga r h h e d o s n o t s uc ce e d h i s a d o p t i ve f a t h e r i f t h e la t i e r h a v e
e

a s o n b o r n t o h i m af te r t h e a d t io n
(a r u l e c u r i o u s ly i n c o nsi s te n t w i th
p »

t h a t w hich a ll o w s a m a n t o a d o p t a s eco n d s o n ) Ex c e p t i n Ja m p u r .

t a h si l a m a n m a y m a k e a g i f t o f t h e w h o l e o f h i s l a n d t o a n h i r t o
'

e
,

t h e x cl u s i o n o f t h e r e s t a n d a s a ru l e h e m a y a l s o g if t t o h i s d a u h
‘

e
, g
t e r h e r h us ba n d o r s o n a n d t o h i s s i s t e r an d h e r child r e n but t h e
'

, .
,

L un d s a n d L e g h ar is w o uld li mi t t h e gi f t t o a s m l l p a r t o f t h e lan d a .

G i f t s t o a n o n r l a t i v e a r e a s a r ul e i n v a li d u n l e s i t be f o r r e ligi o n an d
- e
,
s
,

e v e n t h n i n Jamp ur i t sh o uld o n l
e
b f p f t h t t D t h b ed -
y e o l o e e s a e e a
'
'
l t : .

gi f t s a r i n v a l i o
e i -i
S a n g a r h a n d Ja m p u r an d o n ly v alid i n t h e o t h e r
t w o t h s i ls o f D e r a G ha z i Kha n t o t h e e xt n t a ll o w e d by M uh amma d an
a e ,

li aw .S o n s ca nn O t e n t o r ce a
p ar t i t i o n b u t in S a n g a r h th e ir c o n se nt ,
1 5 n e c s s r y to 1 ' 3e
y e t in th a t a n d t h e D e r a G ha z i Kha n t a h s il s i t i s
a

a v e r e d t h a t a f a t h e r ca n m a k e a n u n e u a l p a r t i t i o n n d e v e n e xcl u d e
(
r
q a
a s o n f r p m h l s s h a r e ) t o e n d ur e b e y o n d h i s l i f e t i m e But in Ja mp ur -
.

a n d Ra j an ur th e so ns a r e e n t i t l e d to e u a l s h a r e s M a z ar i
p t h d
'

q e n ,
a

D r i sh a k ch e fs e xc e p t e d i T h e s u b se qu e n t bi r th o f a son n e c e s si ta t e s
.

a f r e sh a r ti ti o n Th us a mon g th e B a l o ch t r i be s w e fi n d n o sy st e m
p .

9 f t r i ba l la w h ut a ma ss 0 f V a yi n g l o c l n P
s ua e r i m i t iv e cr
us tom a
,
g .

1 3 or d i n a r i l
y e n f o r c e d an d t h o ugh t h e s e mi s a c r e d N ut kani s i i i S an g ar h
, -

t a h si l c o n si d e r It In c umb e nt u p o n t h m to f o ll w
o Muh a mma d an L aw e
,
e v e n t h e y t o do n o t g i v e p r a c ti ca l e ff e t
c to all i ts n ic e ti e s , .

Bi r th ms Th e
l M uh a mma d a n o bs e r V a n ce s a t b i r th a r e
cus to . u s ua
i n v o g ue T h e ba n g i s s o u n d e d i n t o t h e chil d s e r by ’
t h e mu llct h s i x
' ’
.
. . a
day s a ft r i t s b i r th a n d o n t h e 6 t h n igh t a s h e e p o r c a t t l e a
e
l gh
re s au
t e r e d a n d t h e br o t h e r h o o d i n vi t e d t o a f e a s t a n
d da n c e T h e c h il d .

But th e K h osas and K asr ani s i n th i s tah si l do not a ll

ow daug h ter s to succe e d at all,
unl e ss th e i r fath e r be qile ath th e m a shar e , and th at sh ar
e must no t e xce ed th e share admi s
ath l o un de r M uh ammadan L aw .
 Baloch ki ns hip . 51

he y i t is giv e n i t s g ra n d fa th e r s
’
is l
a so n a me d on t hi s o cc asi o n . If a ,

n a me i f h e be d e a d ; o r i ts f a t h e r s n a me i f h e i s d e a d : s o too a n un cl e s
’ ’
,

n a me i s g iv e n i f b o t h f a t h e r a n d g r an d f a t h e r be a liv e C o m m o n n a me s .

a r e Bad ii , B a ng ul ,
’

K a mbi r , Th agi s (f r th a ga gh, to be lo n g live d), .

o

D r ih a n .

C i r c umci s i o n (s h ade , t a h or ) i s p e r fo r me d a t th e a g e o f l or 2, by a
ta h or o kh o r ci r c u m c is e r w h o i s a D n u b n o t a m u t o r a Pi r h a i n e x , ,

c e p t i i i t h e p l a i n s w h e r e a Pir h a i n is e mp l o y e d In t h e hill s a Ba lo ch .

ca n a ct i f n o D o mb b e a v a il a bl e l e n o r t w e v e m e n b r i n g a r ai n
l ' ‘ '
.

a nd s l a u gh t e r i t f o r a f e a st , to w hi ch t h e b oy s f a th e r ( w h o is c all e d
’

t h e ta kor w zh a ) c o n t r i bu t e s b r e a d , i n t h e e v e n i n g : n e x t mo r n in g
d x ' ‘

h e e n t e r t a i n s t h e vi s i t or s a n d t h e y d e p a r t In t h e p l a i n s ca t t le a r e .

l h
s a u g te e r d a n d t h e b r o t h e r h o o d i n vi t e d ; n e n d r b e i n g a l s o giv e n — a

us a g e n o t i n v o g u e i n t h e h i ll s .

J h a n d, t h e fi r s t t o usur e , i s p e r f o r m e d , p r o r t o th e ci r c um ci s ion , a t
'

t h e s h r i n e o f S a khi S a r w ar , th e w e igh t o f t h e child s h a i r i n s il v e r b e i n g

’

give n t o i t s muj dw ar s .

D iv o r c ec ll d d a s w e ll as ti ldk) i ff c d i h hill by
( a e s w a n e e t e n t e s i

c ast i n g s to n e s 7 t i me s o r t h r ic e a n d di smi ss i n g t h e w i f e .

C o n c ubi n a ge i s n o t un us ua l a n d c o n c ubi n e s a r e c all e d sur e t but , ,

w i n zas a r e n o t k n o wn
- i t i s sa i d T h e cl ildr e n by s uch w ome n a r e , .

c all e d s n r e tw dl a n d r e c e iv e n o s h ar e i n t h e i r f a th e r s lan d but o nly ’

,

m a i n te n a n c e dur i g h i s lif e t i m e Th e se s ur e ts a p pe a r h o w e v e r t o
n -
.
, ,

h old a b e t te r p o s i t i o n t h a n th e mo li d o r s l a v e w o m e n .

Te r ms of ki ns h ip T h e k i n ge ne r a l l y a r e c a ll e d s hi i d o r br i th ar i
. t
'

b h e r h oo d ) br a h mda g h
( r o t , .

Pi th p h i r u , for e-fath ers

.
.

— F ath e r ,
( X Moth e r m dth ) —F ath e r b roth er
‘
si ste r ,
’
Fath e r s p i th , s ,

p h up hi .
I i kh o
nc

W x
So n, ba ch h or p h us a g h D augh te r , J i n kh t/ri § .

i
X X
n as h dr f or
d a kh fi n I S on i n -
law ,
za mdth Cous n, i ,
e .
,

( D aug h te r - ln law ) -

p ate r na l unc e s chi l ‘

ld ,

I n dkh oz c
i kh t.
G rand chi d ch h uk s dkh t
- l
S i ste r , g w dr
'
Broth er , 0 1 g oh ar X si rzdkh t, i siste r s husband
‘
e

“
. .

br agh , bi r d
x C
'

Br oth e r s Wi fe , S i s te r s child, g oh a r -zdkh t

0
'
n a s h ar .

T h e m o t h e r s b r o th e r is mama
’
. as in P un j a bi ,
bu t h e r s ist e r is tr i an d
h e r so n tr i -zci kh t .

In
dd r e s s i n g r e l at iv e s oth e r w o r d s a r e use d s uch a s a bba fath e r
a , ,

a ddci ( f e m i ) b r o th e r (f a m ili ar ly ) A w i fe i s u s u a lly zdl a l s o ci mr i s h

.
-
, .
, .

A st e p so n is p a tr dk p a zdda g h or p h i zri da g h (f r p h a dh a b e hi n d
-
, .
, ,

th u c r r e s po n di n g t o t h e Pu nj abi p i ch h la g) A s t p da ugh t e r is
s o .
e -

n a u s k h ll
f
Wi a = 1§ h i or maste r Th e f th e r i s Ior d o f th e tu h or p uri fi cati on
z n un a i
,
a
‘
or .
’

1 It
’

Wi ll be ob se r v ed th at n a s h dr z so n s o r
‘

b r o t h e r s w i fe
'

ID a kh a n o r da hi m
’

l
a so app e i ‘
ts t o me an b r o t h e r s w i fe
'

'

1 N Z t h us e uals
g mo th e r
'
s S i s t er or fath e r
‘

s b r oth e r s w i fe .
‘

(IBar dth a r i s a p oe t i cal form

1) D ame s Mo nog r aph, p 25
.
’
. .
52 Ba loch my th ology .

c t m p y m E u lly m pl
A n ame sak e i s a mu am an d a a s e
o n e o r a r a s a n q i .

c m T h y u t h e s s h a w l s t o h i s
ar e th e B al o ch ma r r i a g e t
u s o s e o i
gv .

b e tr o t h e d s moth e r a n d h e r si ste r s a n d suppl i e s t h e gi r l h e r se l f

.

’
,

w ddi B f t h a t cc ur s m i ns t r e l s (dams )
wi th cl o th e s t ill t h e e n g e o r e o .

sen t o ut t o s um m t h e g u e s t s a n d wh e n ass e m bl e d t e
ar e o n
g h y .

k gi f t s o f mo n e or y cl t h t t h b d m Ch a r a te r i s ti a
c c lly
ma e o e s o e r i e
g — r o o .

l
t h e a tt e r s h os pi ’
ta tli y t a k e s t h e f o r m o f p r i z e s a c a m e l f o r t h e b e st

h or s e mo n e y t o th e be s t s h o t a n d a t ur b an t o t h e b e st r un n e r T h e
,
.

r w e ddi n g gi f t s
*
l
a ct ua w e d i n d g k
ta es p l a c e i n t h e e v e n i n g N e n d r o . ,

h b
.

t h e a cota o r ta mbo l o f t e h P u n j a b a r e o n ly m a d e i n t
,
e pl a i n s u t ,

g hil B l ch m g h d f h i s s e c t i o n an d
a mon the l a o a p o o r a n o e s
t e r o u n o

b e g s gi fts chi e fl y mad e i n ca sh S i m i l a r l y th e t r i b a l c h i e fs a n d

.

.
,

d d l vy b v l f m v y h erd she e
h e a m e n u se t o e e n e o e n c e s a n e w r o e e r
,
a p ,

v
f r o m e e r y fl o k or c a r u p e f r o
,
m a m a n w h eo o w n e d n o c a t t l e wh e n ,

ce el b r at i n g a w e ddi n g I t i s a l s o c u. s t m a r
y t o k n o ck t h e h e a d s o f
o t h e

i g
r to et he r t w ic a n d a r e l a t i o n
e o f t h e m t i e s t o g e t h e r t h e c o r n e r s o f
p a

t h e i r ch ada r s (sh aw l s ) .

A c o r p s e i s b u r i e d a t o n c e w i t h n o f o r m al i t i e s ,
sa v e t h a t a ,
’

mu llah i f pr e s e n t r e a ds th e j a n a za
, ,
D ry b r u sh w o o d i s h e a p e d o v e r .

th e g r a v e .

Th r e e or f ou r d ay s l at e r th e dsr o kh i or s e h a t ak e s p l a c e Thi s .

r s to b c n t r ib u t i o n al so c al le d a th a r m h ch
a
pp e a e a o p o r a nna e a ,

n e ig h b ur an d cla n s ni a n o f t h e d e ce a s e d s s e c i o n v i s i t i n g h i s r e l a t i o n s
’
o s

t o c o n d ol e w i t h th e m a n d m a ki n g t h e m a p r e s e n t o f f o u r a n n a s ea ch .

In t h e v e n i n g th e r e l at i on s p r o v id e t h e m W i t h f o o d a n d t h e y d e p a r t
e .

On a chi e f s d e at h
’
th e w h o l e cl an mbl e s to p r e se n t gi f t s
a s se w hich
v a r y in a mo un t f r om f o ur a nn a s t o t w o r up e e s S ix mo n t h s . af t e r
w a r d s th e e o l e a ll r e a sse mbl e a t th e gr a v e t he b r u shw oo d i s r e mo v e d
p p -
,

a n d t h e gr a v e m a r k e d o ut wi t h whi t e st o n e s .

Of the p ie -
I sl am ic
f a i t h o f t h e B a l o ch h a r dly a t r a c e r e ma in s .

P o s sibly in N o dh ba n da g li (li t t h e cl o u d-bi n d e r ), s u r n ame d t h e G o l d

-
.

s c a t t e r e r , w h o h a d v o w e d n e v e r t o r e j e c t a r e u e s t a n d n e v e r t o t o uch
q
mo n e y w i t h h is h an d s a n e ch o o f so m e o ld m t h o l o y s u vi v
y
,
g r e s,
b ut i n B a l oc h l e g e n d h e i s t h e f at h e r o f G w a h a r am Ch ak ur ’ s r iv a l
,
f o r t h e h an d o f G o h a r Y e t Chak u r t h e Ri n d w h e n d e f e a t e d b
y the
.

L a s h ar i s is s a v e d by t h e i r o w n c h i e f No dh ba n da h an d m o u n t e d on
g ,
-

h is mar e Ph u l Flo w e r
lh e
' ‘
B al och i s as s i mpl e
i n h is r e ligi o n a s i n a ll e ls e a n d f a n a t ici s m i s
f o r e i g n t o h i s n a t ur e A mo n g t h e hill B a l o ch m u lla h s a r e r a r e l fo u n d
y
.

a n d t h e M u h a mm a d a n f a s t s a nd
p r a y e r s u s e d t o be h a r dly k n o w n .

O r t h o d o x o b s e r v a n ce s a r e n o w m o r e u s ual a n d th e Q u r a n i s h e l d i n
g r e a t r e sp e c t F a t r s a l s o ar e
q .
s e ld o m m e t w i t h a n d S a v vi ds a r e

it l ll
A so ca e d m h a n n d , li t cont r i utions . b .
’

1 S e e Do ui e Bt loclt i n i i ma , p p ti l 6 5
’
’
, But D ame s (Th e Ba lo ch R a ce -

37 ) t r ans ate s l
, p
.

ds r o kh by me mo n al canopy a p p ar e n t y W lth g o o d r e aso n l

.

,
Cap t ( olds tr e am say s A sr o kh
‘

l
i s a ce r e mony w h i ch t a ke s p ace on a cci tai n day afte r a de ath
.

T h e f r i e nds o f t h e de ceas e d
bl
as se m e a t h i s h ous e and h i s h e i r s e n te r t ai n t h e m and p r a e r s a r e r e e at e d
y p T h e core .

mony of da s ra i ba a d i o r ty i ng a p a r i o n th e h e ad o f t h e de ce as e d s h e i r i s th e n e r fo r me d
.
'
’

p
by h i s e ad i nl
g r e ati e i n p r e s l v
e nce o f th e
g ue sts
T
h e date ar i e s amon
g t h e di ffe r e nt . v
t uma n s In D e r a G h az i K h an i t i s g e ne r a ly t h e 3r d da afte
.
y l
r th e de ath : i n Baloch i st é n
th e r e i s appe ar ently no fi xe d day , but as a r u e th e p e ri od i s ong e r l l .
»
 Ba loch legends .
53

un kno w n . Th e B al o ch o f th e p l a i ns a r e h o w e v e r mu ch mor e r e li g i o us
*
,
o ut w a r dl y an d a mo ng t h e m S a y yi d s p o s s e s s c o n sid e r a bl e i n fl ue nc e
,

o v e r t h e i r mur i ds
’

T h e Bug t i s e s pe ci a lly a ffe c t Pi r S o h r i t h e r e d sai n t ) a P i r o z an i o f

’

t h e No dh an i l s e c t i o n T hi s p i r w as a go a t h e r d w h o ga v e h i s o n l
' ‘

y
.

g o a t to t h e F o ur F r i e n d s o f G o d a n d i n r e t ur n t h e y m ir a c u l o usly fill e d
h i s f o ld w i t h g o a t s a n d g a v e h i m a s ta ff w h e r e w i th i f s mi t t e n t h e e a r t h
w o ul d b r i n g f o r t h w a t e r M o s t o f t h e go a t s t h u s giv e n w e r e r e d .

b r o w n) bu t s o me w e r e w h t e w i t h r e d e a s S h r i w as s l a i n b
,
i r
. o

s o m e Bu le dh i s w h o d r o v e o ff h is g o a t s b u t h e c am e to li f e a a i m ,

a n d p ur s ue d t h e m E v e n t h o ug h t h e y cut o ff h i s h e a d h e d e ma n d e h i s
.

goa t s w hi ch t h e y r e s t o r e d t o h im S obr i r e tur n e d h ome h e a dl e s s a n d .

b e f o r e h e d i e d ba de h i s s o n s t ie h i s b o dy o n a cam e l a n d ma k e h is t o m b
wh e r e v e r i t r e s t e d A t fo u r di fl e r e n t p l a c e s w h e r e t h e r e w e r e ka h ir
.

t r e e s i t h a l t e d a n d t h e s e t r e e s a r e s t i ll t h e r e
, Th e n it r e s t e d a t t h e .

s p o t w h e r e S c h r i e t om b n o w i s a n d cl o s e b
’
y t h e y b ur i e d lllS d a ugh te r , ‘

w h o h a d di e d t h a t v e ry day but i t m o v e d i t s e l f i n a n o t h e r di r e ct i on , .

M ost Ba lo ch e s o ff e r a r e d g o a t a t S o h r i s t o mb a n d i t is s l a ught e r e d by ’

t h e a t t e n d a n t s o f th e s h r i n e t h e fl e s h b e i n g di s t r ib ute d t o a ll w h o a r e
,

p r e s e n t th e r e .

A no t h e r c ur i o us l e g e n d is t h a t o f t h e p r o ph e t D r i s (f r A r a b Id r is
’ ) . .

w h o by a f a qi r s s a r c a s t ic bl e s s i n g o b t a i n e d 4 0 so ns a t a bi r t h
’

Of .

t h e s e h e e xp o s e d 39 i n t h e w ild e r n e ss a n d t h e l e g e n d de s cr ib e s h o w
t h e y s u r vi v e d h i m a n d s o t e r r ifi e d t h e p e o p l e t h a t p u blic O i n i o n
,
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c o m p e ll e d D r i s t o b r i n g t h e m b ack t o h i s h om e B ut t h e A n ge l o f .

D e a t h bo r e t h e m a ll a w ay a t o n e ti me D r i s w i t h h i s wi f e t h e n .
, ,

mig r a te s t o a s t r a n ge l a n d bu t i s f a l s e l y a c cus e d o f s l ayi ng t h e ki n g s ’

s on . Mut il a t e d a n d e a s t f o r t h to di e h e i s t e n d e d by a p o t t e r w h o se
s l a v e h e b e c om e s T h e k in g s d a u gh t e r s e e s h im bli n d a n d w i th o ut
’
.
,

f e e t o r h a n d s y e t sh e f a ll s i n l o v e w i t h h i m a nd i n s i s ts o n ma r r yi ng
,

h im . D r i s i s t h e n h e a l e d by He a l t h F o t un e a n d Wi s d o m a n d ,
r

r e t ur n i n g h o m e fi n d s h is 4 0 s o ns s t ill a l iv e ! A t l a s t l ik e E no ch h e

a t t a i n s t o t h e p r es e n c e o f G o d w i t h o u t dy i n g i

It m us t n o t h o w e v e r be i m a gi n e d t h a t t h e B a lo ch is s up e r s t it i ou s .

His n e r vo u s i ma gi n a t i v e t e m pe r a me n t ma k e s h im s i n g ul a r ly c r e d ul o u s
,

a s t o th e p r e se n c e o f S p r i te s a nd h ob g o bli n s i n de s e r t
pl a ce but h e .

i s o n th e w h o l e s i n g ul a r ly f r e e f r o m i r r a t i o n a l b e li e f s Hi s Mu h a m ma .

d a n i sm i s n o t a t a ll big o te d a n d is s t r o n gly t i n g e d w i t h S h ia is m i ts ,
my s t ici s m a ppe a li n g v ividly t o h i s i ma g i n a t i o n A ll t h e po e t s giv e .

vivid d e s c r i p t i o n s o f th e D a y o f J udg me n t t h e te r r o r s o f H e ll a n d
‘
,

t h e j o y s o f P a r a di s e m e n t i o n i n g t h e cl a s se s o f m e n w h o w ill r e c e iv e
,

r e w r ds o r p un i s h m e n t s T h e g r e a t e s t vi r t ue i s g e n e r os i t h c i
a .

y t e r me ,

d e ma n di n g m o s t se v e r e p u n i s h m e n t i s a va i i ce a la w i n e n t ir e a cco r d ,
”

w it h t h e Ba l o ch c o de O n e o f t h e m o s t ch a r a c t e r i s t ic o f B a l o ch
.

l e g e n ds i s t h e P r o p h e t Ma r aj o r A sc e n s i o n a q ua i n t l y b a uti f u l
’
s
, e

n a r r a tiv e i n a n t h r Op O m O l p t for m § S o me o f t h e l e g e n d s c u r r e n t ,

The re are a c o n s i de r a b e l
m b e r o f S a y y i ds a m o n g t h e Bo z dar s
nu .

Mor e co r r ect y No dh akani , de sce n dan ts o f Nodh ak, a di min uti e o f n odh ‘ c o ud ’ 8 com
l v l
l
, .

mon p r op e r name amo ng th e Ba och T h e w or d i s cor rup te d to Nutkan i by o uts i de r s

.

I F o r t h e f u l e l v
r s i o n s ee T h e B a lo c h R a ce , pp 1 6 9— 1 7 5 w h e r e t h e e e nd o f t he
g Chih i
.
l
,

l
l
T an z i a r a t i s a so g i e n
’

v T h at s h r i ne i s h eld in sp eci a r e e r e nce by th e Br ah i i i s l v ’

—
.

v
.

I m P
'

§ t l s g i en i n D a e s op u l a r P o e try f
o t h e Ba loc he s , pp
1 5 7 1 61 . .
54 Th e Magassi Ba loch .

c on c er ni ng w
Ali o u a ea ld pp r to b e B u d dhi s t i n o r igi n e g, t h a t o f T h e
, . .

Pi g eon an d th e Haw k * .

M us ic i s p o pul a r a mon g th e B a l o ch but si n g ing t o t h e da mbzr o a

’

, ,

i g d g i d h i d d fi s t r i n g e d i n s t r ume n t l i k e
f ou s t r n e t a v e -
r - u t a r a n e s a r n ,
,

a b a j
n o is c on fi n e d t o t h e B o m b s T h e B a l o ch h i m s e l f u s e s t h e n o r . ,
,
w d ip b t 3 0 i ch i l g t h b o u n d r o u n d w i t h s tr i s of
a oo e n p e a o u n e s n e n p ,

o n i n g a cco m a ni
o

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g ut g
e e
r a w
p o n s s p a
. ,

m e n t t o th e s i n g i n g t h e s i n ge r hi mse l f pl ayi n g it W i t h on e c o r n e r o f ,

h i s m o ut h Th e e ff e c t is q ua i n t b u t h a r d ly p l e a s i n g th o ug h D a me s s ay s
. ,

t h at t h e n o r a cc o mpa n i me n t s ar e g r ac e f u l a n d me l odi ous .

T HE MA GA S S I B AL OCH .

T h e M a ga ss i B a l o ch w h o a r e f o u n d i n M ul t a n M uz affa r g a r h D e r a , ,

G ha zi Mian w ali a n d J h a n g d a p p e a r to be a e c uli a r l r a th e r

‘

p p e o p e
,

th a n a t r ibe I A s bo t h S un n i s a n d S h i ns a r e f o un d a m o n g t h e m
.

t h e y do no t f or m a s e c t Mo s t o f t h e m i n t h e a b o v e D i s t r ic ts a r e .

m ur i ds o r di s cipl e s of M i en Nti r A h ma d A bba s s i o f Raj a n p ur i n D e r a

’

, ,

G ha z i Khan w h o se g r an df a t h e r M uh a mm a d Ar i f s s h r i n e i s i n
’
,

Mian w ali Th e Mag a ss is i n B a l o chi s t a n a r e h o w e v e r all di s cipl e s o f

. , ,

H a z r a t G h aus B a ba u d D i n o f M ul t a n Lik e all t h e mu r i ols o f t h e - - .

M i an h i s Ma g ass i di sc ipl e s ab s ta i n f r o m s mo ki n g a nd f r om sh a vi n g
,

th e b e a r d Ma g a ssi s w ill e sp ous e a n y M uh a mma d a n gi r l but n e v e r

.
,

gi v e d a u g h te r s i n ma r r i a ge o u ts id e t h e g r ou p a n d st ri c tly a b s ta i n ,

f r om a n y c onn e c t i on w i th a s w e e pe r w o m a n e v e n t h o ugh sh e be a ,

c o n v e r t t o I sla m A t a w e ddi n g a ll th e M a g a ss i w h o a r e m ur ids of t h e

.

Mi an a ss e m bl e a t th e b r id e s h o m e a d y b e fo r e t h e p r o c e ssio n a n d a r e
'

f e a st e d b y h e r p a r e n t s T h e g u e s t s o ff e p r a y e r s t G o d a n d t h e Mi en
. r o

f o r th e w e l f a r e o f t h e m a r r i e d p a i r T hi s f e a s t i s c a ll e d sh ddma n a l
’

la n d .

Ibi d p 1 6 1 . . .

1 Th e Ba och of h ang l J mer it some n oti ce . Th ey ar e v

di i de d in to th e fo lowing l s ep ts
l Bi nd-Madar i G adi -
. 11 G ii r méni
’
. 2t Mir r ani

w
.

R i nd L agh é r i -
. 1 2 a dr an i . 22 Mi t uana .

R i nd-Ch andi a . 1 3 Ho t . 23 N 6 tk s ui .

R i nd K e r ni . 14 amt lf J 24 Par th ar
m
.

0 R i nd G adh i . l5 i sk a J 25 Pataf i .

Bh and 1 6 J atoi 26
3
S ti bqi
’

0 . . .

7 l
A mani . l 7 L ag h é r i . 27 S h alobi .

8 G i sh kaur i 1 8 L i s h ar i . 28 Calh ale .

” op ti ng 1 9 [ or i
’

9 . .
. 29 K i i r ai
0 Mar ath
.

10 G or ah .
9
. 30 Mang e si , &c .

Th e Madér f-G adi R inds w i not gi e r i de s to th e L agh ar i , Ch andi a, K e r n i and G adh i ll v b

R in d se p ts , fr om w h om th ey r e ce i e th e m but all th e s e Ba och w i l tak e w i e s fr o m oth e r v , l l v
Muh ammadans e xce p t th e S ayy i ds T h e Mang e si on y smoke w i th men of th e ir ow n se pt . l
n Baloch i s t é n t h e Mag as si ar e s ai d to f o r m a tu m a n un de r Naw ab
.

1 I ai s ar K h an Q
Magassi , o f h al Magasa T h e y say th at in th e ti me of G h azi K h an many of th e m migr ated
J
.

i nto th e p r e s e nt S ang arh t ah si of D e r a G h azi K h én, but w e r e de fe ate d by L al K h é n l

t u ma n ddr of th e Qasr ani s an d dri e n acr o s s th e I ndus w h e r e th e
y se tt e d i n Naw ank ot ne
T h e i r se tt e me nt i s ne w a r ui n as th e w e r e di s e r se d i n th e ti m
v ,
l w
i n L e i ah tah s i l y p l e (if th e .

S i kh s , but a h e adme n of Naw zi nk ot i s sti r e g ar de d as th e i r s i r d dr o r chi e f ll

I n Mu t an th e se p r ay e r s are ca e d am
l ? and ar e s ai d to be off e r e d w h
e n th e fe ast i s h a f ll l
e ate n .

lI In L e i ah a i h a dm dn a i s s ai d to b e o se r e d o n occasi on s o f o r
’

b v
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: li gé gfg $
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me mbe r s and fo ow e r s o f th e S ar ai or A ass1 fami y as sp mfile n fi t bb l 13
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at 01
l l
w i th s a t o n y and r e ad contai ni ng s ug ar b b b
.

th e le av mg s e i ng di s tr i ut e d amon
g th e p oor ,

af te r p r ay e r s h a e e e n r e ci te d v b
E e r y car e i s t ake n to
p i e e nt a cr e w or a de g f r om
.
v v
touch i ng th i s food and th os e w h o p r e p ar e i t of te n k e e p th e mout h co e r e d u
,
p A s h dd mcm a v ’

i s p e r fo r me d a t t h e s h r m e s of a n ce st or s
.

It i s a so e mn r i te and r a r s l
a r e s ai d i n
,
p ye
common A boy i s not accep te d as a di sci p e by th e Pi t unti h e i s Clr cumCi se d
.

, an d unti l
l l
h e i s so a c c ep te d h e can n ot ta k e par t in a S h ddmdn a ,
 T he B aloch cr i min al tr i be . . 55

p r e c e de s a ll t h e o t
h e r r i t e s a n d c e r e mo n i e s C o nt ra r y to M uh a mma da n .

u s a g e a M a g a ss i b r i de g r o o m m a
y c n s u m ma t e h i s m a r r i a ge
o o n th e
v e r y fi r s t n ig h t o f t h e w e dd i n g p r o c e s s i n a n d i n t h e h o us e o f t h e
o

br i de s fat h e r A t a f u n e r a l w h e t h r o f a m al e o r f e m l e t h e r e l a
’
.
,
e a

tiv e s r e pe a t th e f o ur ta kbzr s i f t h e y a r S u n n i s b ut d s c i p l e s o f t h e
’

e i
, ,

M i an r e ci t e t h e j a n a za o f t h e Sh i a s Mag as si e w h e n t h e y m e e t o n e
’

.
,

an o t h e r o r a n ,y o t h e r m u r i d o f t h e Mia n S é h i b s h a k e a n d k i s s e a ch ,
’
o t h e r s ba n d s in to k e n o f t h e i r h e a r ty l o v e a n d u n i o n .

Th e i n L e i a h a r e Sh i a s a n d lik e a ll Sh i a s a v o id e a t in g th e
Ma ga s s i
he r e . But t h e f o ll o w i n g c u s to ms a pp e ar to be p e c uli a r t o th e Ma g a s s i
o f t hi s t a h s i l : Wh e n a ch ild i s b o r n t h e w a te r in a cup i s s t i r r e d
w i t h a k n i f e , w hich i s al s o t o uc h e d wi t h a bo w s m e a r e d w i t h h o r s e d un g -

a n d giv e n t o t h e chil d t o dr i n k T h e s i x t h n ig h t a fte r a m a l e bi r t h is

.

k e p t a s a vigil by b o t h me n a n d w o me n , t h e l a t t e r k e e p i n g a pa r t a n d
s i n g in g s i hr d s o n g s, whil e a mo n g t h e m e n a mtr ds t b e a t s h is d r um .

Thi s i s c all e d t h e ch h a tt O n t h e 1 4th day th e w h o l e b r ot h e r ho o d is

'

i n vi te d t o a s s e m bl e , w o me n a n d all, a n d t h e bo y i s p r e s e n t e d t o th e m .

T h e d oy e n o f t h e ki n s m e n i s t h e n a sk e d to s w i n g t h e c h ild i n h i s
c r a d l e , a n d f o r thi s h e i s giv e n a r up e e o r a t ur b a n F r o m 14 p a os t o .

as ma n y s e r s o f u r a n d s a l t a r e t h e n di s tr ib ut e d a m o n g t h e ki n s me n ,
g
a n d t h e bo
y i s t a k e n t o t h e n e a r e st w e ll
,
t h e m a n w h o w o r k s i t b ein
g
i vfl n a d o l e o f s ug a r a n d b r e a d o r fl o ur Thi s i s th e r it e u s u a l ly
g .

c a l l e d gh a r i gh a r oli , a n d i t o ugh t to be o b s e r v e d o n t h e 14 th da y ,
but p oo r p e o p l e k e e p i t o n t h e day a f te r t h e ch h a tz T h e t r a di t i o n i s
’

t h a t t h e ch h a tti a n d g h ar i gh a r o lt O b se r v a n ce s a r e k e p t b e c a use
A mi r H am za w as bo r n e by t h e f a i r i e s f r o m A r abi a t o t h e C au cas us
wh e n h e w a s si x day s old, a n d so e v e r y B a l o ch boy i s car e f ulv g ua r d e d
o n t h e s ix t h n igh t a f t e r h i s bi r t h A mi r H a mz a w a s , i n de e d , br o ugh t
.

b ac k o n t h e 14th da y , a n d s o on t h a t day t h e O b se r v an c e s ar e k e pt
a f te r a b o y s b i r t h F o r t h i s r e a s o n t o o i t i s sa id , t h e bo w i s s t r un g l
’
.
,

A ll w e d di n g r it e s t ak e pla c e a t n ig h t , an d o n th e w e ddi ng n i g h t a
c o uch an d b e d di n g s up p li e d by t h e b r i de g roo m a re t a k e n t o t h e
’

b r id e s h o use by m i r a e fs , w h o s in g so n gs o n t h e w ay , an d g e t a r up e e
’

a s t h e ir f e e Th e me mbe r s o f th e b r id e g r o o m s f amily a cco mp a n y

’
.

th em . Th is i s c all e d t h e sej ba n d .

A t a f un e r a l fiv e t a kbir s a r e r e ci te d i f th e mu lla h h a pp e ns to be
a Sh i a , but i f h e i s a S un n i o nly f o ur a r e r e a d Th e m mdz i n u se
'

a r e t h o s e o f t h e Sh i a s .

T s ii BAL OCH as A CR I MINAL TRIBE.

Th e B al oc h of K a r n al a nd A mbal a f o r m a c r imi n a l c o mmuni ty .

T h e y s a y t h e y w e r e dr iv e n f r om t h e i r n a ti v e l an d i n t h e t i me o f
N adir Shah w h o a d o p t e d se v e r e me a s ur e s t o ch e ck t h e i r c r i mi n al
t e n de n ci e s b ut t h e y a l so say t h a t t h e y w e r e o nc e s e ttl e d i n th e Q a s fir
,

t r a ct n e ar L a h o r e a n d w e r e t h e n c e e x p e ll e d o w i n g t o t h e i r ma r a udi ng
h a bi ts Th e y giv e a l on g g e n e a l o g y o f t h e i r des ce n t f r o m A b r a h a m
.

a n d d e r iv e i t m e r e im m e di a t e ly f r o m R i n d w h o s e d es c e n da n ts t h e y , ,

ll I m m S afi n d t cl t hi g li k e t he
sa f
y a e o o er s o
, r w f t h e a h a ea u n e a n n s

A wans, Qa lan dar s M da i and t h g ra n t B l ch w h o ar e k n o w n as

‘

a r , s e v a a o
 Ba lti ch —B fig a
'
a li .

Habii r as G ullii t h e y in s e r t in t h e i r g e n e a l og y a s th e an c e s tor o f t h e

’
.
’

G il o i B al och S p e a k i n g an a r got o f th e i r o w n c a ll e d B al o c h i Fa r s i
. ,

t h e y a r e s k il f ul b ur gl a r s a n d w an d e r g r e a t di s ta n c e s di g ui se d a s ,
s

f q
a i r s a n d b ut c h e r s W h e n a b o u t t o s t a r t o n a p l un d e r i n g e xp e di ti on
.

s a r ddr s o r c h e fs a r e a p o i n t e d a s l e a d e r s a n d o n i t s t e r mi n a t i o n t h e y
p ,

divid e th e s po il r e c e ivi n g a d o ubl e p o r ti o n f o r t h e ms lve s Wid o w s

,
e .

a l so r e c e iv e t h e i r du e s h a r e o f t h e bo oty Th e G il o i B a l o ch o f Ly allp u r . ,

h o w e v e r cl a i m d s ce n t f r om S a yy id G il o i a n ick n a m e s a id t o me a n
,
e ,
”

fr e e b oo t e r Thi s t r ib e w a s f or me r l y s e ttl e d i n th e M on tgome r y

.
”

D i str i ct b ut h a s b e e n tr a n s p l an t e d t o t w o vill a g e s i n Ly a llp ur a nd

,

i s se t t l i n g do w n t o c ul t iv a t i on t h o u g h i t s till a s s o ci a t e s wi t h cr i mi na l s ,

i n F e r o z e p ur Mo n t g ome r y an d B a haw a lp ur , It no w ma k e s li t t l e us e .

o f i ts p e c uli a r p a t o i s .

BAL fiCH, BL fl CH, a P a tha n se pt ,

se e Blfich .

A s mall B a i r agi s ub- se c t l“ o

BAL fi - PANT Hi -
B al e T h a p p a r Bale Sahi b w a s . . .
’

a B a i r agi s ddh i t o f J at bi r t h w h o liv e d i n th e D a sk a t a h s il o f Sial k o t .

BALWATR AH, J at cl an (a gr ic ul tur a l ) f o un d i n M u l t an

a .

BAMBA an i mp o r t an t t r ib e i n K a sh m i r an d r e p r e s e n t e d by t w o fa m ili e s i n
, ,

H a z ar a : D i st r i ct G az e t te e r 1 907 p 34 , ,
. .

BAN Mi not VAMA CHAR I t ii e

-
,
l e f t h a n d e d w or s h ip pe r s o f K ali ‘ a n d t h e
,
‘
-
’

mo st n o to r i o us divi s i on o f t h e S h ak t i k s S a i d t o h a v e b e e n f o u n d e d by .

th e J o gi K a n i p a chi e fl y r e c r u i t e d f r o m S a n ias i s a n d Jog i

, a n d to be s
,

f o un d chi e fly i n Ka n g r a a n d K a s h mi A s a r ul e t h e i r r i t e s a r e r.

k e pt se c r e t a n d t h e y ar e p r h a p s i n c n se qu e n c e r e p u te d t o b e chi e fl y e o

i n d ulg n ce i n me a t s p r i t s a n d p r o m i sc ui ty Th e Ch oli ma g a n d
e
,
i .
- r

B r a Jp an i a r e mor e di s r e p ut a ble g r o up s o r s ub se c t s o f t h e Bam

i -

ma r g i .

Bt moz s i a n A f gh a n f amily se t tl e d i n M u l ta n w h ich c ame fr om Kh o r a s an

, , ,
i n t h e t i me o f A hma d Sha h A bdal i : Mu ltci n G a ze ttee r 1901 -0 2 ,
pp 1 6 1— 2
,

. .

BANAi CH a D o g ar cl a n (a gr ic ul t ur a l ) f ou n d i n Amr i tsar

,
.
.

BA NAWA a sy n on y m f or be n awa n
-
,
-
, .

B ans ,
a J et cl an (a gr icul tur al ) f o un d in M ul t an .

Bani), a J ét cl an (a gr ic ul tur a l ) found i n M ul t a n .

B AND A L, a J 6 t cla n (a g r ic ul tur al ) f o un d i n M ul t an .

BAsD ECHH, a Jat cl an (a g r ic ultur a l ) f o un d i n A mr itsa r .

BANDEJ A H, a J at cl a n (a g r ic ul tur a l f oun d i n M l a

.
) u t n .

B AND IAL ,
an a gr ic ult ur al cl a n foun d in Shah p u r .

B ANGAKH, se e Baue asn .

BANG i Li , ( 1 ) a iv e of B e n gal (2) a vag r ant t r ibe p r o b a bly a ki n to th e

n at
,
San s i s (Wi t h who m th e y c e r t a i n ly i t e r mar r y ) a n d fo un d chi e fly i n
.

Ka ng r a w h i th e r t h e y w e r e pr o b a bly d r ive n f r o m H os hiar p u r by t h e

,

p a s s i n g o f th e Cr i mi n al T r ib e s A ct .

a Thi s ti tl e suggests a Gur kh a orig in, as Th ap p a i s a co mmon ti tl e among th e G ur khas .

 Bngas h h istor y

h as s e v e r a l br an ch e s , t h e M ar do, A z a, L o d i a n d S h ah ii kh e le T he .

M i r an z ai kh e ls a r e t h e Hass a n z a i , w i t h th e B a dah , K h akha a n d U m a r

A t hi r d b r a n ch , t h e S h ami lzai , a pp a r e n t ly id e n t ic al w i t h t h e
*
kh e lt ‘
.

Kagh zi , p ro duc e d th e L a u di , H a s sa n Kh e l , Mes a Kh e l a n d Kh e l .

Lik e t h e o th e r K a rlar n i t r i be s t h e A f g han s o f B an g ash w e r e

d i ci p l e s o f th e Pir i Ro s ha n a n d t h e i r a t t a ch me n t t o t h a t h e r e sy
s - -
,

b r o ugh t a b o ut t h e i r r ui n t h e M u gh a l go v e r nme n t o r g a n i z i n g
,

c on s t a nt e x p e di t i o n s a g a i n s t t h e m A f t e r t h e K h ata k s h a d mo v e d .

t o w ar d s t h e n o r t h e a s t f r o m t h e S h uw al r a n g e (i n
- th e
B a i z a i M a lik M i r i s a n d K ag h zis t h e n s e tt l e d i n t h e U p p e r B an ga sh
,
-
,

i n v a d e d t h e L o w e r (Ko ha t ) an d i n alli a n c e w i t h t h e K h a tak s d r o v e, ,

t h e Or a k z ai w h o th e n h e l d t h e L o w e r B a n g a s h w e s t w a r d s i n t o Ti r ah .

Thi s mo v e me n t c on t in ue d t i ll th e r e i g n o f A kbar I .

Th e h i st or y o f th e B a n g ash t r ib e s a n d t h e p ar t t h e y t oo k
in t h e M ugh a l Op e r at i o n s a ga i n s t th e R o sh an i a s a r e o b s cu r e P r o b a bly .

t h e y w e r e divid e d a mo n g t h e ms e l v e s § but t h o se o f t h e m w h o h a d .

r e ma i n e d in K ur r am a pp e a r t o h a v e a dh e r e d t o t h e R o sh an i a d o c tri n e s .

A f t e r A ur a n g z e b s a cc e s s ion i n 1 6 5 9, We fi n d S h e r M uh ammad Kh a n ,
’

of K ohat , chi e f of t h e M a lik -M i r i s , i n r e v o l t a ga i n st t h e M u gh al s He .

w a s c a p t ur e d , but sub s e ue n t ly r e l e a s e d a n d b e came a n adh e r e n t of th e

q
Mugh al s Kh ushhal Kh a n t h e K h a ta k giv e s a s p i r i t e d a cco u nt o f h is
.

li tt l e w ar s w i t h Sh er Muh amma d Kh a n which e n de d in h i s o wn de f e a t

and th e fin a l e stab li sh me n t of th e B a n ga sh in t h e i r p r e s e n t se at s .

A mon g th e
B gash P a th an s o f K oh at b e t r o th a l (kw a zda a s ki n g )
an , ,
’

is p r i v a te l yn e got i a te d t h e b o y s f at h e r t a ki n g t h e i n i t ia t iv e
,
’
Th e n a da y .

i s fix e d up o n f o r t h e f at h e r a n d h i s f r i e n d s t o vi s i t t h e gi r l s f a th e r A t ’
.

’
t h e l a t t e r s h ous e p r ay e r s a r e r e a d a n d s w e e t s di s t r i b u t e d th e m kak
'

be i n g s ome ti m e s al so r e a d o n t hi s o cc a s i o n But a s a r ul e t h e gi r l s i mp ly .

p ut s o n a gold o r s ilve r c oi n a s th e s ig n th a t s h e i s b e tr o t h e d If t h e .

w e dd n g i s t o be c e l e b r a t e d a t n o di s t a n t d a t e t h e r a r mdn a o r b r id e
ii a ,

p r i c e s p id a t th e b e tr o t h a l — ot h e r w i se i t i s n ot p ai d t ill t h e w e ddin g
.
.

B ut a p r i c e i s i n v ar i ably e x e ct e d i t s a moun t v a r yi n fr o m R s 100 t o

p ’
g, .

a n d th e b oy s f a t h e r a l s o h a s t o sup l t h f un d f o n t t i n i g
p y e s r e e r a n
th e w e d di n g p ar t
y o n t h e w e ddi n g day T h e da y f o ll o wi n g t h e .

b e tr o th a l pi t ch e r s of milk a r e e x ch a n g e d by th e t w o p a r t i e s a n d t h e
mi lk i s d r un k by t h e i r ki n sfolk T h e b o y s f a t h e r a l so s e n d s th e g ir l
.
’

a s ui t o f cl o th e s a n d s o me c oo k e d f oo d o n .
e a ch Id a n d th e Sh a h r a t .

.
O n th e da y fi x e d fo r th e c o mme n c e me n t o f t h e fe st i v i ti e s s w e e t s ar e
dis tr i but e d by t h e b oy s f a th e r a mo n g h i s f r i e n d s an d ki n s me n a n d mus ic
’

r
a y e d l h r e s d a y s b e f or e t h e w e d di n g c o
is
pj .
me s t h e ke n a w a t wh e n th e ,
bo s k i n s w om e n melt th e b r i de a n d o b s e r v e t hi s r i t e w hich c on si s t s in
y ,
s t r i pp i ng t h e b r i d e o f all li e r o r n a me n t s a n d s h ut i n g h e r u
t p i n a r oo m
by h e r se l f Th e ne xt n i gh t t h e w ome n vi si t h e r a ga in f or th e ka ms i
.

kh lae w a l o r un pl ai ti n g o f h e r h a i r F o r t hi s t h e b ar b e r s wi fe r e c e iv e s
.
’

a fe e O n t h e t h i r d day t h e b r id e g r o o m iv e s a f e a s t t o all h i
s f r i e nd s
.

g
l v
A so i nt e r e s t i n g a s h ay i n g g i e n i r t h to t h e Ba n ash N
g
b aw a s o f F a r r ukh a ad b b
T h e Mi r anzai g i e th eir n ame t o t h e Mi r
v
th :
Ha n g h t ah s i o f K o h at l .

h e a m s t i ll i n c ude s t h e Or a k zai i n t h e Ba n
ta m“: U PI)" an d L o w e r , W h i ch f or ms

1 T l h t c ’ but “ d l fi
gdh Te ne d
a vag ue
bo unda r i e s m y
a h a e v b
e e n a t t h at time de e me d

Some h undr e ds of th e m w e r e de port e d i nto Hindust a

to i l de
y
fiia
z
5 n .
 Ban ker —Ban ter . 59

an d fe ll ow -vill a g e r s, an d i n th e a fte r n oo n h e and h is fr i e nd s don

ga r l an d s T h e ne un dr a i s al so p r e se nte d o n t hi s day Th e n t h e bo y
. .

’
a n d his w e dd i n g p a r t y to t h e b r id e s h o us e , r e t ur n i n g t h a t same
g o

n igh t i f i t i s n o t t oo f ar a w a y , o r e l s e r e m a i n i n g t h e r e f o r t h e n i gh t .

On t h e fo ur t h day i n t h e m o r n i n g chur i is giv e n t o th e w e d di n g p a r t y

a n d c o l o ur e d w a t e r s r i n kl e d o n t h e m, s om e m n e y b e i n g pl ac e d o n t h e o
p
di sh u s e d fo r t h e ch ur i a s t h e p e r qu i s i t e o f t h e b r i de s b a r b e r Aft e r a
’
.

me a l t h e g ir l s o f t h e p a r t y , a cc o m pa n i e d by t h e b r i d e gr oo m s b e s t ma n
’

(s a i i bh a l /nii l,
g o t o a s r i n g o r w e ll t o
p f e t ch w a t e r i n w hich t h e b r id e

b a t h e s Th i s i s c a ll e d gh a r i g h a r o l, a s i t o ft e n i s in t h e P un j a b
. .

Th e n th e p a i r a r e d r e s se d i n n e w cl ot h e s an d t h e izi t i s so l e mn i z e d r
.

S o me p a r e n t s g iv e t h e i r d a u g h te r a d o wr y o f cl th es a n d o r n ame n t s , o

c a ll e d p lar ga n a i mai l o r p a te rn a l w e alt h ’

On t h e n e x t day but o n e
'

a f t e r t h e w e ddi n g ch u r i
*
i s b r o ugh t f r o m th e br id s h o use t o t h e b r id e
'
n

g r oom s —a o o b s e r van c e c a ll e d ti r a h O n t h e s e ve n t h da y , uw a mma m m,

’
.

t h e b r id e i s f e t ch e d t o h e r h o u se by h e r k i n s w o me i t , but th r e e o r four
day s l a te r sh e r e tur n s t o h e r hu sb an d , s o me time s w it h mo r e p r e s e nt s o f
cl ot h e s a nd o r n am e n t s fr o m h e r pa r e nt s .

Th e B an g a s h o f K o hat a r e t all a n d g oo d l ook i n g th e y sh av e th e ,

h e a d a n d cli p t h e b e a r d li ke t h e p e o p l e o f Pe sha w ar T h oug h n e at i n .

dr e ss w hich i s ge n e r a lly whi t e t h e y h a v e n o t much c o ur a g e The

, .

Shi ah Ba n g a sh l a r e much b r a v e r In U p p e r M i r an zai t h e Ban gas h

‘ ’

s t ill a ff e ct t h e d a r k bl ue t u r b a n a n d s hi r t wi t h a g r e y s h ee t f o r a lun g i ,

w hich w e r e o n c e c o m mo n t o t h e wh o l e t r ib e —a s E lphin s t on e n o t e d
,

Th e y s h a v e th e h e a d a n d e r a dicat e m o st o f t h e h a i r o n t h e chi n an d
ch e e k s l e a vi ng li t tle but t h e e n d s o f t h e mo us t a ch e a nd a Ne w gat e
,

f r i n ge Y o un g m e n o f te n w e a r l o v e l o ck s a n d st ick a r o s e i n t h e
.

t r a
u b n — w h e n t h e y f e e l t h e ms e lv e s i r r e s i s t i bl e T h e mu llds h a v e n ot .

e t s u c ce ede d i n p r e a chi n g d o w n t h e c usto m o f clippi n g t h e boar d

y .

T h e M i r a n z a i w o me n w e a r t h e o r di n ar y bl u e s hi ft wi th a l o os e t r ouse r s
o f s usi a n d a s hi r t b u t t h e s hi ft i s o f t e n s t udd e d wi th s ilv e r c o i ns
,

a n d ugly s ilk w o r k F e w ot h e r or n am e n t s a re w or n. .

ul tur a l ) f o u n d in
BA NHO R, a J at l (
c ang r ic a M u l ta n .

BANi , Bal, a. f e m al e s e r v a n t a diff , .

B i nni —Th e d bdm ci i s d e r iv e d f ro m t h e Sansk r i t bdmy ya o r t ra d e r

'

e w or

a n d t h e Ba n ia by c a s te a s h i s n a me i m pl i e s li v e s for a n d by co m
, ,

me r c e He h o ld s a con sid e r a bl e ar e a o f l an d i n t h e e a st o f t h e Pro

.

v i n ce ; b ut i t i s v e r y r a r e ly i n d e e d t h at h e f o ll o w s a n y o t h e r t h a n
me r c an t il e pur s ui t s T h e c o mm e r ci al e n te r p r i s e and i n t e lli g e n c e o f t h e
.

cl s s i s g r e a t a n d t h e de ali n g s of some of th e gr e a t B an ia h ouse s o f

a ,

D e h i Bi kan e a n d Mar w a r a r e o f t h e m o st e x t e n siv e n a t ur e

‘
i ,
r
, But .

t h e Ban ia o f th vil l a g e w h o r e p r e se n t s t h e gr e a t ma s o f t h e m e ta
e
,
s
,

i s a p o r c r e a t u r e n o t w it h s t a n di n g t h e t it le o f M ah aj a n or
.
o
, g r e at .

f o lk ,
which is c o n fi n e d by us a g e t o t h e c a s te t o w hich h e b e l o n g s .

Wh e at fl our coo k e d w i th g h i an d
dry sugar .

T T h o s e o f S a m i lza i dr e s s i n w h i t e W i t h a co o ur e d Za n g i a n d t ur an o f a p e cu i a r l b l
p a t te r n w o e n v
o ca y In U p p e r Mi r a n z ai a p e cu i a r t un i c i s w o r n —i t i s n o t e r y
l ll . l v
lo n g a n d a o ut 1 3 i n ch e s e o w t h e co ar i s g a t h e r e d i n t o n u me ro us p e ats —w h i ch di g
b b l ll l .

ti ng ui sbe s th e m f ro m p a r ach as o r Muh a mmadan s h o p k e e p e r s o

.
60 The Bdm a or ga n i s a ti o n
'

He p e nd s h is li f e in h is sh op a n d th
s l pp ,
e r e su ts a r e a ar e n t i n h is in .

f e r ior phy si que a n d ut te r w a n t o f ma n li n e ss He i s l o o k e d d o w n u p on .

by t h e p e a sa n tr y a s a co w ar dly m o n e y g r ubb e r ; but a t t h e s a m e -

t i me h i s s o ci a l s ta n di n g i s fr o m o n e p o i n t o f vi e w c ur i o us ly h i gh e r
t h a n t h e i r s f o r h e i s wh a t t h e y a r e n o t a s t r ic t Hi n d u ; h e i s g e n e r a ll y
, ,

a d mi t t e d t o be o f p u r e V a i sy a d e s c e nt h e w e ar s t h e j an co o r s a c r e d ,

t h r e a d h is p e r i o d s o f p ur i fi ca t i o n a r e l o n g e r t h a n t h e i r s h e d o e s n o t
, ,

p r a c t i s e w i do w m ar i g e a n d h e w ill n ot e a t o r dr i n k a t t h e i r h a n d s
- r a
,

a n d r e ligi o us c e r e mo n i a l a n d t h e d e gr ee s o f c a s t e p r op e r a r e s o
i n t e r w ove n wi th th e s o ci al fa b r ic t h a t t h e r e su l ti n g p o s i ti on o f t h e Ban ia
i n t h e g r a d e s o f r ustic so ci e t y i s o f a cu r i o u ly m ix e d n a t ur e T h e Bah i a s .

i s h a r dly u s e d by t h e p r o ve r bi a l wi s d o m o f t h e c o u n t r y s id e He
w h o h a s a Ban ia f o r a f r i e n d i s n ot i n w a n t o f a n e n e my ; an d ,
“ Fi
r s t b e a t a Bah i a t h e n a t hi e f An d i n d e e d th e Ba n ia h a s to o
”
.
,

s t r on g a h o ld o v e r t h e h us b a n dma n f o r t h e r e t o b e m u ch l o v e l o s t
b e tw e e n th e m Y e t t h e m o n e y l e n d e r s o f t h e vil l a g e s a t l e a st h a v e
.
-

b e e n b r a n d e d w i t h a f a r w o r s e n a m e t h a n t h e y de s e r v e Th e y .

p e r f o r m f u n c ti o n s o f t h e m o s t c a r di n a l i m p o r t a n c e i n t h e vill age

e con o m y a n d i t i s s ur p r i s i n g h o w m uc h
,
r e a so n a b l e n e s s an d h o n e s t y

t h e r e i s i n t h e i r d e a li n g s wi t h t h e p e o pl e s o l o n g a s th e y can k e e p
t h e i r b us i n e s s t r a n s a c t i o n s o ut o f a c o u r t o f j ust ic e .

Or g a n sa t on s —
i i ga n is at i on o f th e Ba n ia s i s e xc e e di n gly o b s c ur e
Th e or .

Th e y h a v e c e r ta i n t e r r i t o r i a l divi s i on s b ut t h e r e i s a l s o a t r ue s ub ,

ca s t e c a ll e d Ba r a S ai n i i n G ur ga o n w hich i s s a i d t o be q ui t e di s t i n c t
,
* -
,

f r o m th e o t h e r s T h e y a r e de s ce n d e d f r o m Ch am a r s a n d a t m a r r i a ge
.

th e boy w e a r s a mu ka t o r t i a r a o f dci k l e a v e s s h a p e d l i k e a b as k e t i n to .
,

which a pi e c e of l e a t h e r i s fix e d .

T h e t e r r i t o r i a l g r o up s a r e a t l e as t t h r e e i n n umb e r O f t h e se t h e .

chi e f i s t h e A gg a r w al s , a n d t h e r e is a cu r i o us l e g e n d a b o u t t h e i r o r igi n .

Ba sh a k Nag h a d 1 7 d a ug h t e r s, w h o w e r e ma r r i e d t o t h e I? s o n s o f
Ugar S a i n , b ut t h e s e sn a k e da ug h t e r s o f Ba s h a k u s e d t o l e a v e t h e ir
h o me s by n ig h t t o vi s i t t h e ir pa r e n t s , a n d in t h e i r a bs e n c e t h e i r h us
b an d s liv e d w it h t h e i r h an d ma id e n s , a n d de s c e n d an t s o f t h e s e ar e t h e
D as a o r Chh ot i s a r n g o ls o f th e Ban ia s , e a ch g ot t a ki n g i ts n a m e f r o m
-

t h a t o f t h e h a n d ma id e n f r o m w h o m i t i s d e s c e n d e d T h e child r e n o f .

Ba s h a k Nag s d a u gh t e r s f o r me d th e 17 o ts i o f t h e A g g a r w al
’
O n ce
‘

g .

a bo n d gi r l o f t h e G o a l t r e ma r r i e d b m i t a ke d h i
y a
y g o w e y s a n t e r

«
F r o m bdr d, 1 2, a n d s e mi, a n ar m
Y Cr oo k e s Tn bas a n d Ga s t e s of t h e We s ter n
,
No r t h
'

Pr ov i n ce s a n d Ou dh 1 ’ p .

1 Cf Pun a Ce n s us R e p or t, 1 883, 5 33 T h e A g g ar w a g ots in c ude

j b l l
‘

l
.

1 J i n da
3i i l
}
. .

1a gé l
2 Mi n da l
i

al i
‘
.
.
.

2gi t
r
.
10 ,
K a n s al .

5
.

Dh
' )

an .
11 . Ba ns a l .

\
l gl 12 la h w a r
.
.

6
.

7 Ma hs a
.

l
l3 . G o y a o r G oil l .

14 G ood
K PHS M Mi d
3
Of 11 9 9 9 351 11 818 1 b b
. .

a r e n am e f r o m le n s a
g r a s s , a n d bdn s am o o , a n d
th e y 0 0 0 ““l b o r ID JD IB
‘
t h e se Pla n t S T h e Ma h w a r a r e s a i d t o b e de s ce n de d f r
, ,

om a so n
.

o f A g ar S a m h o m a r r i e d a lo w
w w i f e I s o 0 b} Ie r Ba n i a
A n ot he r a cco un t a dds S e n g a l ,
-
cas t e
s Wi n o t s m o ke W i t h t h e m ll .
 Th e Bani a or gan i s a ti on . 61

de s e n c d an ts f or m t h e h al f go t c all e d
-
Go ,
n d * so th a t t h e r e ar e 1 7 % g ot:
in a ll A n d a g a i n o n e o f th e s o n s o f Uga r S a i n m a r r i e d a lo w c a s te
.
-

w o ma n a n d h is d e s c e n d an t s a r e t h e M a h w a r got w h ich c a n n o t smo k e

wi t h o t h e r Ba n ia s Th e A gg a r w al Ma h aja us o n ly a v o id t he i r o w n
.

sect i o n i n m a r r i a g e (J i n dl .

T h e s e co n d g r o up i s t h e S a r a li a , w h o a r e a n o ff s h oo t o f t h e -

A g g a r w al a n d a p p e a r to h a v e t h e s a me go te .

Th e t hi r d gr o up , t h e O s w al , a p p e a r s t o t e r m a t r ue s ub -c as t e ? Th e y
s t r e n uo u s l y cl a i m a Pu n w ar R aj p ut o r igi n, b ut o t h e r R aj puts o f
v a r i o us t r ib es j oi n e d t h e m Th e y fo ll o w e d on e o f t h e i r B r ah man s i n.

be c o m i n g J ai n s , i n S a mb a t 4 22 .

H e n c e th e r e a r e t h r e e t e r ri t o r i a l gr ou p s o r s ub-c ast e s, a nd a f our t h

o f l o w e r s t a t us b a s e d o n de s c e n t
S ub -g r o up s
S ub-c a ste I A gg a r wal i Bi s a
.

a D a s a o r Chh o t i
“ 0 m A m h a-
g I
.

.
In We st
ern R aj
sar n .
p u t a na
S ub c a st e II S a r ali a , f r o m S a r al a
.
-

—
. .

S ub - ca s t e III O s w al - fr
o m O s i
.a n a
g r i i a E as t e r n R aj p ut a n a
, .

S ub -c a s t e IV Ba r a S a i n i .
-
.

A pp a r e nt ly t h e r e a r e , be s id e s t h e se t e r r i t o r i a l g r o u p s, c r o ss-div i s io ns
o f t h e c as t e b a s e d o n r e ligio us diffe r e n c e s Th e s e s e e m to be S a r ae gi .

or J a i n , Mah e s h r i o r Sh a iv a, A g g a r w al -V is h n o i o r V a i s h n a v a s .

But t h e Ma h e s h r i , w h o un do u b te dly d e r iv e t h e i r n a me f r o m M a h e s h
o r Shiv a , a r e n ot no w a ll Sh a iv a s , f o r o ne o f t h e i r n u mb e r w a s i n
co n s e qu e n c e o f a m i r a cl e c on v e r t e d t o J a i n i s m a n d s o f o un de d t h e
T a h t ar g o t o f t h e Os w al , a mo n g w h o m t h e K a m aw e t g ot i s a l so
Ma h e sh r i It w o uld a p p e a r t h a t t h e Sh a iv a g ro up s f o r m e d t r ue s ub
.

c a ste s , for t h e Ma h e sh r i c e r t ai nly do n o t i n t e r mar r y w i th t h e A g g a r w al

o r O s w al § t h o ugh V a i sh n a v a a n d J a i n A gg a r wal s i n t e r m a r r y fr e e ly i n

G ur g a on .

O r G a n d, cf t h e G a n d o r i mp ur e s e ct i o n o f t h e Bh ati a s
. Hi ss ar G a z e t t e r , 1 892, .

p . 1 3 7 I. n J h e um t h e G l
o n d a n d Bi a se ct i on s do n o t i n t e r ma r r y , ll e i n g sai d to be b
de s ce n da n t s o f a co mm o n a n ce s t o r .

T T h l l
e o r i g i n a Os w a g o t s ar e s a i d to be

1 T h ak e r ,
,
1 0 Bah édur , Punw ér , .

2 R a p h u s ( R a p ut , by Or i g i n ),
,
j l l K a n ba t .

3 S an k h li ,
.
1 2 Ba id, .

4 . K a m aw e t Po n w ar (Ma h e s h r i ), 1 3 T ag u S r i s h t r i , S a n k la, .

5 Ma r R a k h Po k ar na , S a n k la Pun w z
. i r, l 4 Bur ug o t ra , Bh a t t i , .

. l
6 K u a dh ar , Br i ba t Pun w ar s , l 5 D adu .

7 S r i S r i m, S a n kla
.
1 6 Ch o r bh e r i a R ag h uban s i , . .

8 S r i s h t t a , Pun w ar .
.
l 7 K a n a uj i a , R a h t or , .

9 S uch a n t i , Pa n w ar ,
.
1 8 Ch ui ch a t . .

1 9 K o t a r i , or k e e p e r s o f t h e t r e a s ur e -h o us e ,
.

l
b ut t h e as t do e s n o t se e m t o b e a t r ue g ot, s o t h a t t h e re w e r e o n y 1 8 g ate , as t h e r e st i l ll
ar e a m o n g t h e A g g a r w a l .

v b ll b
T h e E n i d a r e sai d to h a e e e n o r i g i n a y a ran ch o f t h e S r i s h tg o t a a n d t o h a e be e n v
s o ca e d ll b v
e ca us e D e i a ff e cte d a m i r a cu o us cur e o f t h e e y e s o f a g i r l e o n g i n g t o t h at l b l
s e ct i o n by ca usi n g a s p e ci a k i n d o f a ]. t o g r o w , t h e l ui ce o f w h i ch h e a e d t h e m j l .

i T o w h i c h p ace th e A g l
ar w als m a ke a nn ua p i g ri ma g e s , as i t i s t h e l l
anci e n t ci ty o f
A g ar o r U g ar S ai n T h ey so h a e a
. v b
oy s h ai r out t h e r e f o r t h e fi r s t ti me
’
.

v
A n a cco un t f r o m J i n d di i de s t h e Ban i as ( i k e t h e Bh abr a s) i n to t h e S r i m a l a nd l
Os w é l g r o u p s , e a c h w i t h d i fi e r e n t g o ts
 62 The Baim as i n
'

B w
é a l—Banj dr a .

But f rom t h e t h e Pun a co me s th e f o o w i ng acco unt w h i ch

e xt re me so ut h -e as t o f j b ll
di fi e r s w i de y f r o m t h o s e g i e n a o el T h e Baw a n i zama t o r de r s o n R a p utana, a nd v b v . l b .
j
b
f or ms p ar t o f Na h a , i n w h i ch S t a t e h e Ban i as a r e r e p r e s e n t e d by f o ur g r o up s
R us t ag i , ( 3) K h a n de lw al, ( 4) Mah u
l r , w h o r a n k i n t h i s o r de r , e a ch
( ) gg
1 A ar w a
()
2 ,

g ro up e i ng a b bl
e t o t a k e w at e r f r o m t h e o n e a o e i t , but n o t vi ce ve r s d b v .

(i ) T h e A gg a r w a s o f B aw a n i l
zama t i n Na h a p e r f o r m all t h e c l
e r e mo n i e s o s e r e d b b v
v l b
.

by t h e Br a h m a n s o f t h a t t r a ct , but t h e y h a e a s p e ci a cus t om o f o r i n g t h e e ar s an d
nos e s o f c h i d r e n ,
o t h m a le a n d f e ma e Tb h i s i s ca e d p a r oj a n l F o r t h i s ce r e m o n y l , ll '
.

t h e y ke e p s o m e o f t h e r i ce u se d a t t h e la g a n p r e ce di n g a w e ddi n g i n an o t h e r f a mi y ; a n d l
c a r r y t h e d e o t a s w h i c h a re us u a y k e p t i n t h e p a r o h i t s ch a r g e t o t h e i r o w n h o us e
,
ll ’

Th e de o t a s ar e w o r s h i pp e d f o r s e e n da y s T h e p a n di t fi xe s a m a h ar a t o r a us p i ci o us v .

t i me f o r t h e b
o r i n g a n d t h e r i t e i s t h e n p e r f o r me d, a f e as t e i n g g i e n t o Bra h m an s a n d b v
r e al v
t i e s I n t h e e ase o f a b o y ,
h e i s m a de t o s i t o n a h e -
g o a t w h i ch i s o r r ow e d f o r t h e b
l v b N
,

o ccasi on an d a m s ar e g i e n, a p r e se n t e i n g als o m a de t o t h e boy In Abb a t o w n ,

l l
s o m e A g g ar w a f ami i e s p e r f o r m t h i s ce r e mon y , but o t h e r s do n o t .

( ) T
ii h e . g r ou p i s f ou nd o n y i n t h e Baw a
R ust ag i " n i z dma t , i n G ur g ao n , D e h i , l l l
l
A w a r , Budue n , Bu an ds h ah r an d G w a i o r l
T h e y a r e mos t s t r o n g y r e p r e s e n t e d i n l . l
l
Baw a , a t Bh o r a i n R e w ar i t a h s i l an d a t Ba ra nd i n A w ar S t a t e , but p r o a y do n o t l b bl
e xce e d f a m i i e s i n t h e w h o e o f In di a l
T h o u g h i n m a r r iag e t h e y o n y a o i d o ne l . l v
g , y
o t e t o w i n g t o t h e p auci t y o f t h e n um e r s t h e p o o r e r m e m e r s canno t g e t w i e s a n d b b v
s o di e u n m ar r i e d T h e y s a y t h a t R o h t asg ar h w a s t h e i r o r ig i n a h o m e a n d t h a t t h e i r
. l
n a m e R us t a g i i s de r i e d f r o m R o h t a
s v
T h e y h a e 1 8 g o ts n a m e d a f t e r t h e i a g e s w h i ch . v v ll
t h e y or i g i n a y i nh a i t e d ll b
T h e y a o i d w ido w r a mar r i ag e , b ut do n o t i n a r i a y w e a r
. v v bl
t h e j a n e o, a s t h e A g g a r w a s do Th e y p e rfo r m t h e r s t h a i r -cu t t i n l
g o f a bo y a t Na g ar
. fi
k o t o r D a h n i i n A w a r at t h e a s th dn o’f D e i l
T h e y o s e r v e t h e m i ln i , i c w h e n t h e v . b . .

p ar e n t s of a b
e tr o t h e d cou p le m e e t t h e g i r s f a t h e r m us t g i ve t h e o y s f at h e r f r o m o n e l b ’

t o t w e n t y b n e r u p e e s , an d t h e g i r s f a t h e r m u st n o t i si t t h e i ag e w h e r e h i s da ug h t e r l ’
v v ll
b b l
h a s e e n e t r o t h e d un t i a f t e r t h e m ar r i a g e un de r t h e p e n a ty o f p a y i n g t h e m i ln i , l
but o n ce p ai d i t i s n o t p ay a e a s e co n d t i m e bl
A t t h e D e w a i R us t a g i s p ay s p e ci a . l l
v
r e e r e nce t o t h e i r s a t i T h e y ar e all V a s h n a as a n d a s o w o r s h i p G o p f Nat h
i . Ih e
‘
v l .

v b
ba r dt m ust arr i e t h e day e f o r e t h e w e ddi ng , but t h e y h a e n o o t h e r S p e ci a m a r r i ag e v l
cust o ms .

( )
i i i T h e K h an de lw als a re f e w i n n um e r
.
Th e y h a e 7 2 g ots , t h e p r i nci pa o n e i n b . v l
b
Na h a S t a t e e i n g t h e Baj o li a b
T h e y c a i m t o h a e co me f r o m K h at u K h an de a i n . l v l
J ai p ur T h e ba r dt i n t h i s g r o up a s o ar r i e s t h e day
.
'
e f o r e t h e w e ddi n g bu t t h e bo y s l v b
l
i

f at h e r h a s t o f e e d t h e bar d h i m s e f o n t h a t da y L i k e t h e A h i r s t h e K h a n de lw als o n
.
.

t h e w i da i da y h a e a s p e ci a cust o m v l
T h e w o me n o f t h e br i de s f a m i y c o t h e t h e
' '
oy s . l l b
ll l
f a t h e r i n y e o w c o t h e s a n d p ut a p i t ch e r o f w at e r o n h i s h e a d, w i t h a n e ck a ce o f l
l
ca me s d ung r o u n d h i s n e ck an d co mp e
’
h i m to g o an d w o r s h i p t h e w e us t as t h e l ll j
w o m e n do He o n ly e scap e s a f t e r much t e as i n g by p ay i ng t h e m f r o m 1 1 t o 5 1 r up e e s
. .

T h e y do n o t w e a r t h e ya n e o , an d a s t h e y ar e de o t ee s o f Bh ag w an D as , Ma h at m a, o f T i k h a v
l
i n t h e Baw a T h ana t h e y do n o t sm o k e o r s e t o a cco ll b .

(i n) T h e Mah u
.
r ar e f e w i n n um e r i n b Baw l a . T h ey h a v e t w o g ots Maw a l an d K ar g as .

T h e y ar e V ai s h na as an d s p e ci a y r e e r e n ce v ll v Ha ndm an .

Hami s h — Th i s a n d th e L aba n a c a st e ar e ge n e r a lly s a id t o be i de n ti c a l 1 ,

'

b e in g c all e d B an ja r a i n t h e e a s t e r n di s tr ict s a n d L a ba na in t h e P un j a b
p r o p e r B ut B a nj a r a d e r i v e d f r o m ha n
.
if a t r a de r o r p e r h a p s f r om , ,
’
,
’
bdnj i a p e dl a r s p a ck i s u se d i n th e w e s t of t h e P unj ab a s a g e n e r ic
‘ ’
,

f r m f or p e dl a r Wan jar a (gun ) i s doub tl e ss on ly a not h e r f orm o f

’

a
.

t e n a me .

T h e Ban jar a s of
di str ic ts a r e a w e ll ma r k e d cl a s s o f th e e as t e r n -
,

wh o m a c ompl e t e d e s cr i pt i o n will be f o un d i n E lli o tt R a ces of t h e ’

s

N W P I 5 2 — 5 6 T e y w e r e th e
g r e a t t r a v e lli ng t r a d e r s a n d
,
-
pp . h .
, , . .

c ar r i e r s o f C e n tr al I n di a th e D e cc a n a n d Ra j p utan a ; a n d un de r t h e ,

A ccor din g t o a n accou n t f r o m Pat a udi S t a t e t h e g r o u p s a r e A g g a r w a , Ba s an g i l

l l
Mab e sr i , S ar a e gi an d K a a , an d i n G ur g é o n i t i s s ai d t h a t t h e S ar ao gi an d V i s h n e ( si c)
.
v
é d n o t i n t e r mar r y t h o ug h t h e y ca n e at ka ch ch i a n d
Bén i s o
p a kki w i t h e ach ot h e r .

In So ut h e rn In di a t h e Br i nj ar a i s a so ca e d L a w 1; nah or L umMna (f r “m, S anskr l ll

d l Ma ltam}
.

mlt a so unde r
'

la an,
‘
l . See /
 Bamj dm- Banmi chi . 63

A fgh an and M ugh a l e mpir e s w er e t h e c om mi ss ar iat of th e imp e ria l

f o r ce s A s im il e a ppl i e d to a dyi n g pe r s on i s :
.

Ba ny a/r a barn m e n p hi r e li y e la kri a h dth ;

.

Tcin da w dh d la d ga y a , koi s a n g i n a h in
“
The B an j ar a g o e s i n to t h e j un gl e w i th h is st ick i n h is h a n d .

He is r e a dy f o r t h e j o ur n e y an d t lze r e i s ,
n o b ody w i t h h i m .

F r om S ir H E lli o tt s de s c r ip t i o n t h e y s e e m to be a v e r y c o m po s i te
.
’

c l a ss i n cl udi n g s e c t i o n s o f v a r i o us o r igi n But t he o r igi n al Ban jar a cas te

,
.

i s s a i d t o h a v e i t s h a bi ta t i n th e s ub mo n tan e t r a c t f r om G o r a khp ur to
-

H ar dw ar Th e Banjar a s o f t h e U n i te d P ro vi n c e s c o m e an nu a ll y into
.

t h e J umua di s t r ic t s a n d Ea s te r n S t a t e s i n t h e c o l d w e a t h e r w i th l e tt e r s
o f c r e di t o n t h e l o ca l me r c h an ts a n d b uy u
p l a r g e n umb e r s o f
, c attle
w h ich th e y t a k e b a ck a g a i n f or s a l e a s t h e s um me r a pp r o ach e s ; a n d
t h e se me n a n d t he B a n j a r a ca r r i e r s fr om R ajp ii tan a a r e p r i n ci ally
’

Hi nd us Th e M us al man Ba n jar a s a r e pr o b a bly a l mos t a ll p l ars

. .

T h e h e a d m e n o f t h e B a n jar a p a r t i e s ar e c all e d n di k (S anskr i t

“
mt g/a ka chi e f
,
a n d Ban jar as i n g e n e r a l a r e n o t un c o m mo n ly k no w n

by t h a t n a me Th e R ail w a y s a r e f as t d e s t o y i n g t h e ca r r v i n g
. r

t r a d e o f th e se p e op l e e xc e p t i n t h e mo un t a i n t r a c t s T h e w o r d ba ny a r a .

i s a p p a r e n t ly s o m e t i me s u se d f or a n o c uli st a n d a n y Hi n d u p e dl a r i s ,

so s t y l e d Sy n on y ms a r e bi s dt i or m am a r in th e c e n tr al a n d la n at i
.
,

i n t h e ea s t e r n di st r i cts a n d a mon g st M uh a mm ad a n s k h oj a a n d a r de h a
, , , .

In A m r i ts a r t h e i r go ts a r e s a id t o i n cl ud e M a n ha s K h o e r a n d ,

Bh a tti s e pt s a nd t h e y h a ve a tr a di ti o n t h a t A kb ar di smi s se d Ch a udh r i

,

Sha h Q uli fr om h is se r vic e wh e r e up on h e tur n e d tr ade r o r ba nj ar a .

BANNIi CHI — Th e hyb r id b r a n ch o f t h e P a tha n s whic h h o l d s t h e c e n tr a l

.

p o r t i o n of t h e Ba n n i i ta h s il b e t w e e n th e K ur r a m a n d To cbi r iv e r s
’

, .

This tr ac t t h e y o cc u p i e d to w a r ds t h e cl o s e of th e 1 4th c e nt ur y a ft e r ,
V
be i n g d r iv e n o ut o f Sh a w al by t h e V a z i r s a n d i n t ur n d r ivi n g th e
M a n g al a n d H a n n i t r ib e s b a ck i n to K o h at a nd K urr a m T h e Ba nn ti chi s .

h a v e a tt r a c t e d to th e mse lv e s S ayyi ds a nd o t h e r doc tor s of Islam i n

gr e a t n umb e r s a n d h av e n o t h e s i ta t e d to i n te r ma r ry wi t h t h es e wit h
, ,

t h e s c at te r e d r e p r e se n t a tiv e s o f t h e f or m e r i n h abi tan ts o f t h e i r t r a c t

w h o r e m a i n e d wi t h t h e m a s h a ms dy a a nd wi th t h e f a mili e s o f t h e
,

v a r i o us a dv e n t ur e r s w h o h a v e a t d iff e r e n t t i me s se tt l e d a mo n g st t h e m ;

i n somuch th a t Ban n fichi in i ts b ro a d e st se n s e n o w me an s a ll Muh a m

ma da n s a n d by a s t re t ch e v e n Hi n d us l o n g do micil e d wi thi n th e li mi t s
,
. ,
”
o f th e i r r i g a t e d t r a c t o r i g i n a lly o cc u pi e d by t h e t r ib e Th e d e s ce n d .

an t s o f S h i t a k h o w e v e r ,
s t ill p r es e r v e t h e
, me mo r y o f th e i r s e p ar a te
o r igi n a n d di s t i n g ui s h t h e m s e lv e s a s Ba n n ii ch i p ro p e r
’

Th e y a r e of .

i nfe r i o r phy si que e n vi ous se c r e tiv e c o w a r dl y lyi n g g r e a t big ot s

, , , , , ,

i n o ffe n s i v e a n d c a p i ta l c ul t i v a t ors S i r H e r be r t E d w ar de s say s o f

,
.

th e m Th e Ba n n fich is a r e ba d s pe ci me ns o f Af g h ans ; ca n w o r s e b e
s a id o f a ny r a c e Th e y h a v e all t h e v ic es o f P a than s r a nkly l uxu r i an t ,

t h e i r vi rt ue s s t u n t ed Th e i r I sa kh i cl a n h o w e v e r i s fame d f or t h e
’
.
, .

bea uty o f i ts w o me n Wh o marr i e s n ot an Isakh i w o man de se r ve s a n

. .

’
a s s f or a b r id e .

S h i tak , a K ak a i K a rlanri , by h is w ife Ba n u fi h ad t w o so ns, Kiw i and

S fir an i T h e fo mn e r h a d a l s o t w o s o n s , M ir i a n d S a mi
. To M i r i s
’
.

s ons f e ll th e so uth , t o Sami s t h e ce n tr e , an d to S u

’ ’
r an i a th e nor t h and
 B ae zot —Bam r .

S h i tak s if e
’
w a s n a me a ft e r
w e s t o f D a nd, th e mo d e r n B ann u, h ich d w w .

Wh e n B ann u b e came a p ar t o f t h e ki g
n do m o f Kab lu t h e B a n n u c h i s

s li i c i
t n t o t w o f a t on s,
‘
bl a c k a n d whi t e
’
wh ich l e f t t h e m a p r e y t o
p ,

th e Wa z i rs.

p
Bauor a se t o f Hi d
n u Raj p uts w h i ch h o ld s a bd r a h o r g r o u p o
,
f 1 2 vil l a g es
,

h h k
n e ar G a r s an a r i n H os h ia p u r T h e B a n o t sa y t h e y a r e o
r f t h e.
s a m e

or igi a h
n a s t h e N r il a a n d t e n a m e i s s a i d ’
t o m e a n s h a d o w o f t h e
‘
,

ban o r f or e st s o f t h e S iw alik s i n w hich t h e y o n c e dw e l t

’
.

Bi nsi a cla ss o f musici a n s p l a y e r s o n t h e pi p e (bei n s ) a t t e m pl e s an d

, ,
[

vill age s h r i n e s b ut vi r tu ally e mpl oy e d i n th e sa me w ay a s H al l s o r

,

S ip i s in Ch a m b a ,
.

BA NWR A a M uh ammad an J at cl a n (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) f o un d i n M o n t go me r y
,
.

B ANY A i -
, a G uj a r cl an (ag r ic ul tur al ) f oun d i n A mr i tsa r .

BANY I se e B ANY A
, .

BA OR I ,
a t r ib e of M uh amma da n s , of J at; s t a t us , f o un d i n M o n t go me r y .

BA PAR , a J at cl an (agr ic ul tur a l ) f o un d in M ul t a n .

BA PHL A, a J at cl an (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) f o un d i n M ul t a n .

BAPPi , J at
cl an (agr ic u l t ur a l ) f oun d in M ul t an : s e e B OS AN
’

a .

BA R , a M uh a mmad a n J at cl an (a gr ic ul tur al ) f oun d i n M o n t gome r y .

BA R M O HMAND ,
se e M O HMA ND .

BA R Al , J at cl an (a g r icul tur al) f oun d in A m r i t s a r

a .

HAR A IY A (S an sk r it ce r tif ie d) a n a st r o lo g e r a cc or di n g t o t h e D h ar m a Pu r du
, , , ,

b e g o t t e n by a Br a h m a n o n a s nar e But un d e r th e s a me n a m e t h e .

T a n tr d d e s c r ib e s a c a st e s p r u n g f r o m o d (co w h e d) a n d a
g p a. i

Ta n tr a cci y a (w e a v e r ) a n d e mp l o y e d i n c ul t iv a t i n g b e t e l (C o l e b r o o k e ,

E ss a ys, 27 2
B AR AK Z AI a f amo us cl an
, A b d ali o r D ur r aof
n i A f th e
gha n s which s up
~

pl a n t e d t h e S a d o za i f a m ily o f t h a t b r a n ch e ar ly i n t h e 1 9t h c e n tur y .

It s m o s t f a mo us m e mb e r s w e r e F a t h Khan a n d D os t M uh a m ma d h i s
b r o t h e r T h e l a tte r t o o k t h e t i tl e o f a mi r a f te r Shah S h uj a s f a il ur e
.
’

t o r e c o v e r Q a n d a h a r i n 1 834 a n d f o u n d e d t h e r e s e n t r uli n g h o us e of
p
A f gha n i s tan : (fo r i t s hi s to r y s e e M L o n gw or t h D a me s i n T h e E n c
y .

clo aedi a of I s lci m,

p
B as alt (l) a J at cl an ( a gr icu l t ur a l ) f o un d in M ul tan an d i n M o nt go me r y
, ,
ln w h i ch D i s t r i c t i t i s b o t h H i n d u a n d M u h am ma da n
.

(2) a Hi n d u
a n d M u h a mma d a n K a m bo h cl a n g ic l l f d i M g m y
(a r u t u r a ) o un n o n t o e r .

BA R A R ,
an A r ai u cl an (agr icul t ur al ) f o un d in M on t g om e r y .

Bas e s , f e m Ba r ri , a l o w c a st e give n t o b e ggi n g a n d r o g ue r y In J ullun dur

.

th e B a l a ra m a k e WID D O W IPHf a n s ch h a
( j ), b a s k e t s ,
a n d s ie v e s
(ch h a m a
)
‘

of r ee d
f ‘
l h e y a l s o h un t i t h do g s Th e i r o b se r v a n c e s r e s e mbl e t h
“
.

w os e o f
.

t h e Q h u ri r a s A ll a w e ddi n g o n e o f t h e c a s te is s e l e c te d t o o ffi ci a t
e a nd
.

e bfi de s
h e k i n dle s t h e fi r e an d ma k e s t h e c o u l e r o u d it
n T h ’
p g o ‘
.

p ar e n ts k e e p t h e w e ddi ng p a r t y on e o r t h r e e day s, f e edi n g it s me m b e r s

o n ri c e , s ug ar a n d b r e a d O n i ts d e p ar t ur e t h e gi r l s f at h e r gi ve s h e
’.
r
66 Bari dn - Barw dld n .

R aj é B anni Pal, is s aid to h av e f

. d d Bh ti d , f
a a a t e r c on qu
’
e ri ng oun e n
d gh t f i t R a j a B an ni Pel e I o n
Bh atne r an d mar r yin g th e a u e r o s .

U da s i w as d e f ea t e d by a ki n g o f D e lh i b u t r e c iv d j g
e e a a i r H i s s o n .

v wh m t h ld t f d d B d h in N a b h a
S un de r h a d s e e n son s , o f u
o e e e s o n e a a r .

C
( j B a r.ia n ) .

B ARIAN a tr ib e o f J ate cl ai min g to be L unar Raj p uts of th e J a l e r S ahi and ,

L a kh i fa mili e s —t h r ough i ts e p on y m w h ose d e sc e n d ant T ok settle d i n

, ,

Sialk o t (cf B ar ia) . . .

B AR IK Bar a kki ) a cl a n o f P a tha n s

,
c l a i m i n
g A r a b d e s c e nt
,
W i t h t h e .

a Sh ik h t h y c m f o m t h e L o g a r v a ll e y b e t w e e n K a b ul
An ri s a s e a e r

an d G h a z n
i a d s e t t l e d a t J u ll un n d u r I t i n cl u d e s t h e G u z
* A
lia k a .
n d ,

B abakh e l famili e s an d o n e b r a n ch o f i t i s c all e d S fi dakh e l Elph i n .

c i b t h B k k i cl o f Taj ik s m ix e d w i t h t h e
s t o n e t de s r e
‘
s e a r a s a s a a s s ,

G h i lji G hil i p ibly K h i l h i ) T h B a k k i s a r e a lso

s ( z a s o r o s s c s e r a .

de s rc ib d T e k p e o pl e s p e a k i n g a l a n g u a g e o f t h e i r o w n a n d
e a s a y , ,

R av t n o t e s t h a t s o m e B a r a k ki Taj ik s a l s o d w e ll a m o n
g t h e
e r y
U r mur s a t K a n i g u r a m i n t h e W a z i r c o u n t r y F o r t h e c o n n e ct i o n .

of th e Ba r ik P a t ha n s wi t h Sh a ikh D a r w e s h s e e t h e a r t icl e o n t h e

R o sh a n i a s .

BA R IKK A .
( s. A lo w c aste of M uh amma da n s .

C t d f m t h A a bic w or d Bar andt z A pol ice

BARK As D i J . (s . o r r up e r o e r
q .
.

ma n a c on sta bl e a vill a g e w a t ch ma n .

BARK EZ A I, a P athan cl an (a gr ic ul tu r al ) foun d in M o ntgome r y .

BA BL i s , Bar lasy i a MU G HAL cl a n (a g r ic ul t ur al ) foun d in A mr i t sar

,
.

B ar ak zai)
P a t h a n cl a n (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) f o un d i n M o n t ome r
BA BU KZ AI ,
a g y .

Bm w ft t B A r w A L Th e s e '
t w o n a m e
.
s t h o ugh p r o b a bly o f di fl e r e n t or i i n
g , ,
,

r e u s e d a l m o s t a s s y n o n y m s t h e f o r m e r b e i ng m o r e c omm o n i n t h e
,
a

l we u I h ill s a n d
‘
th e l a t t e r i n t h e m o u nt a i n r a n g e s o f Ka n g r a But i n .

Ch amb a t h e B ar w ala i s cl e a r ly di st i n c t fr o m t h e B a t w al b e i ng a ma k e r ,

o f m a t s a n d w i n n o wi n
g f a ns a n d t h e n a m e is p r o ba bly de r iv e d f r om
,

d h i t h k i d f g r a s s u s e d fo r t h e m B tw dl or ba tw dr o n th e
h a r o r a r a e n o ,
a .

o t h e r h a n d m e a n s a t a x c ll c o
o e t r a n d ba tw c i l is a n o r di n a r y p e o n o f a n
y ,

c as t e e v e n a B r a
,
h m a n t h o ugh o f c o u r s e h e m a
y be by c a s t e a Ba tw él 1
, .

A t t h c i t al Ch am b a B a r w a l d e u se d t o be e m l oy e d a s w a t c h me n
e a p , , p
a n d t h u s w e n t u
p i n t h e so ci a l s c al e a s B a t w a ls In Ka n g r a h o w e ve r .

th e B atwal f o r m a t r ue c ast e w hil e B a r wala i s li t tl e mor e t h a n ,

t h e n a me o f a n o cc up a ti on B ot h w o r d s c or r e s pon d v e r y close ly
.

w i th t h e L ah b a r o r B al ebe r o f th e pl ai n s a n d d e n ot e t h e v ill ag e ,

w a t ch m a n o r m e s s e n ge r In th e high e r hill s t hi s o ffi c e i s a l mos t

.

t h e G h u z z T ur k s i n K ur r a m se e R e ve r ty s tra ns l m
’

F or a t i on o f t h e Ta bc rab-r e
ai n .

C a u bu t, p 31 5
1 . .

A l s o s e e t h e S a i n t s 0f J a la n dh a r i n T e mp e s L e g e n ds o
f th e Punj a b l '

b
.

Dr J H u t ch.
i s o n
.
n o te s r e g ar di n g th e Bat w é ls of Ch am a th at th e
y c ai m de sce nt from l
d fi d as ce ti c o f w h om th e y kn ow n othi n F orme r ly e mp oy e d as w tch l
S i dh K a n e n a e i e
g
:
, .

d ll l
i n th e S t ate Po i ce l
o

f w s t i e n i s t e B arw alé s and Batw als ar e all Hi ndu

m n a e a r e
d
zg
e .

otr a s , but Br ah mans do n ot o fii ci ate at th i

,

h a ev th e n o w n g e r w e ddi ng s w h i ch ar e solemn d
’

b v h
,

l t e r a t e m e n o f t h e cas te T h e i r o s e r an ce s fo lo w
th e usag e of th e oca ity in w i ch l l l
by tw o i
.

s e t t e d T h u s In Ch am a th e ( Hy a tt o r f u
l b
w e ddi n r i te i s obse rve d as a mon ll
h
t ye a r e g g th .
.

1 h cas
te ,s t h o u g h e x p e nse i s cur tai e d and th e cer
emome g abri d e d l A Brah man a m the
3$
g
5 0 1 th e w e d d i n g T h e d ea d are u.
rnt b ,
.
 Ba twcil cus toms. 67

co nfined to t h e Batw alas , i n th e l o w e r hill s i t i s p e r f o r m e d by

whil e
me n of v ar i o us lo w c a s te s w h o a r e all i n cl ud e d u n de r t h e g e n e r ic te r m
o f B ar w al a .Th e se me n a r e al s o t h e c o o li e s o f t h e h ill s , a n d in fa c t
o cc u py m uch t h e s a me o i t i o n the r e a s i s h e ld by t h e Ch a ma r s i n t h e
p s

pl ai n s , sa v e t h at t h e y do n ot t an o r w o r k i n l e a th e r In Ka n g r a th e y .

a r e a lso k n o w n a s Ki r a w s k o r K i r a uk a w or d w hich p r o e r l m e a n s a
, p y
ma n wh ose d ut y it is to a s se mbl e co oli e s a n d o th e r s f o r be g dr o r f o r c e d
”
l a b o ur , a nd th e y a r e a l so ca ll e d S a t w ag or b e a r e r s o f b ur de n s Lik e .

most hill me n i a l s t h e y o f t e n c ul tiv a t e l an d a n d a r e e mpl o y e d a s .

p l o ug h me n a nd fi e ld l a b o ur e r s by th e Rajp ut s a n d a lli e d r a ce s o f t h e
h ills w h o a r e to o p r o u d to c ul t iv a te w i t h th e i r o w n h an ds Th e y a r e .

t r ue villa g e me n i a l s , a n d a t t e n d u p o n vill a g e g u e s ts , fi l l pi p e s, b e a r
to r c h es, an d ca r r y t h e b r id e g r o o m s p a l a n q ui n a t w e d di n g s a n d t h e lik e ,
’

a n d r e c e i v e fix e d f e e s f o r d o i n g so In t h e t o w ns t h e y a p p e a r t o b e
.

c ommon s e r v a n ts Th e y a r e o f th e lo w e st o r a l mo s t th e l o w es t s ta n di n g
.

a s a c as t e , a e nt ly h dly i f a t ll a b o v e t h e D um n a o r s w e e of
pp a r a r ,
a , p er

th e hill s bu t th e B a t w al h a s p e r h a p s a sligh t ly high e r s ta n di n g th a n

th e B a r w ala I nd e e d th e n a me o f B a r w ala i s sa id t o be a c orr u pt i o n o f
.

ba h a r w ri lai o r o ut s id e r ,
”
b e c a use , lik e all o ut c asts, t h e y live i n t h e
o ut s k ir t s o f t h e v ill a ge .

A t Ba t w al w e ddin gs in S i al ko t t h e l e ar n e d amon g t h e M e s h s o fii ci a t e .

Th e Ba t w als h a v e B r ah man p r i e s ts , b ut t h e y do n ot c o n d uc t t h e i r
mar ria g e r ite s t h e y a l s o a v o i d c on t a c t w i t h t h e m T h e B a t wal a .

mar r y t h e i r gir l s a t a n e ar ly a g e , but a ll o w wi d o w -r e ma r r ia g e , a n d t h a t

too wi t h o u t r e g ar d t o t h e h usb an d s b r o th e r s cl a i ms T w o guts o n l y ar e
’ ’
.

a v oi d ed Bat als a r e me n ia l s
’l
‘
. w .

Bi r th o bser vances — F o ur o r tw e lv e mo nth s a ft e r t h e bi r th o f a boy

.

r i tua l a r e ob s e r v e d a s f o ll o w s z— L o a v e s o f b r e a d f r i e d i n o il ar e a r r a n g e d
i n pil e s s e v e n i n e a ch h e a p a n d t h e h e a d o f e ach f a mily t ak e s a pil e a n d
, ,

di s t r ib ute s i t a mo n g i t s m mb e r s On ly t h o se w h o b e l o n g to t h e go t i n
e .

w hich t h e bi r t h h as ta k e n l ce ca n t a k e p a r t i n t h i s f e a s t A m o n g th e
p a .

J h anjo t r a t h e h e a d o f a bo y o r gi r l is n o t s h a v e d t ill t h e child b e g ins

t o ta lk . S ome t i me s a bodi is r e t ai n e d a s a mo n g Hi nd us , .

Th e ir w eddin g c e r e mo n i e s a r e th us d e s c r ib e d
F our p o sts ar e fi x e d in t h e gr o un d a n d fo ur mor e pl a c e d o v e r th ese .

On th ese f o ur l a t te r t w o t ur b an s s u p pli e d by t h e f a t h e rs or g ua r di a n s of
,

t h e br i de o r b r i de gr oo m a r e s p r e a d Th e n t h e b ri d e s f a t h e r pl ac e s ’
.
,

h e r h an d s i n t h os e of t h e br id e g r oo m sayi n g In G o d s na me 1 giv e
’
,

m
’
y o u t hi s g i r l ( y d a u gh t e r o r Th e n t h e p a i r t h e b r i de s ,

h an ds cl as pe d i n t h e b r i de g r o om s w a lk r o un d a n e a r th e n pi t ch e r
' ’
,

l d i n s i de th e f o ur upr igh t p o s ts Thi s duly do ne t h e m ar r i a g e i s

p ac e .
,

co mp le t e dd On h i s w ay h o me t h e b r ide gr o om h as to w i nd some raw

’

cot ton s e v e n ti me s r oun d a s h r ub .

Th e Bat w als e i t h e r bur n o r bur y th e i r dea d In e i t h e r c a s e on t h e .

w ay t o th e g ro u n d t h e y h a l t an d pl a c e t w o ba lls of l e a v e n e d b a r l e y
b r e ad at t h e s h o ul d e r s an d t w o a t t h e fee t o f t h e co r p s e
, Thi r te e n , .

’
.
l v
Th e Batw als folk e tymo ogy de r i e s th e i r name fr om be tw dl, son of a daug h te r A
Mias daugh te r became encein te by an il i ci t amour and w as expe l e d h e r fath er s ki ng dom
’
l l ’
.

A Chuhra to ok he r to w if e but he r chi d founde d th e Batw a cas te l l

1 At w eddi ng s food is th rown to th e cr ow s—w hi ch ir ds th e Batw a a are said to chi efly
, .

‘
b l
worsh ip -4 nd unti l th ey take the food th e Ba twals th ems el es w il n ot e at v l .
 B p an d 4 car s of
day s af t e r t h e de at h t h e y t a k r a h m a n a r u ee e to a

h i t a t a n k w h e r e h e r e e v e s p r y e r s a .

W h e a t fl o ur a n d t h e se e c a r r e s o ,

d
,
9e i s p e r f o r me d a ft e r a d t h T w o y a r s
A s a mo n g t H l uS bh atj jat
‘
n
e a .

l ll t
l
s
t h e t
o f e c t t o n cl o t h
k no t te
d a t t h e f o u r c o r ner s a e h
r u n g o v e r e
,
,

S h ou l d e r i n t o k e n o f m o u r n in g by t h e k i n
,
.

r to th e G a n g e s or to a r ma n a
Th e i
r e ma n s o f a
b o dy a r e t a k e n e i t h e P d l .

ll o w e d to s e ll h i a n d a f t e r a c o w h as a
c lv d e
Th e Bat w als ar e n o t a g ,
h i so me h as ff r e d t o a B r a h m an
t h e y do il be
un t e n o e .
no t e at g .

In Sialk o t th e B ar wala 90 68 ar e

9 t e mp l e , 6 -9 th e
E ch o f
a t h e B a t w al g e ts i n Si a lk o t h a s i t s o wn .

l
’

l
J h a nj c t r a a t G h u h e i n Z a f a r w al t ah i l t h e K e i th a t A m r a n
p a l U
s
I ’

m l m PYI 3
Sialk o t : a n d th e M o la n at G illa n w ala in Z a fa r w al T h e t e p e 1 8 S l
.
’

c h h a d 0 f 3
mo un d o f e ar th be for e w hi ch t h e y p r o s t r a t e t h e mse lv e s e a e '
,

f amily s a cr fici n g a t it a g o at n h n o ur o f h s l d
i i o i e e s t s o n

In K a p li r t h ala t h e B ar w ala g o i s a r e
’

Badial D h edi
Ch akmak J h aj r i h a
Ch andg i rai n N ah r a
Ch auh an Pamb alia
m nd
Wi th th e Ch an dg ir ai u g o t th e ot h e r Ba tw als a v e h n o co n n e c t l
j ,
a

do not e v e n s mo k e w i th t h e m Lik e t h e Ba t w ls t h e
a Ba r w a las .
In $ 1 5 1k ”
mp loy M e gh e, w h o r a n k h igh e r t h an t h e or di n ar y Me h
g i s a s P m S t s in ’

r e ligi ou s a n d c e r e m o n i a l O b s e r v a n c e s .

Th e B alas ma k e b a s k e t s i n
ar w S i alk ot . In K p
a ur t h la
a t h e y are

vill a g e w a t ch me n a n d m e ss e n g e r s .

B AR Y AR a J at cl a n (ag r ic ul tur a l ) foun d i n Amr i t sar

, .

BA RY E a G ular cl an (a g r ic ul t u r al ) f oun d i n A mr i tsar

,
.

B ABAN an A r éi n cl a n (a g r ic ul tur al ) f ound i n Amr itsar

,
: B asan in Mont
g om e r y .

Ba si n Ba sat i a a p e dl ar 3 a p e tty me r ch a nt
, , .

8 388 3, a y n o n y m f or Bh an d q n Th e t e r m i s a ppli e d to a j e ste r 0 “ t umbl e r

S
, . .

k e p t by w e a l t h y me n a l s o to a n a cro r (a n d so e quiv al e n t t o Ba h r ti pia

’

, ,

e s e ci a lly i n t h e C e n t r a l P un j a b I Si lk h B ash a i s s aid t o b e

p ) n a o t t e .

a cl as s o f P e r n a s T h e Bas h as a r e u s ually Muh am ma da n s a n d t h o ugh

. ,

p r o b bly m o st l
a
y M i r as i s by O i gi n w ill n o t i n t e r m a r r y w i t hr t h e m .

T h e t e r m i s a l s o a p pli e d g e n e r a lly t o any i mmo r al p e r so n Bas has .

a r e als c up pe r s a n d t oy s e ll e r s
o -

BA S B A R A r e g ul a r : a t e r m a ppli e d t
t h f g t e ul a r o r d e r s amon g
o e ou r re a r g
'

;
t h e b un m Muh a mm a da n s m th e C h i s h t i Q adi r i S ah a r w a r di an d
.
, ,
,

Nak s h h a ndi w h o a ll u p h old S ufi i sm , O pp ose d t o Be sh ar a -

.
-

BAS HER A ,
a Kh ar r al c lan (a gr i cul tur al ) f oun d in M on t g ome r y .
 Bashgdli - Bathmdmi . so

BAsHGXLI, a S iamp os h K afi r s s e e und e r K afi r

t r i be of th e - .

BAs é a a g ro up o f n o n -P a than t r ibe s w hich us e d to o cc upy t h e P a n j k or a

,

K o h i s t a n o r K o h i s t an i Ma l i z a i i n D i r t h e upp e r p a r t o f this K o h i s t a n
- -
,

be i n g k no w n a s Ba s h kar a nd t h e l o w e r a s S h e r i ng al but t h e B e s hkar ,

a r e n o w c h i e fly co n fi n e d to t h e t ra c t of t h at n am e T h e Bas h k a r i .

l a n gua g e is s a id to be t h e sa me a s th e G a rh w i .

'

A cc or d i n g to Bi dd ul p h th e B a shk ar ik a s h e t e r ms t h e m h a v e th r e e , ,

cl a n s ; Mfi lan o r K fi tch ko r a n d J og h io r T h e Bashka r ik n a me t h e

, .

mo n th s t h us
Bas san Husain Tlu i Is hpo ( thi r d si s te r ) R oz
saf u Ch e t Ish p o ( four t h si s te r) Lc ky ul ( small fe s ti v al )
Param Ish po ( fi rs t s is t e r ) S ce p i (g r ea t month ) in te r v e n ng ) i

D o wi m Ish p o ( se cond si ste r ) Sh ckadr G any ti l ( gr eat fes ti va l)

Se e unde r To r w al .

BABI A t r ibe
. o f J ets wh o se f or e h e a r T ull a
,
h a s a m a t a t G o palp ur i n
L udhia n a . A t t h e bi r t h of a s o n a n d a l so a t t h e D iwali e ar th i s dug , ,

t h e r e in h is na me .

BA S BA, J et cla n (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) f o un d i n
a S hahp ur Ba sr ac , a J et c la n (a gr i
cult ur a l ) f o un d in A m r i ts a r .

BAT, a J at cl an (agr ic u l tur a l ) foun d in M ul ta n A l so a se p t o f K a sh mi ri .

P a n di t , c on v e r te d to I s lam a n d foun d i n th e n o r th -w e st s ubmon ta n e

Di s tr ic ts o f t h e P unj a b .

BATL HRA , (cf .

Pa tah a r ), a sto n e - ma son ,
dr e ss e r o f st on e in th e a c ar v e r or
,

K an g ra hi ll s In K ullii h e i s s a id t o be a K o l i w h o h a s t a ke n to
’

sl a te ua r r y in g In Ch a mba h o w e v e r t h e y a pp e ar to f o r m a t r ue c as te
q .
, , ,

w o r ki n g g e n e r a lly a s s t one ma s on s but so me ti me s a s c a r p e nt e r s o r e v e n

-
,

cul t iv a to r s In G ur das p ur a nd K an g ra th e w or d is s y nony mous w i t h

.

R AJ .

Bar aK Z Ai , P a than cl an (a g r ic ul tur al ) fou n d i n M on t gome r y

a .

BATAR a J at cl a n (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) f o un d i n Mult a n
,
.

BAT, BATH a J at cl a n (agr ic ul t ur a l ) fo un d i n A mr i t sa r C ro w th e r giv e s th e

, .

foll o wi n g li st o f th e Bat s e p t s Ba t D h ol J h a ndol Poph a rt Kh ai re , , , , ,

J h a n dh e r D e s i T a t la A n jla G h uman G h uman Kh a k D h a w a l J a n ua *

, , , , , , , , ,

R a n dh e r M adr i S a d r i H o ti S e t i a n d K i r h a t which ma y a ll i n te r
, , , , , ,

ma r r y so t h a t a B ri t s o me t i me s ma y mar r y a B ri t A ll t h e se se p ts a r e
,
.

sai d to be d e sc e n d a n t s of S a n or S ai npa l w h o ca me fr o m t h e Mal w a 800 -

,

ye ars a go The y fi r st se tt l e d a t Odh y a r a in L ah o r e

. K h ai r ( a ) s .
’

d esc e n d ants h av e t w o j a th e r as R ajp al a n d h is g r a n ds on Shah z ada , ,

w h o fe ll i n a fi g h t wi t h th e K a n g J ets a t Kh a dfir S é hib i n A mr i t sa r .

T h e Bath a r e a l so f o u n d as a Hi n d u a n d M uh am madan J at cl an in
M o n t g o me ry .

Blr as s n a se p t o f th e Wattfi Raj p uts, found in Montgcme r y and Bah aw alp ur

, .

Be rn adi ne a B rah ma n a l
,
o f B ha t m an a v i ll a g e i n D h ami a nd o n e o f th e
,

ch i e f t r ibe s i n t h a t S t a t e Wi t h t h e J a mo g i K a ne ts i t g iv e s t h e .

fl i i ti ld k t o th e Ran a a n d lik e t h e m b e l o n gs to
- t h e G a r g go tr a
, Th e .

w azi r o f t h e S t a t e usually b e lo n g s to o n e o f t h e s e t w o se pt s .

The re i s sai d to be a. se ttle ment of J anuas J anjfias) bey ond Pe sh awar w ho have
70 Th e E di m a tr i ba l sy stem
' '

BAr i ,
'
J a cl an (ag r icul tur al ) found in M ultan
a .

B u rs a a J et se p t
, .

Barri a Hi n d u K a mb oh cl an (a g r ic ul tur al ) f onn d in Montgome ry

,
.

Th e f o ll o w i n g i s S ir D e n zil Ibb e t s o n s a cc oun t of t h e

’
BAU R IA BAWA R IA
,
.

Baur i a gr o up s Th e y a r e s a id to be divid e d i n to t h r e e se c t i on s t h e
Bidaw at i o f Bi ka n e r w h o t r a c e t h e i r o r i g in t o Bidaw a t in J a ip ur do ,

n o t e a t ca r r io n di s d a i n p e t t y t h e f t but de ligh t i n c r i me s of
,
vi o l e n c e ,

w ill n o t s t e al co w s o r o x e n a nd a ffe c t a s up e r i o r i t y o v e r t h e r e s t ;
,

J g li
th e a n a o r K a a lk m li a a l so c a ll e d K al
, d h a b alli a— f r dh a bla a s ki r t .
, ,

t h e bl a n k e t ka ma l f o r m i n g a p e t tic oa t
, ,
gen e r a lly foun d i n t h e ,
-

J a n g e lde s o f t h e Sikh S t at e s F e r oz e p o r e a n d Si r sa an d wh o se wome n

, , ,

w e ar bl ack bl an k e t s a n d t h e Ka a r i a w h o a r e mos t n ume r o u s i n t h e

p
n e ighb o ur h oo d o f D e hli a n d ar e n otor i o u sly a
,
cr i mi n a l t r ib e Th e .

th r e e sect i o n s n e i th e r e a t t o g e t h e r n o r i nte r ma r r y T h e K alk a mli a .

i s t h e o n ly s e c t i o n w hich a r e st il l h un t e r s by p r o f e s s io n t h e ot h e r ,

s e c t i on s l o oki n g do w n u p o n t h a t c alli n g T h e Ka pa r i a ar e f o r t h e .

mo st p ar t v a gr an t ; w hile t h e Bidaw a ti li v e ge n e r a lly in fi x e d a b o d e s .

T h i s a cc o unt i s a m plifi e d i n a n i nt e r e st i n g a cc o un t of th e t ri be by
Mr H L W illi ams o f t h e P un j ab P o lic e He giv e s t h e f o ll o wing
. . . .

t abl e o f t h e i r t r ib a l sy ste m w h i ch i s cl e ar ly b a s e d o n th e usual

p r i n cipl e o f te r r i tor i al and ot h e r g r oup s which c r o ss divid e th e n atural -

*
s e ct i o n s

As r e g ar ds J M Dunn e tt w ri tes
th e Baur i s s in L y al p ur l Mr . . .

T h ere i s a di i si on among th e Baur i as

f ur th e r and occup ati ona l v
Non-cu ti ators e r e . l v
l
K épr i a, G umr i a, and G ade r a, w hi e K aldh abli a D e sw ali a, D e w aw ate and La ana ar e culti . b
vator s v ll
Th e di i sion , Ith in k , r e a y me an s th at some i e by h un ting p ur e and s imp e , th e lv l
b
o th e r s co m i n in g ag ri cultur e w i th i t A t any r ate th e di fi e r e nce i n i z za t i s s o g re at tha t
.

b v
i nte rmar r i age e tw e e n tw o di i si ons i s un kn own Wh y G ade ra w hi ch mus t mean a she p .
,

l
sse d as non -ag ri cu tur i st w hi e L a a l b l l
pg ga
a e, i s , nas, w h o h unt p i g s are c assed as cu ti vators
o not cw .
74 The Bdur tas i n Gur ga on .

Nar S i n gh , t h r ough th y bl e ss in g w e sh a ll s ucc e ed R e me mb e r to p r ote c t .

T h e r ema i n s o f t h e h a lw d ar e giv e n t o bl a ck d o g s a n d c r o w s
’
us .
.

Wor ship of t h e S un l
a so o b t ai n s i n s om e se p t s T h e c e n ot a ph o f .

a n a n e s t or n a c me d J a j h ar at J h a n d a i n P a t ial a i s vi s i t e d f o r r e ligi o us
, ,
”
p ur p ose s .

In G ur gao n a n d th e t r a c t s r o un d t h at D i str ic t th e Baur ia s a r e divid e d

i n to n ume r o us g r o up s O f t h e se t h e mo st i m p or t a n t, l o c ally , i s t h e .

so c all e d b e c a use i ts me m be r s w e a r l o n g h a i r ,
*
J ar ii law ala o r L a t fi r i a,
’

lik e Sikh a i Thi s gr o up i s e n do g a mo us a n d i ncl ud e s 1 4 go ts

‘

1 Ba nana s .
1 0 G angw alx j:
2 CHA U HAN I .
11
3 Pi nwi n . 12
4 R i r nw a . 1 3 K oti a ,

5 A g o ti a § . 1 4 Me w ati a .

6 Bag h oti a ii . 1 5 Bh atti

7 Be r ar afll 1 6 Par w ar i n L ah or e ,

8 Ch aond “ . 1 7 S ang r a
9 D abr i a j -l '
1 8 J ag onsa
1 9 K on a j
Th e se 1 4 ge ts ar e s t r ic t ly e x o g am ous Wid o w r e m a r r i ag e (kar ao ) i s .
-

m i s ibl e ; bu t n o t ma r r i a g e o ut s id e t h e J a r nlaw ala g r o u p E ve n

p er s .

ma r r i a g e w i th a Rajp ut w o ma n o f a kh na p f r o m which t h e B aur i s s

.
,

a r e s p r un g i s l o o k e d do w n up o n , an d t h e o ff sp r i n g a r e c a ll e d s zi r e t ,

w dl a s a mo n g t h e R aj pu ts
,
o r ta i mo t S uch child r e n fi n d i t di ffi cu l t , .

t o o b ta i n m a t e s a n d i f b oy s can o n ly do s o by p ay i n g h e a vily f o r , ,

t h e i r b r id e s S u ch me n t o o a r e o n l y a ll o w e d t o smo k e wi t h p ur e Ba ur i s s
.

a f t e r t h e n ar i h a s b e e n r e mo v e d f r o m t h e h u
gga .

Th e ddi t i on t o (o r p os sibly o v e r l ap pi ng) thi s gr o upi n g a r e

a a nu m be r
of o cc up a t i on a l g r o up s a s f oll o w s ,

1 S e h ada r i aflH
.
Is kill e d in e nte r i n g (s ic) th e b ur r ow s of th e se h
r c u i ne ) a n d f o un d i n Bh awa n i Hi s s ar D i st r ic t
(p o p , .

But s e e Il] e o w
l bl .

1 T h e Baur i s s do n o t a p p e a r t o e co m e t r u e
'
b b bl b
S i kh s bu t , p r o a y e ca u s e m an y o f t h e m
l
w e a r o n g h a i r , t h e y ar e o f t e n s a i d t o b e s o . R e g ar di n g t h e Baur i s s o f L y a p u r Mr ll J
M D unn e t t w r i t e s
.

o r de r s f or r e g i s tr a t i o n
h a d e e n i s s ue d b
O n e m an t h us n a i e y e xp a i n e d t h a t h e h a d a ll
. v l l
the ka kkas
e xce p t t h e ka ch h , a n d I h a d r e a
y co m e e f o r e h e co u d g e t t h a t m ade In ll b l
l v l ll
.

t h e i r z e a t h e y h a d e e n g o n e t h e e n g t h o f w e a r i n a s i xt h ka kka ca e d ka n a n a s m
g , p all
s p a de , W i t h w h i ch t h e y sa i d t h e p a rds h a us e d i n t h e
p ah ul i s st ir r ed
”
f

v
,

S ub di i de d i nto 8 s ep ts i n L ah or e in w hi ch D i s tr i ct th ev r ank h i h e st
I -

, g
Of Panw ar ori g i n .

PBi h o ti a f r om Bi h oto but th e

.

,l g , g ,
y ar e sai d to be name d f rom Bag hot a i ag e In Nfibha v ll
an d to be de sce nde d f r o m J ai n R a u t s
p j .

{IBe r ar e, so ca e d fr om be r a r , a mixtur e of se era kin ds of g r ain th e g o t i s de scended

ll v l
f r om a Pan w a r w h o mar ri e d a w oman of h i s ow n ot b La r e wa
g y
F r om Chaond, a il ag e v l .
.

F m
{i ms Panw ar or e v e n Ch uh
‘
d e b, a r ass f ound i n h e J umna ri er ai n v l
l
1 r o g t ands w h e nce th ey came ; th e g ot
c a a an or i gi n
b
,

1 1 F m e y on d t h e G an e s : cf G an w ali a a o r
bl
c, o p me n ti on e d
r o g g u e ow .

O f Badg fij ar or igi n .

BEE“ H “
T h e K a te r i as c ai m R a th aur e xtr acti on l
But i t i s a so sai d t h at th e Baur i as w h o i e l lv
j b
.

i n
g
ll
Pun a ar e ca e d Jarulew ala or K ator i a and w e ar 1on h ai r 11 k e Si
k Th e Baur i as
‘

m
o f th e U te d Pr o i nce s ar e sty e d Bidki a s v ,
l .
.

111} 0 r S ehodh ar i a .
 The Bduri as in n aon . 75
’

2 . Te lbe ch a, d e al er s in the o il o f th e p e lic an and o t h e r bi r ds ,

a nd f oun d e as t o f Th e se h a v e a n off sh oo t i n th e
th e G an g e s .
-

3 B a ili a a g r o up whi ch mo de s t ly cl a im s J h i w ar K ah ar o r i g i n
.
,
-
, an d
18 di st i n g ui s h e d by ch ur i s i o n b ang l e r n o n t h e w r i st
( o r a n r ) w o .

4 U g a r w a a n o ff sh o o t o f th e Bag r i s w h o liv e by b ur gl ar y
.
,
- .

5 . Bhaurja lia (si c) w h o use t h e ha m (bdw ar ) or. sn a r e .

6 . Badh ak o r Badh ak i a, h un te r s , f o un d in Bh ar a tpur S tate ,

M ath ra , e t c.

7 . Oh i rimar s, bi r d -s n
ar e r s , f oun d i n t h e same t ra ct s

Oth e r g r o up s ar e t e rr i tor i al , su ch as th e
l D ilw ali s , f o u n d i n D e lhi an d i t s n e ighbo ur h o o d
. . An o ff - s h oe t
o f thi s gr o up i s th e Na r i w al which se ll s r o p e s .

2 . N ag a u r i a f r om Nag aur i n Jo dhp u r S ta te

, .

3 . Bagri f r o m th e E dg a r of B i kan e r
,
.

4 . Ma rne f r om Ma r wa r
,
.

Oth e r gr o up s of l e ss o bvio us or igi n a re a s o l f o un d

S uch a r e th e
.

l K aldh a bli a o r K aldh abli a ,

. w h o w e a r t h e bl a ck w o o ll e n cl o a k
m d f d i h P a t ial a S ta t e a n d t o t h e w e s t o f
’

(ka li ) a n a r e o un n t e

Bhi w an i .

2 . G a n g w a a , f o un d i n
li * J a ip ur S t a te .

3
. Hat er s v a gr an ts f r o m t h e e ast o f t h e Ju mna
, .

4 . G an dh i la f o un d on a ny r iv e ra i n i n th e P unj ab
,
p r o p e r ) an d
a l s o e as t o f t h e J u mn a .

5 . A b i r i a f o un d in a n d a bo u t H o da l an d P a l w a l A cc o r di n g t o a
, .

B r a h ma n p ur ohi t of t h e Ah i r ia s a t H o d a l t h e Baur ias a n d A hi r ia s

a r e de sce n d e d f r o m G oh a a Bhil o ne o f w h o se d e s c e n da n t s ma r r i e d
, ,

a He r child r e n by h im b ec a me A hi r ia s ( Be r ia o r H e r i ,

li t a h u nt e r ) w h il e t h e Ba ur i s s a r e o f p ur e Bhil blo od
. , C l o s e ly .

alli e d t o t h e A bir i a a r e t h e Ba dh ak s T h e A bir i a an d Ba ur i a do .

n o t i n t e r ma r r y .

T h e p un ch w h o ar e ch ose n f r om th e f o ur kh ri np s a n d th e Me w at ia
,

gr o up a r e r e g a r d e d a s l e a de r s o f t h e tr ib e Th e y f o rm a p a n ch ay a t
,
.

? h d t f r e a ch kh é n ) f o r t h h o l e g r o up O ff e nce s
( o r a p a n c y a o p e w .

ar e t r i e d b e fo r e t h e p a nchdy a t w hi ch a d mi ni s te r s t o t h e o ff e n de r
a n oa t h o n t h e G a n g e s o r t h e J um n a : o r h e i s ma de t o a dvan c e
fi ve p a c e s t o w ar d s t h e s un a n d i nv o k e i t s c urs e i f h e i s gu il t y : but
t h e mo st bi n di n g o at h i s t h a t ta k e n w hil e pl ucki n g t h e l e a f o f
i a l tr e e Fi ne s o t o w a r ds t h e e xp e n s e s o f t h e a nchd a t a n d
a
p p .
g p y ,

an
y s ur pl us t o t h e p un ch P a n ch é y a ts a l so so l e mn i ze t h e marr i a g e s o f
.

widow s a nd t h e fe e t h en r ea li se d i s p aid t o t h e wi do w s fa th e r i u law ’

- - .

T h e Baur i a se hr h s .

T r a di ti o n av er s t h at wh e n a mi n i o f Ni mr an a ma r r i e d s h e w as
a cc o mp an i e d by fi ve f amili e s o f Rat h a ur B aur i s s fr o m wh o m a r e
de s c e n d e d th e p re se nt R at h aur Bdur i a s o r ) Rajp ut s; H e n ce t h e
Not, app are ntly , th e sa me G ang al go t me nt ion ed a o e
as t h e b v .

TApp are ntly name d K ar aul , and f ounde r of th e S tate o f Kar auli .
 The E dur i a . cu lts .

h an d w o r sh i n D evi at her
* d N i m a n a a s t h e i r S e r h
Rat h a u r s r e g a r r
e ar
pl h T h P n w a r a h a v e t h e i r s e h r h at K a lia n a n
tem e t e r e e a
a t
h C h h a
.

t h i t K n a u n d : a n d t e a u n s
a
N r n au : l t h e B a dg J u a r s e r s a a

R a nmo t li n e ar Man d a u i n A l w a r an .

a ffe c t M a i D e vi r b u t t h e Ba u r i s s a s a ’

Th e D a b i r e s s p e ci a lly a s n
m
c l t d f w p e ci al O b s e r v a n c e s S o e
w h ol e h av e n o di s t i n c t iv e u s a n e s
m
.

f M a i D e vi t o w h o a
w t h h i l on g i n h o n o u r o as n ,
o f th e m e a r e r a

h ild b c h f e d t o h i m i t s h air
ch il dl e ss m an v o w s t h at i f a c e v o u s a

S a i l w t h t r i a n o r n am e nt
s h a ll r e m a i n u n c u t o m e D n r a s a s o e a r e p a ,
i
.

r s
se o f a e
m d m d f g l d i c s ick n e s s p r y
’

n a
s h a p e d lik e a j u g a n a e o o ;
c t n d o n ‘
’

h si c) t h t th p i t ar s a n e s o r s a
o ffe e d
r t h r o u g ( e o e
h i
,
,

ar s i t s n e
t i m d d w r o u n d ck .

r e cove r y th e s u
ff e r e r h a s a
p a r a e a n e
’
i l m i t h p i t a rs
i i ch d d l f giv e n n a s n e
A t me a l t m e s i t s t o u e a n a o a

h ch d i h é h i a f w g r a i n s o f c o r n
m A t m i s t h e e v c n a e ,
n a e s i n o e r a r
t h t i a e r t a ll
,

which ar e ar c r i e d o n t h e p e r so n a n d w hich lik e e p a r v ,

,

a nd T h a k ur p Kr
D e vi N a g ar k o t, Z et h i r l ir (G fig a )
’ ’
Th e at
v i t d i t i f t h B a u i a s l bu t t h e S u n g o d i s a so
a r e o t h e r f a o ur
e e e s o e r ,
e pt
r
i i
o p t at e
d i n t i m e s o f c a l a m i t y o r s ick n e s s F a s t s ( b a r t ) a r e k .

p t t w d i t T h e
S u n d a y i n h o n o u r o f t h e S u n a n d w a t e r h r o w n
,
o ar s .

on
v e x pl i d o a t h o n a
a i ze o i s w F o s o m e r e a s o n not a n e a n
j n e e r o r n r

W
.

d onk e y is p e c u
l i a r
ly bi n di n g M r illi am s n o t e
.
s t h a t .
B a u r i as a r e sa id

l O a th s
n o t to r id e t h e d o n k e y a n d t o r e g ar d i t t
wi h p c i e u a r a v ie r s o n .

l k t h w d t h a a l tr e e
ar e a s o t a e n o n e c o a n e p p .

ic t Hi d u r e f us i n g t o e a t a n y t hi n g e v e n
Th e B a u r i a s a r e s t r n s ,
,

m m d t h u gh t h e y w ill d r i n k
h i w hich h a s b e e n t o u ch e d by a M h u a a a n o ,
g ,
t i h i B a u r ia s
w at e r f r o m a bhi s h ti s s ki n but n ot t h a t k p ’
e
,
n s h o u s e .

ll ly m t c d by t h e m se l v e s o r kill e d by j h a t k a P or
k
t o u e
.

wi r r
o n e a e a p
m l i i
’

c h w b t t t h fl h of t h e w ild p g §
i T h e g a s r e g ar d e d
th y e s e u n o e es .

e ,

w a n d n e v e r e ate n n o r is t h e fl e s h o f a h e b u fi l o s v
a e
by - a
as a co ,

t h e B a u r i a s o f S h a i k h a w ati i n J i
a p u r A s t h e y a r e n o l
.
o n g e r
p e r

p d t h l gh t g t w i t h t h e c h h u r i
mi tt e d t o o sse s s s w o s e y s a u e r oa s .
r

L
In a or e h wh e r e t h e Ba r a s u i a r e s a i d t o b e n o n c r i m i n a l t h e y h a v e -
,
,

f h i c ll d L d i E l h t h i r a t o i s i s c a ll e d
di ale ct o p
.

t e r o w n a e a s e w e r e e
a .

L o di a d i s s ai d t o be u n d e r s t o o d by Bh i l s s a n si s K an jar s a n d such
o

n , ,

be Th B a w i h d i l c t i c ll d G h i r h ar a n d so m e t i m es

g hi
ke r i s e . a r a a e s a e ,

as u .

at: A nd th e h ator i as , a s b
R ath aur de scent e i ng o f .

TMr W i i a m s sll
a y s G o a t s a r e o ffe r e d to D e i a n d a t t h e ti me o f o v ati on w ate r i s bl .

m
,

l l
.

h h d f t h k t t h m i s p ro p i ti o us an d D e vi h as
spr i nk e d o t a i i s a s e ar e o e n
‘

n i a s e e s i s
n e
a
acce p t e d t h e s ac r i c e A n d fiM r .D u n n e tt w r i t e s
. In L y a p u r t h e w or shi p of a de w: i s ll
admi tt e d b y a ll b u t t h e S o n g i r a Dh a i m w a t w h
.

o r e e r e B h ai r k i y a a n d vN ars w e r ( Nar S i ng h )

d : w h e d n u n t th d t l A t i t s r o ots a s quar e i s mar ke d

Th e e w IS o r s i p p 1 J g e s a e s a c r e r ee .

out W i th s t o n e s , a n d 1 11 t h e c e n t r e a h o e i s d u g A h a gl oa t i s t h e n .
s ain , an d th e o od l bl
p ou e r d i n to t h e h o e , t h e h o l
y t re e a n d t h e l
f or e h e a d s o f t h e w o rs h i p p er s e ing a so sp r in b l
l
k ed O e r t v
h e h o e a h l
e ar th i s t h e n constr ucte d
.

o n w hi c h t h e sk u , th e e f t f or e le g ll l -

e r e i ai n de r i s th en cook e d o n th e s ame h eart h and

,

b
.

d d f t ed Th
ffl
l a re
y s a n a
a p
e b pf
h it , r l .

eat e n é y e w or s h 1ppe r s e ce r e moni a . i s o f c O u r se a se d o n t h e i d e a th at th e

g b
od i s

of t h e r o t h e r h oo d o f t h e tr i e b
W i i t th i bl c i e d to h i s h b
ang e r ad iti d a r e 1
'

iiiii i i
h n r o u e e c u s 0'

il t
n e s a e s s a v l
if en a y n o
ll
,

o app e ase w h i h some cr um s ar e f r i e d in o

a r o
b
and p n in a
spi ri t c a e d p a ta r , t c z e
l W b b
,

m ut fo d th e i r h ands and e at th e i r i i ams ) ll

tt h g
l (
’
be f o r e w h i c h a l e a r ow s . i

In so m e p a r 8 c a u r i a s W l l1 i t i s sai d, e at th e fl e sh of ammals w h i ch h a e di e d a v
natur a l de ath .
 Bti/wri a cus to ms .
77

Bi r th Obse r va n ce s —Th e child s n am e ch ose n by a B r ah man On is

’
.

th e fi ft h day a f te r bi r t h t h e m o t h e r t a k e s a lo ta f ul l o f w at e r o n h e r h e a d
t o t h e n e a r e s t w e ll a Br a h ma n i a n d N ai n w i t h o t h e r w o me n a cc o m p a n y
, , ,

i n g h e r a n d s i n g i n g s o n gs S h e t a k es w i t h h e r bh a nj o r (m o i s te n e d g r a i n )
.

o f g r a m o r bo r a a n d a f t e r w o r s hi i n g t h e w e ll t h r o w s s o m e of th e
j pp
bh a n ior wi t h a li t tl e w a t e r o ut o f h e r lo ta a n d a m a kka b r o ugh t by
,

t h e Br a h m n i o r Na i n i n t o t h e w e ll
a T h e r e st o f t h e bh a nj or i s .

di s tr ib ut e d a mo n g child r e n T h e m o t h e r i s d e e me d p ur ifi e d o n t h e
.

t e n t h day Ra th a ur c h ild r e n a r e t a k e n to th e se h r h a t Ni mr a n a t o
.

h a ve t h e i r h e a d s s h a ve d but t h e Pa n w ar s Ch auh an s an d Ba dg fijar s

, ,

a ll t a k e t h e i r s t o Ma s én i D e v i a t G u r g a o n .

We ddi n g r i tes —B e tr ot h a l i s n o t S p e c i ally i ni t i ate d by e i th e r sid e

.
,

bu t a s s o o n a s t h e n e g o t i at i o n s h a v e r e a ch e d a c e r ta i n s t a g e th e
’
gi r l s f a t h e r h is B r a h ma n o r n a i g o e s w i t h t h e fi l m a n d e v e n t h e
, .

p oo r e s t m a n c o n fi r ms t h e a g r e e m e n t by p r e se nt i n g a r up e e to t h e bo y .

We ll to do p e o pl e gi v e h i m a c a me l or g o l d e ar r i ngs
- -
.

Baur i a me n a r e i n t h e i r y o ut h s om e tim e s b r a n d e d M o st o f t h e i r
, , .

w o me n a r e t a tto o e d i n o n e o r mo r e p l a ce s on t h e f a ce vi a n e a r t h e , ,

o ut e r c o r n e r s of t h e e y e s a t t h e i nn e r co r n e r o f t h e l e f t e e
, y o n t h e l e ft ,

ch e e k an d on th e chi n h e n c e Ba ur i a w om e n a r e e a sily r e c o g ni z a bl e .

Baur i a s do n o t m ar r y w i t hi n t h e ir o w n go t, a n d i t i s s a id t h a t t h e
b r id e gr o o m mu st n o t be y o un g e r t h a n t h e br id e , a n d t h a t a bli n d o r
o n e e y e d ma n m u s t e s p o us e a bli n d o r
-
’
o n e -e y e d w oma n l
’
In s o me
tr ib e s , a d ds Mr Willi a ms , f a i r w o m e n a r e o n ly ma r r i e d t o fai r m e n ,
.

a n d t h e bla ck s k i n n e d, w hich f o r m t h e maj o r i t y , ma t e w i th o n e a n o t h e r .

T he gir l s f a th e r i n ti mat e s t h e d a t e fix e d for h e r w e ddi n g by

’

s e n di n g a s dh a ch i tt h i w r i t t e n i n S a n s k r i t a n d o n t h e day fix e d t he ,

T h e b r id e g r o om w e a r s t h e
’
w e ddi n g p a r t y g o e s t o t h e gi r l s h o u s e .

s ehm a n d h i s f o r e h e a d i s s me a r e d w i t h h a ldi T h e ce r e mo n i e s ar e .

all i n e sse n c e t h e s am e a s t h o se o b s e r v e d by t h e Raj u t s , e xc e p t t h at

p
n o k h cr a i s n a me d f o r t h e s i m pl e r e a s o n th a t th e Baur ias h a v e n o
,

fix e d a b o de s We ddi n g s a r e h o w e v e r n o t so l e mn i se d by s e n di n g t h e
.
, ,

o t ka o r h a tci r i n li e u o f t h e b r i de g r o o m Ba u r i a b r id e s w e a r a n e ckl a c e
p .

m a de o f h o r s e h a ir o n w h i ch a r e t h r e ade d g o ld an d s ilv e r b e ad s Thi s .

i s ca ll e d s oh a g s ti tr a an d i t i s w or n t ill t h e h usb an d s d e at h wh e n i t
'
’
,

i s b u r n t Wi t h h i s c or p se .

On a ma n s de a t h h is e ld e r an d th e n h is y oun g e r b r o th e r h av e t h e
’

fi r s t cl a i m to h i s w i do w s h a n d F a ili n g s uch n e a r ki n s me n a s tr a ng e r
’
.

ma y e s p o use h e r o n p ay me n t o f p i ch h a a s u m a s s e s se d by t h e ,

u n ch e s a n d p aid by t h e n e w h us b a n d t o t h e n e ar e st a g na te o f th e
p
de ce ase d s f a t h e r
’
.

Co h abi ta t i o n w i t h a w o ma n of a n o th e r ca s te is p un i s h e d by n ot
-

all o w i n g t h e o ff e n d e r to s m o k e w i t h t h e b r o th e r h o o d a n d th e w o ma n i s ,

r e g a r d e d a s a aur e t a n d h e r chil dr e n a s su r e t w ti l e ve n t ho ug h sh e
’
be a p ur e Raj p ut by c a st e I n fid e li t y on a wi fe s p a r t i s pur ge d a w a y
.

*
by pr e ssi n g a r e d h ot i r o n i n t o h e r to n gue .

Mr Willi ams
.
’
accoun t of the Bew ar i a mar ri ag e cus toms i s h ow e v er diffe rent and run s

bl v
E ach tr i a s ub di ision i s e ndog amous and e ach g o t exogamous to th e fath e r s
’

Marri ag e i s p e r mi tte d i n the moth e r s g ot e xc udi ng ne ar r e ati ons Marri ag e Wi thi n th

,
’
l l .
78 Edu ria sp ort .

The o b se r v an ces a t d e a t h di ff e r i n n o w ay fr om t h o se c ur r e n t
a mo n g or th o d o x Hi n d us T h e b on e s o f th e d e a d a r e t a k e n t o G a r h
.

Muke t sar a n d t h e r e t h r ow n i n to t h e G a n g e s Mr Willi a ms h o w e v e r . .

w r i te s — “
T h e d e a d o v e r s e ve n y e ar s o f a g e a r e b ur n t a mo n g m o s t o f
th e t r ib e s, t h o u g h s o me , a s t h e Bi daw a t i, p r a c t i se b ur i a l T h e co r p s e .

o f a y oun g p e r so n i s d r a p e d w i t h fi n e w hi te cl o t h , o f a n o ld m an w i t h

c oa r se cl oth , an d o f a w o man wi th t u r k e y r e d On t h e t hir d day a ft e r .

a f un e r al , b o il e d r ic e i s di st r ib ut e d a mon g y o un g gi r l s Wh e n a .

Baw a r ia w if e i s c r e m at e d h e r wi d o w e r ligh t s t h e pil e

'

A f at h e r pe r .

for ms t h e sa me o ffic e f or a son , a s o n fo r a f a t h e r , on f a ili n g s uc h

r e l at i o n ship , a n y n e ar r e l a t iv e On t h e t hi r d day f oll owi n g , t h e a s h e s
.

a r e co ll e c t e d a n d r ic e i s l a id o n s e v e n p ip a l l e a v e s an d p l a c e d a t t h e f e e t

o f t h e t r e e , c e r t a i n p e r son s b e i n g to l d to w a t ch f r om a d i st an c e If a .

cr ow e ats th e r ic e , i t i s a g oo d ome n but ba d if a dog de vour s i t T h e .

r i o d of moun r ni l ast s t w e lv e d ay s T h e c e r e mon y of s h r oi dh i s p e r

p e g .

f or me d i n A ssu, wh e n r ic e i s g i v e n to c r o w s, t h e id e a b e i n g to supply
t h e n e c e s si t ie s of th e de c e a se d i n a noth e r w or ld .

S p or ti ng —A dist i n gui shin g fe a tur e o f this p eopl e i s

t h e i r s hika r r in g p r o clivi t i e s In all p a r ts o f t h e P r o vi n c e t h e y h a v e
.

dogs l ar ge me sh e d n e ts f or cat chin g j a ckal s an d o th e r v e r mi n an d

, ,

t h on g n oo se s f or a n t e l o pe Wh e r e j un gl e i s t hick an d gam e pl e nt iful

.
,

s o r t s o me t i mes t a k e s t h e f or m of s l a ugh t e r G a me i s gr a d ually

p .

d r ive n in to an e n cl o s ur e f o r me d by t w o li n e s of s ta k e s se v er al f e e t ,

a p a r t e a ch t ip p e d w i t h a c olo ur e d r ag an d f o r mi n g a n a n gl e a t t h e
,

a p e x o f w hich ar e pl ant e d i n s e v er al p ar a ll e l r o w s th e li tt l e b am b o o
sta k e s wi t h slip k n ot t h o n g s looki n g in t h e di sta n c e l ik e a pa tch o f dr y
,

a ss Th e t hi r d s id e o f t h e t r i a n gl e i s f o r m e d by t h e Baw a r i a s wi th
g r .

de g a n d t o m t oms Wh e n th e b e at b e gi n s t h e l in e o f h e ate r s a dva n c e s

.
,

pr ohi bi te d de gr ee s of consang ui ni ty i s p uni sh e d wi th e xce mmuni catie n up to a p e ri od of 1 2

y e ar s , as among th e K uchband and oth e r cog nate tr i e s b
T h e h i gh e r g e ts i n th e s oci al s cale ,

l
ar e th e S e k h i o r S ulan khi , Panw ar , Ch oh an , Bh ati
, an d S ai nkh la, an d h e nce i nter marr i a e
,
g
wi th th e m i s sough t afte r for th e s ak e of th e ir ue oo d bl bl .

Marri ag e and e tr oth a occur w h e n both sexes h a e ar r i e d at adult age S e ns may

b l v v .

re main unmar r i e d w i th out i ncur r i ng o di um ; but , in th e cas e o f daugh ter s , th e

.

p a n ch dy a t
l l
i nte r fe r e s an d p e na tie s ar e i nf i cte d i f too much time i s allow e d t o p ass
Th e ce re moni e s at e troth a — sai ls o r ma n ga n i — ar e simp e
.

b l A n e mi ssar y of th e sui tor l .

x
’
l l v
mee tg by ap p oin tmen t, th e gi r s r e ati e s and h ands a sum r ang i ng fr om R s 5 to 9 to th e .

l l v
s e ni or ma e r e ati e p r e s e nt , w h o p ay s th e amoun t to th e gi r s f ath e r
’
T h e sui tor i s th en l .

v bl v
i n i te d, i f acce p ta e , t o th e e eni ng me a , w h e n th e cont r act i s made l An i nte rv a th e n .
l
p as se s be fore th e d a te of m ar i ag e i s x e d , p r e i ou s t o fi
w v
hi ch th e gi r s p ate rn al un c e i s i ts
’
l l v
t h e sui tor and gi e s h i m a r up e e v v b l v
“

S e e n day s e for e t h e w e ddi n , t h e s ame r e ati

.

g e
p r e s e n ts hi m se f an d t ie sl bl
ack cotton tag s r oun d th e y outh s ank es
‘

l .

Marr i ag e i s a w ay s by p h e m, as among tr i e s of th e s ame categ ory On th e day ap

l b .

l
po inte d, f our w oode n p e gs , a sp an ong , ar e dr i e n i nto th e g r oun d f or ming a s quar e a fir e v
li t i n th e ce ntr e an d co tton s ee d s te e p e d i n oil p ace d o e r i t A s q uar e coppe r coin (m hn s ur i l v .

T a i fl a ) i s p ut on th e t op of e ach p e g T h e coup e ci rc e s e e n time s r ound th e fi re w i

. l th a l v
knot ti e d i n th e i r g ar me nts , and th e ce r e mony e nds
.

A Br ah man i s usually p re sent and .

v
r ece i e s a donati on of R s 2 to 5 , .R s 24. to 1 00 , accor din g to th e s tatus of th e arti e
.

p s is
p a i d t o th e b
ri de s p ar e nt s, w h o p r e p ar e an out t of cook i n
’

g ute nsi s and c oth ing a fi nd

l l
r e tur n s ome of th e r up ee s i n a t h e n, o r b v l
.

r as s e sse Th e h ome-comi ng , or mu klaw a .

m l b b b
.

m t d t th i d
‘

c e r e o n y c o e s as an c o n s i s s 1n e r e s
e gi n se n t o h er h us and s h ouse wi th a
t ’

i ft o f a ch a da r from h e r par ents

g
Mar ri age by ka r ew a i s p ermi tte d and i s th e on y form p e rmi ssi e to wi dow s It i s l bl
.

v
a aile d of w h en a w oman i s de s ti tute , or h as no p ar ents vv b
.

A sur i in g roth e r i s r e ui r e d
q
.

t o marry th e w i dow , and, i n de fault, sh e may c ai m comp ensati on th r ough a p a nch o a t l y

Wh en a w idow marri e s, r acelets of acquer are p ut on h e r and a fin e of Rs 5 i mpose d A
b l
be
.

w oman con i cte d of a dultery 18 di sgr ace d and h er ch a dar tom , th e ma e accom li ce
v ing l
p
fine d f ro m R s 2 t o 4. b y th e p a m hd y at
”
.
 Bé w d—Be lddr . 79

wi t h g re at n oi se a nd h o wli n g ca usi n g t h e gam e to ga ll o p a w ay unti l th e ,

li n e o f s t a k e s i s r e a ch e d w h e n s car e d by t h e c o l o ure d r a gs t h e a n i mal s

,

g la n ce a s id e a n d s p ee d t o w a r d s t h e a e x
p w h e re a cl e a r s p ace a
pp ea rs ,

w i t h n o v i s i bl e ob s ta cl e but so me t u f ts o f f a m iliar g r ass In a tt e mpt i n g .

t o cl e a r t h e se some a n t e l op e a r e c augh t i n th e t h o ng s an d th ro w n
,

vio l e n tly to th e g r oun d w h e n t h e i r t h r e at s a r e cut ,

.

Bi w i f e rn B i w i
i , a t i tl e gi ve n t o t h e m a l e de s c e n d an ts o f t h e fi r s t th r e e
.

G u us o f t h e Sikh s ; ( 2) a f a ki r o r s ddh ti ; t h e h e a d o f an o r d e r of
’
r

mon k s .

B A WAH a J at cl a n (a g r i c ul tur a l ) fo un d i n M ul tan

,
.

B A WR E a J é t cl an (a g r ic ul tur a l ) f ou n d i n Shahp u r
,
.

BazAz ( l) a cl o t h d e a l e r (2) a s e c t i o n o f t h e A r o ra s
,
-
.

B A Z ID K HEL a s e c t i o n o f t h e J a w ak i A fr i di s f o un d i n B ai z a i K oha t
, , .

’
Bézi e as fr Pe r s bdzi , p
. l ay T h e Ba .z i g a r i s u s u a lly a M uh a mmad a n
,
‘
.

,
th e Na t a Hi n du A mo n g th e Ba z i g a r b o t h s e x e s p e f o r m but
.
r
,

a m o n g Na ts o n ly t h e m al e s S o me s ay th e Baz i g a r i s a t um bl e r an d .

t h e Na t a r o pe d an c e r o t h e r s t h at th e f o r me r i s a j uggl e r a n d a l so an
-
,

a cr oba t t h e l a t t e r a n a c r o b a t o n ly
,
In th e Ea s t e r n P unj ab t h e .

Baz i g ar is t e r me d Badi S e e Nat . .

In F e r o ze p ur t h e Ba z i g a r s h a v e a s h r i n e a t S a dh a i w ala b uil t i n ,

h on o ur o f a n o ld w om a n w h o di e d n o t m a n y y e a r s ag o Li no r is .

p o u r e d i n to a cup s h a p e d h ole i n t hi s t o m b a n d d r un k
-
W e di n g s .

i n f a m ilie s which a ff e c t t hi s s h r i n e a r e g e n e r a lly s ol e mn i se d t h e r e .

Th e y h av e a Raj a a n d h is w if e i s R an i Be t h s e ttl e di sp ute s w it h out

, .

a pp e a l a n d a r e a l most w or s hipp e d t h e l a t t e r b e i n g a t t e n de d by a ,

n u mb e r o f w o m e n w h o c a r r y h e r l o n g t r a i n Baz i g a r c amp s c onsist .

of r e e d h uts pi t ch e d i n r e g u l ar lin e s Th e c aste is s aid to b e ‘ ’

.

r e c r ui t e d f r o m v a r i o us c a t e s e v e n B r a h ma n s a n d J ets but e a ch s
, ,

s ub div is i on i s e n d o g a mous T h e B az ig a r s a r e i n f ac t o n ly a n occ up a ti on .

a l g r o up .

BE D a se c t io n o f th e Muh i als
,
* .

B ED A I ( l) a mus ici an c a s t e in L a dakh : s e e In d Ar t 1 90 i p 330 ; (2) t he

,
‘
"
. .
, .

c a s t e w hich s uppl i e s t h e p o t e n t i a l vic t i m w h o r id e s o n t h e r e pe a t

t h e Bih un da s a c r i fi c e s i n t h e U pp e r S ut l e j v all e y s e e N o r th I n di a n
No te s and Q u e r i es , IV , [ 44 .

Bani , f e m B e d a n . e s di ), a s e c t i o n o f th e K h a t r i c as te t o wh ich G uru

Na n a k , t h e f o un d e r o f Sikhi sm, be lon ge d It i s divid e d i nt o t w o s ub .

s e c t i o n s , w h ich i n t e r mar r y .

BEG EK E, Kh a rr a l cl a n (a gr ic ul tural ) fo un d i n Mo n tgo me r y B r e n a se p t

a .

o f t h e J o i y a s in B a ha w a l pur .

B EL D AR f r be l ma tto ck On e w h o w or ks i n m o r tar e t c wi th a h o e or a
,
.
, .
, .
,

s pade a l a b o ur e r w h os e w o r k i s t o di g o r de lv e In t h e We s t e rn
, .

P u n j ab th e t e r m i s a p pli d t o t h e 0 d q e
, .

Th e S ans k ri t a mba s h t h ct or o a i dy a Ivulg ba i d y a be d ), a p rofe ss or of me dicin e

’ ’

eg otte n
.
, b
by a Brahman on a V ais y a w oman
'

( Ce le br ooke s E ss ay s , p . .

T
In T r a i ll s S ta t i s ti ca l A ccou n t of K u ma o n (r e p r i n t e d f r o m A s i a ti ck R e s e a r ch e s V o l X VI
’

v
.

i n U fli ci a t R e p or t s o n t h e Pr ov i n ce of K um a ou , 1 87 8) a t p 5 1 a n acco un t i s g i e n o f t h e .

p r o p i t i a to r y f e s t i a s h e d i n V i a g e s de d i ca t e d t o Ma h ade a
vl l ll
A t t h e s e ba rns o r r o p e v .

da n ce r s ar e e n g ag e d t o p e r f o r m o n t h e t i g h t -r ap e o r s i de do w n a n i n c i n e d r e e s t r e tch e d
p l l
f r o m t h e summi t o f a c i ff t o t h e a e y e n e a t h l v ll
Th e ba di s do n ot ap pe ar t o be a cas te b .
‘

,
80 Ben ach —Bhab ra.

B E NACH g cl g ic l r a l ) f oun d in A mr i t s ar
D , a r a an (a r ou t u .

E E NAWA
- BA NAWA) (l) a d oub t f ul s y n - —
f or li e s h a m : (2) o r Ba n a wa *
.
- -
,

a cc o r di n g t o Mr Ma cl a g a n o n e o f t h e mos t p r omi n e n t o f t h e
.

B sh a r i i or u n o r t h o do x o r d e r s o f I slam a n d sa id t o be f ollo w e r s o f o n e
’
e -
,

Kh w aj a H a s an Ba s r i T h e t e r m i s some ti m e s a p p ar e n tly a p pli e d i n .

a l o o s e m a n n e r t o Q adi r i a n d Ch i s h t i f a q zr s bu t i t i s p r o p e r ly a p p lic a bl e
'

on ly to a e y v r i n f e r i o r s e t o f b e gg a r s — m e n w h o w e a r p a t ch e d g a r m e n t s
a n d liv e art Th ey will b f or a n y t hi n g e xc e p t f o o d a n d in
a
p e
g . ,

b e ggi n g t h e y will u s e t h e s tr on g e st l a n g ua g e ; a n d t h e s tr o ng e r t h e
l a n g uage t h e m o r e p le a se d a r e t h e p e r son s fr o m w h o m t h e y be g M a ny
,
.

o f t h e o ff e n s iv e n a me s b o r n e by vill a g e s i n t h e G uj r an w al a D i st r ic t
a r e a t t r ib ut e d t o me n dic a n t s of t hi s or d e r w h o hav e be e n d e n i e d ,

a n a l ms Th e p r o p e r cour s e i s t o me e t a Be n a wa b e gg a r wi t h gib e s
.
-

a n d p ut h i m o n h is m e t t l e f or h e p r id e s h i mse lf o n h i s p o w e r o f
r e ar t e e a n d e v e r y Be n a wa w e ar s a t h o n g o f l e at h e r whic h h e h a s t o -
p ,

u n l o o se wh e n b e a t e n i n r e p ly a n d i t i s a s o ur c e o f g r e a t sh a me f o r hi m ,

t o un l o o s e t hi s t h o n g (tas ma kh o l de n d) T h e Be n a w a s a p p e a r t o be r ar e
’

-
.

i n t h e w e st of th e P un j a b a n d t h o se i n o u r r e tur n s a r e m a i n ly f r o m ,

K a r n al J ull u n d ur L u dhia n a a n d H o s hiar pu r

, , .

B as s o a J at cl a n (a gr icu l tu r a l ) f oun d i n M u l tan

,
.
.

B s S HAR A a t e r m a ppl i e d to th e i r r e gul ar o r un o r t h o do x o r d e r s o f I s lam

-
,

w h o s e fo l l o w e r s w hil e c a lli n g t h e mse lv e s Mu s a lman s , do n o t a e c o m ,

mo da t e t h e i r l iv e s t o t h e p r i n ci pl e s o f a n y r e ligi o u s cr e e d cf de dd . .

T h e Be s li a r a or d e r s i n cl ud e t h e Be n a wa G ur z mar M a da r i a n d R a sfil
« -
, ,

sh ah i s.
BE sK U , s . w a tch man of h a r v e st e d g r a i n
m . th e .

B ETA (i n cor r e ctly BAT IA ) a sma l l o utc a st e g r o u p f o un d in S p i t i c or r e sp o n d

, ,

i n g t o t h e R e s ie o f K u llii Th e y l iv e by be g g i ng m a k in g w h ip s f o r .
,

t h e me n a n d b r a c e l e t s o f s h e ll f o r t h e w o me n a n d a t t e n di n g w e d di n g s ,

a s mus ici an s a l o n g w i t h t h e bl a ck s mi t h s Bl a ck s mi t h s do n o t e at w i t h .

t h e m o r t a k e th e i r w o me n a s w iv e s M e r e ly t o d r i n k w a t e r o ut o f a n .

o t h e r m a n s v e s s e l c o n v e y s n o p o ll u t i o n i n S p i t i a n d i n t h e high e r p a r t s
’
,

o f t h e Spi t i v a ll e y th e h oo ka h i s a l s o c o mm o n t o a ll w hil e i n t h e l o w e r

p a r t s He s i s a r e m e r e ly r e q ui r e d t o sm ok e f r o m t h e b o w l o f th e c om mon
ip e t h r o u gh a st e m p r o vid e d by t h e m s e l v e s
p .

BETU th e syn on ym for D a g i

,
u se d i n th e S ar aj ta h s il o f K ullii
’

BE rHi a S a y y id cl an (a g r ic ul t u r a l ) f o u n d i n A m r i t sa r
'
, .

Bs ABs A a J at cl an (a g r ic ul t u r a l ) f o un d i n M ul ta n
, a s e p t o f th e S a mw a s i n
B ahaw al pur .

B33333 f e m Bh ab r i a c a ste o f th e J a i ni s chi e fly e n g a g e d i n t r a d e Th e t e r m

,
.
, , .

Bhab r a ap p e a r s t o be o f g r e a t a n t i qui ty b e i n g f o u n d i n a n i n sc r i p t i o n o f ,

A so k a T h e n ame i s n w f a n ci f u ll y d e r iv e d f r o m Bh a o bh a la
.
o
on e o f ,
go o d i n te n t Th u t i n J ull un dur t h e Bh abr a a t t r ib u te t h e i r n a me t o
,
’
s

t h e i r r e fusa l t o w e a r t h e j a n e o a t t h e i n s t a n c e o f o n e Bi r S w a mi w h o
t h e r e u p o n de cl a r e d t h a t t h e i r f a i t h (bh ti ) w as g r e a t T h e t e r m Bhab r é .

h o w e v e r a pp e a r s to b e u se d by o ut si de r s o f a n y Ban ia s e s p e ci a l ly cf ,

th e Os w al s an d o t h e r s w h o se h o m e i s i n R aj pu t a n a w h e t h e r t h ,

s:
Be -naw é can be th e on ly cor r ect for m, me aning w i th o ut th e ne ce s sari e s of lif e a
a me n dicant .

f Bh a o, moti ve ,
h ba lu, g oo d
82 h
B a ch a r — Bh ag ti .

i
i n mar r a e , g whil e th e S r i ni z
i l o b s e r v e t h e f o u r
g o t r ule O ’
n t h e o t h e r -
.

h an d t h e Bh abr as o f Nab h a a r e s aid t o h a v e t w o sub c a s t e s : O s wal , w h o -

o b s e r v e t h e f o ur o t r ul e , a n d K u n de w a l K li a ii de lw al), w h o a v o id o n ly
g
-

l
t h e p a t e r n a go t i n m r a r i a g e * A n d a g ai n i n Mal e r K o t l a t h e Bh abras
.

o r O s w al s a r e s a i d t o a v o id t w o go ts T h e J a i n Bh abras ar e s tr i c tly .

mo n o ga mo us, a se c o n d w i f e n o t b e i n g p e m i t d d i g r t e u r n t h e li f t i me o f
e -

t h e fi r s t u n d e r a n y cir cum s t a nce s i F o r fu r t h e r i n f or m a t i o n r e g a r d in g

’

th e A gg a r w al , Os w al , e tc , s e e B AN IA, a n d f o r t h e Ja i n se c t a r i an .

di v i si o n s s e e JA IN .

B H ACHAR a Kh o kh ar cl a n (a g r ic ul tur a l ) f oun d i Shahp u r

g
.
,

B HAD A H a J at cl a n (a g r i c ul tu r a l ) fo u n d i n Mull n
,
.

BHADD hR a n a g r ic ul tu r a l cl a n f o u n d i n Shah p ur
,
.

B HAD IAR a tr ibe o f Ja ts i n S ialk o t w h i ch cl a i ms S o l a r R a q t o r igi n an d

, , ,

i s d e s c e n d e d f r om it s e po ny m 7 th i n d e sc e n t f r o m h i m
’

A t ii .
, ,

c am e f r o m A jii dh i a a n d t o o k s e r vic e un d e r th e s ss of J a mm ii
’ ’

BHAD R O a n A R AIN cl a n (a g r ic u l tur a l ) f o u n d i n A mr i t s a r a n d M o n t g o m e r y

,
.

B HA GAIL a J at cl an (a g r icul tur a l ) fo un d i n M ul t a n

,
.

B HAGA T B HAG WAN S e e un d e r U ni si

. .

BHAG AT an a gr icu l tur a l cl a n f o u n d i n Shah p u r

,
.

B HA G A r P-
A NT H i — A s e c t o
. f t h e N a n a k p a n t h i s which a
p p e ar s t o b e q u i te -

di s t i n c t f r o m th e Bh a g tis o r f o ll o w e r s o f Baba S ur a j o f Ch ah a Bh a g t ai
i n t h e K a h ii t a t a h si l o f R a w a l p i n di It i s f o un d in th e B an n u D i s t r ic t
’
.
,

i n P a har pu r a n d i n t ah si l D e r a I s m ai l Kh an
,
Th o ugh t h e y r e v e r e n c e .

t h e G r an th t h e Nan a k p a n t h i s o b s e r v e t h e u sua l Hi n d u c e r e mo n i e s a t
,
-

m a r r i a g e o r d e a th bu t t h e Bh a g a t p a n t h i s do n o t ,
T h e y t a k e th e -
.

G a n th t o t h e i r h o u s e s a n d r e a d c e r ta i n p o r t i o n s o f i t a t w e ddi n gs
r ,
.

M a r r i a g e a n d b e tr ot h a l c e r e mo n i e s may be p e r f o r me d a t a dh a r ms ci la ,

o r t h e m a r r i a g e ma y b e c e l e b r a t e d by t a ki n g t h e G r a n t/ i t o t h e h o us e

a n d t h e r e r e ci t i n g p o r t i o n s o f i t No f un e r a l r i t e s a r e p e r f o r m e d a n d .

t h e d e a d a r e b ur i e d n o t b ur n t P a s s a g e s f r o m t h e G r a n th a r e r e a d
,
.

f o r a f e w d a y s a f t e r t h e de at h A n d o n o cc a s i o n s o f m a r r i a g e o r d e a t h
.

h a r dh p a r s h ad i s di s t r ib ut e d T h e r e i s n o r u l e of ch h i i t o r to u ch
‘ ’
.
,

f o r biddin g c o n ta c t w i th o t h e r c a s t e s T h e s e c t ma k e s n o pilg r i m a ge s .
,

a v o id s i d o l a t r y a n d p e r f or m s n o s h r adh f o r t h e d e a d
, D a ily w o r s h i p .

i s a n e s se n t i a l duty a n d c o n s i s t s i n r e ci t a t i o n s o f t h e G r a n th a t s ix
s t a t e d h o ur s o f t h e da y v i a b e fo r e s u n r i s e b e f o r e n o o n a ft e r n o o n
, , , , ,

b e fo r e s un se t i n t h e e v e n i n g a n d a t n igh t A t w o r s hi p t h e y s i t d o w n
, .

e igh t t i me s r i s i n g e i g h t t i m e s a n d m a ki n g e i g h t p r o s tr a t i o n s
, T hi s .

a f te r
s e c t t h u s s t r iv e s
p u r e Sikhi sm a n d f r e e d om f r om B r a h m i n ic a l
s up r e m a cy .

B H AG G U a s u
,
b d ivi s i on o f J ate .

BH A G T I ,
a G o s a i n s u b s e ct o r o r d e r s a id t o h a v e b e e n f o u n de d by Ka ns h i
-
,

R ai n a b r o th e r o f S zi i n das T h e l a tt e r w a s a B r a h ma n B a i r agi w h o s e
’
.
,

s o n Ra m a n a n d h a s a s h r i n e w e ll k n o w n i n a n d a b ou t t h e G u j r a n wala -
,

D i s tr ic t a t B a ddo k e ,
Hi s s e ct h a s m a n y f o ll o w e r s a mo n g t h e m o r e
.

r e s p e c t a b le K h a t r i a a n d Br a h m an s o f L a h
o r e a n d i t s n e ighb o u r h o o d .

Ti ll r e ce n t ly th e
g l
Os w a o f t h e Pun j a b a oi de d t w o ot s i n m ar r i a e a n d t h e D h u
g , n dia s v
am h m t i ll d
o 8 0 ’ bu t i n 1 908 a l e a t a s s e m b a e o f t h e Pu e i a s l lv l
j
‘

o n g t e S g g r e so e d t h a t on y
r

the p a t e r n a g ot l
n e e d be a o i de d v .

1
. v
Th i s i s h ow e e r sai d t o be me r e y a couns e o f p e r f e cti on l l .
 Bha gtzd— Bh ango 83
’

BHAG Ti A, a mu
ici an w h o a c comp a n i es da n ci n g bo y s
s .

BHAIns a J et cl a n (ag r ic ul t u r a l ) f o un d i n A m r i tsa r

, .

Ba a ms r i a G fij a r cl a n (a g r ic ul tu r a l ) f o u n d i n A mr i t s a r
, .

BHA J OK A a n a g r ic ul t ur a l cl a n fo u n d i n Shahp ur
, .

BBX K HR I se e B A K HR I .

BHAK R I t L on e of t h e g r o u
, p o f t r ib e s w hic h h o ld c o n sid e r a bl e a r e as in
t h e s o u th e a s t o f t h e Ra w a l p i di D i s tr i ct
-
T h e Bh a k r al a r e a l s o f o u n d
n .

i n so me n u mb e r s i n Jh e l u m a n d G uj r at L ik e t h e B udhal t h e y .

r o b a bl c m f o m t h e J a mm u t e r r i t o r y a c r o s s t h e J h e lu m Th e y do
p y a e r .

n o t a p r o v e o f w id o w m a r r i a g e A l a r ge n um b e r o f t h e t r ib e l
p .
a so
r e t ur n t h e ms e l v e s a s P an w a r 1 11 R a w a l p i n di a nd t h e t r ib e m a y be ,

cl a s se d a s Raj p ut .

BHA KR i a S ayyid cl a n (a g r ic u l t u r a l ) f o un d in M o n tg o me r y .

BHAL An a J at cl a n (a g r ic ul tur a l ) foun d i n M u l ta n

, .

BHALE nA H a J at e lm (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) f o un d in M ul t an
, .

B HA L K A a se pt o f t h e B al o ch i n Si n dh Baha w a l pur an d D e r a G ha z i Khan

, , ,

s a id t o be a d di c t e d t o r o bb e r y .

BHAL L O WANA a n a g r i cu l t u r a l cl a n fo un d i n Shahp ur

,
.

B HAMA N a J at cl an (a gr ic ul t ur a l ) foun d in A mr i t sa r
,
.

BHA MBAI a J e t cl an (a g r ic ul t u r a l ) f o un d i n A mr i t s ar
,
.

BHA MY E a G uj ar cl a n (a gr i cul t ur a l ) f o un d i n A m r i t s a r
,
.

B HAND B ri a n a — T h e Bha n d o r Na q qal i s t h e s t o r y t e ll e r j o k e r a n d

,
-
, ,

b uffo o n a n d i s o f t e n a l so c a ll e d Ba h a T h e n ame c o m e s f r o m t h e
,
s .

Hi n di bh dn da “
b u ff o o n i n g He i s s e p a r a t e f r o m a n d o f a lo w e r
.
”
,

e Ba h r ti i a r e c o m mo n ly k e p t b
’

p r o f e s s i o n a l s ta t u s t h a n t h p a B t h e
y
.
,

Raja s * a n d o t h e r w e a l t h y m e n lik e t h e j e s t e r o f t h e e a r ly E n g li s h
n o bl e bu t b o t h a l s o w a n d e r a b o u t t h e
,
c o u n t r y a nd p e r fo r m t o s t r e e t
a u di e n c e s T h e Bhan d i s n o t a t r u e ca s t e a n y mo r e t h a n t h e
.

Ba h r fip i a a n d i s p r o b a bly o f t e n a M i i a i b y c s t e
,
E llio t t s e e ms t o s a .

i m ply t h a t Ba h r ii p i a is a ca s t e a n d Bha n d a n o cc up a t i o n ; b ut t h e
’

f o r me r s t at e m e n t i s c e r t a i n ly n o t t r ue i n t h e Pun j a b .

B HAN DA R a J at cl a n (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) f o u n d i n A mr i t s a r
,
.

BHA ND E L A a m i n o r c a st e t o u n d i n S ir m fi r a n d c r r e sp o n di n g to t h e
, ,
o

S i kli ga r o f t h e pl a i n s T h e y a p p e a r t o h a v e c o m e f r o m Ma r w a r i n t h e
.

M u gh a l ti m e s a n d r e ta i n t h e i r p e c uli a r s p e e ch a n d i n t o n a t i o n Sik h s .

by r e ligi o n t h e y ar e d e al e r s i n a r ms e tc by o cc u p a t i o n a n d ar e sa i d
, , ,

t o b e much giv e n t o c r i me .

B a t man 9 J at cl a n (a g r ic ul t ur al ) fo un d i n A m r i t s ar
,
. .

BHA NG G i f e m BHA lS G G A N (al so a w o m a n w h o d r i n k s t h a n q )

,
. A man of t h e .

sw e e e r c a s t e : a l so a m a n b e l o n gi n g t o t h e Bh a n g gi mi s l
p .

Ba nno e t i f e m Ba anoo ns an a de a l e r i n bh a n g
, .
, .

BHA NGO a t r ib e o f Ja t s fo un d i n Sialk o t w hi ch cl a i ms S o l a r Raj p u t

,

a n c e str y an d i s d e s c e n d e d f r o m i t s e po n y m w h o c a m e f ro m Ne p a l , .

A l so f o u n d i n A mr i t s a r (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) a n d i n M o n t g o m e r y a s a Hi n d u
J at cl an (a gr ic ul t ur a l ) .

K ade h Bh an d k n ow n a s K é di r Ba kh s h w as a f a m o u s Bh an d , . w h o ne r d t o g o fu n)
o ne cour t t o an ot h er T h e Mah ar aja o f Pa t i aa g a e h i m a i a g e
. l v v ll .
84’ B h n gti
a ' —Bh w di r .

which t cl a i m Raj p g ut or i i n. Th e
d s n o
BHLNGfi Bh ang g fi a J at t ib r e * o e
, ,
h li st i h bi t a n t s o f t h e Jh a ng
Bh an gua n d N0 1 w e r e amon g t e e a r e n a
t h t
c t ry b u t Sh o r k o t t h e N 0 1 h o l d i n g a
i
D st r ic t a n d h e l d t h e o u n a o ,

h d v t o f t h e S i al s by w h o m b o t h t r ib es
r o und J h an g i t s e l f b e f o r e
t e a e n ,

P b bly t h e s am e a s t h e Bh a n g o s u
p ra .

w e r e o ve r th r o w n r o a .
,

g ic l r l) f o u d i n A m r i t s ar
BHANi WAL a J a t cl ( u t u a n .

a n a r
,

f H h ia p u a nd
D M A i t h l o w e r h ill s o o s r r
E HANJ R R a s y n o n y m f o r U N n e
,
i i g f n d o t h e r a r t i cl e s

G u r da p u r H e m ak e s s i e v e s w n n o w n an s a
,
s .

S e r ial d D a o h s t h e
d b m b Lik e t h e S a n s o i s s a n ,
o f g r a ss a n a o o ,

cc u p t i o n
.

a l g r o u p o f t h e D u m n a s w i t h ,
Bh an j r a s m a y b e r e g a r d e d a s a n o a

w h om t h e y i n t e r m ar r y .

c pi a bd a h o r 1 2 v ill a g e s i
'

m m e di a t e ly
B HA NOT a R aq t cla n w hi c h o c u e s r
T h
,
d P d r a w a Sal e m p u r a n d P o s i e
h h k
.
a
n or t h o f G a r s a n a r ro u n ,

d i v d b e c a us e t h e y c d w e l t i n t h e
f m b a n o n e
n a m e i s f an ci f ully
e r e r o ,

h d w th e b f t s o f t h e S i wa li k s a n d t h e y a r e
of
a n o r o r e s ,
ba n o t or s a o

a g r ic ul t u r a l ) fo u n d i n A m r i ts a r
BHA nR i nAY E , a G uj a r cl an ( .

g r ic u l t ur a l ) f o un d i n A mr i t sar
BHAnnA s , J at clan (a
.

cl in Jind w h o se a th e r a is a G osa i n
B HANWAL A a s mall J t
a an g .
,
,

Raj f d i G j a t i m m ig n t s f rom
B HAO a s e p t o f R a g hb an si p u t s o u n n u r
,
r a
,
,
i J m m d t h e n c e i n t o t h e G u j r a t s u b m o n t a n e -

A ju d h i t u n .

a n o a a
hich gg Raj t a igi i id t o be
The m r h a
p s s u e s t s a
p u n a o r n s s a
w p e ,
n a e ,
d e r iv e d fr o m t h e f e a r (bh a o ) w hich th e t r ib e i n s pi r e d : but o t h e r s
Bh w f h t d h n c e e a r n e d t h e t i t l e
s ay t h e a o e r e r e e o o e r s a n e - .

Bh k igh d t h y t h M ha d J al r e e t one
Th e ao r a n h a n e e a n s
,
a n u r g , ,

h T h y l i t m y w i t h t h C h i b h s o f K a d h a l e
a n ot e r J a i de o e a so n .
e a r r e r

i t h h t f t h t t ib o w i ng t o an
a n d A mb a r i ala ; b t u n o t w t e r e s o a r e ,

ci d T he fi r st t i p f m d t Kil i t a
p l a c e i n
ent f e u n
o s u r e s e r o r e a ,
an .

S am r al a i n J amm u t e r r i to r y
,
.

BE AR a J al; cl a n (a gr ic ul tur a l ) fo u n d i n M ul t an
,
.

BHAR AH, BHABAH, t w o J at cl an s (a g r ic ul t ur al ) f o un d in M ul t a n : (p o ss ibly

o n e an d t h e s a m e ) .

BHAR Ai s —T h e Bh a r ai s d t h r o ugh o ut t h e s e P r o vi n c e s a r e
w ho ar e s ca t t e r e

a l s o k n o w n a s Pi r h a i n fi a n a m e w h i ch i s e x p l a i n e d t h u s

O n e B uk an J 31? w a s a d e v o t e e o f S a khi S a r w ar w h o o n e da y s a i d
t o h i m tuj h e Pi ” : di th e s a i n t s mo n t h h a s f a ll e n e n t h e e W h ence
‘ ’

, ,

th e n a me Pir h a i .

l ilfif S a
3 3 A n o t h e r a cc o u n t s a y s t h a t a f te r le a v i n U h u nk i i
( ) ll
y sl d
ii :
L a
77
i
A h m a d W e n t t o Mu l t a n a n d r e s te d f o r a vh i k a t al t
p l ce
mo t h e r s a n
’
s u t h o f Shahk o t, w h i ch w a s t h e h o me o f h is ce s t o r s
o ,

R i h a n Ja ts by c a s t e A t M ul t a n a n A f g h a n chi e f h a d a da u gh t e r t
d
.

w h o s e h a n d m a n y o f t h e Shahk o t y o ut h s a s pi r e d, b ut n o n e w e r e d e e m e

Pa nj a bi D ie t y gi e s Bh ang fi s ( s i c) as
“Th e v
m 0 l g mi l i l m
agbfd
3 i
i ii
.
C

m P d b
o o u

h t
o

h e f or n 8 a o e i n u i S h a
T n ll i
‘
T r ai 1 s i s e ar i n a
i a a1s o 5 31 d
‘
i an
p i t0
me an d r u mm e r a n d 1 3 p osmbly connect e d w i th Bh ar ai _ Cr o k
o e ,
°

Th i n gs India :
 Bha/r di tr adi ti ons .

w or thy . h o w e v e r t h e Afgha n i n vi te d S ayyid A h ma d to a

On e day , ,

f e a s t a n d b e gg e d h i m t o a c ce p t h i s d a ugh te r i n ma r r i a g e Thi s o ff e r .

t h e s a i nt a cc e p t e d a n d t h e si h r a b e l o w which w a s c o mp o s e d o n t h is
, .
,

o cc a s i o n i s s t ill s un g w i t h g r e a t r e v e r e n ce
,
T h e mi r ci s i h o w e v e r .
, ,

n e gl e c t e d t o a t t e n d t h e w e ddi n g p un c t u ally a n d w h e n h e di d a
pp e ar , ,

t h e s a i n t s p r e s e n t o f a pi e c e o f bl ue cl o t h
’
r e j e c te d y a r ds i n ,

l e n g t h a t t h e i n s tiga t i o n o f t h e Ja ts a n d P tha n s s a yi n g i t w a s o f n o
,
a ,

us e t o h i m H e a r i n g t h i s t h e S a y yi d g a v e i t t o Sh a ikh B ud dh a a
.
,
“
J at w h o h a d b e e n b r o u gh t u p w i t h h im s a y i n g Thi s i s a bi n dt ,

( b a d g )
e t i e i t r o u n d ,y o u r h ead an d be a t a dr um We n e e d n o , .

mi r as i a n d w h e n y o u a r e i n a n y di ffi c u l t y r e m e mb e r me i n t h e s e
,

w o r ds — D a i mj i Ba bdi u s a w dr i a boh a r K dli K a kki u ti li a — H e l p m e

’

’
-
,

i n t i m e o f t r o ubl e t h o u o w n e r o f Kali K a kk i ! Yo u a n d y o u r ,

de s c e n d a n t s h a v e co m e un d e r o u r p r o t e c t i o n p a n dh a n d y o u s h a ll be , ,

c all e d p an el/i i Thi s t e r m b e c a m e c o r r u p te d i n t o Pa r a h in i n t i me

.
”
.

Th us t h e a cc o un t c o n t r a dic t s i t s e l f a s t h e n a me i s s a i d t o b e d e r iv e d ,

f ro m Pa r a h in a pl a c e , .

T h e t e r m Bh e r a i i t s e l f i s u s u a lly de r i v e d f r o m ch a uki bh a r n a li t , .

t o k e e p a vi gil i n w h ich a r e s un g p r a i s e s o f t h e S a k hi
’
‘
, But a n o t h e r .

a n d l e s s s i m pl e a cc o u n t say s t h a t o w i n g t o h i s ma r r i a g e S a yyi d
A h m a d i n c u r r e d t h e e n m i t y o f t h e Ja ts a n d P atha n s o f S hahk o t a n d
l e f t t h a t p l a c e f o r A fgha n i s t a n a cc o mp a n i e d by Bibi Ba i Ran a Mia n , , ,

a n d h i s y o un ge r b r o t h e r T w e n t y fi v e m il e s f r o m D e r a G ha z i Kha n .
-

t h e y h al t e d N o w a t e r w a s t o be f o un d s o t h e S a y y id mo u n t e d
.
,

h i s m a r e Kali K a kki a n d a t e v e r y s t e p s h e t o o k w a t e r ca m e up His .

u r s u e r s h o w e v e r w e r e cl os e a t h a n d a n d wh e n t h e y o v e r t oo k h i m
p , , ,

t h e S a kh i w a s s l a i n a n d b ur i e d wh e r e h e f e ll T h e s p o t is k n o w n a s
, .

Ni g ah a a n d st ill a b o un d s i n s pr i n g s .

Y e a r s a f t e r Is a a m e r ch a n t o f B o kh a r a a n d a d e v o te e o f S a k hi
,
.

S a r w a r w a s v o y a gi n g i n t h e I n di a n Oc e a n wh e n a s t o r m a r o s e Is a
, .

i n v o k e d t h e s a i n t s a i d a n d s a v e d th e s hi p O n l n di n g h e j o ur n e y e d
’
. a

t o M u l t a n w h e r e h e l e a r n t t h a t th e s a i n t h a d b e e n kill e d On r e a chi n g
‘

Ni g ah a h e f o un d n o tr a c e s o f h i s to mb bu t n o fi r e c ould be k i n dl e d ,

o n t h e s p o t a n d i n t h e m o r ni n g a s th e y l o a d e d
,
th e c a m e l s t h e i r l e g s
b r o k e S a k hi S a r w a r d e s c e n d e d f r o m t h e hil l o n h i s ma r e h oldi n g
.
,

a s pe a r i n h i s h a n d a n d w a r n e d t h e m e r ch a n t t h a t h e h a d d e s e c r a t e d
,

h is t omb a n d m us t r e b uild i t a t a c o s t o f 1 % la kh s He w a s t h e n t o .

b r i n g a bli n d m an a l e p e r a d a e n n u n u ch *
f r o m B o kha r a a n d
, ,

e n t r u s t i t s s u p e r vi s i o n t o t h e m On e da y w h e n t h e bl i n d ma n s t um bl e d .

n e a r t h e t o m b h e s a v e d h i m s e l f by cl u t chi n g a t s o m e ka hi g r a s s wh e r e

u p o n h i s s i gh t w as r e s to r e d a n d h i s de s c e n d a n t s a r e s t ill k n o w n a s t h e
K a hi l h e e un u ch w a s a l s o c ur e d a n d h i s d e s c e n d a nt s a r e c all e d
.
' ‘

Sh a ikh T h e l e pe r t o o r e c o v e r e d a n d h is d e s c e n d a n t s t h e K a l a n g a r e
.
, , ,

s t il l fo u n d i n N i g ah a T o c o mm e mo r a t e t h e i r c u r e s a ll t h r e e b e a t a
.

dr u m a n d S a kh i S ar w a r a p pe a r e d t o t h e m s ay i n g
,
He w h o i s my ,

f o ll o w e r w ill e v e r b e a t th e dr u m a n d r e m a i n ba r a hi fl s o un d
‘ ’
n or ,

w ill h e e v e r l a c k an y t h i n g H e n c e t h e p ilg r i ms to Nig ah a b e c a m e .

”

k n o w n as Bh a r ai e .

Bur ton s Pi lg r i ma ge Me di n a Me cca

'

F or e un uch s as at t e ndants
* at sh r ines s ee to . a nd ,

V o l I p 37 1
. , . .

r e main

L3
“
1 Bh a r a i n th e ph rase ham bh a r a , an d f r ui tf ul
’
. r a ho gr ee n p r osp e r ous or .

P . p 4 80 o .
86 Bh ar i
c i L Bh a rbh ti nj a u
--

h a f m c t b t o c c u
S tr ic tly s p e ak i n g t he B
u a n
a r ts d o n o t o r a a s e ,

b h er h d w hic h c o m p r i s e s m e n o f m a n y
i t l o t o o
o n al g r oup o r u r
p a t i s p i r a
T kh a
am R a t M chi G u J a r a r n
c a s te s D o g a r H a b r i R a w a t D q o
,
r
, , , ,

, ,
T h y b
,
l o n g t o th e M u h a m m a d a n r e ligi o n
J e ,
and a l s t b u t n o t l e a s t a t e .

, ,

Hi d c st o m Th u s a J a t B h a r a i
m i g t h y f o ll o w t h e n u u s .

bu t i n a r r a e e
i h t
m a nd i n Ka n g r a i t s s a id s e oo
m a y o nl y m a r r y a J t a w o a n ,
, ,

A m b a l h v B h a r a i m a y m a rry
m u s t be a Bh a r ai I n a ow e e r a
, ,
M h m m d
.

an s
a n d in K a p i i r th l a i t i s s a
’
id t h a t
a b e i n g u a a ,
a n y Ja t n i
,

B h a r ai s
l i a j t
,

t i r mi t t e d a n d t h a t p u
mar r i a g e w i t hi n t h e n o s p e ,

i ai s T h i d e d t o b e no
iv f m J a t B h a e re a
p p e a r s n e
may t k w e s r o .

a e
pp t ly i f r th e
g l u l e b u t t h e t e d
n e n cy a a r e n s o
a b s o l ut e or e v e n e n e r a r ,

c f m t c a st e o f
m t e a a e
t a r
c i t d f a n
y o n e a s e o o r s
p
Bh ar ai s r e r u e r o
J a t ai
ly i t h t c s te i n L u d h ia n a t h e a t Bh
Bh a r ai s mar r yi g n o n n a a ,
,

i J a t i d t h t a v o id e d a r e t h e s a m e a s
o n ly ma r r i e s a B h a r a n a n e g a s
,

Hi a b
nd u at t e nd S h i a n t at k h i S a rw ar
’
s s r ne w ho
f r o m o ne J a t, a G r a
a ,

dd by t h ai t t m b r ac e I s la m O n co n
v e r s on
i
w as i n a dr e a m h i e n e s n o e .

G b T h J a B h ai h v v e r a l g o t s
h e w a s ca ll e d Sh ikh
a a r a e t a r s a e s e .

D hill on D ,e o R,
e w a l G a r e wal ,
M a n ,
R a n dha w a ,
Jh a m ,
K a r h i a nd

giv
a m o un t n a cc o r di n g t o Mu h am
of meh r
Ma r r i g a e D o w e r T h e .
-

v
e
x d R 3 2 6
,

hil
L t t h w f e by t h e h u s b a n d n e e r e c e e s s ; w e -

ma d a i
.

n a w o e ,

y giv n to t e h b id by h e r f a t h e r c o n s i s t s o f R s 2 1
i i m m d e l e .

th e m n u o w r

i n c a sh a n d 5 c o p p e r v e s se l s .

In si gn i a — T h e Bh ar .
a l s
~ i ns ig n i a a r e a d r u m ( d h o l) b e a t e n w i th a ,

h p d t ick lik e a s h o r t c r o o k ; a w a ll e t (k h a ll a r ) h un g
c ur i o u ly
s s a e s -
,

a r t o th e
d k by t i T h e s t ick a n d k h a ll a r a r e p e c u li
r o un t h e n e c a s r ng .

o f t a sse ls
Bh ar a i s T h e s t a d
n ar d o f t h e P i r h a i s i s a f r i n g e ( j n
g ri dh r i
)
o men
.

l g l Th i g p t d by t h an k
e se f r n e s a r e r e s e n e w a s
o e
on a o n p .

i f t h bi rt h o f s o n s a n d a t w e ddi n gs Th e y a r e su p o s e d
p
ofi e r e
.

s o
r n
g d b
‘

d d t h f o e h e a d o f t h e s a i n t a s t h e y w o u l e t i e d on a
to b e t e r o uin e r

b r id e gr o om s f o r e h e a d
’
.

’
— id h i m y l c B h a i e a t o n ly g oa t s fl e s h
F ood It i s a s t a t n a n p a e s ar s ,

h y w l d fil i t h i m h t a n o t h e r k i n d o f fl e sh
an d t a t le p r os o u a c w o a e y .

ic t i i t i ly t u n iv e r s a l B e e f i s a v o id e d b e c a u s e
But t hi s r e s tr o n s c e r a n n o , ,
.

h B h a i h a v e m a n y Hi n d u v o t a r i e s
it i s said t e a r s .

BHABAL a J at cl a n ( a g r ic u l t u r a l ) f o u n d i n A m r i t sa r .

sma ll J at cl an in Jin d who h av e th e s a me Sidh as th e K al e

BBABaN CH, a

(q .

B HA R AT ,
a t r i be wh ich giv e s ,
da ugh t e r s to t h e Jal a p s ,
f o un d i n J h e l um .

B HAR BHONCHI, a cl a ss of Jo gi s w ho ch ar m awa y s c or p i on st ni gs .

BHAnBHIINJ As
’
‘ m
Bh a r bh u nya , li t . on e w ho r o as t s g rain in an o v e n — fo r m an

o cc up a t i o n a l c a s t e c o m p r i si n g on ly 4 go t o, vi z .

l . J éduba n s i ( an A h i r got ) .

2 Bh a t n agar
( o K a ya th go i s)
t
.

w
S a k s a in i
.

3 .

*
4 , Ba s d e o (a B r ah m a n g ot
) .

Basdeo, f ath er of Kri shna, appe ar s to h av e be en w or shi pp e d by th e Ah ir s a sol

 Bha rbhanj a gr oup s . 87

A s t h e gots ar e so fe w , on ly one g ot is a vo id e d i n ma r r i a ge , b u t th e
c as t e i s s a i d t o be str ic t ly e n d o g a mo us i n P a t ial a a n d o u t s ide r s a r e
'

n e v e r a d mi t t e d i n t o t h e c a s t e .

By r e l igi o n Bh a r b lt fi nja s a r e b o th Hi n d us a n d M uh a mm a d a n s Lik e .

o t h e r Hi n d u s t h e f o r m e r i n v o k e S a da Shi v a w h e n c o m m e n ci n g w o r k ,

as t h e sh o p i s r e g a r de d a s h i s th a r d ( pl a t fo r m ) S ubha n a n o t h e r .
,

de o t a i s a l s o w o r s h i p p e d a t w e dd i n g s s h e r b e t a n d so me c o pp e r p ic e ,

b e i n g o ff e r e d h i m a n d c oo k e d f o o d di s t r ib ut e d i n h is n a m e
,
.

A Bh a rb h fin ja w i f e m ay n o t w e a r gl as s b an gl e s o r bl ue cl o t h e s o r a
n o se r i n g (la u n g)
- .

Bh a rbh un ja s o n l y m ak e ba r i s a t w e ddi n g s ; a n d on ly e a t f o o d
c o o k e d by B r a h ma n s Th e y w e a r t h e j a n e o b ut p e r mi t ka r e w a t h e
.
, ,

h usb a n d s b r o t h e r s cl a i m s b e in g r e c o gn i s e d Th e y p r e se r v e a n old
’ ’
.

sy s te m o f l o c a l p a n ch ay a ts w i t h h e r e di t a r y ch a udh r zs i n w hic h all

’

, ,

c a s te di sp u te s a r e s e t t l e d A t w e ddi n g s e t c t h e ch a udh r i gi v e s t h e
.
, .
,

lag a n d r e c e iv s 1 % s h a r e s i n th e bh tij i
e Bh a rbh fi n ja s m o s t l y p ur s ue .

t h e i r cr e e d a n d c a lli n g bu t so me t a k e t o s e r vi ce ,
In a pp e a r a n c e t h e y .

a r e d ar k a n d u n d e r s i z e d
-
.

In t h e Nabh a S ta t e t h e Bh a r h h tm ja s h a v e t w o o cc u p a t i o n a l g r o up s
’

t h e D ha n k u t a o r r ic e h u s k e r s (f r o m dh an r i m a n d ku tn d) a n d
-
, ,

t h e Ma llah s o r bo a tm e n T h e se t w o g r ou p s do n o t i n te r m a r r y o r d r i n k
.
,

t o g e t h e r bu t t h e y s mo k e f o m t h e s a m e ku ga h w i th a di ffe r e n t mo u t h
,
r

p ie ce T h e Ma llah s u s e a l a r ge s p o o n th e D h ank u t as a s h a r p cr o ok e d
.
,

i n st r ume n t i n p a r chi n g g r a m Bo t h g r o u p s a r e fou n d i n t h e Baw a l

,
.

N i zam at o f t hi s S t a t e In t h e Ph fil a n d A m l o h Ni z ama ts t h e Ka y a s th s
.
,

a s ub g r o u p o f t h e f o r m e r cl a i m o r igi n f r o m t h a t c a s t e
- a n d i t i s s a id
, ,

Pa rh gi y a j o K ay as th a w a r n d bh a ttt j h o ka n lci i q ,
He w h o a cqui r e s ’ ‘

k n o w l e dg e i s a Kay a sth a o th e r w i s e h e i s o n l y fi t t o p ar ch gr a i n
, He nce .
’

m a n y K a y a s th s h a v e j o i n e d t h e Bh a r bh fin ja c a s t e In Ba w a l t h e .

Bh a r bh i m ja go ts a r e n a m e d f r o m t h e p l a ce o f o r igi n e g Ma n da u r i a
’

.
, ,
.
,

f r o m Ma n da ur i n A l w a r a n d Chh at a gi a f r o m Ch h at a g ,
Else w he r e th e ir .

0 63 a r e Jad u ba n S i C h a n d a r b a n s i (cla i m i n g Raj p u t o r igi n ) Bh a t n ag a r

- -
9 , ,

a n d Ch a n da n K a ta r a n d o f t h e s e t h e Bh a t n ag a r a g a i n s ugge s t s
,

Kay a s t h a ffi n i t i e s Th e c a s t e i s e n do g a mo us a n d f o ur go ts a r e
.
,

a v o id e d i n m a r r i a g e but w id o w m a r r i a g e , is s a id t o b e o n ly a ll o w e d
i n Ba w al Ja ts G fija r s a n d A h i r s t ak e w a te r fr om a Bh a rbh im ja s
. ,
’ '

h an d s but Ba n i a s K h at r i s a n d B r a h ma n s w ill o n l y t a k e f r e s h w a te r
, ,

b r o ugh t by h i m n ot f r o m o n e o f h is v e ss e l s T h e g ur us o f t h e
,
.

Bh a rbh fin j a s a r e a l w a y s B r a h m an s a n d p e r f o r m t h e p h e r a T h e ir .

w ome n w e ar n o n os e r i ng i t s u s e h a vi n g b e e n p r o hi bi t e d by a s ui t
-
,

T h e Bh a r h tm ja s o f B aw a l a ff e c t t h e c u l t o f Bh a i r o n
’

i n e a ch g r o u p .
h ,

t o w h o m t h e Ma llah a o f A g r a u s e d to m a r r y t h e i r d a u gh t e r s T r a di t i o n .

s a y s t h a t t h e g o d o n ce s a v e d a b o a t f r o m s i n ki n g a n d t h e n ce fo r w a r d
t h e f a mily m a r r i e d o n e o f t h e i r gi r l s to t h e g o d a n d l e f t h e r a t h i s
sh r i n e w h e r e sh e s u r viv e d f o r le s s t h a n a y e a r Bu t n o w o n l y a do l l o . .

o f do u g h i s f o r m a lly m a r r i e d t o t h e g o d O th r Bh a r bh fi n j a s a l s o . e

r e v e r e nce Bh a i r o n a n d t h e i r g u r u i s S ubha n Sah ib w h o s e s h r i n e i s

, ,

i n a t o w n t o t h e ca s t He i s w o r s hi pp e d o n t h e bhdi d zij da y i n Ka t i k
.
l
.

T h e Bh a r bh fin ja s o f Ph fi l a n d A m l o h h a v e a p e culi a r f o r m o f be
T h e b r id e s fa t h e r g o e s t o t h e b r i de g r o o m s a n d
’ ’
t ro th a l co n t r a c t .

iv e s h i m 4 Ma n s fi r i p ic e a n d th e l a t te r giv e s h i m tw ic e a s m uch In
g ,
88 Bhar ecM Bh ar ga t a t - ‘
is ar .

r e tur n Thi . s si c a ll e d p a i s a b a t dr m o r e xch a n g e o f p r e s e n ts a n d t h e

,

c on tr a c t i s t h e n s a id t o b e i r r e v o c a bl e I f a n y o n e vi o l a t e s i t
. wi t h o u t
xc m m ic d by t h h d h zs b ut m a b
’

r e a son abl e c a u se h e i s e o u n a t e e c a u r
y e ,

r e a d mi t t e d o n
- p a y m e n t o f a fi n e w hich i s s p e n t f o r t h e b e ne fi t o f t h e

b r o th e r h oo d All t h e Bh a r bh im ja s e xc e p t t h o se o f Ba w a l w e ar t h e
’

. , ,

I f v ll w ddi g t y f B h b h fi j
n a s h a l ts i
j a n eo . a t r a e e r or a e n p a r o a r n an
y
vill a g e t h e Bh a rbh im j as t h e r e a r e bo un d to e n t e r t a in t h e wh ol e p a r ty
’

,
*
h
ot e r w i s e th e y a r e e xc o m m u n ic a t ed .

m j i D lhi cl i m t o be J a i s w al Rajp u ts a nd h a v e t h r e e
’

T e h B h a r b h i a n e a ,

0 5
1 8 J a i s w a l ( t h e high e s t ) Kh e r wa a n d T aj u p ur i a wh ich a ll i n t e r m ar r y
9 , , ,

a n d s m o k e a n d e a t t o g e t h e r E a ch vill a ge h a s a ch a u dh r i an d of
.

t w o ch a udhr zs o n e i s c all e d ch a u kr dt T h e ch a u dh r i can on ly a ct w i th

’
.

t h e a d vic e o f t h e p a n ch ay a t E a ch ch a ukr dt h a s w h a t i s c a lle d th e

.

’
h al f p a g r i a n d e a ch ch a u dhr i th e f ull p agr i
‘ ’
Th e ch a u dh r i h a s
‘
.

j ur i sdict io n o v e r p e tty di s p ute s wi t hi n t h e c a s t e Fi n e s r a n gi n g fr o m .

R e 1 t o R s 1 00 a r e l e vi e d a n d t h e sm a lle r s um s s p e n t o n f e a s t
“

.
.
,

w hil e l a r ge r fi ne s a r e e x p e n d e d o n su ch p ubli c o bj e c t s a s g ue st h o use s -

.

E a ch ch a u dhr i an d ch a u krdt g e t s d o ubl e bh dj z a t w e ddi n g s

‘

BHAR ECE (B ar e ch m or e cor r e c tly) o n e of t h e b r a n ch e s o f t h e PA THANS

, , .

Fr om i t w a s de scen de d t h e f a mily of t h e Na w ab s of Jh a j j ar w hich w a s

c all e d Bah adur w a t i a f t e r t h e n am e o f B ahad ur Khan o n e o f i ts m e m b e r s , .

Th e S t a t e o f Bah adar g ar h ( D ad r i) a l so b e l o n ge d to t hi s f a mily .

BHAR E nA a t e r m sa id té m e a n s il v e r sm i t h i n th e Si ml a Hill s
,
-
Th e , .

Bh a r e ra s i n t e r mar r y w i t h t h e L o ha r s .

B HAR G AV A D s fis as D e finsa n a s ub d ivi s ion o f t h e G a n g B r a h ma n s n o w

, ,
-
,

m a i n ly e mpl o y e d i n t r a d e or a s cl e r k s Th e y giv e t h e m se l v e s t h e .

f o ll o wi n g p e dig r e e
BR AHMA .

Bh r ig u x Pal oma R aj a S arj ai ti , a K sh atri y a .

Chi m a i hi
n r s S ukany a .

Pr amata r i s h i G h a r tach i . A nt ah R a j a G adh , a K sh atri y a .

R ur u X Par madabr a . h
R ac ik x S atw ati R éj a Pa r s ainj at .

S onak . J amdag ny a X R anuk a .

Par asur ama .

All th e d e sc e n d an t s o f Bh r ig u a n d Chi ma n w e r e c a ll e d Ch i m a n b a n si
Bh a r g a v a s , a n d a s Chi m a n t h e r ts h i us e d t o p e r f o r m h i s d e v o t i o n s a t
t h e hill o f A r a h ak , n e a r R e w ar i i n G ur g a o n , w hich i s n o w c a ll e d D h o s i
t h o s e o f h i s de s ce n d a n t s w h o s e t t l e d i n t h a t l o c a li t y b e c a m e k n o w n a s
’
:
D h fi sa r s Chi ma n r i s h t h a s a n a n ci e n t t e mpl e o n t hi s hill a n d a n e w
.

o n e w a s b u il t i n r e c e n t y e a r s A dj o i n i n g t h e se t e mp l e s i s a t a n k t h e
.

Ch a n dr a ki i p T h e D h usa r s h av e t h e f o l lo wi n g s e v e n g r o u p s o r g ot r a s
’ '

Pop ul ar l e g e nd di stor ts th i s de scent i n a cur i ous w ay

a
t: It say s th at on ce Ch aman a .

Br ah man of Nar n aul , took as h i s mi s tr e ss a w 0 m an of me ni al caste w h o or e h i m 7 sons ahd b

W
,

as m an y d au g h t e r s h e n as k e d t o mar r y th e m h e
. ade th e m ap e ar on an um a w a
p b
s w i th
’

a c ow a n d m ad e e a c h touch i ts diffe r e nt p ar ts s o one touch e d i ts t ai

( p ach a l) an d f oun de d l
th e P u c h ala r go t m a n o th e r i ts h o r n s (s i n g ) and f o un de d th e S i n
g e s go tr a , and soon E ach l
g otr a h a s fi v e p a r w a r a s , e xce p t th e Ka sh i h w h i ch h as th r e e or o ccasi ona
y se e n T h e K ésh i bs ll v ,

h k t i a r w ar a s or sa p tp a r w ar as an d t h e oth e r g o t r o s as
ar e t u s n ow n a s r p p a n chp a r w a r a s .
 cl an f o un d in Shahp ur .

gome r y
g r ic ul t ur al)
BHABY és , a cl an
J et (a

B E AT se e un d e r Bh a tt .

,
g ic l t l ) f d i A m r i t s ar
j t cl ( u u r a o u n n .

Be ars an A r a i n a n d Ra p u a n a r
,

BH aT I s e e B a h t i .
,
cl n (a g c l t l ) f u n d i n A m ri t sa r

BHAr i J a t A r ai n G uJ ar a n d R a j pu t a r i u u r a o ,

M
'
a , ,
, ‘

d t cl a n f o u n d i n u l t a n
a so a J t
l e Rajp u
.

a n
Raj p chi fly i t t i ng a s b e i n g t h e a n c e s to r s
B E AT] a t r ib e of Hin du u t s e n e r e s
,
,
Raj p d t h S I D H I? B a r a r J at e a s t h e f o llo w m g t a bl e
ofh e BHA i
t rr
'
u' t s a n e ,

S h ow s
BHATI BR OTHER ,
OF S U NRIJA .

J ai sal .
Due al .

Hindu Bh ati s .
Junh ar or J aunr a.

F
Bate r a . Ach al

S i dh u Bar ar Bar si .

J at s
Wat t fi j
.

Bh at t i R s uts
.
R a p ut s .

F a g an —Hi ssar G a z e t te e r pp 1 24 1 27
[ , .
,

- A ca st e o r igi n a lly f r o m th e c o un tr y r o un d D e l hi bu t mor e r e c e n t ly

BE ATIA r

f r o m Bh t a n e r a n d t h e Raj p u t a n a d e s e r t a n d cl a i m i n g t o b e Raj ,p u t s

o f Y aduba nsi r a c e o n e b r a n
,
c h o f w h ich b e c am e r u l e r s o f J a i sa l m i r

whil e th e ot h e r to o k t o c o mm e r ci al p u r s ui t s Th e n a m e w ou l d se e m .

to s h o w t h a t t h e y w e r e B h a t i s (Bh a tt i i n th e P u n
j )
a b b u t b e t h a t

a s i t ma y t h e i r ,
Raj p ut o r i g i n s e e m s to be u n q u e st i o n e d Th e y a r e .

n u m e r o u s i n Si n d a n d G u z e r a t w h e r e t h e y a p p e a r to f o r m t h e l e a di n g
m e r c an t il e e l e m e n t a n d t o h o l d t h e pl a ce w hich th e A r o ra s o cc u p y
,

h igh e r up th e I n d us Th e y h a v e s p r e a d i n t o th e P u n jab a l on g th e
.

l o w e r v a ll e y s o f t h e I n d us an d S ut l e j an d u p t h e w h ol e l e n g t h o f t h e ,

C h e n ab a s h i gh a s i t s d e b o uch u r e i n t o t h e pl a in s b e i n g i n de e d mo st ,

n u m e r o u s i n S alk o t a n d G u j r at I n t h e se P r o vi nc e s h o w e v e r t h e y
.

i .

o ccupy a n i n f e r i o r PO S It IO D bOt h i n a s o ci al a n d i n a m e r ca nt il e s e n s e
, .

Th e y s t an d d i sti nc t l y b e l o w th e Kh at r i a n d p e r h a p s b e l o w th e A r o r a ,

a n d ar e f or th e m o s t p a r t e n ga g e d i n p e tt y s h o p k e e pi n g t h o ugh th e -

Bh ati as o i D e r a I s ma i l Kha n a r e d e s c r i b e d a s b e l on gi n g to a
’
wid e ly
s p r e a d a n d e n t e r p r i si n g m e r c a n t il e c o m mu n i t Th e y a re o f te n
’
y .

su p po s e d t be K h at r i s a r e v e r y s t r ic t Hi n d us— ta r m o r e s o th a n t h e
o
We st e r n P un j ab —e s ch e w i ng m e at an d
,

o t h e r t r a d i ng cl ass e s o f th e

li quor Th e y do n ot p r a c ti se wid ow mar r ia g e

.
-
.
 Th e Bh dti a s e ct on s . i 91

Th e Bhatia c a st e h as 84 *
se c ti ons c all e d mukhs div id e d i nto
, , t wo
g r o up s t h us
G RO U P I— B&R 1
.

S e cti on s . S ta tu s S e cti on s .

1 B a bla
. 7 G a n dhi
. .

'

8 Ch a ch ra
'

2 D h agg a
. D ha zgh ar . . .

3 A n da. Ch dr gh ar . 9 Ch a b a k
. .

4 B a lah a
. 1 0 K a n da l
. .

5 J aw s. . ll t a n h al
g .

6 So n i. 12 K o r e
. .

Bo th B al ah a a n d Ja w a cl a i m to be ch dr gh a r A ll t h e a b o v e s e c ti o n s .

ar e o f Ba r agh a r s t a t us It i s h a r dly n e c e s sa r y to e xpl a i n t h a t .

dh dzgh a r ma y n o t g iv e d a ugh t e r s t o a n y b ut dha zg h a r t h ough th e y ma y

’

t a k e f r o m ch a r gh a r a nd so on A br e a ch o f t hi s r u l e i n v o lv e s d e gr a d
’

a ti o n a n d h e n c e th e s ame s e c t i o n may b e b o t h dh a i g h a r a n d ch dr h ar
’

g .

G ROU P II—BU NJ £ HI w h ich c o mp r i se s th e r e mai n i n g se ct io ns i such

L
.
,

a s B ail s Ch o t ak D h o li a a n d N s i de
, ,
.

Th e r e gr o up s but th e o r th o d o x id e a a mo n g t h e
ar e n o t e r r i tor i a l ,

o ld me n i s t h a t d a u g h t e r s s h o uld be giv e n t o t h e We s te r n Bh atias

o f Shah p u r Jh e l um a n d D e r a I s ma i l Kha n a s t h e y a r e
’
, of su p e r i o r
s t a t us t o t h o s e i n G uj r a t w hil e t h e E a ste r n Bh atias o f Sialk o
t a nd
,

G uj r a n wal a a r e co n s i de r e d i nf e r i or a n d w iv e s a r e t a k e n f r o m t h e m .

It s h ould h o w e v e r , , be n ot e d B ah aw al p ur t h e se g r oup s
th at in
a p p e a r t o b e un k no w n b ut o f t h e ,

s e c t i o n s giv e n i n t h e ma r gi n t h e
S ijw ala is t h e h igh e s t a n d t h e Bills .

t h e l o w e st T h e Bh ati as h a v e a .

prove r b dh a n di w a di a i or
‘ ’

w e a l th i s gr e a t n e s s In Ba h aw al .
’
o

ur th e y l iv e in l ar g e r e c t a n g ul a r h a w e lis e a ch c o mp r i s i n g 30 o r 4 0
p , ,

h o us e s .

1 .R ai G a ar i a, fr om j 7 .R ai Pa e j a , f rom Pa e a a illage , the

l lj v
2 R ao Har i a, fr om R ai Hari S i ngh h ome of Pa rma Bh é ti in Mé rw é r ,

R ai V ed ( Wai d), f rom Man S in h , s on

. .

bh ag a t 8 .

o f Me g h Raj Bh ét i w h o w as s k
.

3 R 80 S ap at from sep ts, a i lag e of

. ,
vl ed i n
'

Mér w sr , th e h ome of Bimé , a Bh at i Th e w a i da k ( p h y si o) : all th e Bh ati s w h o

j
.

Bh atis of S ep té w e r e gr e at de otee s of . v oi ne d h i m e came R ai by s e p t b .

v
D e i an d as s uch h e d in g r e at r e s pe ct l . 9 ,
R ai S ury a, fr om S ur a Bh ati w ho fe l l
4 R ao Par a t saur i a
‘
th e se p t of th e fi ve ,
in att e b l .

v ll
.

h e r oes
’
,
J
as a i i , Raw alj i Naw a S ing h , , l 10 R ai D i ty a, f r om D fi ta a
. i ag e th e
v
,

J o dhr sj and Bi r S ing h w h o f e ra e y ll b v l h o me o f A r j an Bh at t i, a bh a ga t of D e i .

g h fi
ti ng i n J ai salmi r Bah a d ar S i ng h .
11 R ai G oka G an di , fr om G oka G andi
, l l
bl
e ong e d to thi s n a kh A ll th e a o e .
-
bv o f Mu tan unde r w h om s e r e d Naw a son
l ,
v l
n a kh s afi ect D e i v .
of Baw a Bh at i l
Raw a f e in at t e
’

. l ll b l .

5 .
R ai R amay a A g ai -r aj , r oth e r
.
of b 1 2 R ai G ada, fr om C‘ da Bh at i a bh a g a t
.
,

Hanuman
,

Ram Ch andar w as a gr eat bh a g a t of .

v
w as e e r r e p e ati ng R am s name
'
. 13 R ai Nae G andi fr om Me gh Raj s on
.
, ,

6 .R ai Padamsi , f ro m Padams i Bh ati w h o o f J o dh R aj Me g h R aj o p e ne d a sh op

.

fe ll b v l fi
ra e y g h ting i n att e He had b l ,
l
at Bahaw a p ur , and w as kno wn as Niy a

a son U d c R aib .
G andi .

An 85 th i s a so name d bel ow l .

TT h e r e i s als o a ow e r gr oup calle d G and, the ofisp r l ‘

of Bhat ias mar r i e d to Arora

women or of Wi dow re mam ag es The Push karua Br ahma . iiid th ir p s e ur oh i t ,
 Th e
o
‘

92 Bhdti a s ecti on s .

R ai Midia, f r om Me di a i ag e , th e f r om D h a a mu kh za of b b
’

14 . v ll 42 .R ai Dh a a .

h ome of K um h a Bh at i , w h o f e l i n b . l v
R or i illag e w h o r ai se d came s t h e r e , l .

b l
at t e He h ad a son Og a, w h o w as a
.
43 R ai Dh ir e n, f r om D h i r e n Bh ati , w h o
.

v
se r ant o f Bah édar A li Naw é b ,
.
fe i n att e ll b l
He h ad a son U dbc R ai .
.

)5 . R ai U h h achi a f r om r h h e ( 81X ) S ix 44 R ai Bh agt a, f rom Bh agtanan d Bh ati ,

v l
,

f amili e s j oine d D e s a Bh ati .

w h o sh ow e d g re at a o ur i n th e ai salui i r J
16 . R ai Bablla, fr om Bablla, son of odh a J w ar .

v ll R ai Bi r é , f r om Bi r a Bh ii ti , w h o sh ow e d
’

Bh at i , of N i g i i i ag e 45
’

v l H b l
.

17 . R ai Panch a fr om Panch alpur i , th e l , g r e a t a ou r i n a tt e e w as a bh a g a t .

h ome of R ai Bh im .
of D e i v
l l
1 8 R ai G u g u a, f r om G u gu a Bh ati
.
l l R ai Th u e, fr om Th u a, a illag e of th e l l v
w as ki e d in att ell b l He h ad a son .
h at i .

S i ngh 47 . R ai S odh ay A, fr om S odh a, a caste ,

19 b
R ai S u r a f r om S u r a, th e name of a b S i ng h Mal Bh ati h a i ng mar ri e d th e v
j
. .

h a i t h a t “ o f Bh é ti s .
daug h te r of a S odh i R a p ut .

20 .
Bai Nag r a, fr om Nag r a, a illag e i n v 48 R ai Bur s, f rom Bfir a Bh ati of Bakh ar
.

Mar w ar v ll
i ag e
j
.

R ai Mi i chh s
.

21 R ai S ar aki f r om Naw a S ar é ki , t h e l 49 i , f r om Ar an Bh at i , w h o
’

j
.

was ni ck name d A r an Muchh a, as h e h ad

. ,

n ame of th o se w h o side d w i th Naw a l

S ing h f i n a di sp ute a out some custom b l
ong moustach e s He w as a bh a ga t of .

w h i ch th e Q
azi de ci de d i n hi s f a our v . J
asr a D e i , an d We r e th e 5 v
22 . R ai Soni , f rom S on a i ag e w h ose v ll , 50 . R ai T am o i , f r om Nan da and Nig a, bl
sp ok e sman w as R atan R ai Bh at i . t am bo li s ( e te nut -se e r s) b l
Th e y w e re ll .

. l
23 R ai S op a f r om Bh op at S i ng h Bh ati , . bh a g a te of Shi a v .

. J
24 R ai i s, f rom J i s Bh ati w h o di sp ay . l 51 . R ai Th ak ar .

e d gr e at cour ag e i n th e ar my . 52 . R ai Bi snaw , f r om Bi san w ant Bhat i ,

25 . R ai Mogi a, f r om Mogi a Bh ati w h o fe
.
ll w h o w as a man of g r e at g ood f ur tun e .

fi
gh ti ng . He h ad 4 s ons All th e me m e r s of thi s . b
26 . R ai D h adh a fr om Dh adh alu, a il ag e , v l l
f ami y s pe cia ly w or sh i pp e d R am Ch an dr l
of th e T h ati coun try . an d i n on e y e ar 1 07 sons use d to be or n b
27 . R ai R i k a, fr om R ik zi Bh ati , w h o f e l
’

l to i t .

fi
gh ting He h ad a son G assa
. . 5 3 R ai Bh udr i a, f r om Bh udar , a Bh éti
.
.

28 . R ai J
idh an f r om J i dh an Bh ati , w h o , 54 R ai I
. ndh ar , f r om I n dh ar , a r anch of b
w as a g r e at cu ti ator l v . th e t i t i s
’

29 . R ai K othi a f r om K othi ar , a i lage , vl . 55 .R ai D h adh é l, fr om Dh adh ala i ag e , v ll

30 . R ai K oth a f r om K o th ap ur , a i ag e , v ll . th e h ome of R ama Bh at i
31 .
R ai Bh aw an f r om D h aw an R ai w h o , , 56 .R ai Be g Ch an dr , f r om Be g s and Ch an
w as f ame d f or hi s g e ne r osi ty He h ad a . as, Bh ati s , wh o w er e cus toms co ecto r s ll .

son Me g h a . 57 .R ai Bi p al, f rom Bi p al, th e r e s i dence of

82 .
vl
R ai D e a, fr om a famous D e a Bh ati , vl Kunbh a and K ana, Bh ati s .

lv
w h o i e d i n th e il ag e of G anth v l . 58 .R ai Poth a fr om th e r oth e r s Potha, . b
J
83 R ai i s, f r om J i aCh adak , a cu ti ato r , l v F arms and Nag s Bh atts , .

w h o i e d in t h e Mar w ar T h at i
.

lv . 59 R ai Pre mla, f rom Pr e ma and Parma,

.

84 R ai Baura, fr om Baur a, a illag e in

. v Bh ati R aj p uts of Bas s il age v l .

th e Th ati . 60 R ai Pfir dh ag A, f r om Pur adh , a y a g ,

.

35 R ai Dh ag e , fr om Dh ag a Bh ati , w h o
.
p e rf or me d by K én é an d Kum h a Bh at i a, b ,

fe ll b v l
r a e y i n att e b l w h o w e r e f o low e r s of G ur u Nan ak l
j
. .

36 R ai K an dh y a, f r om Sh u a Bh ati , w h o
. 61 R ai Madh r a f r om Madh r a Bh ati , a
. , .

th ough h i s f or eh e ad w as s p i t i n th e ai l J s e r an t o f a Kh é n at M
v u tan, w h o g a e l v
s almi r w ar y e t h i s t runk f ough t on f or
, much i n a ms l .

l
a ong w h i e l . 6 2 R ai Ph ar as G é ndi fr om Ph ar ai s , th e
. ,
’

37 R ai R ath i a , f rom R ath i a Bh at i , of

. name of J i ts M al, Bh at i , w h o h ad tr an s ac
R ath er , a i ag e i n th e T h ati of Marw ii r
v ll , ti on s wi th Mauj ii d K h an in Multan He .

He w as famous for h i s h osp i tali ty . h ad p er fume s oi l and a ttar . .

38 R ai K ajr i a fr om K aj ary a, a i ag e
. , v ll 6 3 R ai Puri G an di fr om Par e , a Bh ati , ,

t ow ar ds Mu tan w h e r e Man Sin g h m a kh t a

,

l p e r for me r o f R ai p ul
J j
.

v
li e d He h ad s e en sons, all ca e d
. v ll 64 R ai uj ar G andi f r om u ar J i ag e
’

v ll
j
,

mu kh i a s .
th e r e si de nce o f A it S ingh and R anp h é
,
39 R ai S i i w ala, w h o w e r e p r o ci e nt i n
,
fi Bh ati s w h o so d p e rf ume s , l .

ar ch e r y . 65 R ai Panw é r , fr om Panw zi r , a r anch of

.
’

b
J b l
R ai a a a, f rom abslsi , a i age i n J ’
v ll th e Bh ati .

S indh 66 R ai Pr e ma S o] , f rom Prema and S fi é

.

j ,
R81 Ma an, fr om Ma an , a fami y of
.

41 .
l l l th e s ons of G ondh a, Bh ati .

G og a i l age w hose me m e r s kne w an

l v l ,
b 67 R ai R éj éu,
. fr om R éj é, a i l age i n v l
Mar w ar
,

ti do te s to p oi so ns .
.

A roo m or b uil ding w he r e mal e vi sitor s are r ecei v e d .

N t ar e ntl th Naw al S ingh of No 1 1 T hi s Naw al S in8h w as in th 6 em o of

+ o a p p y e . .
p y l
one Q ut b K h a n .
94 Th e Bhdt or Bh att .

th e y ar e f oun d i n th e g r e at to w n s an d pl ace s o f p ilg r i m

n ow to be
a g e all o v e r I n di a In H o shia r p ur th e Bh atr as ar e vi r tua lly a ll Sikh s
.

h gh c ild d 1 2 h av e t h e i r h a d s sh av e d ) a n d h e r e h ey
( t o u h r e n u n e r e t
p o s e a s m a g ici a n s f o r e t e lli n g th e f u tur e by ga z i n g i nto a cup o f Ol l
,
.

Th e n ce t h e y ma i n ly f r e que nt t h e Kan g ra D i str ic t In Sialk ot: a m oie t y .

ar e t r u e Sikh s o b ser vi n g all t h e Sik h c u st o ms a n d o f t e n p o s i n g a s

, ,

s o r Nih an g s wh e n o n th e i r w a n de r i n g s e y pr e y o n t h e
*
g w d s A kal
, i Th .

c r e d ul i t y o f t h e p e o p l e by ast r ol ogy T h e o t h e r m o i e ty a r e j a ta dh dn s . ,

b ut s mo k e a n d ge n e r ally a s sum e t h e ch a r a c t e r i s ti c gar b o f t h e

,

U dasi s p r e t e n di n g t o be e mi ssa r i e s o f c e r t a i n t e m pl e s a n d co l
,

le cti n g sub s c r ip t io n s f o r t h e m A f te r t h e D i w al i t h e Bh atr as s e t .

o u t on th e i r t o ur s r e t ur n i n g a t t h e c o mm e n c e me n t o f th e r a i n y
,

se a s on Th e y t r av e l in gan g s g e n e r a ll y o f h a l f a doz e n o r so an d
.
- -
,

th e Sikh s a r e o cc a s i o n a lly a cc o m p a n i e d by t h e i r w iv e s a nd
da ugh t e r s f or wh o s e ma r r i age s t h e y c o ll e c t s ub sc r ip t i o n s
, V a r i o us .

f o r ms o f s wi n dlin g a r e p r a c t i s e d by t h e m a n d th e y e ar n l ar g e
s ums which th e y p r omp tly s quan d e r o n dr in k a n d g a mbli n g .

Be sid e s h a wki n g sm a ll h ar dw a r e f o r s al e t h e y p i e r c e chil d r e n s n ose s ’

a n d e ar s fo r r i ng s l lik e t h e R amai a o f th e e a s t e r n di s tr ic ts
' ’

y , .

t o Br ah mi n ic a l
’
Th e Bh atras cl a i m by t h e f a c t or igi n is b or n e o ut

t h a t t h e y w e a r t h e fan ao a n d ti la k a n d e v e n a t e clip s e s r e c e iv e ,

c e r tain off e r in gs w h il e s tan din g in w a te r f r o m e a ch a n d e v e r y c as te

, , .

Th e y al so p r a c ti se p a l mi str y (r e kh a ) O t h e r c a s te s c a l l t h e m h a r m .
'

p p
o o or T h a g s,
a n d t h e high er B r a h man g r oup s di so w n t h e m .

P r o b ably t h e y a r e a b r a nch o f t h e D ak a uts .

Th e Bh at r as h a v e 22 g e ts o f which 1 3 a r e f oun d i n S i alk o t vi z , , .

G amf K as a b Lo hi
j
. . .

Bhatti . G o ra . L ande . R ath or .

Bh oti w al . K ag .

D i gw a .

Be am, f e m Bh a tte n , . Bh atn i , Bh a tan i : dim Bha te ta : f e m

Bh attn i , . .

Bh ate ti, t h e son o r d augh t e r of a Bh a tt a l s o, con t e mp t uously , an y

o n e o f t h at c a s t e T h e P an jabi f o r m i s Bh att, but i t i s v e r y c o mmo nly
.

p r o noun c e d Bhat, e sp e ci ally in th e Hill s

T h e o r gan i s at i on o f t h e Hi n d u Bha te a l mo s t b affl e s de sc r ip t io n, so
fl ui d a r e it s i n tr ica ci e s .

I n Hi ss a r a r e f o u n d t w o s ub c a s t e s B r a h m an d a f e w Ra j Th e -
, .

f o r me r a r e cli e n t s o f t h e Mah aj a n s i p e r for m i n g c e r t ai n f un c t i o n s f or ,

t h e m a t w e ddi n gs & c § t h e y w e a r t h e j a n e o a v oid w id o w m a r r i a g e

, .
, ,

a n d o n ly e a t f oo d c o o k e d by a G a ur B r a h ma n w hi le t h e Ra j a r e l an d

h o ld er s a n d c ul t iv a t o r s r e ce ivi ng d ue s a t J at w e ddi n g s , .

T h e B r a h m Br a h ma o r B r a h mi Bh ats a r e v e r y w i de ly s p r e a d a nd
, ,

alw a y s a p p e a r t o s t a n d hi g h e r t h a n t h e o t h e r sub c a s t e s o r
g r o up s
-
,
whi ch v a r y f r o m pl a c e t o pl ac e Th us in Ro h t a k t h e o th e r g r o up s ar e .

* l v
R e cent y . h ow e e r , some of th e m h a e tak en to di sg ui sing th emse e s as Bair a i
g
v lv
s ddh as . O th e r s of D as k a, make an i n de i e mar k on th ei r ne ck s an d ca th emS s1ve s
, l bl ll
Hosaini Br ah mans , co e cting ah ns f r om Muh ammadans ll .

S 2 6 8 f P un j ab Manufactur e s f or th e i mp e ments use d l

1 e e p o
. .

a so of th e Br ah mans i n R oh tak
l
I A n d .

Th e y sing ka bi t s in pu ic w h en th e r i de gr oom bl
r st se ts out f or hi s fath er -
indarr a
’
b fi
h ou se r ec e i i ng a m p as v
as
th e i r f e e on thi s occasi on and a so at th e leat of an old m
J an l ‘

1 Ag gar wal M
,

ah alans m Roh tak

II 0 ‘
,
 The Bhdt gr oup s . 95
*
t h r ee b invi a num e r ,
Ja g g a or T a ppaw ar Cha r an t an d a fourt h ‘

, , ,

cl as s t o w h ich b e l o n g e d Uda Bha t i

,
T h e J agga s comp r i se t h e Bh a r i a .
,

R or i a S h a k kar w ala So l an ki a n d o t h e r gots

, ,
.

In G u r gaon h e r h an d th e Bha t o r R ai as h e i s c all e d is de

on the ot , ,

s c r ib e d a s a M i r a si a n d is divid e d i n t o f o ur cl a s s e s § ,

l B r a h m R a i Bh ats of th e B ra h man s
.
, .

2 B e r o (B a r o ) R a i o f th e Raj p ut s
. , .

3 R aj R a i w h o e a t fl e sh a n d dr i n k li quo r , .

4 J a g a or g e n e a l o gi st s of wh om I i s s up e r i or to II ”
.
, .

T h e B r ah m gr o u p th e n e x t e n ds r i g h t a c r o s s th e s o ut h o f t h e P un j ab
in to M ulta n D e r a G ha zi Kha n D e r a I s ma il M i a nwal i an d e v e n Bann fi
, ,
’
,

t h e gro up be l o w t h e m b e i n g c all e d K ati mar 1l .

On t h e ot he r h an d i n M ultan th e B r a h m Bha te ar e s a id to be di vid e d

i nt o f o ur cl ass e s
C h an d i D as . Mah a l .

J a n ga Bh a mba . S utr a k .

Thi s gr o u p i s al so c all e d V a te sh ar a n d r e g a r ds i ts e l f a s Ba h r f
or
s up e r i o r w hil e t h e Bunjah i s w h o a r e n o t r e c o g ni se d as B r a h m Bh a
, ,
ts ,
c omp r is e t h e fo ll o win g gots
A ga n h o tr f - .

Ch an d a n .

D h ar o r .

G h an
G ur aD a t .

T h e r e a l g r ou pi n g i n Mul tan h ow e v e r a pp e a rs to be in to f o ur f unc

ti o n al g r o up s , vi z .

1 . l gi sts a n d ge n ea l o gi s ts
B r ah m , eu o .

2 V ar ti sh ar w h o liv e u on d ue s p a y a b l e at w e ddi n s an d u n e
.
p ,
g f r al s
f o r t h e i r se r vi c e s A t w e dd i n s t h e y s u mmo n t h e br o th e r h ood a
g .

nd s o ,
on A t de a t h s t h e y n o t i fy i t s me m b e r s a n d a l so p r o c ur e c e r t i
.
a n ,

J aggi , so ca ll e d b ecause th ey r i se e ar ly and se ate d on th e i r p atr on '

s r oof r eci te his
g e nea ogy l T app aw é r i s not exp ain e d
. l .

f Ch ar an, a w ande r e r , p i lg r ir : ing e r , dan ce r : P atts , s u b vo ce l

IBut an oth er accoun t say s th e ll at s i n clude th e fo low ing c as se s z—Br ah m th e only onepfi l l
.

f oun d i n R oh t ak ) J ag g a, R aj an d Ch ar an, (a r e ady menti one d

,
.

) tog e th e r w i th th e Mona
l .

an d G arar a
l
§ A pp ar e nt y sub caste s i f not Ian d IIe ach f or m a sub-cas te But i t i s a s o sai d th at
-
,
l
th e m zr a st s of t h e R aj p uts ar e cal e d R ana 0 r U e ar u Bh at s th e Banas h e l b
.

m
’ '

an d e ulogi sts , as w e as g e n e a og i s ts ll
A n d y e t ano th e r accoun t di i des l g s to r
y te e rs ,

v
-
ll
t h e lsh at s i nto four .

l
c a s s e s 2— 1
( i R ai B h at o r
‘
me rs t e r s mg er s ( 2 \ ,
“
R anas h e r a ds w h o use d to act as e n o s ,
’

l v
as w e ll
as e nco ur ag e th e fig h ti n g me n by th e ir sin i n y , l
g g o f eg e nds , ( 3) K athaks or musi ci ans
an d ( 4 ) J ag as or g e n e a og i sts an d sto ry te e r s l ll .

ll
Th e f o ow i ng ku bi t f r om G ur gaon de s cri e s th e sup e ri ori t of th e R ai
y Bhat s b
Ha m f n Th a t , Ha m tn Bh a tt, Ha m zn Bh a u n r a , Human Bh d i ' /
’

g
Ha m t n t f r Be t dl Ha men j a n g a l I ’ '

ce j ogf ,
'
,

K a p jr d p h a r e n m dn g ka r a r bdn dh m a n da r a r e n
,
Be td l ka h e n s r mn su mo de v ddn kt r a t ka r en ' ' ’

T h e Bhat g o ts ar e — Bimblan, Bh ar dw aj , Ch an d Bar dai Ch

,

ll , andian, K ali a M i r chalr S aj r

T i nd an d S odh i an .

{l But accor ding to an acco un t fr om Mu tan th e g r oup s ar e four t zz — Br ahm \ar te s h l ‘

‘

w ar , Ch andi s ar an d K uti ch ar , e ach w i th fun cti on s of

, i
i ts o w n
u
.

Th e s e tw o g o i s ar e by some c asse d as Br ah m i n l
oth e r w or ds some of th 6 ” me mh e r s
.

ar e of Br ahm status, oth e r s on l

,

y of Bunj ahf r ank ,

96 The Bhdt gr o up s .

ar t icl e s f o r t h e coi ps e At f un e r al s t h e i r f e male s ta k e p ar t i n th e

'
.

’
96d m i g b i g p a id a n n as 2 e r day A t a gi r l s w e ddi n g t h e y
.
( o ur n n ) e n , p .

oy s o n ly R e I th e s um which t h e y a l s o g e t
’

g e t R e 1 .8 b ut a t a
-
,
b .
,

a t a f un e r a l Th e i r p e r qu i s i te o n ot h e r o cc asi o n s is c a ll e d ce l ba dh ci i
.
-
.

3 T h e Ch a n di s ar liv e i n t h e vill a g e s a n d liv e by b e ggi n g Th e .

K ati mar s w h o us e d t o b e n ume r o us i n Mul ta n a r e a n o ff s h o ot o f

.

-
,

t hi s b r a n ch .

4 T h e K utich ar ar e v agr a nt b e gg ar s
. .

A cc o un ts f r o m Mi an w al i i n w hich D i st r ic t t h e Bha te a r e ve r v f e w ,

in n umb e r giv e a t h r e e f o l d divi s i on o f t h e c a s t e a s f o l l o w s

, ,

i B ra h m i Ka ti ma r o r Sh e n i Kh e l
i l
11
I II
. . . .

Kh osla . i i L Ba ddfi .

I p e r for ms c e r e moni e s : II do e s n ot t h o ugh a t w e ddi ng s t h e Ka ti ma r ,

s in g s o n g s o f c on g r a t ul a t i o n T h e Ba d du i s vi r t ua lly an ou t .

A s e c o n d a cc o un t p o i n ts t o t h e f a c t t h at t h e Bha te d e r iv e t h e i r or igi n
f r o m t h e Push k ar na B r a h man s as w e ll a s f r om th e S ar su t a n d s a y s t h e ,

Push k a r n a Bha t a r e e qua l in s t a t us t o t h e S ar s ut 1 t h o u gh t h e s ta t us

'

o f t h e s e ct i on s v a r i e s a n d a f amily wh ose wi d o w s ma r r y o uts id e t h e

,

b r o th e r h oo d i s l o o k e d do w n up o n .

L a s tly a t hi r d a cc oun t giv e s t h e old f un c ti o n a l gr o up s t h e S li t w h o

i n t h e a f t e r n o o n 1 t h e Mag adh w h o
’
s i n g s o n g s a n d r e ci t e ch r o n icl e s ,

k e e p p e di g r e e s o f ki n g s a n d r e c o un t t h e ir d e e d s t h e Wi n di j an w h o
, ,

t e ach p r i n c e s a n d t h e Bha t o r J a g a k § w h o s a n g s on g s i n t h e e ar ly

mor n i n g h o ur s t o a w a k e n t h e ki n g Ye t t hi s s am e a cc o un t divid e s th e .

Bha te i nto B r a h m s a n d K at i mar s .

In M ul t a n tah si lS h uj abad on ly t h e B r a h m a n d K a ti mar g r o up s ar e

, ,

k n o w n T h e for m e r c o mp r i se s 7 g ots : Ch a n di D as M ah e l S ut r a k
.
, , ,

Ch an g e r P a l sa Ch an d ar i a an d Oh a n n an a ll o f which ar e s a i d to be
, , , ,

S ar s ut ge ts an d i n t e r ma r r y T h e Kati mar s a l s o sa id t o b e S ar su t s .
, ,
f o r m a distm ct s ub c a s t e Th e y h a v e as a r ule n o cli e n ts a n d liv e
-
.
, , ,

by bl ack mail b ut i n Sh uj abad i ts e lf th e y r e c e iv e fi x e d d ue s (fr o m on e

,

t o f o ur a n n a s a h e a d a t w e ddi n g s ) Th e y s til l c om p o s e ka bi te w h ich .

th e B r a h m Bha te do n ot .

In th e a cc o u n t s f r o m K ar n al P a t iala a n d K ap fir th alal l a ll us i on is ,

Th e Baddir tak e s a ms f r om Muh ammadans , w h i ch oth er Bh at s w ill not do

l
’

No oth e r .

l
w il e at Wi th h 1 m, y e t h e w e ars th e j ame o Hi s corp s e i s not ur nt li k e a Hin dfi s , but i s cast . b ’

in to a s tr eam It i s to be re g r ette d th at no f ur th e r p arti cular s of th i s i nte r e stin

g gr oup ar e
.

v
gi e n .

1 It i s sai d th at th e g ate ar e
‘

{ Chan di D as .

G andh or
P
.

U S HKARNA
Har m R ai .

S ansur
.
'

Hati ar a
K e a n.dr
‘

LT h or , e tc .

i v
J ust as th e J agg a h a e a s tate d ti me for th ei r r e oi tati ons : se e b v
a o e .

Not to be conf use d w i th t he J aji k w h o in D e r a G h azi K h an i s , a se w e r of shr ouds : se e

H
In K ap fi r th ala to th e But i s assi g ne d th e duty o f r eci t in
g v e r se s fr om th e Pur ’

gii i ii g
s n
t o th e Magadh th at o f e u og i sing t h e S ur a ans Ch andr bans , e t c ,
l clia i , .
l
w h i e to th e V
ll l
a otte d t h e re ci tat i on of ch r oni c e s , and e u og i si ng D e o, m kh z, fp t i a r an d Ha n In at rm da n l ’
’ ‘

'

b l l
,

w h e nce th e y ar e de si g nate d K abi sh ar s or ar ds Th e atter a so announce be e t

h als , S et
.

for th th e dowry at wedding s, and so on .

 Bhdt legends .

i t, w i th ka tci r i n hi s h and s, an d utte r e d a ka bi t w h ich r un s

a O
g o dd e s s Kali k a ,
giv e t h e Bha t a ka tri r w h o se s igh t will c a u s e a cl o s e

fi st e d man (s h am) t o fl e e L e t th e Bha t cl e a v e h im f r o m h e a d t o f o ot

.

“
wi th h i s ka tdr ”
Shiv a r e p li e d
.
O B e t a l R ai, Bha t, I w o uld h a ve
giv e n y o u t h e ki n gd o m o f t h e w h ol e w o r ld h a d y ou n ot a pp e a r e d th us .

Now I gr a n t y o u gr e a t i n fl u e n c e an d a ll w ill be t e r ri fi e d a t y o u r v o ic e ,
b ut y o u w ill g e t w h a t y o u m a y
"
Thi s ku bi t , o b t ai n e d f r o m a Bha t, .

w o uld m a k e a ll th e Bha te pr o fe s si o n a l e x to r t i o n e r s A t hi r d t r adi t i on .

i s t h at B r a h ma o ff e r e d g i f t s t o B r ah m an s but t h e y a ll r e f us e d i t , u n t il ,

on e o f t h e i r s i s te r s so n s a cc e p t e d i t a n d t h u s b e c a m e a Bha t
’
.

Tw o l e g e n ds f r o m t h e Si m l a hill s a l so d e s c r ib e t h e or igi n o f t h e
Bha te T h e fi r st e xpl a i n s h o w t h e y ac qui r e d t h e p o w e r o f r e a di n g
.

U d e Raj a Bh o j s a y s liv e d Kal i D as a f a m o us

* it
me n s th o ugh t s
’
n r .
, , ,

Bhat w h o h e ld th a t a man c ould say a n y t hi n g h e w i sh e d i n p e tr y o

,

a n d s o Kal i t h e g o dd e s s pl e a s e d w i t h h i s d e v o t i o n c o n f e r r e d o n
, , ,

h i m t h e p o w e r o f t h o ugh t r e a di n g T h e o th e r l e g e n d g o e s f u r t h e r
-
.

b a ck an d de s c r ib e s h o w Raja J a s w a n t i h a d a w i s e c o un s e ll or i n a
,
‘

w o m an K h an k ali O n c e w h e n h e w a s h o l di n g hi s c o ur t a t S r i n a ga r
.

i n G a r h w al t h e Raj a o f Ma r war J a g dao c a me t o s e e h i m a n d f ou n d , ,

h i m a n d Kh an k ali i n c o un cil T h e l a dy v e il e d h e r f a c e e x pl a i n i n g
.
,

t h a t a s a m a n h a d c o me t o t h a t co w a r dl y c o u r t sh e c o uld n o t s h o w h e r
f ac e b e f or e h i m T hi s r e ply n atu r a lly a n n o y e d Ja s w a n t w h o d e cl ar e d
.

h e w ou l d giv e h er 1 0 t im e s a s mu ch a s J a g de o w o uld b e st o w K h a n kal i .

’
t h e n w e n t t o J a g de o s t e n t ; but a s h e w a s a t hi s d e v o t i o n s h i s Ra n i
g a v e h e r a di sh f u ll o f go l d c o i n s a n d g e m s whi ch K h a n k ali r e f us e d t o
a cc e p t a s s h e c o u ld t a k e n o
, al ms f r om a w oman Wh e n t h e Raj a .

c a me s h e p r e s e n te d h i m w i t h a r upe e a s a n a zr a n d s a id s h e w a s th e , ,

w if e o f a B h a i; a n d h a d co m e t o d e m a n d ddn (ch a r i ty ) which o n e o f ,

Raj put bl o o d c o uld n o t r e f u se He ba de h e r a s k a f a v o ur a n d s h e de .

,

man de d h i s h e a d w hich t h e Raj a a t o n c e cu t off a n d s h e c a r r i e d i t i n a

, ,

di s h to Raja J a s w an t T a un t i n gl y J a s w a n t a s k e d w h a t sh e h a d g ot
.

f r o m J a gd e o w h o h a d fl e d f r om h is o w n ki n gd o m a n d s o ugh t a r e f ug e
,

w i t h hi ms e l f In r e p ly K h a n k ali s h o w e d h im t h e h e a d a n d d e ma n d e d
.

t h o s e o f h i mse l f a n d hi s 9 s o n s i n f u lfil me n t o f h i s v o w t h r e a t e n i n g h i m
w i t h th e r u i n o f h i s ki n gdo m if h e r e f u s e d T h e ki n g s so n s h i s q ue e n .
, ,

a n d h e hi mse l f h o w e v e r a ll d e cli n e d t o sa c r ific e t h e i r li v e s i n f ulfi l m e n t

, ,

of t h e Raj a s r a s h p r o mi se
’
.

K h a n k ali t h e n r e tu r n e d t o J a g de o s t e n t
’
S h e h a d f o r bidd e n h i s .

ue e n t o b ur n h i s b o d y til l s h e r e t ur n e d a n d w h e n s h e f o u n d t h e Ra n i
q ,

l a me n t i n g o v e r h i s co r p s e s h e r e sto r e d i t t o li fe a n d p r om i s e d h i m th e
e mp i r e o f a ll I n di a Thi s h e s o o n a chi e v e d In th e fi r s t e n c o un t e r
. .

J a sw an t w a s o v e r t h r o w n a n d J a g de o se i z e d h i s ki n g dom G r a d ua lly .

li e s u bd u e d a ll t h e p e t ty chi e f s i n I n di a c o mp e ll i n g t h e m t o p ay ,

6 a n n a s i n th e r u p e e a s t ib ut e F r om K h a n k ali an d K ali D as th e
r
.

Bha t c h ai n d e s ce n d s .

In S i r mur t h e Bh ats ar e by or igi n Br a h ma n s , I but h a vi n g d o p te d

a

ka r e w a t h e y lo st st a t us an d by o cc up a t i o n
are L ow g e n e alo g i s t s .

c ul tiv a to r s d tr an s Gi r i m arr y w ith

‘

M an y ,
t oo , ar e an -
K an e t s . Th e

Cf L e g ends II, p 1 83
.
. .

e e L e g e nds of th e PU D JZLI
) 1 11 p p 242 25 2
‘
1 S ,
,
, .

1: T h e re i s a W ate s h ar or Bate sh ar g r oup among th e Br ahman s l

a so ,
 Th e Muham mada n Bh dt . 99

Bh ats of Nah a n B r a h man c us to ms but t h os e o f th e i n te r io r h a v e

r e ta n i ,

a d o p t e d t h o se o f th e K a n e t s Wi t h th e K a n e ts t h e Bh ats f ur n i sh t h e
.

D e w a s o r p r i e sts t o th e te mp l e s T r an s G i r i t h e r e is a sub dw i si o n of .
- -

t h e Bh ats c all e d D e t i bu t t h e r e s t o f t h e Bh ats do n ot i n t e r m ar r y w i t h

,

t h e m a n d t h e y ar e i n fe r i o r to t h e o th e r g r o u p s .

M U HA MMA DAN Be i rs T HE .

T h e M uh am m a d a n Bh ats ar e e v e n f e w e r in num b e r s t h a n t h e Hi n d u ,

an d f a r l e s s e l a b o r a t e ly o r g a n i s e d In Hi s sa r t h e y d a t e t h e i r co n .

v e r s i on t o Ala m g i r s r e ig n an d s t ill co nt i n u e t o m i n i ste r t o Ma h ajan s

,

’
’
.
,

a n d o th e r Hin d us as w e ll a s t o M u gh a l s a n d P i r z ad a s but Sh a ikh s ,

a s do a l so o il me n a n d w e a v e r s
’
o n l y f e e t h e m a t a d a ugh te r s w e ddi n g ;

w h o g i v e t h e m 8 a n n as But t h e y g e t f e e s o n t h e b i r t h o f a son
. In .

R o h t a k t h e y h a v e on ly t h r e e se c t i o n s Bij ban S i l S aha a n d O ur D e v a , ,

o f w h om t h e l a t t e r r e ci t e g e n e a lo gi e s a n d c om p ose s o n g s .

Th e i r p a tr on s ar e M uh amma d an Raj p ut s an d Hi n d u Mah aj an s , and

t h e y r e c e iv e

Ce r emony . F uncti on . F ee .

G ir l s b e tr oth al Th e Bh at w ome n si ng 8 Mans fir f ta ke s

’
song s and ch an t .

ka bi ts .

Th e Bh at w ome n si ng song s and also th e Re 1

. or as . 8 w i th ta ka a .

b
r oth e r h oo d .

G ir ls
'
Women sing ba n dh aw a . 8 ta ka s for each .

Bir th of a s on S ing congr atu ator y song s l Re 1

. .

At w e dding s w h e n th e dow e r arr i e s v th e Bh at s r e ad out th e lis t of art i cle s and r e ci te th e

fo llo wing k e
’

bi t
Z a r ki st s o n e g o ta k in ar t m ur as sa mo tt ka m ha n ch h a hbha r t h a t,
.

K i m kh db a t la s bazw a la j h wr m ldt me h n di mo t t s u t p ats dh a r f h a t .

Bh ti ka n r dtub h i m? p a n/n o? j a r ai o j ara t g ir d m e n ch h uh dr e sa b n dr ka ht n kha fi

r t hai
'

S un da r so h dg bh dg bh a r t j a zs i kh t ltt p hat ] j ha r i h a t
'

. .

In Shahp ur th e M uh amma dan Bh ats ar e divid e d th us

S e cti on . G o tr a .

Ch fir al . K o sh a l .

Panj .

S a mi t .

G u dr al .

K a p r al which i s s a id t o be p ur e ly e n do gamous an d n o t to
,

m a r r y wi t h a ny o t h e r Bha t u n d e r p a i n o f e xco mmu n ic at i on Th e .

o t h e r f our s e c t i o ns ma r r y i n ter 86 .

T HE Be ar s r uncr lons .

Th e f unc t i o n s of th e Bha t, di ff e r i n di ff e r e n t p ar ts o f t h e se Pr o vi n c e s .

In th e so ut h e a ste r n di s t r ic ts h e i s n o t e n tr us t e d wi th a ny r e ligi ous

-

f un c t ion s a t all T h us in Ro h t ak t h e B r ah m Bh ats me r e ly g e t

.

a n n a s 4 to 8 o n t h e b r ide g r oom s de p ar t ur e a t a w e ddi n g a n d t h e

’

g ue sts at a r ich ma n s f un e r al ar e i n vi t e d t h r o ug h a B h a t, w h o r e ce i v es
’
.

R e I in c a s h , a n d a tur b an wh en th e p a gr i is t i e d r oun d t h e h e i r s
.

h e ad A Bhat als o s ummo ns t h e kin sme n to witn e ss a n e xcommum

.
 The Bh ri t s f un cti ons
’
.

c at i o n or a r e d i i
m ss on i n t o c a
-as t e A s w e g o w e s t w a r d h o w e v e r t h e .
*
, ,

Bh at s f u nc ti o n s b e c o m e mo r e d e fi n i te a ssum i n g a t t i me s a l mo s t a
’
,

p r i e st ly c ol o ur w hil e h i s p e r q ui si t e s ar e c o r r e s p o n d in gly l a r g e r an d m or e
,

c e r t ai n Th us i n K ap ur t h ala th e B r a h m B h a i; s i n gs c o n g r a t ul a t o r y
.

s o n g s a t a b e tr ot h a l a t t h e s a i a ch i tth i a t a ch h o ta t i ha
,
or m ar k m g , ,

o f t h e b r id e g r oo m s for e h e a d t h e mi ta i T o r m e e t i n g o f t h e
’
b r i d e an d
, ,

b r id e gr o om a t th e la w an o r tur in s t h e mi tth a t h at a n d th e chi r ham ,

, ,

r e c e ivi n g a fe e o f a n n a s 2 o r s o t og e t h e r wi t h Ot h e r r a il s , .

’
A f t e r a d e at h t h e Bha t r e m a i n s fo r 1 3 d ay s in t h e d e c e a s e d s h ouse
a n d h e lp s t o p r o c u r e w h at i s r e qui r e d ; a t a th t h e g e t s a
sh u /
r u p ee ;

a n d a t a s as h h e g e t s a s i mil a r f e e wi t h c e r t a in cl o t h e s

Cer emony .
F uncti on .

(1) Marri ag e p r oce ssi on S i ng Man g la ch oir ha bi ts

( 2) F i lm Di tto
D o wr y l bl l
Pr oc aim p u i c y t h e p r e sents g i e n v
as th e dow r y
i t4) Wa r i sm
.

Car r y b
ask e ts ( ch h dbds) of dr i e d

iL b
r i de g r o om s
‘

f r ui ts , e tc , to th e .

f ath e r s h ouse , and ch ant con gr a

'

t ulati on s t o th e p ai r
Pr oce ssi on to th e fune r al ( i ) Saw th e kaf a n i 2g ann as .

p y re .
( i t ) Buy w h at ’ i s ne ce ssary for th e
dece ase d s r e ati e s l v .

(m i ) S i ng i n th e p r o cess i on .

(2) s t e p s for lst four day s l

A B h at n i e ads th e mour n i ng of th e 8 ann as or a r up e e .

w ome n o f th e r oth e r h oo d b .

D a h dy a On th e te nth day th e Bh at ni as 2 ann as and 2 se r s of

bl
s e m e s th e w ome n i n th e h ouse of w h e at fl our .

t h e dece ase d s h e i r s
’
.

( 4) On th e 1 3th day A Bh at ass e m e s th e ma e mem e r s bl l b 1 anna.

of th e b
r oth e r h ood, and t h e de ceas

e d s h e i r i s p r o c ai me d
’
l .

(5 ) D h a r m shan t On t h e 1 7 th day th e s h r adh i s p e r A mea l of cooke d food .

L f orme d .

In th e w e ste r n di st r ic ts t h e Bhatn i f ulfil s th e d ut i e s o f a p r o f es s i o n al

mour n e r Th us i n Shahp ur s h e l e a d s th e mour n i n g by t h e w om en
.

1 a n d i n D e r a G ha zi
’
o f t h e d e c e a se d s b r o t h e r h o o d f o r a f e e o f R e .
,

Khan sh e do e s thi s f o r a w a g e o f 2; an n a s a da y b e s id e s wh at th e ,

r e l a t iv e s ma y giv e h e r .

In Ka n g r a § t h e o n ly r e lic o f th e B h a t e f or mer f un cti ohs i s t h e

’

m a ki n g o f h a bi ts a n d a
p r o v e r b r un s —
, t i t h i bh e t ha bi t i a a Bha t , . .
,

w ill alw ay s m a k e a p r e s e n t o f a h a bi t L ik e t h e p a r ohi t a n d th e b ar b e r .

Th i s account come s fr om th e S amp a tah si of R oh tak l

E se w h e r e th e Bh at e mer e
y
l . l l
s ing cong r atu l ator y son g s on ausp i ci ous o ccasi on s f or a f e e of four dou e -p i cs
, r ai se d at bl
w e ddi ng s t o R e 1 -4 0 .
-
.

l l
1 Th ey s p r in k e th e r e d co our e d w ate r on th e w hi te g ar ments of th e we ddi ng gue sts ,

1 B u t i n D e r a Gh azi Kh an th i s i s don e by th e aj i k J .

Th i s i s th e account f r om Hami rp ur In Nii r p ur tah sil Bh at s mer e y i si t th e h ouse of a

. l v
l
ne w y mar r ie d coup e and r e ce i e a sma l v
f e e , e ar ni ng th e i r li in g by culti ati on In ll v v
l l v
.

K ang ra t ah si th e y s ome ti me s at a w e ddi ng g e t a f e e cal e d dwr bh t a , w h i ch ari e s fr om

l
3pi e s to 2 annas : th ey a so g e t one at an i nve sti tur e w i th th e j’ a n e o , and at w e dding s th e
l r gi e s h IS B v
t annas 2 and some c oth , wh i e th e boy s Bha l l
o

f t h ha
'

g i r s a e i; g ets R e 1 -4 -0 but
, .

th ey p er form no ri tes .
 Bh a tti cla n s .

T i mar fo un d Bh atn e r u n d e r t h e r ul e o f R a o D li l C h i a Raj put .

a n,
*
,

an d p r o b ably a Bh a tti C ur i o usly e n ough h a 1 3 r e p r e se n t e d {i s h a vi n g

.

a b r o th e r n a me d K a m al ud di n a n d i n o n e hi s to r y K h ul Ch am IS - s ad
-
,

t o h av e b e e n t h e R a i o f B h a t n e r i
‘ ’

A g a i n i n 1 5 27 w e r e a d o f Mi r z a K amr an s c o m i n g fr om L a h o r e w i t h
’
,

ma n y h or s e s a n d mu ch w e a l th t a k e n f r om t h e Bh a tti s a n d K h o k h a r s I .

The l e ge nd s o f t h e Bh a tti s ar e h o w e v e r s il e n t o n t h e se e v e n ts a n d , ,

a sc r i b e t h e o r igi n o f t h e t r ib e to A ch a l t h r o u gh B a r s i w h o e x te n de d ,

h i s d o mi n i o n s f r o m t h e so ut h t o Bh a tn e r w hich t h e y h e ld u n t il e xp e ll e d ,

fr om i t by t h e Raj a of Bika n e r e a r l y i n t h e 1 9th ce n t ur y Th e n t h e y .

s pr e a d o v e r Bh a ttia n a w hich c o mp r i s e d t h e mo d e r n t a h s il of Si r sa
,

a n d th e n o r t h e r n p a r t o f F a t e habad Th e t r ib e i s n ow f o un d p r i n ci .

p ally a l on g t h e G h a gg ar v all e y a s f ar as Bh a tn e r .

V ar i o u s o t h e r tr a di ti on s a r e , h o w e v e r , c ur r e n t i n di ff e r e n t l o c a li t i e s
a n d o f t h e s e t h e m o s t p r o b a bl e i s t h a t w hich c o nn e c t s t h e Bh a tti s
w i t h J a i sa lmi r T h e s to r y c urr e n t i n Hi s s ar i s t h at t h e y w e r e i n v e r y
.

e a r ly t i m e s d r iv e n a c r o ss t h e I n d us , bu t r e t u r n e d a n d s o me 7 00 y e a r s

a o di s p os s e s se d t h e L a n gah , J o i y a a n d o t h e r t r ib e s o f t h e c o un t r y
g
t o t h e s o u th o f t h e l o w e r S ut l e j , a n d f o un d e d J a i salm i r , wh ich S t a t e
th e y s t ill h old Bh a tti , th e l e a d e r u n d e r w h om t h e y r e c r o s se d th e
.

I n dus , h a d t w o son s D a s a l a n d J a i sal T h e fo r me r s e tt l e d in Bh a ttia n a .

a n d f r o m h i m ar e d e sc e n d e d t h e S idh fi - B a r a r Jats, th e Wa ttu b e i n g

a l so d e sc e n d a n t s o f h i s g r a n d s o n , Raj p ut Wi t h t hi s t r a di tio n may .

be c o mp a r e d t h e f o ll o w i n g de t a il e d a cc o un t o f th e Bh a t t i s o f B a haw a l
u r , i n which S t a t e t h e y h a v e 1 5 i n ci l cl
p p r
p a a ns

i . T h e Bh attis , o r p ur e Bh a tti s , w h o ar e g e n e r a lly l a n d o w n e r s

o r c ul t iv a t o r s, t h ough so m e a r e w e a v e r s a n d bl a ck smi t h s .

11 Pah or ,
f oun d t h r ough out t h e L am ma .

11 1 . Oh fi s .

iv . J o gi a n d
v . Jan da n i .

Th e s e fi v e se p ts ar e cl os e ly c o nn e c t e d ,
do n ot giv e d a ugh te r s out
s id e t h e g r oup a nd usually i nte r ma r r y
, .

vi S h a ikh r a .

Ch a k a r H ulle : a s mall se p t of r e c e nt o r igi n c all e d Ch a k ar

vn .
-
,

ull a h or s e r v a n t s o f G o d .

’
viii L all 11 . .

ix Bh abh e : a s mall s e pt
. .

x K a t e sa r a l so a sma ll s e p t w hich r e a r s sh e e p
.
, .

xi K uly ar or K aw a ly fi r wh ich h a s an i n te r e s t i n g h i sto r y

.

Kuly ar w a s a son o f Ran a Raj Wa dh a n w h o h a d f ou r o t h e r s on s , ,

e r a (2) N11 n, (3 n u
.
’

1 U ) Ka n (4 ) H a t a r T h di i
( ) t t , j e t r a t on i s t h a t th e , .

it Th e Z afarnama h as Ch an p r o a y f or Ch and 0 r Ch ain b bl may be due to s

$ :l
53
.

be tw e en S ain and Ch and T i mar e xp ai ns th at R ao me ans . l b r ave .

’

(E . H ,

488
1
'
E . H I IV
. p 84
.
, . .

1 E. H . I V , p 37
. . .
 Bh atti clan s . 103

a n e stor s o f
c Raj Wa dh an liv e d Gh ajn i , wh e n c e in an ci e n t t i me s n e ar
t h e y m i g r at e d t o D e lhi which a f te r a t ime t h e y l e f t ,
f o r Bh a tn e r .

In t h e 7 th c e n t ur y o f t h e Hij r a Raj Wa dh an t o ge t h e r wit h h i s t r ib e

l e ft Bh atn e r a n d s e t tl e d n e a r Chh an b K uly ar (n ow i n th e L o dh r an
t a h s il o f M ul t a n ), whi ch i n t h o s e d a y s la y on t h e so u t h e r n b a n k o f
t h e S utl e j a n d f o r me d p a r t o f th e d om i n i o n s o f R a i Bh u t t a, t h e r u l e r
o f a c it y, t h e g r ea t e r a r t of w hich w as d e s t r o y e d by t h e S ut l e j fl o w i n
p g
ove r i t bu t p a r t s o f i ts r ui n s ar e s t ill t o b e s e e n o n t h e r ig h t b an k

o f t h e G h a r a (i n t a h s il L o dh r a n ) R a n a R aj Wa dh a n h a d a b e a u t i f ul .

d aug h t e r w h om R a i Bh u t t a d e s i r e d t o m a r r y T h e r e qu e s t w a s r e fus e d .

by K u ly ar , th e e ld e st so n o f Raj Wa dh a n ; a n d t h e r e sul t w a s t h at a
s a n g ui n a r y b a t t l e to o k pla c e i n w hich R a i Bh u t ta w a s sl a i n Th e .

t r a c t o f t h e c o u nt r y t h u s c o n que r e d by t h e K n ly ar s b e c a me k n o w n a s
Chh a n b K uly ar , w hich n ame i t s till r e ta i n s A t t hi s t i m e Sh e r Sh ah .

S a y yid Ja lal w a s livi n g i n Uch , w h e r e Ra n a Raj Wa dh a n a n d h is s o n s

w e n t t o s e e h i m a n d e m b r a c e d I s la m Raj Wa d h a n r e ma i n e d :a t Uch , .

U tt e r a o cc upi e d th e V iah N un b e ga n t o liv e o n t h e Ravi ,

’

r i be i d o m i n a n t i n Sh u j abad t a h s il
( d h ), K a n jii n a t th e
’

a n t a t t s n ow

D o n ari M a r i a n d K a lya r ma de Chh a n b K uly ar h i s r e s i de n c e .

H a ta r w a s de p r i v e d o f h i s s h ar e o f t h e i n h e r i ta n ce l .
' ‘

x1 1 D a r a gh .

xm . S an gr a : w i t h a f a mo u s se p t c a ll e d Wagi In t h e 8th .

c e n t ur y Hij r a t h e S an g r a s m ig r a te d f r om Raj p u t a n a a n d
s e t t l e d i n K a t h al a t h e n a l a r g e to w n o n t h e G ur a n g o r
,

Ha r i a r i th e r ui n s o f w hich a r e s t il l t o be se e n n e a r Tibba
,

Ta n w i n w al a K a thal a w a s a t t h a t tfl e h e ld by t h e J ciy as
-
. .

xi v . M a h tam : t h e M uh a m ma d a n Mah tams cl a i m to be Bh a tti s

an d sa
y a m i ni m: on c e i r o n ic a lly ca ll e d t he i r an c e s t o r

M a h ta m o r chi e f Th e y a pp e a r t o be d i s t i nc t f r o m t h e
, .

Hi n du Ma h t a ms .

xv . Bh e t : w h o cl a i m to h a v e b e e n Bh a ttis w h o a c c omp ani e d

Sh a ikh H a ki m fr o m D e lhi but a r e s ai d by o t h e r s t o be ,

D h e dh s o r Me n g h w als wh o m t h a t s a i n t c on v e r t e d , .

M ar k a n d B ok h a J h a k h kh a r D h an dl a Ph a n bi Bi r a r
'

x vi .
, , , , , ,

D a du ,
K a p ahi (c o t to n w o r k e r s a n d r e e d c ut t e r s ) a n d - -
,

Kah i n a r e n i n e c l a n s de s c e n de d f r o m t h e s a me a n ce s to r
,

a n d t h e y i n t e r mar r y S o m e a r e l a n d o w n e r s o t h e r s t e na n t s
.
, ,

b ut s o m e a r e b o a t me n a n d t h o ugh Bh a ttis by o r igi n t h e y ,

a r e r e g a r d e d a s o f lo w st a t u s .

On t h e s o uth e a s t b o r de r o f t h e P un j a b t h e s ubj e c t p o pul a t ion o f

Bi k a n e r i s la r g e l y c o m p ose d o f Bh a ttis , a n d t ra di ti o n i a l mo s t a l w a y s
T h e t r adi ti on i s th at i n th os e day s th e B1 8 8 ow e d s e p ar ate y to th e nor th o f Kahr or fl l
t o w ar ds S h uj a ad b .

Th e Mi tt r i i Bh at t i o f Mu t an s ay th e y ca me f rom Bi k ane r
l
’
.

v
Th e Hi ss é r tr adi tion i s e r y di fl e r e n t and s ay s t h at th e Ih at t i e ar e of th e J atu f ami y , - l
an d th at l i k e th e l un w ar R a j p uts th e y tr ace t h e i r or i gi n to r e mo te an ti qm ty
' ‘

A t s o me .

di stant p e r i o d, t w o p e r s on s n ame d h h at t i and t umna ar e s ai d to h a e come t o t h i s co un tr y v

f r om Math r a .
l l
Th e atte r h ad no ma e i ss ue and h i s de sce ndan ts (ca e d J 0 1y a R aj p uts ) . ll ‘

lv i e in S i r sa . A fte r some g e n e r at i on s ( ne o f th e f ami ly of t h e fo r me r n ame d k us a u ,

l ,

b e came R aj a— b e h ad tn o sr n s , Bus u an d J am i l
1 h e atte r be came Bé j a o f J ai s almi r , l .
'
l
w h e r e h i s de sce n dan t s s t i r e ig n
'
ll
J h e f or me r Ir mai n r d i n h h a t t i ana— h e h ad r uly o ne son
. ,

name d J anr a w h o h ad se e r a
,
v l v
w i e s ( all o f othe r cas te s) by w h om h e h ad 21 son s , w h os e
 B h a tti tr a di ti ons .

c ar r i e s us b ack t o t h e an ci e n t ci t y of Bh atn e r which li e s on th e b an k s ,

o f t h e l o n g s i n c e dr y G h a gg a r i n t h e t e r r i to r y o f t h a t S t a t e b o r d e r i ng ,

o n S ir s a Bu t i n t h a t t r a c t which co r r e S p on ds t o t h e old Bh attia n a

.
, ,

t h e Bh a tti i s n o l o n g e r a d o mi n a n t t r ib e a n d t h e t e r m i s l o o se ly a p pli e d
t o a ny M u h a mma d an J at o r Raj p u t f r o m t h e di r e c ti o n o f t h e S utl e j ,

a s a g e n e r ic t e r m a l mo s t s y nony m o us wi th Ra t h o r Pa ch h ada .

In th e c e n t r a l P un j ab h o w e v e r a n d t o w ar d s t h e n o r t h o f i t t h e
, , ,

Bh a tti s t h o u g h s c a t t e r e d h o ld s tr o n g p o si ti o n s
,
In A mr i t s a r t r a d i t i o n
, .

a v e r s t h at t h e y b a n : a l o n g p e dig r e e be gi n n i n g w i t h A da m l0th i n
‘ ’
,

d e s c e n t f r o m w h o m w a s K r i s h n a 80 11 o f J a d t h e s o n o f J a d a m A n d , , .

t h e p r e se n t S t a t e o f K a p ur th a la w a s h e l d by a Raj a w h o s o u g h t t h e
aid o f L akh a np al an d H a r pal s on s o f t h e Ra n a Pu r a b Ch a n d o f Bh a tn e r
, , ,

a g a i ns t h i s f oe s A cc o m p an i e d by F a npal a t hi r d so n o f t h e R a n a
.
,

by a J at wi f e t h e y o v e r r a n t h e n e ighb o u r i n g c o u n t r y ; but t h e R aj a
,

r e f u s e d t o gi v e t h e m t h e s h ar e h e h a d a g r e e d t o b e s t o w up o n t h e m ,

s o t h e y p u t h im t o de a t h an d p ar t i t i o n e d h i s ki n g do m L a k h a n pal ,

t a ki n g t h e Bar i D oab H ar pal t h at o f t h e B i s t Jal a n dh a r a n d F a n p al

,

t h e m o d e r n F e r o z e p u r D i st r ic t ltai V i r u L ak h a n p al s g r e a t g r a n d s o n
’
-
.
, ,

f o u n d e d V a i r o w al in A m r i t s a r s om e 5 40 y e a r s a g o a n d h i s g r a n d
da u gh t e r a si st e r o f R a i Mi th a w a s m r r i e d t o R a i I b r a h i m o f
, ,
a

K ap ii r th ala hims e l f a Bh a tti a n d d e s c e n d e d f r o m H a r p al Bu t a f t e r a

’

.
,

f u til e at t e m p t t o subd ue R a i Mi t h a Ib r ah i m f or b a d e i n t e r m a r r i a g e ,

b e t w e e n t h e t w o b r a n ch e s .

’
h o w e v e r qu ite s il e n t a s to L akh a n p al o r
K a p ii r t h ala tr a di t i on i s , ,

H a r p al , a n d, a cc or di n g t o l e g e n d s c u r r e nt i n t h a t S t a t e R a i Na n a k ,

Ch a n d i s s a i d t o h a v e l e ft Bh a tn e r a n d s e ttle d i n Bh u lan a i n t h a t ,

S ta t e Th r e e b r o th e r s B h a tti M a n j a n d Ch auha n f oun d e d t h e Rajp ut

.
,

tr ib e s so n am e d which se ttl e d i n th e P u nj a b o n ly 1 4 ge n e r at i o n s a g o
, .

Ne v e r th e l e ss cip r o c al mar r i a g e i s c o n fi n e d t o t h e Bh a tti M an j

re ,
*
Nar il a n d Kh o k h ar tri b e s w h ich a v o i d m a r r i age w i t h t h e Ch auha n
’

, ,

A wa n Nip al B aj o b a J a njua Pu n w ar V a r ya
, , , , , .

Th e K h okh ar s a n d Nar us a r e r e gar de d a s f o r e ign by r a ce to t h e o t h e r

Rajp ut s w h o all t r ac e b a ck t h e i r d e s cen t t o Raj a S a li vah an w h o h a s
,

He i s s aid t o h av e b e e n d e f e a t e d by I ma m N a s i r
.

a s h r i n e a t S i al k o t .
.

In G ujr at t h e Bh atti s t r a c e t h e i r fi r s t s e t t l e m e n t s ba ck t o D ul la
Bh a tti , Raja o f Pi n di Bh attia n w h o w a s p ut t o d e at h by A kb a r All
.
.

h is f am ily w a s in A kba r s c am p o n t h e Jh e l um , wh e r e t h e y w e r e k e p t
’

i n d u r a n c e u n t il r e l e a se d a t t h e i nte r c e s s i o n o f a f a qi r w h o s e s h r i n e
i s s t ill p i e d
o n t o u t a t Chh a p r o th e b a n k o f t h a t r iv e r D ull a s s o n ,
a n ’
.

K a mal Kha n w a s a ll o w e d t o s e t tl e o n th e w as te l a n ds n e a r G h ama n ,

s t ill a Bh a tti vill a g e , whil e t h e r e st r e tu r n e d t o Pi n di Bh a t t ia n 1
‘

bl b
de s cen dants e sta i sh e d diffe r e nt tr i e s s uch as th e L a khi w ct l, S zdh a and Ba m r J a s J anr é
,

n ami ng i t af te r h i s w i f e A h c— b b
,

fou n d e d t h e t o w n o f Ab o h ur , y th i s w ife h e h ad thr e e

—th e Wat t ri R a ut
d m j p s ar e de sce n dants of th e fi r st th e Mai
’

R dj p dl C h a n a n D h u
sons ,

t s of th d — and th e N aw a of R ani a and h i s f ami b

of th e th i r d l
j p u e s e c on
y , Inasmuch as
l
.

i m or e n ume r ous th an th e r e st , th e countr

th e B h a tt s w e r e y w as cal e d Bh at t i ana Th e
ha b i ts m a n n e r s a n d c us toms o f Bh at t i R aj puts ar e si mi ar to th o se o f th e l un
war h a j p uts
l ' ‘

l
,

B i s s a r S e t t e m e n t R e p or t , p 8, 2 5 .
20 . .

a: l
T h e Kh ok h ar s ( a one ) gi e daug h te r s to S ay yi ds v .

f T h A
v l
e tr i baIm i r dsi gi e s th e fo lowi ng p e di g r e e of th e tr i e , w h i ch c ai ms M ah ar a a Ban t
p
b l j
1 06 Bha tti Ch ane
'
—Bhi tt anni .

ne ighbour in g J at; t r ib e s th ou g h t h e y wil l ta k e wive s f r o m among t h e m

,

wi t h o ut s c r upl e * In t he S a l t r a n ge th e Bh atti se e m t o h o l d a ve r y
.
-

s ub or di n a t e o s i t i o n a s Bh a tti t h o ugh i t m ay be t h at s o me o f t h e
p ,

i n n u me r a bl e Raj pu t t r ib e s o f th at t r a c t ma y c o nsid e r t h e ms e l ve s
Bh a tti a s w e ll a s wh a t v e r t h e i r l o c a l n a me m ay be Th e Bh a tti o f
,
e .

Jh a n g h old t h e c on sid e r a bl e Bh a tti o r a tr a c t n or th o f t h e Ch e n a b .

Th e y c am e fi r st f r om Bh tn e r t o t h e r i g h t b a n k o f th e Jh e l um n e a r a

th e S hah p ur b or de r a n d t h e n c e to Bh a ttior a ,
Th e y a r e de s cr i be d as .

“
a fi ne r a ce of me n i n d us tr i o us agr ic u l t ur i s t s h a r dly at a ll i n d e b t
, , ,

go od h o r s e b r e e d e r s an d v e r y fo n d o f s p o r t Th e y do v e ry li tt le
-
, .

c a tt l e li f ti n g b ut a r e much a ddic te d to c ar r yi n g o ff e a ch o t h e r s
-
,
’

”
w iv e s .

p e r s iste n c e o f t h e tr a di ti ons w h ich c o nn e c t th e Bh a tti s wi th

Th e
Bika n e r J a i s a lme r a n d th e old fo r t r e ss o f Bh a tn e r c ann o t be dis r e
,

g ar d e d But f o r a f ull e r di sc us s ion o f th e ir o r igi n s s e e R AJ PU T

. .

Bh a tti i s l ) a B a l o ch cl an (a g r ic ul tur a l ) foun d in M o n tg o me r y ,

a s w e ll a s (2) a M uh a mm a d n K a m b oh cl a n (a g r icult ur al) a n d a

,

Muh am ma d a n J at cl a n (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) i n t h a t D is t r ic t .

E na rri CHANE , BHArri NA U L , Be arri TA HA R t h r e e

' ' '
Raj p ut cl a ns (ag r ic ul tur al )
f o u n d i n M o n t g o me r y Cf Bhati W6 . . .

B HA WANA ,
an a g r ic ul tur a l cl an fo un d in Shah p ur .

BHED A, an a g r i c ul tur al c la n f o un d i n Shahp u r .

B a nnu un i ni Bs axm a f a qi r
-
, , , a i dh i :
sc i f r o m bh e kh , d r e ss di sg ui s e ,
, an d so
a se c t o f Hi n d u
f q
’
a ir s .

BR ID AL, a M uh a mma d a n J at c la n (a g r ic ul t ur a l) f oun d in M o n tg o m e r y .

Bnrxui s i , fe m my a b e gg a r
.
, .

BHIKK BAK , bh i ch ch ak gm .

B HIN ,
an a g r ic ul tur al cl a n fo un d i n Shahp ur .

BHINDA L , a t r ib e Miss cl a i mi n g S ol a r Raj put

of or igi n t h r ough
, i t s e p o n y m,
w h ose d e s ce n d a n t B ad a r e mbr a c e d I s lam . It h old s fi ve vi ll a e s i n
g
Sialkot .

B HIND AR ,
a t r ib e of J ats o L un ar b r anch o f th e L un ar Raj puts t hr ough
f th e ,

it s p ony m
e , w ho s e t tl e d i n th e P un j a b un d e r R a i Tan ar F o un d i n .

Sialk ot .

BBIsTi , f e m . a n, (b h i s tci , f a c e t i o usly ), li t .

, a dw e lle r in P ar adi s e , fr . P e rs .

bi hi s h t ; a M uh a mmada n w a t e r c ar r i e r -
.

BHITT ANNI o cc upi e s a t r a c t hill c o un tr y s o me 40 mil e s l on g by 1 2 to 16 wi de

of
,
s t r e t chi n g a l o n g o ur b o r d e r f r o m t h e M ar w at t a h s il o f Ba n nu t o t h e
G uma l v a ll e y A l o n g t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t o f t hi s l i n e i t o w n s li t t l e o r
.
,

As * a m o ng the Mu h a m m a da n Ch i bh Ma n h as an d o t h e r t r i b e s a J at i w h o e s o us
,
p e: a
b Bh a tt i n i h y t r i b e a cco r di n g t o t h e p r o v e r b Ch h u t ti R a a te h ot R
,

a tt i e co m e s a
j , dn i
T o uch e d by a R aj a ( a w o m a n ) b e co me s a am
r
.

L ndh i ana t h e S h ai k h s
InI ,
a Bh att i l
de r i ve t h e ir n ame f r o m S h a i k h Ch aoh u
c a n,
a. de s ce n d
l t
.

ant R aj a K a n s h an w h o
of acce p t e d I s am a n d w as
g r an te d t h e S t at e o f Be h ur b th e
y
Muhammadan e mp e r or s F o r . s o me o t h e r Bh at t i c a n n ame s se e t h e A l e ndi pp x .
 Bhoj i ya —Bh fl i o e .
107

no l a n d in t h e p la i n s ; to th e south i t hol d s a stri p o f v e r y f e r t il e

c oun tr y e x te ndi n g f r om t h e T a k w ara a l on g th e hill s as f ar a s D a bbra .

It h as a f e w sca t te r e d h a ml e ts i n t h e Na sr a n c ou ntr y n o r th o f t h e
T a k w a r a an d is a lso f o u n d i n c o n s id e r a bl e n umbe r s i n t h e n o r t h e as t o f
,
-

t h e G fima l v a lle y T o t h e w e s t t h e hi ll co un t r y o f t h e Bh i t ta n ni s is
.

h e mme d i n by t h a t o f t h e Waz i r s Th e t w o tr ibe s a r e g e n e ra lly mo r e .

o r l e ss a t f e u d t h o ugh t h e Bh i t t a n n is
,
t ill r e c e n t ly n e v e r s c r up l e d to , ,

a s s i s t Wazi r r o bb e r s i n t h e i r i n c urs i o n s i n t o B r i t i s h t e r r i to r y .

Th e Bh i tta nn i s liv e i n s ma ll v ill a g e s g e n er a lly hidd e n a w a y in ,

h o ll o w s Th e i r house s a r e mud a nd b r us h w oo d h o v e l s o f t h e p o o r e s t
.

d e s c r i pt i o n a n d so me t i me s t h e y live i n c a v e s h o l lo w e d o ut o f th e
,

r o ck On e o f t h e i r p r in cip a l pla c e s i s Ja n d ol a o n t h e r oa d l e a di n g up
.
,

t h e Ta n k m m t o t h e Wa zi r c o un t r y .

T h e t r ibe i s divi de d i n to t h r e e se ct io n s : D h ann a T a t ta an d Wra s p ii n

’

.
,

In th e pl a i n s t h e l an ds o f th e Bh i t ta nn is w e r e o r igin a lly di v id e d i n t o
n ume r ous s m a l l di vi s i o n s k n o w n a s a dla s E a ch mi ld a s a r ul e,
’

.
, ,

f o r ms a s i n gl e plo t o w ne d by a n umb e r o f f a m ili e s g e n e r a l ly cl o s e ly

,

c o n n e c t e d by bi r th Th e w a st e l a n d i n e a ch n a lci is t h e p r o pe r ty o f
’

t h e mi ld p ro p r i e t r s B f o r e l a n d b e c a m e v a l uabl e t h e p r o p r i e t o r s
o . e ,

o f t h e di ff e r e n t n i lus use d r e a dily t o a dmi t m e n of t h e i r o w n s u b

’

s e c t i o n t o a s h ar e i n t h e mi ld l a n d an d i n t hi s w a y me n w h o h a d
s
, , ,

be f r e li ve d e xcl usiv e l y in th e hill s w e r e c on t i n ua lly s e t tli n g i n t h e

o
,

p l a i n s Th e re
. h a s ne v e r b e en t h e r e fo r e an
y a c t u l div i s io n o f t h e
, ,
a

c o u n t r y o n s h a r e s a n d t h e p r e se n t p r o p r i e t o r s h o l d p ur e l y o n a
,

s ua t t i n g te n u r e
q l h e l an ds of t h e
. W ' ‘
r a s p i i ns li e to the n t h th e
’

o r
,

l a t ta s t o t h e s o ut h a nd t h e D h an n as i n t h e middl e Th e D h a n usa
' ‘
.
,

o w n m u ch l e s s l a n d t h a n t h e o th e r t w o s e c t i o n s a n d fe w e r of th e m ,

r e s id e i n t h e pl a in s T h e pl ai n Bh i tt a n n is liv e i n s c a t t e r e d ki r r i s o r
.

vill a g es T he l a r ge r w i lds h a v e se p ar a te ki r r i s a n d h e a d me n o f t h e i r
.

o w n but mo r e g e n e r a lly t h e p eo p l e o f s e v e r a l mi lds liv e

,
t og e t h e r i n
o n e ki r r i u n d e r a c o m mon h e a dma n
,
.

BHOJ IYA a M uh a m ma da n J at cl a n (a g r ic ul tur a l ) fo un d in M on tg ome r y

, .

BHOJK I a t e r m a p p l i e d t o t h e p uj ar i a o r O ffi ci a n ts a t t h e g r e a t s h r i n e s o f
,

D e vi s uch a s t h a t o f J a w ala m uk h i t h a t a t B h a un i n t h e Ka n g ra
, ,

D i s t r ic t, N a i n a D e vi i n H os h i a r pur e tc T h e Bh oj ki s w e r e s a id by , .

B ar ne s t o be n ot Br ah man s t hou g h t h e y a r e t h e h e e di ta ry pr i e s t s o f ,
:

t h e s e c e l e b r a t e d t e mp l e s T h e y a ll w e a r t h e s a c r e d t h r e a d ; t h e y
.

i n te r ma r r y a mo n g t h e ms e l v e s a l o ne ea t fl e s h d r in k wi n e a n d a r e a , , ,

d e b a uch e d a n d p r o fl ig ate se t ; t h e me n a r e c o n s ta n t ly i n t h e C o ur ts
i nv o lv e d i n li t ig at i on a n d t h e w ome n ar e n o tor io u s f o r th e i r l oo se
,

mo r li t y Co l on e l J e nk i n s w r i t e s o f t h e m
”
l h e Bh o lk i s a re
' ‘
a .

p e r h a p s a u ni que f e a tur e o f t h e Ka n g ra D is tr ic t Th e y cl ai m to be .

S é r s ut B r ah ma n s but if so h a v e c e r ta i nly s un k in t h e s o ci a l s c a l e
, ,

as no o r di n ar y B r ah mans w o uld e a t ka chi m eoi wi t h t h e m Th e y .

a pp e ar to o cc upy much t h e same p o s i t io n a s t h e Ga ng a p utr as o f

Be na r e s, an d t h e p r o b a bi li ty i s t h at they a r e me r e J og i s w h o h a ve
o b ta i ne d a r e fl e cte d s a n c t i t y f ro m t h e o dd e s se s wh o s e s e r vic e t h e y
g
h av e e n te re d T h e n ame i s e vid e n t ly co n n e c t e d w i t h th e S a n s kr i t r o o t
.

bh oj t o f e e d * a n d i s ta k e n f ro m t h e n a t ur e o f t h e i r duti e s
, Th e y .

Th e term is robably v
de ri e d f r o m bhoj i n th e s ense of grant
'
and th e Bh oj kin ar e
probably W 6 1)? eficed Br éhman de o te e s o f D e vr v ,

.
 08 Bhoj udnd- Bhi i la r .

inte r marr y a mon g h

t e ms e e s alv n d wi t h a cl a ss o f J o g i s c a l l e d B o d h a
‘

P a n d it s A n o t h e r a cc o unt st a t e s t h a t th e Bh ojk i s o f Bh a un do n o t
.

giv e d a ugh t e r s t o t h os e o f J a w ala muk h i or Na in a D e vI t h o ugh up ,

d cc b id f o m th e l a t e r w h om
t o S a mb a t 1 936 t h e y u s e t o a e p t r e s r
t ,

B f t m
h
t e y g
r e ar d a s i n te r i o r s T h e h o
j k i s o B
.
h a un n o w o nl
y i
’
n e r a rr y

am on g h l v
t e ms e e s e xcl u di n g t h e i r o
,
w n
g o t a n d t h e m o t h e r s r e l a t i v e s

u t o th e 7 t h d egre e B u t t h e y a l s o i n t e r m a r r y wi t h t h e P a n d it
p .

T h f m i d b B r ah ma n s
Bo dh a s a n d t h e Ba a r r as e o r e r a r e s a . t o e ,

t l t
h
’
b
b ut o t h th ey a d n t h e B a r a r a s t a k e a d e c e a s e d s s h r o u d e c ik e e
,
.
,

A ch ar aj T e B j
h h o ki s o
.
f C h i n t p nu r i a r e B r a h m a n s a n d m a r r y W i t h
”
B r ah man s a n d w ill n o t e v e n smo k e wi t h t h os e of Bh aun , e t c
,
.

B HOJ U ANA a cl a n o f t h e Sial s

,
.

B HOL A a Muh a mma d a n J at cl an (a gr ic ul tur al ) fo un d i n M on tgome r y

,

B HOL AR a J at cl a n (a g r ic ul tu r a l ) fo un d i n A mr i tsa r (same a s Bh ull a r )

, .

BHONAH a J at cl an ( a g r i cul tur al ) fo un d in M u l t a n

, .

Bno ns r c a G uj ar cl a n (a gr ic ul tur a l ) f o u n d i n A mr i t s a r
, .

B HOTA H, a J an; cl an (a g r i cul t ur al ) f oun d i n M u l ta n .

BnorAR, a J at cl a n (a g r ic ul t u r a l) fo u n d i n M ul t an (same a s Bh uttar )

'
.

BHor o an ign or a n t hill ma n a s i mpl e to n

, , .

BHU CHAiyci a t itl e giv e n t o A kal i s f r bh i i ch an g a bl a ck s n a k e

,
.
, .

BHU K K a B a l o ch cl an (a gr ic ul t ur a l )f o un d i n Mon tgo me r y F e r o z e p ur an d i n

, , ,

B a ha w a lp ur i n wh ich S ta t e t h e y c a l l th e ms e lv e s Ja ts
, .

-i -A
BHIJ KY AL , m i d i h T b a t kb ar i a s a t r ib e s ub j e c t t o t h e
’
e n t o n e n t e a a q
b ut i n t h e Wa k i at i J a h an g i i i th e y a r e s a id t o be o f th e
’
G ak h a r s , * - -

s a m e s t o ck a n d c o n n e c te d wi t h t h e G a kh a r s, o cc upyi n g t h e c o u ntr y
b etw e e n R o h t as a n d B a tya, to wh ich t h e y giv e t h e i r n a me of Bfi g ié l l ' ’

BHfiLA R — T h e Bh ii la r
. He r a n d Man t r ib e s c a ll t h e ms e lv e s a s l o r
’

, ,

o r i g i n al Ja ts a nd a r e s a id t o h a v e sp r un g f r o m th e j e t o r ma tte d
”
,

h ai r o f M h ade o w h o se t i t l e i s Bh o l a a
,
M a had e o T h e y .

s ay t h a t t h e Mal w a w a s t h e i r o r ig n a l h o me a n d ar e c o mm o nly i
,

r e ck o n e d a s t w o a n d a h al f t r i b e s t h e He r o n ly c un t i n g a s a h a l f ,
o .

Bu t t h e b ar d s o f t h e Man a mo n g which t r ib e se v e r a l f a mili e s h a v e ,

r i s n t o p o l i t i c al i mp o r ta n c e s a y t h a t t h e w h o l e o f t h e Man a n d Bh ii la r
’
e
,

an d h a lf t h e He r t r i be o f Raj ut s w e r e t h e e a r li e s t K s h a tr iy a i mm i
p
gr an ts f r o m R aj p uta na t o t h e P un j ab Th e h e a d q uar t e r s o f th e .
-

Bh ii la r a p pe a r t o be L ah o r e a n d F e r o ze p ur a n d t h e c o n fi n es o f t h e
’

Man jh a a nd Mal w a ; b ut t h e y a r e r e t ur n e d i n s ma l l n umbe r s fr om

e v e r y divi s i o n i n th e P u n j ab e x ce p t D e lhi a n d Raw a lpi n di f r o m a l mo s t
,
a n d fr o m e ve r
e v e r y D i s t r ic t y Na t iv e S ta t e o f t h e E a st e r n Pl a i n s
,

e xc e p t D uja n a L o har u an d P ata u di T h e t r i be i s p r o b a bly n o t a

, , .

wh o lly h om o g e n eo u s o ne In J i n d i t s Sidh i s K a l a n j ar wh ose sa mci dh

.
,
i s a t Ma r i an d to i t milk i s o ff e r e d o n th e 1 4t h ba di of e a ch m on th
,

al so cloth a t a w e d di n g o r t h e bi r t h o f a s o n In Sial ko t i t s Sidh i ; .

Bh o ra w h ose khci n gci h i s r e v e r e d a t w e ddi n gs In M o nt go me r y t h e

, .

Bh ul ar a r e Hi nd u an d M uh a mmad a n Jats a n d cl asse d a s ag r ic ultur a l .

Bush a Jat cl an (agr ic ul tur al ) f oun d in Shahp ur

,
.

W
1 10 Bi ll apggan —Bi h e noi .

BIHANGGAN, o ne who h as n ot fi xe d a b o de a f a qi r w h o sub si st s on alms

a ,
.

BILAI, a low Pur bia c as te o f s yc e s a n d g r a s s c u t t e r Bu t s e e a l s o un d-e r .

Ch a mér .

BIL flIr i , f e m -A N, a f o r e ig ne r ,
. a Eu r o p ean or a n A fgha n .

BILHARA, de s c r ib e d d on k e y k e e p e r t h e Bi lh ar a is r e ally a b r a n ch of t h e
as a
-
,

M a llal o r Moh aua (boa t m e n ) g r o up lik e t h e N i h ay a a n d Ma nabh ar i ,

.

In B a ha w al pur t h e y ar e c ul t i v at o r s a s w e ll a s bo a tme n an d o w n
se v e r a l vill a g e s o n t h e Ch e n a b a n d I n d us Th e y a r e a l so f ound a s l an d .

o w n e r s i n M ul t an M uza ff a r g a r h a n d D e r a G ha z i
,
.

BIMBAR a n A r a i u cl a n (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) f oun d i n M o n tg o me r y
,
.

BIRAJ PANi a di sr e p ut a bl e sub se c t of t h e Bam mar gi g m

,
- -
, .

BIS HNOI* PA HL ZlD B husi (fr V i s h n u on e o f th e H i n d u Tr i nity ) a se ct

,
'
, .
, ,

wh ose foun de r Jhamb aj i liv e d t o w a r d s t h e e n d o f t h e 1 5 t h c e n t ur y .

T r a di t i o n say s t h at a t Pi n pasa r a v ill a ge s o ut h o f Bika n e r in , ,

th e Jo dh pur t e r r ito r y live d L a ut a Raj p ut Pun w ar w h o h a d a t ta i ne d t h e

, , ,

f 6 0 d h a d n o s on O n e da a n e ighb o ur i n g o ut t o s o w h is
a e
g o a n y g o .

fi e l d me t L aut a n d d e em i n g i t a b a d o me n t o me e t a ch il dl e ss ma n
, ,

t ur n e d b a ck f r o m h i s p ur p o se Thi s cut L a ut t o t h e q ui ck a n d h e .
,

w e n t o ut t o t h e j u n gl e a n d b e w a il e d h i s childl e s s n e s s u n t il e v e n i n g ,

wh e n a f a q zr a p p e a r e d t o h im a n d t old h im t h at in n i n e mo n t h s h e
’

s h o u ld h a v e a son a n d a ft e r s h o wi n g h i s m i r a c ul ous p o w e r by d r a w i n g
,

milk f r om a ca l i v a n i s h e d f r o m h i s s igh t A t t h e t i m e n ame d a chi ld

,
.

mi r a c ul ou sly ap p e a r e d i n L a ut s h o use a n d w a s mi r a c ul o usl y s uckle d

’
,

by h i s w i te Hé n séfl Thi s h a pp e n e d i n S a mb a t I5 O8 (A D ‘

. .

F o r s e v e n y e a r s t h e boy w h o w a s a n i n c a r n at i o n (a u tdr ) o f V i sh n u
, ,

pl ay e d w i t h h is f e llo w s a n d t h e n f o r 27 y e a r s h e t e n d e d c a tt l e but a ll
, ,

t hi s t i m e h e s p o k e n o w or d Hi s mi r a cul ous po w e r s We r e s h o w n in
.

v ar i o u s w a y s such a s pr o duci n g s w e e t s f r om n o t hi n g for t h e d e l e cta t io n

,

o f h i s c o mp a n i o n s a n d h e b e c a me k n o w n a s A ch a mba (th e
, Wo n de r ) ,
w h e n c e h i s n a m e o f Jha mb a by w hich h e i s g e n e r a lly k no w n , A f te r .

34 y e a r s a B r a h ma n w a s se n t f or t o g e t h i m t o s p e a k a n d o n h i s
,

Co n f e ss i n g h i s f a il ur e J h ambaji a g ai n s h o w e d h i s po w e r by ligh t i n g a
la mp by sim ply sn a ppi n g h i s fi nge r s a nd u tte r e d h is fi r s t w o r d He , .

t h e n a do p t e d t h e l i f e o f a t e a ch e r a n d w e n t t o r e s id e on a s a n dhill , ,

some t h ir ty m il e s so ut h o f B i ka n e r wh e r e a f t e r 5 1 y e a r s h e di e d a n d ,

w as b u r i e d i ns te a d of b e i ng bur n t li k e a n o r d i n a r y Hin d
,
u , .

A noth e r a c co un t o f J h amb aj i say s t h a t

Wh e n a lad of five h e use d t o ta k e h is fath e r s h e r d s t o w a te r a t ’

th e w e ll a n d h a d f o r e a ch h e a d o f c a tt l e a p e c ulia r w h i st l e t h e c o w s
,

a nd b o llock s w o ul d c ome o n e by o n e t o t h e w e ll d r i n k a nd g o a w ay , .

On e day a ma n n ame d U da ji h app e n e d t o wi t ne ss t h i s s c e n e a n d , ,

s t r uc k wi t h ast on i s h me nt a tt e mp t e d t o fo ll o w t h e boy w h e n h e l e f t t h e
,

w e ll He w as o n h or s e b a ck a n d t h e boy o n f oot but gallo p a s f as t

. ,

as h e w ould h e co uld n o t k e e p up wi t h th e w a lki n g p a c e o f t h e boy .

A t l ast i n a ma ze me nt , h e di s mo u nte d a n d th r e w h i m s e l f a t h is f ee t
, .

Th e bo y at o n c e w e lc ome d h im by n ame t h o ugh h e t h e n sa w h im f o r ,

th e fi r st t i me Th e b e wild e r e d U daji e x cl a i me d J h ci mbaj i

:
.
(omni .

Pr o nounce d V i s h no i i n Bah fiw alp ur an d Bi kan e r .

di t t h H i é S t t le me nt R e p o r t h i s parents w ere L oh ut and Koser .

1Ac c or ng o e sa r e
 Bi s hnai tenets . l ll

s ci e nt ) and h ence fort h th e boy w as k no w n by t h i s name On attai nin g

, .

ma n h oo d , J h amb aj i l e f t hi s h o me a n d b e c o m i n g a f a qi r o r r e li gi o us
, ,
'

me n dic a n t i s s a i d to h av e r e ma i n e d s e a t e d u po n a s a n dhill ca ll e d
,

S a mr a t h al i n B i ka n e r for a S p a c e o f 5 1 y e ar s In 1 4 85 a f e a r ful fami n e

,
.

d e sol a t e d th e c o unt r y a n d J h arn ba ji gai ne d a n e n o r mo us n um be r of

,

di s ci pl e s by p r o vidi n g foo d fo r all t h a t w o ul d d e cl a r e t h e i r b e li e f in hi m .

He i s sa id t o h a v e di e d o n h i s s an dhill a t t h e g o o d old ag e o f 84 an d , ,

t o h a v e b e e n b uri e d a t a s p o t a b o ut a m il e di st an t fr o m i t
”
.

A f ur t h e r a cc o un t s ay s th at h i s b o dy r e ma i n e d s us p e n d e d f or six
m o n t h s in t h e p i nj r a w i t h o ut d e c omp o s i n g .

Th e n a me Bis h n o i i s o f c o ur se c on n e c t e d wi t h t h a t o f V i sh n u t h e ,

d e i t y t o w h o m th e Bi sh n ois giv e mo s t p r o mi ne n c e i n th e i r cr e e d ,

t h o ugh s o me t i me s t h e y t h e ms e lv e s de r i ve i t fr o m th e 29 (bis n an
) -

a r t icl e s o f f a i t h i n c ulc a te d by t h e ir f o un d e r In f a c t i t w a s v e r y .

di ffi c ul t i n o ur r e tur n s to di st i n g ui s h t h e Bi s h n o i f r o m t h e V a i s h n av
w h o w a s o f t e n e n t e r e d a s a Bais h n a v o r Bi sh u o T h e Bis bn oi s some .

t i m e s c a ll th e mse lv e s Pra h ladban si s o r Pr ah ladp an th i s * o n t h e g r o un d ,

t h a t i t w a s t o p le ase Pr ah lad bh a g at t h a t V i sh n u b e c ame i n c a r n a te i n

-

t h e pe r so n o f J h ambaji T h e l e g e n d i s t h a t 33 c r o r e s o f be i n gs w e r e
.

bo r n a l o n g w i t h Pr ah lad a n d fi v e c r or e s of th e m w e r e kille d by t h e
w ick e d Hi r nak a s h a n d w h e n V i s h n u a s t h e Na r s in g h a va tdr sa v e d t h e
, , ,

li fe o f Pr a h lad and a s k e d Pr ah lad to n ame h i s de a r e st wi s h t h e l at t e r ,

r e q ue st e d t h a t V i s h n u w o ul d e ff e c t t h e sa l v a t i o n (ma h t) o f t h e r e ma i n

i n g 28 c r or e s To do t hi s r e q uir e d a f ur t h e r i n c a r nat i o n a n d J h amba i

.
j ,

w as t h e r e sul t .

T e n e ts o
f t h e B i s h n oi s — R e g a r di n g t h e do c tr i n e s o f th e se c t
.
S ir
J ame s Wi lso n l f r o m wh om I h a v e a l r e a dy q uo t e d w r i t e s
,
' ’

, ,

T h e s a yi n gs (s a bd) o f J h ambaj i t o th e n umb e r o f 1 20 w e r e w r i tte n

d o w n by hi s di s ci pl e s an d h a v e b e en h an d e d d o wn i n a b oo k (p oth i
,
)
w ri t te n i n t h e Nagr i ch a r a c t e r a n d i n a di a l e c t s i mil ar t o Bag r i
,
s ee mi n gly a Ma r w a r i dia l e c t T h e 29 p r e c e p t s giv e n by h im fo r t h
.
e
u id an c e o f h is f o ll o w e r s a r e a s f o ll o w s
g
T is di n sfi ta k — dnch
r oz r a tw a n ti 71 a m '
p
S e r a ka
’

. r o s h n d n — s i L — s a n to kh s u okh
p y ci r i
-

Pnd i — b d n i — i dh n i — ti nd liyy o ch hdn

'

—
.

D ay d — d h a r m h i r d e d h ar o g a r u ha tdi 72in
— — h — b j y a hdd n o kar i yo koe
j
’

C h a r t w i n d y a h zt t or
—
.

m
’

h l zl dzcr h i t d o
’

A m a l t a ti k zi b a n g y g
M a d — m ti s so de kh ke ddr h i bh dgo .

A mar r a k h ci o tha t— ba i l ta m: mi ba h o
'

Am s yd h a b ar a t — r i i n kh li l o mi g hdo .

Ho j p
m m i dh p ia d — b ri s k ba i kun thi
a sa t
p 60
U n ti s dh a r m kt dkh r i g a ru ba tui s oe
'

Pdh a l doe p a r ch dvy a j is ko n dm Bis h n oi h oe,

w hich i s t h us
i n te r p r e t e d F or 30 day s af te r ch ild bi r t h a n d fi ve -

a ft e r a me n st r ua l di s cha r g e a w o ma n mu s t n o t c oo k f oo d Ba t he in .

th e morn i n g C ommi t n o t ad ul te r y Be c o nt e n t Be a b s te mi ous a n d

. . .

p ur e S tr a in y o ur d r i n ki n g w a t e r Be c ar e ful o f y o ur s p e e ch Ex
. .
,

See also un de r Nar si ngh i e .

l
1 8111 3 S e tt ement R e por t, page 1 36 .
1 12 Bi shnoi Obser vances .

am n ei y our f ue l i n c ase a ny l ivi n g c r e at ur e be b ur nt wi t h i t Sh o w .

mi n d as t h e
.

p i t y t o livi ng c r e a t ur es K e e p d uty p r e se nt t o y o ur
.

T e a ch e r b a de D o n o t sp e a k e vil o f o t h e r s D o n o t t e ll li e s Ne v e r
. . .

u r r el A v o id Opi um t ob a cc o bh a n g a n d bl ue cl o t hi n g Fl ee f r om
q a .
, ,
.

s pi r i ts a nd fl e s h S e e t h a t y o u r go at s a r e k e p t al i v e (n o t s o l d t o
.

Musalman s w h o w ill kill t h e m f o r f ood ) D o n ot pl ou gh w i t h b ull o ck s

,
.
.

K e e p a fas t on th e day b e f o r e t h e n ew moon D o n ot cu t gr e e n t r e e s . .

S ac r i fic e w i th fi r e S a y p r a y e r s M e di ta te P e r for m w o r hip a n d
. . . s

a t ta i n H e av e n A n d t h e l as t o f th e 29 d ut i e s p r e sc r i be d by t h e
.

T e a ch e r B a p t i z e y our childr e n i f y o u w ould be c all e d a t r ue ,

’ ”
Bi sh n o i
S o me of t h e se p r e c e p t s ar e n o t s tr i ctly ob e y e d ; for i n st a n c e ,

a l t h o ugh o r din ar ily t h e y a l l o w n o bl ue i n t h e i r cl o t hi n g y e t a Bi s h n o i , ,

i f h e i s a se r v an t o f t h e B r i t i s h G o v e r n m e n t i s a ll o w e d t o w e a r a bl ue ,

un i f or m a n d Bis h n o i s do us e b o llo cks t h o u gh mos t o f t h e i r f a r mi n g ,

i s d o n e w i t h c ame l s Th e y a l so s e e m t o be u n us ua lly qua r r e l s o m e (i n

.

wor d s) an d gi v e n t o use ba d l a n g uag e But th e y a b s t a i n f r o m t o b a cc o .

,

d r u g s an d spi r i t s a n d a r e n ot e d for t h e i r r e g a r d fo r a n i ma l li fe w hi c h
, ,

i s s uch t h a t n o t o n ly w ill th e y n o t t h e ms e l v e s kill a n y l i vi n g c r e a t ur e ,

but t h e y do t h e i r ut mo st t o p r e v e n t o t h e r s f r o m do i n g s o Co n s e .

u e n t l y t h e i r vill a g e s a r e g e n e r a lly s w a r m i n g w i t h a n t e l o p e an d oth er

q
a n i ma l s a n d t h e y f o r bid t h e i r
,
M us a l ma n n e i g h b o u r s t o k ill t h e m
an d t r y t o di s s uad e Eu r op e a n s p o r t s me n f r o m i n t e r fe r i n g wi t h
the m . Th e y w an t e d i t ma d e a c o n dit i on o f t h e i r s e tt l e me n t t h a t n o ,

o n e s h ould b e a ll o w e d t o s h oo t o n t h e ir l a n d bu t a t t h e sa me t i me ,

t h e y a s k e d th at t h e y m i g h t b e a s s e sse d a t l o w e r r at e s t h a n t h e i r
n e ighb o ur s o n t h e g r o un d t h at t h e a n t e l o p e b e i n g t h us l e f t u n d is t ur b e d

do mo r e d am a g e t o t h e i r c r 0 p s 3 but I t old t h e m t hi s w o ul d l e s se n t h e
me r it (p un ) o f t h e ir go o d a c t i on s i n p r o te c t i n g th e a n i mal s a n d t h ey ,

must be t r e a t e d j us t a s t h e s ur r o u n di n g vill a g e s w e r e Th e y c on s id e r .

i t a g oo d d e e d t o s c at te r gr a i n t o pig e o n s a n d o th e r bi r d s an d o f te n ,

h a v e a l a r g e nu mb e r o f h a l f ta me bi r d s ab o ut t h e i r vill a g e s T h e da y
-
.

b e for e t h e n e w moon t h e y o b s e r v e a s a S a bb a t h a n d f a s t day d o i ng n o -

,

w or k i n t h e fi e l ds o r i n th e h o us e Th e y b a t h e a n d p r a y t h r e e t i me s a
.

day —in t h e mo r n i n g a ft e r n o o n a n d i n t h e e v e n i n g— s a yi n g Bi s h uo
, , , ,
Bish n o i n ste a d o f th e or din a r y Hi n d u Ram Ram Th e i r cl o thi n g .
”

i s t h e same a s o f o th e r Bag ri s e xc e p t t h at t h e i r w o m e n do n ot a ll o w
,

t h e w a i st t o be s e e n a n d a r e f o n d o f w e ar i n g bl a ck w o o ll e n cl o t h i n g
, .

Th e y ar e mor e p ar t i cul a r a b o ut c e r e mon i a l p ur i ty t h a n or d i n a r y Hi n d us

ar e a n d i t i s a c o m mo n s a y i n g t h a t i f a Bi sh n o i s f o o d i s o n t h e fi r s t o f
’
,

a s tr i n g o f t w e n t y c a me ls a nd a man o f an o t h e r c a s te t o uc h e s t h e
,

l a st c am e l o f t h e s tr in g th e Bi sh n oi w oul d c on s id e r h i s f o o d de file d
,

an d t hr o w i t a w ay
”
.

T h e c e r e mon y o f i n i t i at i o n i s a s foll o w s
A n umb e r o f r e p r e s e n t a t iv e Bi s h n o i s ass e mbl e a n d b e fo r e t h e m a ,

s ddh o r Bi sh n oi p r i e st a f te r ligh t i n g a s a c r ifi ci a l fi r e h m i c
,
( e ) n s t r u t s th e
n o v ic e i n t h e d u t i e s o f t h e f a i t h He t h e n t a k e s s o m e w a te r in a n e w
.

e a r t h e n v e ss e l o v e r , which h e pr ay s i n a s e t f o r m (Bi sh uo
st i r ri n g i t t h e W hil e w i t h hi s s t r i n g o f b e ad s ( m i ld ki g
) a n d a f t e r a s n ,

th e c o n s e n t o f t h e a ss e mbl e d Bish n oi s h e p o ur s t h e w a t e r t h r e e t i m e s ,

into th e h an d s o f t h e novi ce , w h o d ri nk s i t o ff Th e no vic e s sc al ’

.
p
1 14 Boch a h—Bodla .

t o c ar r y o ut t h e r i te on t h e Am v d a s d a y o n ly Th e g cn a o sddhs,
a s r
” .

w h o a r e th e i r p r i e s t s a n d a r e f e d a n d f e e d by t h e m lik e B r a h ma n s,
a r e a h e r e di t a r y cl a s s a n d do n ot i n t e r ma r r y wi t h ot h e r Bi sh n o i s ,
n or do t h e y t a k e o if e r in g s f r o m a n y but Bi sh n o is T h e Bi sh n o i s .

th e mse lve s ar e a r e a l ca s t e a n d w e r e s h o w n a s s u ch i n t h e C e n s us
t a bl e s a n d t h e r e t ur n s o f t h e c as t e a r e m u ch mor e t o be r e li e d o n t h a n

t h os e of t h e se c t, f or t h e r e a s o n giv e n a b o v e , t h a t ma n y Bi sh n ois by
s e c t mu s t h a v e b e e n s h o w n as V a i s h n a v a s, a n d mice v er s é It i s s a id .

t h at a m e mb e r o f a n y o f t h e high e r Hi n d u c as t e s may b e co me a Bi s h n o i ,
but a s a m a tte r o f f a c t t h e y a r e a l m o st e n t ir e ly Jats o r K h ati s (c a r p e n
t e r s ) o r , l e ss f r e qu e n t ly , Raj p ut s o r Ba n i a s, a n d t h e Ban i a Bi sh n o i s ar e
a
p p a r e n t l y n o t f o un d i n th e P un j a b , t h e i r chi e f s e a t b e in g M ur adabad,
i n t h e U n i te d P r o vi n c e s T h e ma n w h o b e c o m e s a Bi sh n oi i s st ill
.

b o un d by h is c ast e r e s tr i ct i on s ; h e n o l o n g e r c a ll s hi m se l f a J at, but

h e ca n m ar r y o n ly J at Bi sh n o is, o r h e i s n o l o n g e r a Kha ti , a n d y e t
c ann o t mar r y a n y o ne w h o i s n o t a Kha ti an d f ur t h e r th a n t hi s, t h e
Bi sh n o i r e ta in s t h e ge t o f h is o r igi n a l t r ib e a n d ma y n o t m a rr y w i t h in
i t i K ar cw a i s p r a c t is e d a mo n g th e m , but a n e ld e r b r o th e r c a n n ot
' ’

mar r y a y ou n ge r b r o t h e r s w id o w , t h o u gh h e r br ot h e r i n -la w o r f a t h e r
’
~

i n -la w a r e e n t i t l e d, i f sh e do n o t m a r r y h e r dcw a r , to a p a y m e n t ca ll e d
bh a r f r o m h e r s e c o n d h u sb an d .

T h e r e i s n o t p e r h a p s v e r y m u ch in t h e t e a ch in g o f J h ambaj i t o
di s t i n g ui s h h i m f r o m t h e o r t h o d o x p a t te r n o f Hin d u sa i n t s , a n d i n som e
o i n t s h i s d o c t r i n e mo r e e s e c ia lly w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e s v t i o n of
p , p p r e e r a

li f e , i s o n l y a n in t e n sific a t i on o f t h e o r di n a r y V AIS HNAV A t e n e ts But .

i n t h e o mi s si o n o f t h e p h er a a t m ar r i a g e , t h e c u tt i n g o ff o f t h e ch oti o r
s c a l p l o o k, t h e s e ci a l c e r e mo n y of i n i ti a t ion , and th e di r e ga r d fo r
p s
-

t h e B r a h ma n ic a l p r i e s t h o o d , w e fi n d i n di ca t i o n s o f t h e sa me S p i r i t a s
t h a t whi ch m o v e d t h e o th e r H i n d u r e f o r me r s o f t h e p e r i o d .

B OCHA H, a J at cl an (a gr ic ul t ur a l ) in M u l t a n .

B OD LA -T h e Bo dla s a r e a s ma ll s e c t i o n o f th e Wa ttu R ajp u ts i o f t h e

.

l o w e r a n d middl e S u t l e j , w h o h a v e f o r s o me g e n e ra t i o n s e n j o y e d a
ch a r a c t e r f o r culi a r s a n c t i t , l i m Q i o r igi n
p e
y § a n d w h o n e w c a u r e s h
f r o m A b u B a k r S a di q ; a n d m a n y o f t h e m ca ll t h e ms e lv e s Q ur e s h i s .

Th e y st ill m a r r y Wa ttu gi r l s, t h ou g h t h e y giv e t h e ir da ugh te r s on ly to

Be dlas Th e y w e r e t ill l a te ly a who lly p a s to r a l t r ib e , a n d st ill h o ld
.

j g
’

a d zr , t h e
p r o ce e d s o f w hi ch t h e y n o w s up p l e m e n t by c ul tiv a t i on .

Th e y c ame up f r o m M ul t a n t h r o ugh Ba haw a l p ur t o M o n tgo m e r y , wh er e

“
th e y w e r e d e s c r ib e d by P ur s e r a s l a z y, s illy , a n d c on c e i t e d ”
F r om .

Mo n t g o me r y t h e y s p r e a d i n to Si r s a , w h e r e t h e y o cc up i e d t h e B a h a k
p a r a n a whi ch t h e
g y s t i ll h o l d T h ey a r e c r e di t e d W i t h t h e p o w e r o f
.

c u r i n g d i s e a se b y e x or ci s m, a n d e s p e ci a l ly s n a k e bi t e a n d h y d r o ph obi a ; -

t h e y a r e r e co g n i s e d s a i n t s, a n d ca n cu r s e w i t h gr e a t e ffic a c Th y
y e .

h a v e n o r e l a t i o n s w i th t h e o th e r Q ur e s h i s o f t h e n e ighb o ur h o o d , a n d
A cco r di n g to th e Hi s s ar S e t tl e me nt R e p or t th e s ddh s
p r i e sts an d th e t h ap u n
ar e
l
are se cu ar c e rg y , l ll l
g e ne r a y e e cte d by th e p e op e l . Pr i e st h o o d i s n ot h e r e di t ary In F az i ka l
v l bl
.

i t is s ai d t h at Bi s h n Oi s n e ve r e mp o y a Br ahman l if a Bh at i s a ai a e T h e Bh at too i s a
;
.

Bi s t noi
l v
In F azi ka th e Bi sh no i s ar e s ai d to h a e 36 0 di i si ons one name d R o s meani n n i l a i
i g v g i
v
but no r e e r e nce i s p ai d to th a t ani ma by t h e R OJas l
Cf G or ay a .

I No Wa t t u w o u d ( la t m affi n i ty Wi th t h e Bod as w h o ar e h e d i n’ g r e at r e sp ect i n Bi k ane r :

. .

l ‘

l ,
l
as Pa r m e s h w a r 7 0 s a kl o t /
sa l K i n Of G o d s kit h and ki n
‘
co t
, T h e us e of Pa r me s h w m
ll
.

for A ah p omi s to a Hi ndu e i i g in .

Bo d/a i n We s te r n Punj a i me ans

.
b
shnp leton and si mplici ty or lunac i s re arde d as
y g
asi gn of sancti ty 1n th e E ast .
 Bohr a Bond — . 115

t h ei r Wattu h er e by o p e n to ques ti o n t h o ugh t h e y may

or ig in is ,

poss ibly b e o f Q ur e shi e x tr a c t i o n but n ow s o c o mp l e t e ly a ffi li a te d to ,

t h e Wa tta s by c o n s ta n tl y t a ki n g br id e s f ro m t h a t t r i b e a s to be undi s
t in g ui sh able fr o m th e m T h e i r p o w e r o f cu r i n g s n a k e bi t e s i s co n
.
-

u s e t e d w i t h a hi s t o r ic a l f a ct Wh e n t h e P r o ph e t a n d h is c o m p a n i o n .

A b ii Bak a r l e f t M e cca t h e y co n ce a l e d t h e ms e lv e s in a c a v e r n a n d
’

, ,

t h e r e t h e d e v o t e d co m pa n i o n i n or d e r t o p r o te ct h i s ma s t e r t o r e h i s , ,

t ur b an in t o r a gs a n d c lo s e d t h e h o l e s w i t h t h e pi e c e s On e h o l e h e .

s t o p e d wi t h h i s t o e a n d i t w a s bi t t e n by a s n a k e
p , W h e n t h e P r o ph e t .

l e ar n t wh a t h a d o cc e d
u r r h e c u r e d i t by s c k n g t h e w ou n d an d th e
u i
,

S a di qi s s o me ti m e s s e e k t o p r o v e t h e i r d e s c e n t f r om th e fi r st C a li p h
by cl a i mi n g t h e p o w e r o f c u r i n g s n ak e bi te Th e r e is al so s aid to b e - .

a cl a ss o f w o n d e r i n g g h a r i s h tz f a qi r s ca ll e d Be dla
’

A S a n ias i s ub s e c t .
-

a l so a p p e a r s to b e a r t hi s n a m e P o s sibl y t h e w or d i s c o n f use d wi th .

Bh ol a s i i n p le a n e p i th e t o f M a had e v S e e a l so Q U R ES HI
‘ ’
, , . .

B onita— T h e B oh r a i n cl u d e s t w o di s ti n c t cl a s s e s : o n e B r a h m a n m on e y
l e n d e r s f r o m Ma r w ar w h o h a ve s e t tl e d i n th e di s t r ic t s on th e J u mn a
, ,

a n d a c u i r e d a most un e n vi a bl e n o to r i e t y f o r u n s c r u ul o u s r a a ci t y
q p p .

Th e r e i s a r us t i c p r o v e r b Bor e kti R dm Rdm a i s a J a m ka s a n desci

’

A Bo h r a s g oo d mor n in g ! i s lik e a m e s s a ge f r om th e a n ge l o f
’ ‘

d e ath Th e se B e b r a s a p p e ar t o a cc e p t b r i d e s f r o m Ba n ia s but do
.
”
,

n o t giv e t h e m da u gh t e r s .

In th e hill s a n y mo n e y l e nd e r or s h o p k e e p e r i s a p p ar e n tly c alle d a

.
- -

bo h r d ( f r o m t h e same r o ot a s be ohdr t r a de a nd t h e W o r d i s u se d

i n th e s a m e g e n e r a l s e n se in t h e s ou t h o f Raj p ut an a an d in Bo mb a y ,

t aki n g t h e p l ac e o f t h e Bah i a o f Hi n d us t a n t h o ugh i n G ii z e r a t i t i s ,

s p e ci a ll y a
pp li e d t o a cl ass o f Sh i a t rade r s w h o w e re c on v e r t e d to
I slam a b out 1 300 A D [ F o r t h e M uh amm a d an B or a se e Wil s o n s S cots
. .
’

of t h e Hi n dus p 1 7 0 T h y a r e r e p r e s e n t e d i n M ul ta n ] I
, . . n t h e P un j a b
e

a ll t h e Bo h r as a r e Hi n d us In t h o se H i l l S t a te s i n w hich B br a s a r e . e

n u m e r o us Ba n ia s a r e h a r dly r e r e s e n t e d i n t h e r e t ur n s a n d v i ce v e r s é
, p ,

a n d bo t h t h e Bah i a a n d Bo h r a a r e i n t h e h ill s a l s o k n o w n a s M a haj a n .

T h e Hill Bo h r as a r e s a id t o be e x ce e di n gl y s t r ic t Hi ndus a n d t o be ,

a d m i t t e d t o i n t e r ma r r i a g e w i t h t h e l o w e r cl a s s e s o f Raj pu t s su ch a s ,

Ra thi s an d Raw a ts In G ur dasp ur th e r e i s sa id t o be a s mall cl a ss

.

o f t r a d e r s c a ll e d B e b r a s w h o cl a i m J at o r i g in a n d w h o a r e n ot or i o us f o r ,

ma ki n g mon e y by ma r r y i n g t h e i r d a ug h t e r s s e c ur i n g th e d o w e r a n d , ,

t h e n r un n i n g a w a y w i t h b o t h t o be gi n a g a i n da cap o ,
. .

BOJ AK a J at cl an (a gr ic u l t ur a l) f o un d i n Multan a
,

BO KHIA a B al o ch cl an (a gr ic ul tu r al) f o und i n M o n t g o me r y als o c all e d Bokh e

,

a n d fo un d a s c ul t iv a t o r s a n d c a me l b r e e d e r s i n B a haw alp ur -
.

BOL A a J et cl an (a gr ic ul t ur a l ) fo u n d in Mul t a n
,
.

Bo mi a Raj put s e p t a cc or di n g to t h e P un j a bi D icty p 1 6 6

, , .
,
. .

BO NA H a J at cl an (agr ic ul t ur a l ) fo un d i n M ul t a n
,
.

Bo rg Bo g a f e rn BO N Ai a w e a v e r o f t h e Ch a m ar c a s t e
, ,
.
,
.

v
Be ame s gi e s w o h u r a as th e t r ue fe i m o f th e w o r d Woh r a i s a g o ! o r se cti on o f th e .

Muh ammadan K h oj as It i s fai r y c e ar t h a t th e Boh r a s ar e conne cte d i n so me w ay Wi th th e

. l l
K h oj a s ln Me w ar t h e r e ar e Muh ammadan Bt h )o r as as w e a s Bor a Br ah mans
. T he ll
l
for me r ar e uni te d unde r e e cte d m ullah s and ar e s ai d to be Has s ari i s by s e ct Ma colm s l '
cf .

Hi s t 0f P97 8111 1 , p 395 Th ei r ch ie f co o ny i s at U j j alll S ee Me moi r on Ce n tr a l In dia

. l .

an d Ma lw a , b Ma co m I
,

y ,
I, pp 91 92 l l .
-
.
116 Bop a h r i
c e — Bm hman .

BOPAHR AE, cl an (a gri cul tur al ) foun d i n A mr i t sar

a J et; .

BOPERAI a Hi n d u J at cl an (a g r ic ul tur a l ) f o un d i n M o n t g ome r y

,
.

B o u a J at cl an (a r
sa g ic u l t u r al ) f o un d i n M u l t a n t o t h e so u t h o f t h e V a i n s ,
.
,

Th e i r a nc e s tor i s s a i d t o h a v e b e e n a di s ci pl e o f B ahaw al H a qq a n d
h v
to a e r e e e c iv d f r o m h i m so m e o f t h e l a n d g r a n t e d t o h i m by t h e

r ul e r o f M ul ta n Th e y c am e f r o m Ha id ar ab ad in Si n d an d ar e al s o
.

fo un d i n B ahaw a l p ur a s l an d o w ne r s T h e B e p pi e wi th wh om t h e y .
,

i n te r mar r y a n d S an gi s ar e sa id to be of t h e same sto ck

,
.

BOT, an cl an (a g r ic ul tur a l ) f ou n d i n M o ntg ome r y

A r ai u .

B oi a n
' ‘
,
B urn s a J at cl a n (a g r ic ul tur al ) f o un d i n A m r i ts a r
,
.

B OZ D AR a n i n de pe n d e n t B AL O CH t r ib e s i tu at e d b e y o n d our fr on t i e r a t th e
,

b a ck o f th e K a sr a n i t e r r i t o r y Th e y h e ld f r o m th e S an gh a r P a ss on
’

t h e n o r t h to t h e Kh o s a a n d K h e t r a n c o u n t r y o n t h e so ut h a n d h a v e ,

t h e Mi n i a n d M ii sa Kh e l P a tha n s on t h e i r w e s t e r n b o r d e r
’

Th o se .

fo u n d i n D e r a G ha z i Khan liv e i n s c at te r e d vill a ge s a bo ut Raj a n p ur

an d a mon g t h e L a ghar i t r i b e a n d h a ve n o c on n e c t i o n w i t h th e pa r e n t ,

t r ib e T h e Bo zda r a r e h a r dly o f Ri n d e x t r ac t i o n s e e i n g t h a t t h e i r
.

e dig r e e o n ly m a k e s t h e m d e s c e n d a n t s of a g o at h e r d w h o mar ri e d
p
-

’
Ban e w i do w o f Ri n d s g e a t g r a n d s o n Sh a u A li
,
Th e y a r e divi d e d
r -
, .

i n to th e D u la n i L a dw an i G li ulaman i a s ub tuma n Ch a k r an i S i h an i
, ,
-
, , ,

Shah w a n i J alalani J afi r an i a n d R us ta man i cl a n s T h e y a r e mor e

, , .

civ i li z e d t h an m o st o f th e t r a n s f r o n t i e r t r ib e s a n d a r e of all t h e B a l o ch -

t h e s t r ic te s t Mu salman s Un lik e all ot h e r Bal o ch t h e y fi gh t w i t h t h e .

ma t chl ock r a th e r th an wi t h t h e s w o r d T h e y a r e gr e a t g r a z i e r s a n d .
,

t h e i r n a me i s s a id to be d e r iv e d fr o m t h e Pe r si a n bu z a g o a t , .

BR A HMAN, (Pa n jabi Bamh an, Bfi h man f e m Bamh a n i . di m m a s c , Bamh a ne ta

. .

’
f e m Ba mh a ne ti , a B r a h m a n s so n o r d a ugh t e r f Ba m h a na ii , B r ah m an
’

. c .

h oo d )
Th e B ra h m a n s i n I n di a a r e divid e d i n t o t w o g r e a t g e o g r a p h ic al
gr o u p sth e ,
U tr ah a k , w h o liv e t o th e n o r th o f t h e V i udh i as , a n d t h e
D ak s h na t , w h o i n h a bi t p e n in s ula r I n di a t o t h e s out h of t h a t r an ge .

T h e fo r me r ar e f ur th e r divid e d i n t o 5 gr o up s , vi z .

l . S ar as w at , (mo d e r n i se d S ar s ut) .

2 . K a n k ubj .

3 . G au r . A l so c all e d c oll e c t ive ly G AU R

, , .

4 . U tk a l .

5 . Ma i th al .

T h e so u t h e r n g r ou ps* l
a so nu mb e r 5 a n d ar e D a r a w ar , M a ha r as h tr i ,
:

S o r a s h a t , o r K a r n at ik , Ta ili n g a n d G o r ja r d O f t h e s e t h e o n ly r e pr e
’

s en t a t iv e i n th e P u n j a b ar e the Pu sh k a r n a B r a h m a n s , w h o s p r a n g
f r o m t h e Ma h ar a s h t i i g r oun l T h e m a s s o f t h e P u n j a b B r a h ma n s

l ll ll vl
A s o t a e d co e ct i e y D ar aw ar , f r o m th e s ai nt o f th at n ame , A noth e r account say s .

t h e D ar aw ar co mp r i s e t h e Mah ar as h t r T a i i n g G ur j a r D akh sh ani an d I l

n di i k ( A mr i ts ar y
j
.
, ,

l
L e s t i t be to o h as ti y as sume d t h at G or j ar , G ur j ar or G u ar Br ah man s h a e an v
.

y
con ne cti o n Wlt l l t h e G llj fll S f o k e t y mo og y h as s u l
g g e s te d th at th e name i s der i e d f r om
'

,
-
l v
g unh se cr e cy
, b
e cause th e i r ance s tor h ad once t o con ce a h i s f ai t h l .

l
I But un i k e th e s outh e rn Br ah mans th e Push kar nas o se r e g h u n g h a t ( i e , th e i r w omen b v
v l
. .

ei
c g y ) v
th e i r fa e s ), but th ey h a e no g ar bh d dh ct n (p r e nanc ri te and i n oth e r r e s e ct s t h e i r
p
’

customs ar e di ssi mi ar
‘

l .
118 Br ah mans i n th e S outh »
Wes t .

Ne x t co me t h e D a s s a o r h a l f b r e e d s a n d l as tly - th e Si dh u w
n i t h 2
a n d Wa t t u
*
g ate : M a t t ar .

In Ba h aw a lp u r r
’
m e n t i o n i s m a d e o f a s u b - a te
c s , c all e d Pa r i kh ,

w hi ch I cann o t t r a c e e l s e w h e re It h as 6
9 0 3
1 81 .

I
Bor a .
K ath oti a .

J os h i .
Pan di a .

It i s di s t i n c t f r o m t h e S aw a n i s .

T HE R B A H M A N IC A L H S W E S T P U N J A B
rnaaa cn v IN T HE OU T H- .

B e f o r e d e s c r ibi n g t h e Sa r s a t B r a h m an s i t w il l be b e s t t o d e s c r i b e
g i
t h e o r an sa t i o n o f t h e B h
r a ma n ic a l h e i r a r chy i n t h e S o u t h
:
W e s t
P un j a b wh e r e t h e S ar s ut s a n d Pushk a r n as o v e r l ap c o m b i n i n g t o
,
,

g
f o r m r o u ps o f b e e fi ce a n d n d u n b e n e fi c e d p r i e s t s wh i ch ar e f u r t h e r

a t ta c h e d t o t h e di ff e r e n t c a s t e s
—
.

T h e Wa t e s h a r T h e W a t e s h a r §. a r e a g r o u p o f B r a h m a n s W h o s e

cli e n tele i s s c a t t e r e d a n d w h o r e c e i v e
,
fix e d d u e s f r o m t h e i r
p a t r o n s ,

i rr e s p e c tiv e o f t h e s e r vic e s r e n d e r e d t o t h e m If th e y pr e s id e a t a .

r e ligi o u s f u n c t i o n t h e y r e c e iv e fix e d f e e s i n a ddi t i o n t o t h e i r s tan d

in g d u e s .

I n M i a n wal i t h e W a t e s h a r cl a s s c o m p r i s e s t h e f o l lo w rn
g s e c t i o n s

o f t h e S ar s ut l l a n d P u s h k a r n a B r a h ma n s

i . K andi é r a .

11 . La ri l .

i s th e ow e st of a ll : Br a h ma n o n m e n Wa tt tt, g h oron me n ta tt zi
Wattii l Th e
’ ‘
’

Th e g ot
'

Watt ii among Br ah mans i s w h at a p ony i s among h or se s ”

’

But tow ar ds Bi kane r i s a g r oup k no wn as Par i k .

v
Th e sub di i si ons of th ese s e cti ons ar e ar ious y g i en th us v l v
Bh oi i p otr a i s s aid to in cl ude
i ii and ii i as in t e xt an d
,

l l
Thi s secti on a s o i nc udes th e D and dam h , th e ni ck name ap p ar e nt y o f some fami ly -
b -
l
e arnt by cur i ng an e x as th e name i mp i e s , l .

Th e S ama p otr a a so i n l
th e K alk adas an i Pr ay ag dasi , 1 and all s i x sub di i si ons ar e v
)
.

clude s i and ii , as a o e w i th Pr i t h w i Mal and S hamdas i

b v 5 p at rony mi c .

T h e S amap otr as ar e de sce nde d f r om S i dh S aman an d p er for m a s p e ci a w or shi p on th e l

R i khi p anch ami , th e 5 th o f th e r i g h t h a f of Bh adon b
T h e y a so w or shi p Hi nglaj de vi at l . l
bi r th s , we dding s an d on th e 3r d of th e ri g h t h a f o f Bai s ak h b l .

S i dh Bh ar dw aji .

Th e Bhar dw aj a sub-di isi ons ar e A r or v

R atan

T h e K atp al ar e
Sign ?
T a kh t :
Th e L alri are
B
dkh t .

J an .

F or th e corr e sp ondence e tw e e n th e se s e cti ons and th os e of th e MuhiAl Br ahmans se e i n r a

b f
§ It h as e en sugg e ste d th at Wat e sh ar i s de r i e d f r om bi r t , due s It i s dou t e ss th e same
b v bl
.
’
.

v
w or d as V r i tesw ar , de r i e d f r om U l t t t t o r U t r a t an d may be tran s ate d be ne fi ce d
’ ’

T h us th e
’
. l ‘ ’

Wate s h a r f or m a n o ccup a ti o na l g r o up and th e de scr i p ti on g i e n of th e ir sub di i si ons i s v v

.

ce r tai n y not z l
i bsoli te
z
.

ll A mong tlle S rsut Watesh ar th e m atr i moni a r e ation s ar e com ) i ca cl l l l

marry w i th th e Bh oj i p ot r a a n d S ame p oti a, i f s uch a i an ce s h a e e si act i i lly
s t If h ow v
'

b
e e r th e y cannot o tai n bi i de s f r om t h e se t w o s e cti on s th e
e
s h i
ll v b li ii ggdiii fid
p a .
y t r y t o g e t th e m f r om
t h e Bh ar dw aj a or K at h p al A g ai n t h e D h ann anp o tr a on
y tak e
.
r i de s f r o m s ecti on s l b
N o s 2— 4 but gi e n one to th e m v
U n de r th e s e ci r cums tan ce s i t i s n ot s ur r i s i n l
,
p t o e arn
. .

th at th e Bh oj i p otra and S ame p o tr a s e ct i o n s use d ti r e ce nt y to p r act i se f e ma e i f am j ci de

ll l l g
h a i t b
ua y L a s ll
t y s.e ct i on s N0 5 5 l
— 7 ar e Wi i n
g t o e ffect e xch an g e e t r oth a s Wi th th e
, ll b l
bl
Nar ai n i s , i f no s ui ta e match o ff e r s w i th i n th i s g roup of th r e e s ecti ons w h i ch inte r marr
T h e Push k ama Wate shar s a so e ffe ct e xch ang e etr oth a s as do th e S h ah ii and Nar aini
y
l b l .
 Br ahmans in the S ou th West . HO

2 . Bh oj fpo tra Wadh w éni .

i nte rmar ry .

4 T a nk s ali .

S i nt Pushkarna 5 . Mattar .

7 . Wasu .

8 . We ssa .

L9 So h a n a. ,

O f th e Wat e sh ar cl a ss e ach se c t ion is sa id to m i n is te r t o c e r t ai n

s e c t i o ns o f A r o r a s * .

F or instance th e K at h p dl Br ahmans mi ni ster to

1 G orw ar a, 2 D h i ng ra, 3 D ang , 4 Madén, 5 Chha r a, 6 Pop i , e tc b l
'

. . . . . . .

Th e L a lgri minis te r to
1 G e m, 2 L u la e tc
. . l , .

Th e Bh a r dw aj mi ni s te r to
1 E nj e , 2 Makh e j a, 3 Ane a, 4 Tane a, 5 S ar eja, 6 F ar e j é , 7 Kh andfij ii , j j
mm
. . . . . . .

s D h ami j a,
.
9 S ukh ij a i o Nak ra, 1 1 Ch ugh 1 2 01
.
,
1 3 Ban ds, , . .
, . .

1 4 Nangp al 1 5 Mai ndi r atta, 1 6 Kalr a, 1 7 Min och a

.
, . . . .

Th e Bh oj p o t r d mi ni ste r to
. b
1 G am h i r , 2 Batra, 3 Ch aw a, 4 Kh e tai p al 5 Ga nd, 6 Ner ag , 7 Bi a, 8 Budh
. , l .
'

, . . . ll .

raj a, 9 R e w ar i , 1 0 Ch ach r a, 1 1
. Bus r i , 1 2 V i rmani . . .

Th e Pa r h t hé r mi ni s te r to’

1 Kh e ra, 2 Kh ur ana, 3 Bh ug r a, 4 Machhar

. . . . .

Th e Na n g a mi ni ste r to
l Chi k k ar , 2 S ach dev, 3 G ulati , 4 Hans , 5 K fi rabhati a, 6
. . . . . .

S dmep otr a mi ni ste r to

1 Kath ur iy e , 2 Kh ani j an, 3 Naroole , 4 Ba a r 5 D ua, 6 Wasudev 7 Bh ang ar ,
. . . b , . . , .

8 Hans 9 G h og h ar , IO Man g ani , 1 1 Pi p lani , 1 2 R ihani

, , . 1 3 Man di an i , . l . .
, .

1 4 J i ndw ani , 1 5 Paw e, 1 6 S aloo tr e , 1 7 J une j i , 1 8 Baw al 1 9 Kans i te S un ar e ,

. . , . . .
, .

20 L akh batr e ,
. 21 Bh uti ani , 22 J atw an i , 23 Nandw ani , 24 R ajp otr e , . . . .

25 D an e k h el w i th e e en oth e r s
. l v .

Th e L a p s h i d mi ni s te r to
1 .Chew la, 2 Kh a r banda, 3 Mong i a, 4 Kh attar , 5 Kalii ch a, 6 K ur ra
. . . . . .

Th e D h a nn a n p o tr a mi ni ste r to
1 .Dude ja, 2 Ch otmur ada, e tc .
,

S in g e p ot r ci mini ste r
l .Baj é j , e tc .

S et h p ci l mi ni ste r t o S ap ra, e tc
’
.

All th e se ar e s ecti ons of th e A r o ras .

Th e D ha n n a n p otm mini s te r to th e D aw ra, Bug s , 1 i Kh e , D anjri , Rohr i , Madanpotre , . l

D hami j a, S an duj a, U t h ra and oth e r g ot s .

En sur
L — Bh oj fpo tra ‘

i ami potr a
gg W DP ; 3
I
i t n e rmar ry ( and take fr om I
I, I
II, IV and
w i es v
O
V , j us t as 11 i nte rmarr y and take wi es fr om v
fig: 1 11 , IV ) .

S i ng h upo tr a
11 — Bh enda.
.

Bh ar dw aj i .

K a n d t a zt ‘

K e t b up o tr a .

K at h p ali .

S hamli p otr a .

T o this secti on belonged Lélj i G osain .

120 Br a h ma ns i n the S ou th Wes t .

Of t h e
«
S i ndh u Pushk a r na Wa t e sh ar th e Nan g u mi n i ste r t o t h e
-

G urmali a, K aur a G ul a t i S ach de v Chikk ar Mun g iy a a n d R ao n kh e l a

, , , ,
-

e ct i on s o f th e A r o r a s a n d t h e S a ti li a s e c t i o n o f t h e
’

a n d m an
y o t h e r s j ,

Bh ati as T h e L a p iy a m i n i s t e r t o t h e K h a r ban da Cha w a l a Mo n g i a,

.
, ,

K a r r e Kh at ta r a n d K a la cbe ge ts a n d t h e P a r i a l t o t h e Kh e r a B ug ra
, , ,

a n d Kh ur a n a a ll se c t i o ns o f th e A r o r a s,
The T a n k s a 1i
*
m i n i st e r .

t o t h e Na n g p al Mu tr i j a D ua (S e t h H a r i ) t h e M a tt a r min i s t e r t o t h e
, ,

Kh u r an a a ll S a t e ja A r o ra s ; th e G a n dbr i a t o Ma h e s r i B a n i a s 3 th e
,
'

Wa s u to Bh atias ; t h e We sa to Ma h e sr i B a n i a s a n d t h e S oh a na t o
Bh atias .

T h e As tr i h a v e f e w e r p a t r o n s t h a n t h e Wa t e sh a r , a n d t h e cli en tele o f
e a ch i s co n fi n e d t o o n e pl a ce , w h e r e h e r e s id e s If a Wa te sh a r i s .

u n a bl e t o o fii ci a te f o r a p a tr o n a n As tr i a c ts f o r hi m, r e c e ivi n g § t h s o f
t h e f e e , t h e b a l a n c e of gth s b e i n g h an de d o v e r t o t h e Wa t e sh a r
.

Th e As tm
’

se c t i o ns in Mian w al i ar e

l R a mde b, l 2 S h a so n, 3 Bh a g lal, 4 I s h wa r d5 Ba hiwal

‘ ‘

. . . .
, an . .

Th e N a r a i n i i s a n i mm ig r an t g r o u p , a n d i s t h us w i th o u t p a tr o ns , but
i f t h e Wa te sh a r a n d As tm a re illi te r a t e , a li t e r at e N ar a i n i i s c a lle d
’

in to p e r fo r m a n y f un c t i o n r e q ui r i n g k n o w l e dg e A s a ru le , ho w e ve r , .

t h e Na r a i n i o n ly p r e s e n ts hi m se l f wh e n a l ms a r e giv e n t o all a n d
s un dr y .

Pa tr on s . Pa tr on s .

1 . Bambow al . Khat har and Dhol .

2 . Br ah mi .

8 . Ch anan a . Gar e ri .

4 . Ch an dan Ane j a A r oras . .

5 . Ch uni D h up ar A ro r as . D h ahej a A r o ras .

6 .
Ch at k ar e Ar oras .

7 J oshi N ak ra
loj a
. .

8 . K akr ah K h ur ana and T a

A r oras . Manoch a A r oras .

Only B r a h m an m a y be a n ci s tr i a p ur oh i t o r a th dn i He ma y a l so
a , .

o fii ci a t ea s a n A ch ar a
j a B h a t a G osai n o r a V e d
p a t r (a n d so may an y , ,
-
,

ot h e r Hi n d u ) bu t i f h e doe s s o h e mu st n o t a cc e t a n y d ue s f o r th e r it e s
, p .

p e r f or me d On ly a Br a h ma n can t a k e s an h ulp a n o o t h e r Hi n d u
.
, .

G angah ar .

R ug h an p otr a (or Ag a nh otr i

Nar ath .

Seth i .

IVA — Jh ang an
Ti kh a
L aPs h a

Mohla
K amr i a Br ah mans of Kh atrls .

Je tli
Bagg e
S ant
V .
- T he Mah ta Brah man s ,
w h ose s e cti ons ar e th e Ch h i bbar D at
, , oh au, V e d Ba i an d M l
,
L au, do not act as p a r o h t i s , b ut ar e e n g ag e d i n abo r i cultur e , t r ade or se r vi ce Obv ufl y m
th e se are th e same as th e M W
.

uh ials o f t h e No r t h e st Pun ab
j .

v
,

ll J
Th e T anksali s ar e ca e d h ani and r e ce i e ce r tain due s on mar r i ag e a nd D ar m S and 3
h m
H J
the add askani , i e , i n th e tr act un de r th e r u e of th e askani Biloch es
. . l J :
TM i ni ster to th e D anekh e l secti on of th e A roras
'

.
122 Th e S dr sut Br a hmans .

T he foll owi ng tabl e ill ustr ate s th e or i gi n of th e Muh i al se c ti o n s an d

sub -se c t i on s
MU HIAL S .

Ch h i bbar .

S idh Ch ar . (Na m e of S i dh
no t k n o w n) .

S e tp (Bar i Bh o Je p ot r e
'

. S h am e p ot r e r W
I Dh i ra .
(b) .
r 1
W D h an a n . l
L a ri Takh t
Madh o D an . Rama Nan d .
D h i r up o t r e un j ah i) .
L a ri l
K un di ar e ( Bli n jah i ) .
(Bar i ) .

Mach h an e . R am a N a n dun e .
( Bn nj ah i ) .

Wa e l . D um h . b

l
K a k a D as .

Pr i th Wi Malan e . Wa dh w an i . Man g w an i K al k a D asan i

. .

Th e d e s c e n d a n t s of th e fi v e Sidh e a r e f ur th e r s ub -divid e d i n to p dn ch toli as

giv e t h e i r d a u gh t e r s n o t l e s s t h a n 5 to la s o f g o ld a s d o w r y ) a n d
(who
tr ttoli y a s (w h o giv e n o t l e s s t h a n T h e l at t e r r a n k b e l o w t h e f or me r .

T h e o r igi n o f t h e Mn h ials i s t h u s d e s c ib e d : In S a mb a t 200 r

V i k r ami t h e fi v e S i dh s w e nt t o t h e Na n n ii t h i H i ll a n d t h e r e p r a ct i s e d
’

a s c e t ici sm . A b o ut t h a t t i me t o o t h e K h a t r i s o f th e A r o r f a m ily
(n o w th e A r o r a s ) a n d t h e o t h e r K h a t r i s f e ll o u t s o t h e l a t t e r s e p a r a t e d ,

f r o m t h e A r o r a s a n d b e c a m e j a imdn s o f t h e S idh s T h e Muh i als .

w h o di d n o t at ta ch t h e ms e l ve s t o t h e A r or a s r e f u s e d to a cc e p t a l ms
( chi n ) a n d a r e st ill p ur e ly se c ul ar Th e y a r e f oun d chi e fly i f n o t .

e x cl us iv e ly i n Ra w a l p i n di (wh e r e m a n y a r e Sikh s) in Jh e l u m a n d
Shahp ur a s l an dh o ld e r s o r i n s e r vic e A ll Muli ials may m a r r y gi r ls o f .

B r a h ma n fa mili e s whi ch a r e n ot Muh ial .

A small gr o up o f s e c ul a r B r ah ma n s f o un d a t Har ia na i n ,
Ho shiar p ur i s th e K a n ch a n K a w a l Th e y a r e a l so c a ll e d S ur a j D uaj .

( S u n -
w o r s hipp e r s
) Th e i r a n c e s to r c am e f r om D e lhi as a kci mi n g o
.

t o H ar ia n a w h e n c e t h e y ar e a l so c all e d K ai i i i n o s Th y ’

, g e ca n ma r r y .

i n th e n dn kd s got a vo idi n g o n ly t h e f a t h e r s g o t
’
, Th e y do n o t t a k e ’
.

ch a r i t y (den ) a n d e i th e r t a k e s e r vic e o r e n g a g e i n t r a d e o r c ul tiv a ti o n

, .

If a n y on e o f t h e m t ak e s a l m s h e i s o ut c as t e d and th e y do n o t
i n te r mar r y wi t h h im .

Ot h e r p ur e ly lay g r o up s o f Br ah ma n s ar e : th e D HA K O CHI f th
B h un d a nd K a r r al HlllS i n H a z a r a w h o a r e also c a ll e d Mah a a ng; t h
TAG A S of K a r n al w h o a r e G a ur s by o r i g i n an d a i icult ur i st s b y a vo c a
j :,

o ‘
,

a n d th e c r i mi n a l T mes o f t h e s a me D is t r i d
i .

t i on t i
.

’
T H E S A R S U T BR A H M A NS .

T h e sar s ut i s e ss e n t i a lly t h e B r a h man o f t h e Pun a b ug t

' .

gniEz
] l
lv; mif
a

ll
T h e S er e n t as a bol
i
i s di st n c t iv e ly a P un j a b c a s t e ii t
.
,

th e I
I i n du c a s t e s p o s si bly e v e n t o th o se w hich a r e u

out s i d e t h e p al e o f H i n d ui s m
, ncl e a n a nd s o s tan d
.

U o on thi s f ac t i s b as e d t h e
l e ad i n g
.
 Br a hm ans of th e K h a tr ia . 123

p r i n ci p l ef th e ir org an i z a t i o n , which is t h at t h e s t a tus of e a ch s e c ti o n

o

de p e n ds o n t h e s t a tu s o f th e c a s t e t o w hich i t m i n i s t e r s In a cc or d a n c e .

w i t h t hi s p r i n cipl e , w e m a t e n t a t iv e ly cl a s si f y t h e S é r s u t t h u s
y
S u b gr oup t —
-
Br a h ma n s of B r a h ma n s c all e d Sh ukl a
.
,
.

S u b gr oup m -
B r a h m a n s o f t h e K h a tr i s
.
-

*
1 Pa n . 4 Bun jah i s 5 Kh okh ar an . . . .

2 Obb . 3 A s th b an s 6 S ar i n .
-
. . .

S u b gr oup tit — Br a h m a n s o f A r o ra s
-
.

S u b gr o up ti n — B r a h ma ns o f J ats
-
.

S u b gr oup v — B r a h ma n s o f i n f e r i o r c a s te s e g th e Ch a ma r w a
-
.
,
. .
,
.

F u r th e r e a ch o f th e s ub gr ou p s is divid e d i n t o gr ad e s on th e an a l o gy
,
-

o f th e Kh at r i c a s t e sy s t e m t h u s

I . Pa n ch zati . 3 . Bu nJa h i .

2 . Bar i . 4 . ln f e r i o r z dt si .

Th us we may ta k e th e S h ukla i B r ah ma n s t o c o mp r i s e th e f o ll o wi n g
g o ts

W J etli .

J h ing an .

Pan ch z ati '

r or Mo hla .

K umari a .

J Tr i kh a .

l h e S ti r s u t Br a h m an s of th e K h at tr i s — Tbe c o n n e c ti o n o f th e Kh atr i
’

w i th th e ser e n t B r a h ma n cas t e i s p e c u li ar l y cl o s e On e t r a di t i o n o f its .

o r igi n a v e r s t h a t w h e n P a r a s u Ra m a w a s e x t e r m i n a t i n g th e K s h a t r iy a s

a
p r e gn a n t w om a n o f t h e c a s t e to o k r e f ug e w i t h a s ar s ut W h e n he r .

child , a son , w a s b o r n , t h e S ar s a t i n v e s t e d h i m w i t h t h e j a n e o an d
t a ug h t h im t h e V e d a s H e n c e t h e S ar suts a r e i n v a r i a bl y th e p a r oh tts
.

o f t h e K h a t r i s , a n d f r o m t h i s i n cid e n t a r o s e t h e c us t o m w hic h a ll ow s
ur o h i t a n d j aj m a n t o e a t t o g e th e r
P .

Th e bo y m a r r i e d 1 8 K s h a t r iy a gi rl s a n d h is s o n s t o o k th e n a me s of th e
v a r i o us r i s h i s an d t h u s f o u n d e d t h e g o tr a s cf t h e K h a t r i s, w hi ch ar e t h e
s a m e a s t h o s e o f t h e Br a h m a n s T h i s l e ge n d e xpl a i n s m a n y p o i n t s in .

t h e o r g a n i z a t i on o f t h e S é r s ut B r a h m a n s i n t h e P un j a b , t h o u gh i t i s
doub t l e ss e n ti r e ly m y t hic a l , h a v i n g b e e n i n te n d e d t o a cco un t f o r t h e cl o se
d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e B r a h ma n s o f t h e S é r s u t b r a n c h o n th e K h a t r i c a s t e .

I— Pa n z ati
A t th e t o p o f t h e soci a l t r e e s ta n d fi v e s e ct i o n s ,
G 1 cu
p j . i .

vh i ch a r e t h e a r o h t ts o f t h e
1 Nob l e 1
\
p D h ai g bar
K h
.

Th i s g ro u i s k no w n a s th e
. ’

at r i s
.

2 J atli p .
.

P
.

a n d a l so
j
a n z at i o r fi v e se c t i o n s ,
’
G r oup Pani zati or
‘
3 .

i
J h ng an # . as
4 . l u kh a
' ‘

l PaCh h ada
.
Pa ch h ada o r w es te r n ’
It t h e B r a h .

5 K umar i a J
ma n s f oll ow e d t h e Kh a tr i o r g a n i za t i o n
.
.

i n all it s co mpl e xi ty w e sh o uld e xp ect t o fi n d th e s e s e c ti on s c o n s t i t ut i n g

t h e D h ai g h a r s ub g r o u p o f a Ba r i g r o u p , a n d t h e y a r e , i t w o uld s e e m,
-

c a ll e d D h ai g h a r - L a h o r ia , a t l e a s t i n L a h o r e .

Th e r e id t o b e t w o g r o up s e a ch of 5 zdt ts w hich o n c e f o r me d
are
'
a ls o s a , ,

t h e ms e lv e s i n t o e n d o g a mo u s cli qu e s T h e s e w e r e : (13
) K a li a Ma lia Bh a t ur i a .
, , ,

Pr ob ab l y thi s i s cor r e ct . Th e Muhi é l h avi ng ce a se d to be Br ah man s a t all, no ong e r l

mi is to th e K h ok h ar an K h a t r i a an d s o l g r oup of K h ok h ar an B r a h m a n s h as h ad
g gm
er -
a. s p e ci a
to e or e (i

TTh e S h uk las ar e be gg ar s , w h o co me
f r om th e eas t f r o m th e di r e cti on o f th e U ni te d ,

. l
Pr ovmce s T h ey be g on y f r o m Br ahman s , but ar e no t th e i r p a r o h i ts T h e y a r e qui te .

di stinct from th e Sh uk a of th e S im a Hi s l l ll .
1 24; Br a hma n s the K ha tr zs
’

o
f .

K a p ur i a a n d Ba g ga s, an d (m) J h in g a n , Tr ikh a l, J e t li i, K u m h r i a § a n d * ‘

M
Pun bu -
.
“
T h e l a s t n a m e d go t w a s , h w e v ,
o

c a u se on e o f it s m e mb e r s w a s di s c ou r t
e r r

h
e

i
pl c d by
a

d gh
e

t
t h e
-l
oh la s fii ,
b e

t u r i h a w s
p pl
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e o u s o s a e .

Bar i g r o up
T he f ur th e r , i n a ddi t o n to t h e
i Pa n ch zat i s, c o m pr i ses t h e
fo ll o wi n g 7 ge ts Pa u m bu, Ma r th a S e t h i ,
Ch u r a va ur,
Pbi r a n da an d Pur a n g .

—
G r ou p II Bu n jah i .
Thi s gr o up c o n ta i n s s e v l
. g r o up s w h o se era s u b-

r e a t on s l i t o o n e an o t h e r a r e o b s c u r e a n d i n de e d t h e s ub Je c t o f c on
,

t r o v e r sy ,
Th e y ma y be cl a ss ifi e d t e n t at iv e ly a s f ol l o w s , ,

S ub g - r ou
p
— A s h t b an s -
,
w t i h t h e f o ll o wi n g e i gh t se c t i on s
i n K e r mi t an d i n Pa ti a ld
In A m i tsa r
—
r or .

h J ‘

f F
1 Sa d
1 . S a nd .
.
n .

3 SUN
‘

2 . S he ri .
. .

3 Pat ak 3 . Pat a k ,

J Ma lm a i
. .

4 Ma br n r 4 . os h i .

J o s h i Mah r ur
. .

5 J o sh i .
5 . .
.
‘
6 Ti w a r i 6 . T i w a r i xf I
l
. .

7 K ur a l 7 K ur a
j
. ,

. .

8 Bh a r dw aj i .
8 . R at n Bh a r dw a .

S ub r ou w — B a r a gh ar - or Ba r a -z a t i (a l s o c a ll e d B a r i )
p
-
g
1 . S ar a d . 7 Ma na n
. .
In Ha zar a — V a j r a .

2 , Bh a n o t .
8. E h a m bi . V a s de o .

3 Airi 9 . L ak h a n Pal .
Pao n de ,

b
.
.

4 . K a li e II . 10 . Pa t t i .
E og .

5 . Pa r bh a k ka .
11
. J alp a t. Is h a r .

6 .
Nabh 12 .
S a bjp a l . R a mde o .

J hi ng an i s sai d to be de r i e d f r om j h i n g a or j h a nj h , a e l v
ecause th e soun d of a b e b l b . ll
w as h ear d at i ts e p ony m s
’
i r th b
T h i s g o t i s s upp o s e d t o be on y 20 g e n e r ati on s o ld
. l .

It h as th r e e s ub -se cti ons , G autai n, Ath u and Na t h u F ur th e r , Ne t u s de sce ndan ts ar e s ub . b ’

v l
di i de d i nto th e e ss k now n sub-di i si on s of Ch amnap ati and K anw lap ati v Th e J h ing ans .

g otr a i s Bh ar dw a) th e i r p a r va r a s Bh r i gu , Bh ar j an and Bh ar dw a , th e i r s h d kh d Madh unj an j

a nd th e Bi g V e da th e i r ve da A t D i p a p ur at th e h ous e o f an ance s tor , Ba e. Chh ajj il, th e y
. l b
h o d a fai r i n Magh , a t w h i ch t h e ch i la , j h a n d, j a n e o an d oth e r r i te s ar e p e r for me d Nath u s
l ‘

de s ce ndants a ll w e ar a n a t h i n th e nos e .

1 T r i kh a s g o tr a i s Par a sh ar an d i t i s sub di ide d in to th e Palw ar da, A ura an d D w na

' ’
-
v
s ub s e cti ons -
.

i T h e J e tli g o tr a i s V at sa , a n d i ts s ub s cti ons a r e V i ale p o tra, Ch andi p otr a , a n d R u

- e
pe
p o tr a — a ll e p ony mous T h e t w o for me r a r e r e p a ce d by Ha t h i la an d H a r np ot r n , a ccor ding
. l
t o a no th e r account T h e Mih r ot r a K h a t t i s mak e th e m ofi e r in g s on t h e 1 2th of t h e li g h t
.

h alf of e a ch una r month l .

T h e K umh i i a g ot r a i s a so V a ts a a n d t h e y too h a e th r e e s ub s e cti ons l v -

.

A p p ar e nt y th e same as th e Paurnbu l e ow . b l .

{ It h e Mohla s g otr a i s S oma stam, and i ts s ub s e cti ons ar e D a w a i , S h i N an di and A kas h i -

l l v -
.

Of t h e V as rs h t g o tr a T h e y h a e fi v e s ub -s e ct i o n s , V e da V y as , G a n g ah a r (si c).
. v
G o sa i n , S e r ap h , a n d G a n g a w as b i , s e ca e d e ca u s e t h ey us e d t o e ad a n ds - ll
of b l b
l
p i g r i m s t o t h e G an g e s T h e y w e r e e xe m p t f r o m t o s u n de r f o r m e r g o e r n m e n ts
. ll v .

T h e S e r ap h ( S a r r af ) w e r e an ke r s b
T h e G o s s i n a h a d ma n y j a j m oi n s a n d t h e V e da
.

V y as w er e e a r n e d i n t h e V e da s l '
t h e G a n g ah a r s s t i p e r f o r m t h e i r j h a n d o r t o n s u r e r i t e
.
‘
ll
n e ar t h e r ui n s o f o ld J h a n g , n e a r w h i ch t o w n t h e y p o s s e s s e d a n u m e r o f w e s , e a ch b ll
b
i ns cr i e d w i t h t h e i r n ame s .

11 O r l a w a
'
r i a A
'
t
‘

m a r r i ag e t h e y do
. n ot le t t h e r i de g o to h er fath e r i h aw s h ous e ,
-
’
b l
but se nd i ns te ad a big g h r cake w r app e d i n r e d c oth If h ow e e r th e m u kldw d ce r e mony i s l . v
p e r f o r me d at th e s ame ti me as th e w eddin g , th e y le t th e r i de g o a so , o th e r w i se th e
y send b l
v
.

h e r afte r w ar ds w h e n h e r m u h ldw d i s g i e n .

1 1: P ro a y t h b bl
e s ame a s th e Bh abak k ar , a g e t name d afte r a lt i sh i Its me m e r s mak e . b
a boy don th e j a n e o (sac e d th re ad) i n h i s 8t h y e ar C ad as a s ddh u i n a f a qi r s dr e ss Wi th
r
’
. l
th e a lfi or ch o la , th e m i i g -ch h dla ( dee r sk i n) and La ch ke l ( a w a e t f or co e ctin g a ms) h e ll ll l
b e g s f r om door to doo r and i s th e n hi dde n to g o to th e f or e st, but h i s si s te r ri ng s hi m b
back .
126 Br a hmans of th e K h ti tr i s
’
.

Th e r u les of mar r i a ge
— Lik e th e K h a t r i s ,
B u j
n ah i B r ah m a n s th e
p r o f e s s t o f o ll o w t h e u s ua l f o ur -ge t r u l e i n ma r r i a g e , but, p r e ci s e ly
lik e th e Dh ai g h a r K h a tr i s th e Z é t w al e B r a h ma n s a v o i d o n ly t h e i r
,
-

A t l e a s t t hi s a pp e ar s t o
’
o w n s e c t i on a n d t h e m ot h e r s r e l a t i o n s .

b e t h e u s u a l r u l e , b u t i t w o ul d b e r a s h t o sa y i t i s a n i n v a r i a bl e '

on e . x
F or e a m p , l e t h e B a n s p ja a r e a n e x-
cp
e t i o n T h e A s h t -
b ans .

o b t a i n w iv e s f r om t h e m , b u t i f a f a th e r h a s t a k e n a B a n s p uj w i f e , .
-

th e s o n ma y n o t h e mu s t mar r y a n A s h t b a u s o r l o se s ta tus -
Th a t .

i s t o s a y , t h e A sh t b a n s m a y o nly s t o o p t o i n t e r mar r i a g e wi t h t h e
- -

B an s p uj i n a l t e r n a t e g e n e r a t i o n s
-
.

Si mil ar ly th e f our ge t r ul e i s r el a x e d i n o t h e r c a s e s Th us th e
-
’
.

K a n c h an K a ma l s e ct i o n o f Ho sh i a r pur a r e a l s o c a ll e d S ur a j D e a j
- .

( S u n w-
o r s h i p p e r s) Th e
. i r a n c e s t o r c a m e f r om D e lhi as a
g dm i n go

a t H a r ian a ; h e n c e t h e y a r e c a ll e d Q anii n o s e s e B r a h ma n s ca n
’

g Th .

Th e y do n o t
'

m a r r y i n th e n dn ka g ot a v o idi n g o n ly t h e f a t h e r s ge t
,
.

t a k e a ny ddn (c h ar i t y ) a n d m ay e i t h e r t a k e s e r vi c e o r e n g a g e i n tr a d e
o r c ul t iv a t i o n . If any o n e o f t h e m t a k e s to r e c e ivi n g ch a r i t y h e i s ,

c o n s id e r e d a n o ut c a s t a n d t h e y do n ot i n t e r mar r y w i t h h im .

T he ag f m i a
ge — A m o n g t h e B un jah i B r a h ma n s t h e a e o f
es o ar r
g
b e tr o th a l i s fr om 4 8 a n d t h a t of ma r r i a g e fr o m 8- 1 2 y e a r s i n
-

Ra w a lp i n di It i s, h o w e v e r , i mp o s sibl e to lay d o w n a n y u n iv e r sal

.

r ul e s , a s , g e n e r ally s pe akin g, t h e a g e s o f b e tr o t h a l a n d ma r r i a g e
de p e i i d upo n t h e sta t us o f e a ch f a m i l y wi t hi n t h e gr ou p , a s i s th e
ca s e a mo n g t h e K h a t r i s .

Th lt ag i t h er a m — I t w i ll b e s e e n h o w t h l o w s ub
e r e vo a n s
yp g y . e er

g r o up s o f th e K s a r ms h a v e e n d e a v o ur e d t o s h a k e o ff t h e y o k e o f t h e
high e r i n m a t r i mo n i a l mat t e r s A s i m i l ar r e v o l t a ga i n st t h e p o s i t i o n
.

o f t h e Dh ai h a r o cc u r r e d a m o n g st t h e S é r s u t B r a h m a n s A b ut 1 1 6
g o .

y e ar s a g o , sa y s t h e a cc o un t r e c e iv e d f r o m A m r i t sar , t h e L ah o r i a
h d k d a u gh t e r s f r o m t h e P a n j - z at i t
D h ai g a r u s e t o t a e ; but o w i n g t o
t h e ill - t r e a t me n t m e t e d o ut t o t h e gi r l s by t h e D h ai g h a r , t h e y r e so lv
e d t o d is co n t i n u e th e c us t om , a n d t h e t h r e e o t h e r g r o u p s o f t h e Z ét
W al e f o ll o w e d s ui t w hil e t h e r e ma i n i n g Bun j ah i s c o n t i n u e d t o gi v e
w iv e s t o t h e zat w al e , bu t n o l o n g e r r e c e iv e d t h e m i n r e t u r n
-
Th e .

r e s ul t w a s t h a t t h e B u n j ah i s c o u ld n o t o b t a i n w iv e s a n d m a n y f a mi

l i e s di e d o ut , s o i t w a s r e s ol v e d by t h e Bun jah i s t h a t t h e y s h o uld f or

t h e f ut ur e b r e a k o ff a ll c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e Z é t w al e , u n l e ss a n y o f t h e -

l a tt e r s h o ul d a g r e e t o g iv e t h e m d a ugh t e r s i n r e t ur n Thi s w a s p r i o r t o .

S amb a t 1 932 w h e n a se con d m e e ti n g a t A mr i t sa r r e n e w e d t h e c o m pa c t .

It may b e w or t h n ot n i g th a t in
b ot h c a ste s th e p r o c e e din g s o f
t h e s e c o n f e r e n ce s w e r e co n d uc t e d i n a f o r m a l m a n n e r w r i t t e n a r e e
g ,

me n t s b e i n g dr a w n u p a n d t h e f amili e s w h ich a g r e e d t o t h e de
,

m an d s p ut f o r w ar d b e i n g e n t e r e d i n a r e g i s t e r f r o m t i me t o t i me .

The ter r i o t r i a l g r oup s — Lik e t h e Kh at r i s th e B r a h man s h a v e ter ri -

o

t o r i a l g r o up s b ut t h e s e g r o u p s do n o t u s uall y c o r r e s p o n d wi t h t h e
,

t e r r i to r i a l g r o up s o f th e f o r me r F o r i n s t a n c e t h e B r a h ma n s o f t h e
.
,

M ur r e e Hill s a r e divid e d i n t o t w o s u b c a s t e s — Pa ha ri a a n d D h ak o e h i
‘

w h o do n o t i n t e r ma r r y o r e a t t o g e t h e r T h e D ug r i B r ah ma n s c o r r e
.

s p e n d t o t h e D ug r i K h a t r i s o f t h e Sialk o t s ub mo n t a n e but t h e y a r e -
,

s a id , o n t h e on e h an d , t o give d aug h te r s t o t h e S er e n t, a nd, o n t h e

 Th e Br ahmans o f Kringra . 1 27

ot her h a n d , t o i n te r mar r y w i th t h e Bat e h r n g r o u p of B r ah ma n s in

K a n g r a A ll u s i o n s h a v e b e e n a l r e a dy ma d e t o t h e Pa ch bada a n d to
’
'
.

t h e L ah e r i a t e r m s w h ich s e e m t o be a p li e d e x cl us iv e ly t o t h e five
,
p
h i gh e s t se c t i o n s w h o s e r v e t h e D hai g h ar K h at r i s .

T HE S fiasur B R A HMA NS or T HE A noni s .

T h e Br o il p in g o f t h e B r a h ma n s o f th e A r o ra s h as a l r e a dy b e e n de s
W
.

cri be d i n d e a li n i h y m h y f h r e s a id
’

g w t t h e a t e s h a r s s s t e , a n d t e ur t e r a
t o be t h us divid e d
Bboj a p o t r a . S i tp al .

Pun ch -z ati S h ama po tr a . T a k h t La ri l .

‘

D h an nan p ot r a .

T h e Pa n ch zat i s , t og e t h e r Wi t h th e
6 . Pu ch h r a t .

7 . S h i n g up ot r a .

Ma a k p ural
L
8 , .

9 .K h e t up o t r a .

Bu t t h e mo s t
i n te r e s ti n g te rr i to r i a l gr o up o f th e S e r e n t i s t h at o f
th e Kan g ra B r a h ma n s w h o s e o r g a n i z a t io n sh o w s n o t r a c e s o f t h e
Kh a t r i s ch e me b ut r e fl e c t s th a t o f t h e H i n d u Raj p ut s o f Ka n g ra an d
,
.
,

w hich wil l t h e r e f or e be d e s cr ib e d at s o me l e n g th
, , .

T HE B R AHMANS or K i ne aa .

Th e S é r snt des o r j ur i s dic t i o n e x t e n d s f r om th e S ar a s w at i r i v e r i n

K ur uk s h e t r t o A t t o ck o n t h e I n d us a n d i s b o u n de d by P e h o w a o n th e
e as t , by Ra t i a a n d F a t e li abad i n Hi s sar , by M ul ta n o n t h e s o u th w e st,
-

an d by J a mm u a n d Nur p ur , i n Ka n g r a, o u t h e n o r th .

Th us th e B r a h ma n s o f Ka n g ra w h o a r e o r cl a i m t o be ,
S é r s ut by
o r i gi n s t a n d be y o n d t h e p a l e
,
o f the S ti r s ut o r g a n is ati o n , bu t t h e y
h a v e a v e r y i n t e r e st i n g o r gan i s a t i o n o f t h e i r ow n .

We -
fin d t h e f o ll owi n g gro up s
i — N a g ar k o tia
. .

1 1 — Ba t e h r u
. .

i ii —Halbah a, o r
. c ul t iv at i n g .

G o p
r u I —Th e Nag a rk o ti a .
B r ah man s o f t h e K a to ch th e ar e th e ,

high e s t o f th e Raj put s a n d t h e y w e r e d ivid e d by D h a r m Ch an d th e

,
,

K a to e h Raj a of Ka n g r a i n t o 1 3 f u n c t i o n a l s u b g r o u p s e a ch n a me d -
,
,

f t e r t h e d ut i e s i t p e r f o r me d i n h i s t i m e Th e s e a r e .

i — D i ch h i t t h e G ur us o f t h e K a to ch
. , ,
w ho us e d to t e a ch th e G ay atr i
ma n tr a .

11 . —S a r ota r i , s a id t o be f r o mS an sk r i t s a r o la dh Th e i r duty w a s .

t o p o ur d h o ti o r ff i g f h i e tc i n t o t h e h a w a n h wn d
o e r n s o
g ,
.
,

p f m d Th y h d l t t w V d
f g n e a s
wh en a a w as e r o r e e a e a r .
o .

iii —Acha r i a
.
,
w ho p e r f o r me d the j a
g .

s e ct i o ns z —Lal
l
T h e L a ri h a e fi ve s ub v La ri , - l V i ii s l
L a ri , T ak h t l
L a ri , G h a n i y al
l
L a ri a n d R aj Ba k h t o r J a n .

1 By g ot r a S h am un dal, t h e K at h pé las h a e f o ur s ub
'
. v s ecti o n s, S ur augu , S i dh a , G i lkéi la
an d Pat h ak .
1 28 Th e Br a h ma ns f
o K dngr a .

iv —Up a dhy ay a o r U p a dh i * o r r e ad e r s o f t h e V e d as at th e j ag
.
, ,
.

v A w a st hi th o s e w h o s t oo d by t h e ka lae o r p i tch e r a t th e M un i
.
-
,

p ur s h a n d w h o r e c e iv e d t h e p i t ch e r a n d ot h e r ar ticl e s (of
,

s a c r ific e ) .

vi Be dbi r ch w h o ma d e th e t e ch o r s quar e d e m ar c at e d by f o ur
.
-
, ,

s t ick s i n which t h e ka la e w as pl a c e d .

V IL — Nag Pun dr ik W h o se du ty i t w a s to w r i t e th e p r e sc r ib e d i n ,

scr i p t i o n s o n the h aw an kun d .

vi ii — Pa n ch l< ar n o r s e c ul a r B r a h ma n s e n ga g e d i n s e r vic e o n t h e
.

Raj a s Th e y p e r f o r me d fi ve o u t of t h e s i x d ut i e s o f B r a h
.

man s but n o t t h e s ix t h whi ch i s t h e r e c e ivi n g o f a l ms

, , .

i x —Pa r oh i ts w h o w e r e a d m i t t e d t o th e se r agl i o o i t h e R aj a a nd
’

. ,

w e r e h i s mos t l oy a l a dh e r e n t s .

x K a s h mi r i P an di t li te r a t e B r ah man s f r om K ash mi r w h o ar e
.
-
, ,

f ou n d a ll o v e r t h e P un j a b .

s a id t o m e a n mix e d a l s o K a s h mi r i i mm ig r a n ts w h o h a d
’
xi . , ,

p r e se rv e d t h e i r o w n c u sto ms an d r i t e s but h a d i n t e r mar r i e d ,

w i t h t h e Na g a r k o ti a .

xl 1 .Bai n a w h o h e lp e d t h e r ul e r s by t h e i r i n c an t at i o n s in t i me o f
-
,

S id b f r om r a n ba tt l e fi e ld
w ar ( a t o e .
) ,
-
.

xiii Bip (Bipr ) n o w e x t i n c t i n Kan g r a Th e s e w e r e p a r ohzts o f

’
-
. , .

Na g ar k oti a me
.

th e an d o f so of t h e Bat e h r u .

O f t h e s e 1 3 s u b -
gr o u p s n umb e r s x a n d xi s e e m to b e t e r r i to r i a l
r a t h e r t h a n f un ct i o n a l O n e c a n n o t say w h a t t h e i r r e l a t i v e r a n k .
‘

i s o r w as T h e fi r st s i x ar e a l s o c a ll e d t h e s i x A cha r i as a n d w e r e
.

r o b a bly t e mp l e p r i e s ts o r m e n i a l s o f i n fe r i o r s t a t us T h e B i
p p pr o .

b a bly r a nk e d hi g h , a n d th e R a i na o r ma gic me n , w e r e p o s s ibly t h e ,

l o w e st o f a ll T h e K h a p p ar i ar e a l s o s a id t o be fo u n d i n K a n g ra, b ut
.

n o a cc o un t f r om t h at D i s tr ic t a ll u de s t o t h e m .

G r ou
p II .
- E s t e h r u —Th e r e . ar e tw o s ub

i .
— P a kka Ba t e h r u —Wi t h . 9 c ti o n s
se

( )
1 D i n d , (2 ) D o h r u, , (4 ) P a lli alu, (5 ) Panba r , (3) Si nt u
6
( ) R u kk h e,
(7 ) Nag
-K h ar a
p p e , (8) A w as t hi -Ch
e tu an d

(9) Mi s r K a t h u -
.

But a p a dh i i s i n O r i s s a t r a n s a t e d t i t e l
V zde T r i e s a n d Cas t e s o f Be n a I
g p 1 6 1 l .
’
b l
l
U p a dh y ay a i s , co r r e ct y s p e ak i ng q ui t e di st i n ct f r o m U p a dh i , .

I o s e r e d t h a t t h e Mi sr ( s e ct i o n ) o ccur s i n bo t h t h e Bate h r a s ub - r o u
ll b v
( W b
“
t i e
g p 3
an d a mo n g t h e Na g a r k ot ia , s o t h a t w e h a e t h r e e s ub -se ct io ns v
h m i r i Mi s r N ag a r k o t i a
( )
1 K a s -
,
.

K h u -Mi s r Pa kk a Ba t e h r a
( )
2 a t .
.

3 M a i -M i l
r , K a ch ch é B ate h r u
( ) s . .

l
Of t h e s e t h e a s t n a me d ar e p a r o h t ts o f t h e K as h m i r i Pan di t s , t h e K ash mi r i -Mi s r s and
t h e R ai n as .

The t ( P s e ct i o n ) a r e a s o t h us f o un d, f o r w e h a e l v
1 N a P n dr i k , Na g a r k o t i a
( ) g u -
.

N a K h r ap p a , F ak k é E s t e h r u
( )
2 a -
g . .

N é G o s alli , K a ch ch a Bat e h r u
( )
3 g
.
,

l
It i s e xp a i n e d t h at K h a r a p p a (co r a ) a n d G o s a lu g ra s s s ake
- n
) b
ar e n i ck n am e s i m
l
.

i t m t a s t h e s e s u b- s e ct i o n s ar e o f lo w s t a t us B ut a 0 0 m a r i s o
p y n
g co n e p ,
p n w it h t h ,

f i t t t m i t i n f o r t h e se s e ct i o n s V Tr i bes a n d Ca s te :
‘

Br a h m a n s o O r s s a s u gg e s s a o e s c o l !
.

of Be nga l, I , p
1 61 .
.

T h e A w a s t h i t o o ar e f o u n d 1 11 a l l t h r e e gr oup s .
130 T h e Br a h mans o
f K an gr a .

P a k ka Bate h r u h av e th e se c ti on c a ll e d Kh ar appa (o r cobr a) Nfig an d th e .

K a chcha Ba te h r u a s e c ti o n s tyl e d G h oslii (a s p e ci e s o f fi sh o r p ossi bly

’

g r a s s s n ak e ) Nag Pun dr ik a l so app e ar s to be a sn ak e se c t i on Th e s e

-
.
.

k i
s n a e s e ct o n s a r e s a id t o r e v e r e n c e t h e s n a k e a f t e r w hich t h e y a re

n am e d a n d n o t t o kill or i n j ur e i t .

In a ddi i
t o n to t h e s e t h e B a t e h r a (P a kka a n d K a chch a ) h a v e t h e
,

f o ll o w i n g se c t i on s
() i C h a p p a , a n i n s e ct l
no e x
p a n a t io n i s f o r t h co m i n g l .

( i i ) S u g g a , a p ar r o t no ex
p a n a t i o n i s f o r t h co mi n
g l .

( i i i ) Bh an g w ar i a , f r bh i i u g a r , a ki n d o f t r e e . ,

i
( ) v K h a j i i re D o g re
’

D a t e -
p a m D o g ra ,
a s e c t i o n f o u n d e d b y a m an lw h o p a n t e d a g ar l
l
de n o f da t e -p a m s, a n d w h i ch o r i g i n a t e d i n t h e D o g r a co u n t r y o n t h e o r de r s o f J a mm u b .

v
( ) G h abr ii , a r asca
’

o ne w h o e ar ns h i s i i n g bl y f a i r me an s o r f o u lv l .

In t h e Ch amb a S ta te t h e B r ah ma n s f or m a n a g r ic ul tur a l cl a ss ,

as w e ll a s a hi e r a r ch y Th o se i n t h e c a p i ta l a r e e m pl oy e d i n t h e .

s e r vic e of t h e S ta te or e n g a g e d i n t r a d e wh il e o t h e r s a r e v e r y p oo r ,

a n d e k e o u t a l ivi n g a s p r i e s t s i n t h e t e mpl e s o r a s p u r o h t ts a n d e v e n
'

a s c o o k s bu t t h e y a b s t a i n f r om a ll m a n u a l l a b ou r
,
S t r ic t i n c a ste oh .

s e r v a n ce s t h e y p r e s e r v e t h e a n ci e n t B r a h m a n ic a l o t r a s bu t a r e divid e d
g ,

i n to n um e r ou s a ls which f or m t h r e e g r oup s
Pundi t S anj u, K a sh mi ri Pundi t, K olue , * Bai d, G autaman ,
'

G r oup I A ls Bar u Banbar u , .

-
,

Bug e an A tari , Mady an T K anw an , Bodh r an, Baludr an, Bi lp a r u, Mang le r u, L akh y anu,
l . ,

S uh alu Nuny al, Nony al, S ung lal, Bh ar ar u, T ur n al Har y an i and Pur ohi t
, , , .

G r oup 1 1 — A le : Chh unph anan Th uly an D i k h ch at O sti , Pri de Bh at D og re , Pantu,

.
, , , , .

K uth a G h o r e tu Path am a My an dhialu Mang le r u K atoch u Pan de , D atw é n , D undi e ,

l '

, , , , . ,

Hamlog u, Bh a r di ath u G h ar th alu Han th alu G w ar u Ch i ar , Bar al e , an d D att

, , . , b .

G r oup 111 — A le : A ch ar aj G uj r ati , G w alh u and Et r u

. , .

Th e fi r st g r o up o n ly t a k e s wiv e s f r om th e se co n d a n d th e fi r s t tw o ,

g r o u p s h a v e n o c a s te r e la ti o n s w it h t h e t hi r d Th e B r a h ma n s o f .

Ch a mb a t o w n a n d S u n g al § di sav o w all c a s te c on n e c ti o n w i t h th e
h a lbah o r c u l t iv a t i n g B r a h m an s w h o a r e h a r dly t o b e di s t i n g ui s h e d
f r o m t h e g e n e r a l r ur a l p o p u l a t i on t h o u gh m a n y a ct a s p r i e st s a t t h e ,

vil la g e sh r i n e s an d a s p ur o ht ts M a n y B r ah ma n s a r e i n pos se ss i o n o f
’

sc i s a n s o r gr a n t s o f l an d r e c or de d o n co pp e r p la te s T h e bi ll B r a h man s .
,

b o t h me n a n d w o me n e a t m e a t i n ma r k e d c on t r a s t to t h o se of t h e , ,

p l a in s I n t h e Pa n gi w i zar a t o f th e Ch a m b a S t a t e Br a h m a n s
. Raj p uts , ,

T hak u r s a n d Ra thi s f o r m on e c a s t e w i t h o u t r e s t r ic ti o n s o n f oo d o r ,

ma r r i a g e In th e R avi v a ll e y e sp e ci a lly i n Ch ur ah a n d to a l e s s d e g r e e
.
, ,

i n B r ah m a u r a l so f r e e ma r r i a g e r e l a t i o n s e x i st a m o n g t h e hig h c a s t e s
, ,

go o d f amili e s e xc e p te d Bu t i n r e c e n t y e a r s t h e r e h as b e e n a t e n d e n cy .

t ow a r d s gr e a t e r s t r ic tn e ss i n t h e o b s e r v a n c e o f c a st e r ul e s “ .

w i s e t r a ce s o f t o t e m i s m ar e v y er r ar e a m o n g t h e Br a h m a n s o f t h e p a i n s t h o ug h l ,
in the

s ub - m o n t ui i e di s t r i ct o f A m b al t w a o ar e n o te d T h e s e a r e t h e F i le Bh e ddi o r
.
y e ow ll
wo lv e s,
’
s o ca ll d b e e ca u s e o n e of the ir a n ce s t O i s w a s s a v e d by a s h e W o f a n d s o t h e y n o w -
l
w o r s h i p a w olf a t w e ddi n g s and S ur i i i h o , w ho v
a r e s a i d t o h a e o n ce t a k e n r e f u e u n de r a
g .

sa r i u tre e an d no w rev it ere ,

‘1‘ F r om Ku u, s o a ll c ll e d b
e cause th e y came w i th an i do f r om th at co untr y Th ey ar e l .

r i e s t s o f th e L ak sh mi Nar ai n , D amodar and R adh a K r i sh n a te mp le s

p
j
.

1 T h e K an w ri n ar e de sce ndan ts o f th e Br ah man f ami y f r om w h i ch R a a S z i hi la V ann a l

b
o f Ch am a p ur ch as e d th e S i te o f t h e p r e s e n t cap i ta l .

1 T h e Har y an ar e i n cha rg e o f th e Iar i R ai te mp e l l .

Th e an ci e nt S i i mang ala a i ag e n ow h e d e n t i r e y by Br ah mans unde r a s ds a n g r an t

. v ll l l
o f th e l uth ce n t ury AD Th e y ar e de s ce n de d fr om tw o immi g r ants a Br ah mach ar i and h i s .

cli e la f r om th e K ur uks h e tr a
,
Th e tw o f ami i e s i nte r mar r y an d a so gi e dau h ter s t o th e
.
g l l v
Br ah mans o f Ch am a to wn b .

S ee the Ch ani ba S tate G azettee r by Dr J ame s Hutch i son, pp 1 30—1 32 . .

,
 The Br ahmans r ound S i mla . 181

THE
B RAHMANS or T HE L ow CAS TE S .

A s w e h av e s e e n t h e B r a h man s o f th e hi gh e r c a s t e s for m a se r ie s
of gr o up s wh o se sta t us de pe n d s o n t h at of th e i r cli e nts O n a .

s i mil ar p r i n ci pl e th e B r a h ma n s of t h e c a st e s w hi ch a r e u n cl e a n
a n d so o ut s id e t h e al e o f H i n d ui s m f o r m di st i n c t s u b c a s t e s o ut sid e -
p
t h e ci r cl e o f t h os e w h o mi n i s t e r t o t h e high e r c ast e s .

The s e s ub c astes a r e -

—
I Th e . Ch a ma r wa — Th e B r ah ma n s o f t h e Ch an o r s ub c a s te o f
.
-

th e Ch amar s .

II — D h a na kw a —Th e B r ah man s o f th e D h an a k s o r Hi n d u w e av e r s
.
.

i n R oh t a k .

III — T h e B r a h man s of Ch uh r as
. .

E a ch o f t h e s e t h r e e su b c a st e s a pp e a r s t o be n o w s t r ic tly e n d o g amo us
-
,

t h o u gh t h e Ch a ma r wa a r e s aid t o h a v e un t i l r e c e n t ly i n t e r m a r r i e d
wi t h Ch a ma r s H ow e v e r i t s e e ms cl e a r t h a t th e y do n o t i n te r ma r r y
.
,

wi th t h e oth e r S ar su t B r ah ma n s i f i n d e e d t h e y h a v e a n y cl a i m to
S ar s ut an c e str y No C h a ma r w a B r a h m a n m ay e n t e r a Hi n d u s h o us e
.
’
.

A cco r di n g t o a t a l e t o ld i n A mbal a t h e o r igin o f t h e Ch a mar wa ,

B r a h m a ns w a s t hi s A B r a h m an o n h i s w ay t o t h e G a n g e s t o b a t h e
-
, ,

m e t R am D ate t h e f a mo us Ch a ma r bh a ga t
,
Rani D as g a v e h im t w o .

cow ri e s a n d t o ld h im t o p r e s e n t t h e m t o G a u g aj i (G a n g e s ) i f sh e h e l d
'

o u t h e r h an d fo r t h e m S h e did s o a n d in r e t u r n g a v e h i m t w o ka n a n s
.
,
g
b c l T h B r ah m an w e n t ba ck t o R am D as w h o as k e d h i m
( r a e e t s ) . e ,

w h a t t h e g odd e s s h a d giv e n h i m a n d h e i nt e n di n g t o k e e p o n e o f t h e , ,

t w o ka n ga n s s a id sh e h a d giv e n o n e o n ly bu t w h e n h e l oo k e d fo r t h e m
,

t h e y w e r e n o t o n h i s o w n b o dy b ut i n th e kuu da ( br e ch e s ) o f R am ,
e

D as . R am D as th e n ga v e h im t h e b r a c e l e t s a n d w a r n e d t h e B r a h ma n
i n f ut ur e t o a cc e p t gi ft s o n ly f r o m h i s de s c e n d a n t s o t h e r w i s e g r e at ,

m i s f o r t un e w o uld b e f a ll h i m A cc o r di n gl y h i s d e s c e n d a n t s o n ly s e r v e
.

C h a mar s t o t h i s da y T h e Ch a m a w a a r e o n ly p a r o h i ts o f t h e Ch a mar s
. r
,

n ot gur u s . T h e y m us t n o t be co n fo u n d e d w i t h t h e m a s a u ds w h o a ct a s
th e i r gu r us t h o u gh e i t h e r a Ch a m a r w a Br a h ma n o r a (Ch a ma r ) m u s a n d
,

ca n p r e s id e a t a C h a ma r s w e ddi n g It i s s a i d t h a t t h e Ch a m a r wa i s
’
.

a l so ca ll e d a H usa i n i Br a h m a n .

T HE
B RA HMANS IN T H E S IML A H ILL S .

N or t h an d e as t o f Si ml a t h e B r a h ma n s bo th G au r a n d S ar s ut h a v e
t h r ee gr o up s : Sh uk a l K r i s h a n a n d P uj a r i o r Bh o jg i t h e t w o l a t te r
, ,

e q ua l bu t i n f e r i o r t o t h e fi r s t Th e Sh u k a l a r e f ur t h e r divide d i n to
.

t w o o c cu pa t i o n a l g r o up s (i ) th o se w h o h old j ag i r s g r a n t e d by chi e f s
a n d w h o r e c e iv e am l e d ue s a n d
p (ii ) t h o s e w h o r e c e iv e li t tl e i n f e e s .

T h e fo r m e r a r e g e n e r a lly li t e r a t e a n d do n o t c ul t i v a t e : t h e y o b = e r ve
t h e r i t e s pr e s cr ib e d by t h e Sha s t r a s T h e l a t te r a r e m a i n ly a g r icul .

t ur i st s a n d p r a c t i s e i n f o r m a l a s w e ll a s f o r m a l m a r r i a g e a n d e v e n
o ly a n d r y T h e f o r me r t a k e w iv e s f r o m t h e la t t e r b u t do n o t i
p .
g v e ,

th e m .T h e Sh uk a l g r o u p do e s n o t i n t e r ma r r y w i t h t h e o th e r t w o * .

T h e K r i sh an B r a h m a n s a r e a l s o c ultiv a to r s a n d a cc e p t almo s t a n y
a l ms . Th e y a lso p r a c t i se w id o w r e mar r i age a n d t h e fi t c us t o m Th e .

Th e S huk a l ar e not s tate d to cor r e s ond to

p th e Sh ukla, or to be Br ah mans to Br ah mans
182 Br a hmans degr aded by f u ncti on .

Pujar i s or Bh ojgi t e m pl e -
p r i e sts o r r h e las of a g o d Th e y a p pe ar
s are .

to h a v e o n ly r e c e n t ly b e c o m e a di s t i n c t gr o u p S o me a r e m e r e ly p y f
a o fs .

an d a cc ep t n o a l m s l ivi n g b y c u l t iv a t i o n Th e s e d o n o t i n t e r m a r r y Wi t h .

t h e K r i sh a n B ra h m a n s O th e r s a cc e p t a l ms i n t h e n a me o f a d e c e a s e d
.

p e r s on a n d u se th e gh i w i t h which id ols ar e b e sme ar e d in Magh Th e y .

i n t e r mar r y wi t h the K r i s h a n g r o up .

W e n ar a s R a a G a ur B r a h ma n o ve r th r e w t h e Raj p uts th e sar s uts

h P tn
*

p r o t e c te d t h o s e o f t h e i r w o me n w h o s ur viv e d a nd w h e n t h e Raj p ut s
r e g a i n e d p o w e r t h e y r e pl a ce d t h e G a u r s by S ar s uts P a r a s R am h a d .

e x t e n d e d h is c o n qu e s ts a s f a r a s N i r m a n d i n th e S a r a j ta h s i l o f K ullii an d
’

t h e r e h e e s t a bli sh e d a c o l o n y of G a u r B r a h man s i n 6 vill a g e s s t ill h e ld ,

i n mudf z by t h e m T h e s e c o l on i st s a r e n o w s p r e a d o v e r B a s h a h r K ullfi
’

.
, ,

S ar aj an d S uk e t a n d th e y a r e c a ll e d Pa ls r ami o r Pa r asr ami t o t hi s day

, .

'

B o th t h e G aur an d ivid e d i n to t h e S asa n i or

S é r s u ts a r e a ls o cr o s s - d ,

be n e fice d an d D h ar o w a r g r o up a i T h e f o r me r a r e p r i e s t s o r p a r oh t ts
’
‘

o f t h e r uli n g f am ili e s b e i n g s u p po rt e d by t h e r e n t s o f t h e i r l a n d s a n d
,

t h e d ue s r e ce iv e d f r o m t h e i r cl i e n t s T h e l a t t e r liv e by c ul t iv a t i on but .
,

N e i t h e r g r o up a c ce p t s a l m s giv e n t o
'

do n o t h old r e v e n ue i r e e gr a n t s -
.

a v e r t t h e e vil i n fl u e n c e o f c e r t a i n pl a n e t s o r o ff e r e d d ur i n g a n e clip se
i .

I MPU RE B R AHMA N S T HE .

We n ow c o me to d e a l w i th th e g r o up s o f B r ah man s w h o e x e r ci se
d e g r a d e d o r s p i r i t ua lly d a n g e r o u s f un c t i o n s In c on t r a di s ti n c t i o n t o .

t h e u tta m o r p ur e B r a h m a n s di s c us s e d a b o v e — B r a h ma ns w h o se r v e
’

p ur e c a s t e s a n d f ul fil pur e f u n c t i on s— w e fi n d g r o u p s o f Br a h ma n s w h o
e x e r ci s e i m p ur e o r i n a u s p ici o u s f un c t i o n s Th e s e g r o up s a r e k n o w n .

by v a r i o u s n a m e s but i n som e p a r t s o f t h e P un j a b e g i n M ia n w ali

, ,
. .
,

t h e Ma dh a m Mali a B r a h man o r
,
t h e y a r e di v i de d i n t o t w o cl a s se s ,
-

A ch ar aj a n d t h e K a n i s h t
, T h e M a dh am f o r m a ki n d o f mid dl e cl a ss .

p e r f o r m i n g f un c t i o n s w h i ch t h o ugh u n l u c ky a n d e v e n u n cl ean ar e ,
r i t ua l i s t ic T h e K an ish t o n t h e o th e r h a n d a r e mi n o r p r i e s t s wh o s e
.
,

r i t e s a r e l a r g e l y m a gic a l r a t h e r t h a n r e ligi ou s ; a n d t h e y i n cl ude

, s uch
s th e V e d
g r o u p s a p a tr D a k a u t a n d Sa w -
a n i , .

Th e tr adi ti on b
e g in s by a s se r ti ng th at th e G aur accom ani e d th e R aj
p p uts f r om th e
p lai n s , an d t h at th e att e r usur p e d th e G aur s p ow e rl l h ey t h e n made t h e G aur s th e i
r
‘

.
'

but ann e xe d th e i r p r i n ci p a i ti es L a te r K an kubj and Mai th ila Br ah man l .

s
acco mp ani e d th o s e R ai p uts w h o e scap e d f r om th e p ai n s af te r th e Muh ammadan
in asi ons l v
an d f o und a r e f ug e i n th e h i s ll .

1 l h e D h ar ow ar in te r mar r y w i th th e K r i sh an Br ah mans of th e Hi ls and

* r ‘

g i e daugh ter s
l v
l
t o th e S asan i an d S h uk a g roup s , but n ot t o t h e K r i sh an g r oup .

1 It m u st n o t be i m a g i ne d t h at t hi s de scr i p t i o n e xh a us t s t h e r am i ca t i ons of t h e B i l fi l
Br a h m a ns l h us i n K n mh ar s a i n w e
’
e ar n t h a t t h e r e ar e S ar s u t Br ah m l
m b
.
an s J h ak b r u
l
f ami y , d e s ce n de d f r o m G a ut am a n s h i a n d o t h e r f am i i e s de s ce n de d f r o Bh ardw a
,
x l
e ts h i l
T h e s e a t t e r ca m e s o m e f r o m K as h i o t h e r s f r o m S i n d h a n d t h e v i n t e J
r ma r r
‘

i n te 7
.
, ,

g ll
, '

s e o r w i t h Bh ar d w z i j Br ah m a n s s e t t e d i n Ba s h a h r l
T h e y w o r s h i p B ra h m a a
s
V i s h n u , Ma h e s h a n d t h e 1 0 i n ca r n a t i o n s
e
.

” .

T h e s e Bh ar dvs a ], w h o a r e k n o w na
s t he f0 r
.

Br a h m an to ls , “i ll n o t i n t e r m a r r y w i h a c a s s Of Br a h m a n s ca e d Pa o ch i '
e ca us e t 8
l ll b li
l v
a t t e r h a e s t e e p e d t o w i do w r e m a r r i a g e Y e t t h e P8 0 0 11 1 i s n o t t h e o w e s t g r ou
.

fO l
d l
l
b le o w i t m e t h e Puj ar a s a s o S ar s n ts , l
w e a r i n g t h e y a h oo, an d a ff e ct i n
g t h e va r i o u
.

ul
l .

l
dco t ds , o f w h os e a n ds t h e y a r e m o s t y h e r e di t a r y t e n a n t s l
Puj ii r a s p e r mi t t h e be d ,

l v ff
”
f o r m o f m ar r i ag e a n d a s o t h e Mt s y s t e m w h i ch i s i n o g u e a mo n
g th e K ane t s o f
,

l
S i m a Hi s ll l
T h e y ca n a s o e a t f r o m a K an e t s h a n ds , bu t Pa och i Br a h m
.
an s a not
) ’

m i
l l i
a
f rom t h e irs T h e Puj ar a s a r e n u m e r o us a n d f a i r y w i de s p r e a d f r o m S k e
.
u t t o K e o nt l
v
a n d Ba sh a h r , g i i n g t h e i r n am e t o o n e Pujar li V i ag e i n t h e as t -n amed S t at e an d 0
ll l
an o t h e r i n Bals a m,
1 34 D akaat Weather - lor e .

be fo r th e soul .
* O r di na r y p e opl e , h ow e v e r , only f e e d an A ch ar aj fo r
1 3 d ay s a f te r a d e a th , bu t B r a h man s al so r e c e iv e food fo r th e d e a d
o cc a s i o nally p er io da ft e r t h at .

Th e A ch ar aj h ow e v e r , a l so offi ci a t e s a s a Wate sh ar i n d e a t h
,

O b s e r v an c e s .

T HE D AK AU T B R AHMANS .

Th e D ak a ut e r D ak p u t r a d e r iv e s h is n ame f r om D a k a 1 a B r a h man
’
-
,

w h o f o u n d e d t h e c a s te O n c e o n h i s w a y t o t h e G a n g e s Bh a dli a
.
, ,

K umh ar n i 1 p e r s ua d e d h i m t o b at h e i ns t e a d i n a p o n d p r o f e s s i n g t h a t
, ,

sh e c oul d g e t h i m b a t h e d t h e r e i n t h e G an ge s A s soon as h e .

t o u ch e d th e w a te r h e f o un d hi ms e l f by h e r e n ch a n t me nt i n t h e r iv e r ,
s o h e m a d e h e r h i s wi f e He r e w e h a v e a n obvi o us a ll e g o r y
. .

A D ak a ut o f Mia n w al i giv e s a n ot h e r v e r s i o n o f th i s l e g e n d

D ak w a s th e
V e d V i a
y ,s t hso n o f
e a u t h o r o f t h e Pi i r an a s, a n d
w a s ch ose n i n a S w dy a mba r a s h e r h u s b a n d by Bh an dli Bh a n dli .

w a s th e d a ugh t e r o f t h e Raj a o f K a sh m i r , w h o c e l e b r at e d h e r
S w dy a mbar wit h t h e c on di ti o n t h at sh e s h o uld w e d t h e man w h o
a n s w e r e d h e r qu e st i o n s D a k di d s o a n d m a r r i e d .h er T h e G r a n t }; .

’
Bh an dlt i n P un j abi giv e s a ll Bh a n dli s que s t i on s a n d D a k s a ns w e r s
’

i n v e r se s of w hich th e f ollo w i ng ar e e x am pl e s
Hoi r m
a n dh e r
i ode Ch a n d ba dlon ch hd d
i as h a
'

t y
Ch aim} p a kh i f a r m a lt ga nj a r ba smi ay e , /

Poooh h e , p arh o Pa n de te V e d, Por an vdoh e

E k h i to p oi n t kh oo me t} e h hi to p a r t n a s h dn
N oh am to ch dndm sa m e kan t s a me kd bh do
’ ’

N a ba r si n a goh h a r t 71 a Poe r a o, Pa ch h a m vao

'

B a ld blee d kh a r ch kar dh am n a j h a li 912023 .

A r ou gh t r an s la t ion rea ds
‘
Wh a tld h a p p e n i f t h e moon b e c o v e r e d b y
w ou a cl oud on th e
e igh t h d ar k n ig h t o f th e m oo n in t h e mo n th of A sar h A ll th e f our
s ig n s f or e b o d e t h e fa ll o f r a i n .

T h e Br ah m a n w h o a t e f r o m a de a d m a n s h an d w as a K a sh m i r i
’
In by -g on e day s .

l
w h e n a r aj ot o r w e a t h y m a n di e d h i s di r e ct p a s s a g e t o He ave n w a s se cur e d by t h e f 0 110 w
’

i n g r i te l
Hi s co r p s e w as a i d o u t o n t h e g r o u n d a n d e t w e e n i t a n d t h e p y r e , w h i ch w as
.
b
b l
ui t n o t f ar o ff , w as m a de a h e ar t h o n w h i ch kh er ( r i ce i n m i k ) w a s co o k e d T h i s Wa s
’

l .

p l ll '

a ce d i n a s k u , w h i ch w as p ut i n t h e de a d m a n s h a n d, a n d t h e n ce t h e Br a h m a n w a s

i n duce d t o e at t h e Mi r by a f e e o f R s t o R s 30 0 00 , o r t h e g r a n t o f a
. i ag e He . v ll .

b
t h u s e ca m e a K h a p p ar i ( f r Mi ami or kh a p r i , a s k u ) a n d h e a n d h i s ch i dr e n af t er
. ll . l
h i m w e r e o u t -ca st e s S u pe r n a t u r a
. l
p o w e r s w e r e a t t r i ut e d t o t h e m, a n d as t h e y a so b l
p u r s ue d ‘u s ur y , t h e y r a p i d y g r e w r i ch l
A f te r t w o o r t h r e e g e ne r a ti o n s , h o w e e r , t h e
. v
l l
K h ap p ar i s f a m i y co u d b e r e a dmi t t e d i n t o cas t e o n p ay m e n t o f a fi n e , a n d s o o n A .

p l
a t e o r lot a i s s a i d t o h a e v b
e e n s u s t i t ut e d f o r t h e s k u . I b
n Man di S tate a Br ahman
,
ll
-
l
w h o mu s t be goo d oo k i ng , i s f e d an d dr e s se d f or a y e ar i k e th e de ce as e d R a a A t th e e x l j . .

p i r a t i o n o f th e y e ar h e i s t ur ne d o ut o f th e S t a t e , a n d g oe s to Ha r dw ar He mus t ne e r oo k v l
b v ll
ack o n th e Jour n e y , a n d i s n e e r a o w e d to r e tu rn t o t h e S tate , w h i ch p a y s h i m a p e nsi on .

f In Mi an w a i th e D ak au n tr i (s i c) ar e sai d to b e S uds by caste and de sce ndants o f D ak

l
l
Band i , w h o comp ose d a g r a u fl t on as tr o ogy cal e d th e Ba n dh G r a u t h
’
l
In R oh tak th e l .

D ak s ar e s ai d to be de s ce n de d f rom S ah de e r i s h t , a dacoi t (w h e nce th ei r name) w h o

co mp ose d th e S ah de e Bli adli ( Bh ad i , h i s w i f e , w as a s w e e p e r w oman) l In th i s w or k natur a . l
h o me n a ar e i nte r p r e te d t o f o r e cast th e f utur e e g , S u k ka r w e n bri dle r a h t s a m s h ch a r
‘

p e n . .

cit ri c kuh e S a h de e s un d li bi n ba r s e n a h i n grm i e ,

.
’
If c ouds ap p e ar on F ri da
y
, ’

. . . l
an d s tay ti ll
S at ur day , t h ey w i ll
n ot p ass aw ay w i th out r ain In th e se e r ses S ah de e . v
usua lly addr e sse s Bhadl i .

i I n G ur g a o n t e e S a h de e i s sa id t o h a e m e t a s w e e p e r w om an w h o t ol d h i m t h at t h e v
a u s p i ci o us m o m e n t h ad p as s e d a nd ade h i m di e i n a t an k H e di d s o , an d b
r ou h t u
g p
v . b
fir s t a g o l d r ace l b
e t a n d t h e n an i r on o ne T h i nki ng h e r an e x e r t h e mar r i e d h e r
p .
.
 D aka
ut f un ct ons i .

A s k th e p un di ts t o s tudy th e e ff e c ts of thi s ra n a i f ll i n th e V e d a s or

P ur a n as .

The l ts ar e th at t h e r e will be n o w ate r l e f t a n y w h e r e s av e

r e su

a li t t l e i n w e ll s an d i n o th e r low p l ac e s (me a n i n g t h at t h i s i n
a us pici ou s r a i n f a ll w ill be fo ll o w e d by a s c r ci ty o f r a i n ) a .

If i t d oe s n o t r a i n a n d th e win d d o e s n o t bl o w f or 9 mon th s wh a t w il l
be t h e r e sul t ?
Th e l a n d will h a ve no v e r d ur e an d i t i s be tte r to l e a v e i t wi t h ba g an d
bag ga g e f

Pri m ?) u th e ba dlz, p a chha m ch a le w d,

’

B a n dli m a n i a n da r
Da k k a h e s u n h j pd .

If a cl oud a p p e a r fr o m th e e a st a n d t h e w i n d bl ow f r om th e
w est D a k w ould a sk Bh an dli t o t a ke h e r cot i n s id e ’
.

T i te r kh a nbhi ba dli r a n m a la z lak e .

0 w ase , 0 uj r e kh dli koi n u y a . .

A cl o u d like p a r t r idge f e a t h e r s , a n d a w om a n g iv e n to e a t i n g c r e am 3
th e on e will r a i n an d t h e o t h e r b r i n g r ui n , wi t h o ut a d o ub t
’
.

A n o th e r s t o r y i s t h a t w h e n R am Ch an d ar i nv a d e d C e yl o n , b o t h h e
’
an d h is e n e my R a w a n a w e r e un d e r S a t u r n s s i n i s t e r i n fl ue n c e , a n d
b e f o r e h e c r o s s e d th e s t r a i t w hich h e h a d b r idg e d R am Ch a n d a r
d e s i r e d to giv e a l m s But n e it h e r t h e B r a h ma ns n or t h e M a ha
.

B r a h man s n o r t h e B ia s , w o uld a c ce p t t h e m, a n d i n a n s w e r t o his

“
f y w a n a mn t
'

p r ay e r B r ah m a c r e a te d a d o ll o g as s, p i kl e d
r s r n s a r z

o v e r i t by c ut ti ng Pa r b a t i a l it tl e fi n g e r , a n d t h us e nd o w e d i t w i th
’

li fe S h iv ii a n d D ur g a b e s tow e d o n h im v e r a ci ty, t h e j an e o a n d th e
.

ti la k, an d B r a h m a b ade h i m r e c e i v e t h e a l ms o ff e r e d t o Babe a n d
K e t u, an d t o S a tur n — w h e n c e h e w a s a l so c all e d S a n i ch ar i .

Th e D a k s ut, h o w e v e r b e ars y e t o th e r n a me s A s h e k n o w s a li ttl e

, .

a s tr ol o g y a n d ca n divi n e t h e e vil i n fl ue n c e of t h e pl an e ts h e is ,

s o m e t i m e s s tyl e d J o t g i ; i n R fi p a r h e i s c all e d Pa n da a n d r o un d ,

Si r hin d a n d Mal e r K o tl a D h a on si l On e g r o up is c all e d A r p opo i ‘

b e c a use it is skill e d in p al mi st r y § .

F ro m Sialk o t c o me s a st ill m o r e cur id ns l e ge n d : V er ah Mih r a g r e at ,

a str o l o g e r f r o m t h e D e cc a n ca me i n t h e c o u r s e o f h i s w a n d e r i n g s
, to a
G fiia r v ill a g e Whi le di sc o ur si n g t o t h e p e opl e h i s p e r i o d of y oga
.

ende d a n d h e c on f e s se d t h a t h a d h e b e e n a t h o me t h a t da y h i s w i f e
,

w o ul d h a v e c o n c e iv e d a n d b o r ne a so n o f ma r v e ll o us i nt e ll ig e nc e Hi s . .

Wh ence th e name D ak aut d a h kamu t In G ur gaon da k i s s a i d t o me an w an de r e r ’

.
.

In thi s D i s t ri ct t h e D ak i s sai d to b e no t r ue Br ah man but a s i ng u ar y as tute ch e at w h os e , l l

v i cti ms ar e mai n y w ome n l T h e se h e i n s tig at e s to
. ur n 7 t u n g a s ( th atch e d r oo f s ? ) o f a b
v
but on 7 s ucce s s i e S atur day s , i n or de r to se cur e ma e i ss ue O r h e se ts h us and an d w i f e l b
l
by th e e ar s by de c ar i ng th at th e i r bu rj o r s tar s do n o t co i nci de , and th at r e me dia me as ur e s l
must be ta k e n S e ate d among th e w o me n h e oo k s at th e h an d of one and th e for e h ead o f
.
‘

l
ano th e r l
con s u ts h i s p n t r ri o r t a e , co un ts o n h is bl
nge r s , and th e n utte r s co mmon fi
l
p ace p r e dicti o ns l
He k no w s h ar d y any as tr o ogy O n S a tur day h e g oe s r o un d e gg i n g
. l . b
w i t h an ido l
o f S ani s h ch ar , and h e acce p ts a bui l alo ca f bo rn i n hi g h o r a foa or n i n l . lb
saw an, o r any bl
ack an i ma l .

Tse s Pun i dbi U t cf y p 305 . .

I Cf Hat e r p op e among th e Bh at ras w h e r e i t i s s aid to e qua ( h n g In K a m a] t h e A r ar

.
-

, l ,
.

b b
p o p o i s de s cr i e d a s a e g g a r w h o m a y b e a G a u r Br a h m a n o r a Ch a u h an ( R aj p ut ) .

Th e t j ki s ar e q ui te di s tinct f r om th e D ak auts, but ow i ng to S i milar i ty of f unction th e

ll
Dakauts ar e so me time s ca e d Bhoj k i , e g , in J ai p ur .
, .
94 Th e Bhri t or Rh e tt .

th e y to w n s an d l a c e s o f p ilg i m
to be f oun d i n th e g r e at
ar e n ow p r
v I di I H hia p t h B h a a r t ua lly a ll S i kh s
a g e al o l e r n a n o s r u r e . t r s a r e V i

h gh child d 1 2 h t h i h d h d h d h t h ey
(t u o r e n u n e r a ve e r e a s s a v e a n e re

p o se a s m a gici a n s , fo r e t e lli n g th e f utur e by g a zm g i nto a cup OIOl l .

Th e n ce t h e y ma i n ly f r e que nt t h e Kan g r a D i str ic t In S i alk o t a m e le t y

O

r
a e t r u e Sikh s ,
o b s e r vi n g a ll t h e Sikh c u s t o m s,
a n d o f t e n p o s i n g as

e y p r e y o n th e
*
u m i s , A kal i s o r N ih an g s wh e n o n th e i r w a n de r i n g s Th
g
.

c r e d uli ty o f t h e p e op l e by a st r ol ogy T h e o t h e r m o i e ty ar e j a tadh dr is, .

b ut s mok e , a n d ge n e r ally a ssum e t h e ch a r a c t e r i s ti c ga r b o f t h e

U dasi s , p r e t e n di n g t o be e mi s sa r i e s o f c e r t a i n t e m pl e s a n d co l
l e e ti n g sub s c r i p t io n s f o r t h e m A f te r t h e D i w al i t h e Bh atr as s e t .

o u t o n th e i r t o ur s, r e t ur n i n g a t t h e c o mm e n c e me n t o f th e r a i n y
s e a s on Th e y t r a v e l in gan g s g e ne r a lly o f h a l f-a -do z e n o r so , a n d
.

th e Sikh s cca s i o n ally a cc o mp a n i e d by t h e i r w iv e s a nd

ar e o

da ugh t e r s f o r wh o s e mar r i a ge s t h e y co ll e c t s ub sc r i p t i o n s
, V a r i o us .

f o r ms o f s wi n dlin g a r e p r a c t i s e d by t h e m a n d th e y e ar n l ar g e
s ums which th e y p r o mp tly s quan d er o n dr i n k a n d ga mbli n g .

B e side s h a w ki n g sma ll h ar d w a r e f o r sal e t h e y p i e r ce ch il d r e n s n ose s ’

a n d e ar s f or r i n g e l lik e t h e R am ai a o f t h e e a st e r n di s tr ic ts
‘ '

y , .

Th e Bh atras cl a i m t o Br ah mi n ic a l o r igi n i s b or n e o ut by t h e f a c t
’

t h a t t h e y w e a r t h e fe n ce a n d Mar k, a n d e v e n a t e clip s e s r e c e iv e
c e r tain o fi e r ing s, wh il e s tan di n g in w a t e r , f r o m e a ch a n d e v e r y c as te .

Th e y al so p r a c ti se p a l mi str y (r e kh a ) O th e r c a s t e s c a l l t h e m h ar m .
'

p po o o r T h a g s, a n d t h e high e r B r a h ma n g r oup s di so w n t h e m .

P r o b ably t h e y a r e a b r a nch o f t h e Dak a ut s .

T h e Bh atras h av e 22 g e ts , of which 13 ar e f oun d i n S i alk o t , v z i .

G ami K as a b Lo hi
j
. . .

Bh atti . G o ra . L ande . R ath e r .

Bh oti w él . Keg . Lar . R od .

Di gm’t .

BHArr, f e m
' '
Bh a tte n , . Bh attn i ,
Bh atn i , Bh a tan i : dim Bha te ta : f e m . .

Bh ate ti, t h e s on o r d aug h t e r o f a Bh a tt : a l s o, con t e mp t uo us ly , an y

on e o f t h at c a s te T h e P a n j abi f o r m i s Bh att, but i t i s v e r y c o mmo nly
.

p r o noun ce d Bhat, e sp e ci all y i n th e Hill s

T h e o r gan i s at i on o f th e Hi n du Bh ats a l mos t h e di e s de sc r ip t io n, so
fl uid ar e i ts i n tr ica ci e s .

I n Hi ss ar ar e f o un d t w o s ub ca s t e s B r a h m a n d a f e w Ra j Th e e

, .

f o r me r a r e cl i e n t s o f t h e Mah aj a n s x p e r f o r m i n g c e r t a i n f un c t i o n s for ,

t h e m a t w e dd i n g s & c § t h e y We a r t h e j a n e o a v oid w id o w m a r r i a e
,
g
.

, ,
a n d on l y e a t f o d c o o k e d by a G au r B r a h m a n
o H w hi le t h e Ra j a r e l an d ,

h older s a n d c ul ti va t o r s r e ce ivi ng d ue s a t J at W e ddi n g s , .

T h e B r a h m Br ah m a o r B r a h mi Bh a s a r e v e r y w i de ly s p r e a d a n d
, t ,
alw a y s a p p e a r t o s t a n d h i h e r t h a n t h e o t h e r sub c a st e s or g r o up s
g -
,
wh i ch v a r y f r o m pl a c e t o p l a c e Th u s i n R o h t a k t h e o th e r g r o up s ar e .

R ecent y , h ow e e r , s ome of th e m h a e tak e n

*
l v v lv
to di sg ui sing th e mse e s as Bair a i
s ddh ns O th e r s of D as k a, make an i n de i e g l bl ll lv
th emse e s
i :
nar on th ei r ne ck s and ca
.
,

Hosalni Br ah mans, co ecting a ms f r om Muh amma i an ll l

1 S e e p 26 8 o f Punj a Manufactur e s f or th e i m e ment
‘
.

p
b s us e d l
l
I And a so of th e Br ah mans in R oh tak
.

Th ey si ng "a bm 111 Pu i c w h e n th e
,

r i de r 0 0 m fir S t
g
bl b
s e ts out f 0 } hi s f ath e r -m aw 8 l
v :
e

house , r ece i i ng a r up e e as th e ir fe e on thi s 0 0 .

Or A ggar wa Mah éjans in Rohtak l .

96 The Bhdt gr o up s .

ar t icl e s fo r t h e c orp se At f un e r al s t h e i r f e mal e s ta k e p ar t i n th e

.

’
t a i r l s w e ddi n g t h e y
.

873 m i g b i n g p a id a n n a s 2 p e r day A
d ( o ur n n ) e , g .

ut a t a b oy s o n l y R e 1 th e s um wh i ch t h e y a l s o g e t
’

g e t R e 1 .8 b -
,
.
,

a t a f un e r a l Th e i r p e r qui s i te o n ot h e r o cc a s i on s is c a ll e d e e l ba dh di
.
.

3 T h e Ch a n d i s a r liv e i n t h e v ill a g e s a n d l iv e by b e ggi n g Th e .

K ati mar s w h o us e d t o be n ume r o u s i n Mul ta n a r e a n o ff s h o ot o f

.

-
,

t hi s b r a n ch .

4 . T h e K ut ich ar a r e v a gr a n t b e ggar s .

A cc o un ts f r o m Mi an w al i i n which D i str ic t t h e Bh ats a r e ve r v f e w ,

in n umb e r giv e a t h r e e fo l d divi s i on o f t h e c a s t e a s f o ll o w s

, ,

i B r a h mi Ka t i ma r o r Sh e n i Kh e l
{ l
11
I
'

II . .

’
.

ii K h osla
. . i i h Ba ddii .

I p e r for ms c e r e mon i e s : II do e s n ot t h o u gh a t w e ddi n g s t h e Ka ti ma r ,

’

s i n g s o n g s o f c on g r a t ul a t i o n T h e Ba ddii i s vi r t ua lly a n ou t .

A s e c o n d a cc o un t p o i n ts t o t h e f a c t t h at t h e Bh ats d e r iv e t h e i r o r igi n
f r o m th e Pus h k ar na Br a h ma n s as w e ll a s f r o m th e S é r su t a n d sa y s t h e ,

Push k a r n a Bha i; a r e e qua l in s t a t us t o t h e sar s ut d t h o u gh t h e s tat us

‘

o f t h e s e ct i o n s v a r i e s a n d a f amily wh o s e , wi d o w s ma r r y o u ts id e t h e
b r oth e r h oo d i s l oo k e d do w n up o n .

L a s tly a t hi r d a cc o un t gi v e s t h e old f un c t i o n al gr o up s t h e S li t w h o
s i n g s o n g s a n d r e ci t e ch r o n icl e s i n t h e a f t e r n o o n 1 t h e Mag a dh w h o
’
,

k e e p p e dig r e e s o f ki n g s a n d r e c o un t t h e i r de e d s t h e Wi n di j an w h o
, ,

t e a ch p r i n c e s ; a n d t h e Bha t o r Ja g a k § w h o sa n g s on gs i n t h e e ar ly
mor n i n g h o ur s t o a w a k e n th e ki n g Ye t t hi s s am e a cc o un t divid e s t h e .

Bh ats i n to Br a h m s a n d K at i mar s .

In M ul t a n tah si lS h uj abad o n ly t h e B r a h m a n d Ka ti mar g r o up s ar e

, ,

k no w n Th e f or me r c o mp r i se s 7 g ots : Ch a n di D as M ah e l S ut r a k
.
, , ,
Ch an g a r P a l sa Ch a n dar i a a n d Ch a n n a n a ll o f which a r e s a i d t o be
, , , ,

S dr s ut ge ts an d i nt e r ma r r y T h e Kati i n ar s a l s o s a id t o be S é r s ut s
.
, ,
f o r m a disti ri ct s ub c as t e T h e y h a v e a s a r ul e n o cli e n t s a n d liv e
-
.
, , ,

by bl ack ma il but i n Sh uj abad i ts e lf t h e y r e c e iv e fix e d d ue s (fr o m on e

,

t o fo ur a n n a s a h e a d a t w e ddi n g s) Th e y s til l c om p o se ha bi ts w h ich .

t h e Br ah m Bh ats do n ot .

In th e a cc o un t s fr o m K a r n al P at iala a n d K a i i r th ala ] a ll usi o n i s ’

p l ,

i l
T h e Baddi tak e s a ms f r om Muh ammadans , w hi ch oth e r Bh ét s w i l not do
’

No oth e r l .

Wi e at Wi th hi m y e t h e w e ar s th e y am e o Hi s cor s e i s not ur n t li k e a Hin dus but i s

ll ,
p
o

cast . b ’

i nto a s tr e am It i s to be r e g r ette d th at no f ur th e r ar ti cular s of th i s i nte r esti

,

p ng gr oup ar e
.

v
gi e n .

1 It i s said th at th e g ots ar e
Oh andi D 5 3
G andh or
PU S HW "
.

8333
H ar ar R ai
0T
.

Hati a r a
’

l ‘ e tc l
w hi e to
iij
ang
ll l
ihd
hh
h a s
a o tte d t t ti on of ch r on i c e s , and e u o i l ’ .
,
e r e ci a
g si ng D e o, mkh i , p ri o r an d Ilr i k i a
w h e nce th e y ar e de si gnate d K abi sh ar s o r bar (1s
d
f o r th th e owry at we ddi ng s, and so on
Th e atte r a so announce e tr oth a
.
l l b ls , set
.
 Th e Bh dt gr oups . 97

ma d e to ld e r an d app ar e ntly e x t i n c t
an o or gan is at i o n of th e Bh a t c aste
i nt o t h r e e ma i n g r oup s w e ,

1 . S ut r e ci te r s o f my th s
,
.

2 . Mag a dh s , ch r o n i cle r s .

3 . V a n dfs , or V a ndi j a n , w ho a c te d as a dvi s e r s to Raj as an d as

p o e ts l a u r e a t e .

T h e V a n d i s a l o n e a r e f o u n d i n P a t iala wh e r e t h e y a r e k n o w n as
B r a h m a Bha te o r Br a h ma R a i s Th e y w e a r t h e j a n e o an d r e ta i n t h e i r .

B r a h min ic a l g e t r a s su ch a s K e n s al (i n K a p i i r t h ala) Bh a r d w aj e t c ’

, ,
.

In t h e ir i nte r n a l g r o upi n g th e B r ah m Bh ats i m i t a te th e Kh atr i

o r g a n i s a t i o n h a vi n g t w o g r o up s a s f o ll o w s
,

I— B AR I
.
,
OR T HE 1 2 uor s .

1 G un de o
. . 4 . L a kh a n S ai n . 7 Bh ar amal
. . . lO Phag
. .

2 K a tar ia 8 T ali a l l Ch a n di
’

. . 5 . D h ii r . . . .

3 . P a ng a n . 6 . Bi sbe l o r -
We l . 9 K a l i an
. . 1 2 D h i ran
. .

an d of t h e s e n umb e r s 1 — 6 f o r m a D h ai g h a r g r o up , w h ich v o i d s on ly
a
o ne ge t i n ma r r i a g e , (a s i n d e e d d o e s t h e w h o l e Ba r i gr o u a pp a r e n t ly )
p,
w h e r e as t h e Bun jah i s a v o id f o ur . Thi s l a t t e r g r o up i n cl ud e s th e
f o ll o w i n g g e ts
Bh uladi a .
T aba nia , e t c.
Ma laun ia .

O n t h e o th e r h an d i n Shah p u r th e Bha t ar e divid e d i n t o Bunjah fs

a n d K h o kh a r s , t h e l att e r su gge st i n g th e K h o k h a r ai n gr oup o f t he
K h a t rf s , t h us
S e cti on .

A y i i p o tr i .

D h e rr u .

I — BU NJ ABIS . J a n di das .

Mah a l .

Ra i Pal .

1 1 — K n o xuaas
. .

Of t h e s e th e J a i n s e c ti on will i n te rmar r y w i t h a ny o th e r , but

fr o m t h e a b o v e n o te s i t i s a b u n d a n tly cl e ar t h a t t h e Bh ats a re
s i m p ly a n o ff s h oo t o f th e Br ah man s , b e i n g di ff e r e n t i a t e d f r om t h e m
by f un c t i on A n d to e x pl a i n th e i r o r igi n v a r io u s l e g e n ds h a v e be en
.

i n ve n t e d O n e is t h a t w h e n J a n me j a c e l e b r a t e d a s ac r i fi ce h e sum
.

mo n e d t h e G a u r B r a h ma n s a n d t r ick e d o n e o f t h e m i n to a c c e p t i n g a n
o ff e r i n g o f a di a mo n d by co n ce a li n g i t i n so m e d n Thi B h m an
p s r a .

b e c a m e a Bha t A n o t h e r , t o w h o m J an m e j a o ff e r e d a gi f t, r e f us e d i t
.

a n d b e c a m e a T a ga A n o th e r i s t h a t Shiv a w a s c e l e b r a ti n g t h e
g .

m a r r i a g e o f h i s so n a n d givi n g alms t o J o g i s , J a n g am s , S an i as fs a n d
,

S uth r as, w h o r e c e iv e d th e m w i t h a g o o d g r a c e Th e r e up on t h e g od .

a s k e d if a n w o uld co n s t r a i n h i m t o giv e l m s, and a d r o o f sw e a t

y a p
f alli n g f r o m hi s b r o w s t o t h e r o un d t h fi r st B h a s r an g f r om
g e t p
98 Bhdt legends .

it i h
w t a k t a ci r i n hi s h a n d s a n d u tt e r e d a
,
h a b i t w h ich r u ns O
,

godd e ss Kalik a give t h e B h a i; a h e tdr w h ose sigh t will c a use a cl o s e

,
’

fi st e d man (s h am) t o fl e e L e t th e Bha t c le a v e h i m f r om h e a d t o f o ot

.

“
wi th his ka tci r Shiv a r e pli e d
.
”
O B e ta l R a i Bha t I w o uld h a ve , ,

iv h ki gd m f t h h l ld h d t p ar e d t h us
g en y o u t e n o o e w o e w o a
y o u
n o a p e r .

No w I g r an t g t i fl c d ll W ll b t fi e d t y o u r V O i ce
y ou r e a n u e n e a n a i e e r r
i a ,

b ut y o u w ill g e t w h a t y o u m a y Thi s ha bi t o b t ai n e d f r o m a Bha t

.
"
, ,

w o uld m ak e a ll th e Bh ats pr o fe s si o n a l e x to r t i o n e r s A t hi r d t r ad i t i o n .

h
i s t at B r a h m a o ff e r e d g i f t s t o B r a h m a n s b u t t h e y a ll r e f u s e d i t u n t il , ,

on e o f t h e i r s i s t e r s so n s a cc e p t e d i t a n d t h u s b e c a m e a Bha t
’
.

T w o l e g e n ds f r o m t h e S i m l a hill s a l so d e s c r ib e th e o r igi n o f t h e
Bh ats .T h e fi r st e xp la i n s h o w t h e y a c qui r e d t h e p o w e r o f r e a di n g
me n s t h o u g h t s U nd e r Raj a Bh o j , * it
s a y s , liv e d Kal i D as , a f a m o us
’
.

Bha i; w h o h e ld t h a t a m an c ould say a n y t hi n g h e w i sh e d i n p o e t r y ,

a n d so Kal i , th e g o dd e s s , pl e a s e d w i t h h i s de v o t i o n , c o n fe r r e d o n
h i m t h e p o w e r o f t h ou gh t r e a di n g T h e o th e r l e g e n d g o e s f u r t h e r
-
.

b ack , an d de s cr ib e s h o w Raja J a s w a n t i h a d a w i s e c o un s e l lor i n a '

w o m an K h an k ali O n c e w h e n h e w a s h o l di n g h i s c o ur t a t S r i n a g a r
.

i n G a rhwal t h e Raj a o f Ma r wa r , J a g de o , c a me t o s e e h i m a n d f o u n d
h i m a n d Kh an k ali i n c o un cil Th e l a dy v e il e d h e r fa c e , e xpl a i n i n g
.

t h a t a s a m a n h a d c o me t o t h a t co w a r dl y c o u r t sh e c o uld n o t s h o w h e r
f ac e b e fo r e h i m T hi s r e p ly n a tu r a lly a n n o y e d J a s w a n t w h o d e cl a r e d
.

h e w ould giv e h e r 1 0 t im e s a s mu ch a s J a g de o w o u ld b e s t o w K h a n kal i .

’
t h e n w e n t t o J a g deo s t e n t ; but a s h e w a s a t h i s d e v o t i o n s h i s Ra n i
g a v e h e r a di sh f u ll o f gol d c o i n s a n d g e m s which K h a n k ali r e f u s e d t o
a cc e p t , a s s h e c o u ld t a k e n o al ms f r om a w om a n Wh e n t h e Raj a .

c a me s h e p r e s e n te d h i m w it h a r u pe e , a s a n a zr , a n d sa id s h e w a s t h e
w if e o f a Bh a t a n d h a d co m e t o d e m a n d ddn (ch a r i t y ), w hich o n e o f
Raj put bl o o d c o ul d n o t r e f u s e He b ade h e r a s k a f a v o ur , a n d s h e de
.

man de d h i s h e a d, w hich t h e Raj a a t o n c e cu t off a n d s h e c a r r i e d it i n a ,

di s h t o Raja J a s w a n t T a un t i n gl y J a s w a n t a s k e d w h a t s h e h a d g ot
.

f r o m J a gd e o , w h o h a d fl e d f r o m h is o w n ki n gd o m a n d s o ugh t a r e f ug e
w i t h hi ms e l f In r e p ly K h a n k ali s h o w e d h i m th e h e a d a n d d e ma n d e d
.

t h o s e o f h i ms e l f a n d h i s 9 s on s i n f u lfil me n t o f h i s v o w t h r e a t e n i n g h i m
w i t h t h e r u i n o f h i s ki n g do m if h e r e f u s e d T h e k i n g s so ns , h i s q ue e n , .

a n d h e hi mse l f , h o w e v e r , a ll d e cli n e d t o s a c r ific e t h e i r liv e s i n f u lfi l me n t

o f t h e Raj a s r as h p r o mi se
’
.

K h a n k ali t h e n r e tur n e d t o J a de o s t e n t h a d f o r bidd e n h i s

’
S he
g .

ue e n t o b ur n h i s b o d y till s h e r e t ur n e d a n d w h e n sh e f ou n d t h e Ra n i
q ,

l a me n t i n g o v e r h i s co r p se s h e r e s to r e d i t t o li fe an d p r om i s e d h i m th e
e mp i r e o f all I n di a Thi s h e s o o n a chi e v e d In th e fi r s t e n c o un t e r
.
.

J a s w an t w a s o v e r t h r o w n a n d J a g de o s e i z e d h i s ki n g dom G r a d ually .

h e s u bd ue d a ll t h e p e t t y chi e f s i n I n di a , c o mp e ll i n g t h e m t o
p ay
6 a n n as i n th e r u p e e a s t r ib ut e F r om K h a n k ali a n d K ali D as t h e .

Bha t ch ai n d e s ce n ds .

In S ir mii r th e Bh ats
’

ar e by or i g in Br ah m a n s, ;t but h a vi n g d o p te d
a
ka r e w a t h e y l o s t st a tu s a n d a r e n o w by o cc up a t i o n g e n e alo g i s t s .

M any t o o, c ul t i v a to r s a n d t r a n s G i r i m a r r y wi t h
‘

,
ar e -
K an e t s . T li e
Cf L e g e nds II p 1 83 ,
.

j b
.
.

e e L e g e nds of t h e Pun a 1 11 p p 242 25 2

T S
W
, .
, ,

:1
: T h e r e i s a ate s h ar or Bate sh ar g r o up amon
g th e Br ah man s l
a so .
 T h e Bh at s f un cti ons
’ ’
.

c at i o n d i
or a r e a m s s o n n toi i - c a s t e A s w e g o w e s t w a r d h o w e v e r .
t h
* e , ,

’
c i b
Bh at s f u n t o n s e o m e mo e c r d e fi n i t e a s s u m i n g a t t i m e s a l m o s t a
,

r g e r an d m o r e
p r i e st ly c ol o u r w hil e h i s p e r q u
,
i s i t e s a r e c o r r e s p o n di n gly l a

c e r t ai n Th us i n K ap ii r t h ala th e B r a h m Bha t s in gs c o n g r a t ul a t o r y
.
'

h h k m
’

g
son s a t a b h
e tr o t a l at t h e s a i a c h i t t h z a t a c o ta t z a o r a r ki n g
, ,
,

o f th e b r id g
e r o o m s fo r e h e a d t h e m ’
i ln i fi o r m e e t i n g o f t h e b r id e a n d
,

b r id e gr o om a t th e la w da or tur in s t h e mi tth a bh dt a n d th e chi/r kam ,

, ,

r e c e ivi n g a f e e o f a n n a s 2 o r s o , t o g e t h e r wi t h o t h e r
r a il s .

A f te r a ed a t h t h e Bha i
; r e m a i n s f o r 1 3 d ay s i n t h e d e c e a s e d s h o use

and h e lp s t o p r o c u r e w h a t i s r e
q u i r e d a t a s h am h e g e t s a r u p ee ;
a n d a t a sti ck h e g e t s a s i mil ar f e e w i t h c e r t a i n cl o t h e s

Cer emony .
F uncti on .

Mar r i ag e Man g la ch oir ka bi te

’

(1) p roce ssi on S i ng

( 2) Pi lr a Di tto
(3) D owr y l b l
Pr oc aim p u li c y t h e p r e sents gi e n v
as th e do w r y .

i ( 4) Wa r i sm Car r y b
as k e ts ( ch hdbofis) of dr i e d
ri de g r o om s b ‘

f r ui ts , e tc , to th e .

'

f ath e r s h ous e and ch ant con gr a ,

t ulati ons t o th e p ai r
Pr oce ssi on to th e f une r al ( 11) S aw t h e kaf a n I 25 annas .

p y re .
( a ) Buy w h at ’ i s n e ce ssar y for th e
de cease d s r e ati e s l v .

(m ) S i ng i n th e p r oce ss i on
’

(2) S t a p d for lst four day s l

A B h at n i eads th e mour nin g o f th e 8 ann as or a r up e e .

w ome n o f th e r o th e r h oo d b .

Ei On th e te nth day th e Bh at ni as se r s of
’

(3) D a h ci y a 2 ann as and 2

2 bl
s e m e s th e w ome n in th e h ouse of w h eat fl our .

5: th e de ce ase d s h e i r s
’
: .

( 4) On th e 1 3th day A Bh ai} ass e m e s th e ma e me m e r s bl l b 1 an s .

of th e b
r oth e r h oo d, an d th e de ce as
e d s h e i r i s p r oc ai me d
’
l .

(5) D h a r m sh am On th e 1 7 th day th e s h r ci dh i s p e r A me a l of cooked food .

f orme d .

In t h e We st e r n
di st r ic ts t h e Bhatn i f ulfil s th e d ut i e s o f a p r o f es s i o n al
mour n e r Th us i n Shahpur s h e l e a d s th e mour n i n g by t h e w omen
.

’
o f t h e d e c e a s e d s b r o t h e r h o o d f or a f e e o f R e 1 a n d i n D e r a G ha zi .
,

Khan sh e do e s thi s f o r a w a g e of 2% a n n a s a da y b e sid e s wh at th e ,

r e l a t iv e s may giv e h e r .

In Ka n g r a § th e on ly r e lic o f th e Bh at s f or me r f un ctiobs i s th e ’

m ak i n g o f ka bzts a n d a p r o v e r b r un s —t i t ki bh e t ka btt t e a Bha t

, , . .
,

W i ll a l w ay s m ak e a p r e s e nt o f a ka bzt L ik e t h e p a r oh i t a n d th e b a r b e r
’

T h is account co me s fr om th e S amp a t ah si l l of R oh tak l

E se w h e r e th e Bh at s me r e y
. l
S i ng
c ong r atulat or y song s
—
on aus p i ci ous occasi on s for a f e e of four dou e p i cs , r ai se d at bl -

w e ddi n g s to R e .
0 ,

l l
1 Th e y sp ri nk e th e r e d co our e d w ate r on th e w h i te g ar ments of th e we ddi ng g ue sts .

1 But i n D e ra G h azi Kh an th i s i s done by th e éj i k J .

Th i s i s th e account f rom Ha ni rp ur n N i i i p ur tah si Bh ét s mer e y l l v

’

i I i si t th e h ouse of a
.
‘

l
ne w y mar r i e d coup e and r e ce i e a sma l v
f e e , e ar ni ng th e i r i in g by cu ti ati on I n ll lv l v .

K ang ra t ah S i l th e y s ome ti me s at a w e ddi ng g e t a f e e ca e d dur bh i a , w h i ch ari e s fr om ll v

l
3 p i e s to 2 annas : th ey a so g e t one at an i n e s ti tur e w i th th e j ane o , and at w e ddi ng s th e v
l ‘

v
g i r s f ath e r g i e s h i s Bh ai; annas 2 and some c oth , wh i e the oy s Bh a
‘
i} g ets Be 1 -4-0. but l l b ,

th e p erform no ri tes
y .
 Bh a tta har — Bh a tti . 1 01

the y ar e li i g iS , but a r e vi r t ually o n ly e mpl o y e d a s

l ook e d u
p o n as
m e s s e n g e r s a t w e dd i n gs be i n g p i i d a t r i fle b y t h e r e zi p i e u t f o r t h e,

m e s s a g e (ne o n da r l In t h e Hill S ta t e s , h o w e v e r , t e n o r t w e n ty BhAts

.

s o m e t i me s co ll e ct a n d r e ci te ka bi te r e ce iv i n
g a s um o f m o n e y , c a l l e d ,

r i n i, w hic h i s divid e d r o o r t i o n a t e ly a mo n g t h em, t h e B h a i; o f t h e

p p
r aj a w h o giv e s i t g e t t i n g t h e li o n s s h a r e
’
In f o r m e r t i m e s , i t i s s a id , .

t h e y w e r e c o m e ll e d to w o r k , b u t this i s n o t n o w t h e c a se
p E l se w he r e .

th e Bha t i s n o w , s p e a ki n g g e n e r a lly , a c ul t iva t or o r a se r va n t to a

M ahaj an .

T h e Bh ats a ct as p o r oki ts t o th e K h a t r i s , w hile th e i r ow n p ar oh i t e

an d ddh ae a r e Sa r s a t B r a h m a n s
p
BHATTA HAR, - HARA, f e m - ha r i , Bh a t ti ar , ar a, -
a p e r son who ta k e s foo d t o
l ab o ur e r s i n th e fi e ld .

BHArrI
'
. T h e n a me B h a t ti w o ul d a pp e a r t o b e u n q ue s ti o n a bly c on n e c te d
wi t h B h a t, Bh att, Bha ti a n d Bh a ti a, Bh a tt b e a r i n g th e s a m e r e l a t i o n
t o Bha t a s J a tt t o J at, ka mm i n P u n j abi to kri m, e t c A s a t r ib e th e .

Bh a ttis a r e o f s om e a n t i q u i ty , n u me r o us a n d w id e s p r e a d Th e y giv e -
.

t h e i r n a m e t o t h e B h a ttia n a a nd t o t h e Bh a tti o r a r t r a c ts, a s w e ll

* ’

a s t o v a r i o u s p l a c e s , s u c h a s Bh a t i n d a , Bh a tn e r , Pi n d i Bh a ttiari a n d
p o ssibly t h e Bh a ttiat in Ch a mb a Hi s to r ic a lly th e Bh a tti s fi r st a p pe a r .

t o be m e n t i o n e d i n t h e Tar i kh i -F i r oz s h dh i o f Sh a m s i Si r aj A fi f , a n d - - - -

t h e fo ll o w i n g n o t e s ar e c ull e d f r o m t h e t r an s l at i o n o f t h a t w o r k i n
E lliot t s Hi s t of In di a
’
.

In t h e ig n o f Ala ud D i n T a ghlik o f Kh ur asan o b ta i n e d t h e

re - -
,

di s tr ic t o f D i p alp ur o f w hich A b o h ar w a s a d e pe n de n cy To A b oh a r
, .

w e r e a tt a ch e d a ll t h e j un gl e s b e l o n g i n g t o t h e M i n i ( M i n a ? ) and
Bh atti t r ib e s T a ghlik a n xi o u s to a ll y h i s f a mily w i t h t h e n a t iv e
.
,

chi e fs h e a r d t h a t t h e da ugh t e r s o f Ran a M a ll Bh a tti w e r e b e au t i fu l

,

a n d a cc o mpli s h e d so h e s e n t t h e a ma ldri r o f A b o h a r t o
,
n e g ot i a t e t h e

a lli a n ce o f o n e o f t h e m w i t h h is b r o t h e r Sip a h s ala r R a jah In h is , .

p r id e th e Ra na r e j e ct e d t h e s e o ve r t ur e s a n d s o T ug h li k p r o c e e d e d to ,

l e vy t h e o u tst an di n g r e v e n ue f r o m t h e ta lw a n di s o f th e Bh a ttis wi th
gr e a t s e v e r i ty T h e Ra n a s d a ugh t e r B i bi N éi la h e a r i n g o f t hi s ur ge d
.
’
, , ,
’
h e r o w n su r r e n d e r C o n s id e r s h e sa id t h a t th e M ugh a l s h a v e c ar r i e d
.
, ,

S h e w a s a cco r di n gl y marr i e d t o R aja h

’
o ff on e o f y o ur da u gh t e r s .
,

as s u me d t h e n a me o f B i b i K a dban ii a n d b e c a m e th e mo t h e r o f F i r o z
’

S h ah IIIi n 1 309 A D
~
.
i
In 1 394 S é r an g Kh a n w a s se n t t o D ipalp u r t o s upp r e s s th e
r e b e l li o n o f Sh a ikh s Kh o kh a r Th e r e h e r a i s e d tr o o p s an d, t aki n g .

w i th h im R a i Kh ul Ch a i n Bh a tti a n d R a i D a l i d K a mal M a i n M in a ),
h e c r o sse d t h e S ut l e j n e a r T i r h ar a h (Tiha r a , i n
In 1389 R a i K a m al u d di n M a i n
w e rea d of
M i n a ) a n d R a i Kh ul - -

Ch a n d Bh a tti wh o s e fi e fs la y n e a r sam an a, b e i n g se n t wi th P r i n c e
Humay ii n t o r a i s e t r o o ps a t t h a t f or t r e s s “
’

S e e th e ar t Bh at t i zi n a in th e Im p e r i a l G a ze tte e r
’

.
,

In th e Chi n i ot up an ds nor th of th e Ch e na l b .

E H I II
. I, p p 27 1 2
. .
.
-
.

E . H I IV . .
p 29
, . .

E . H I IV . .
, p 22 . .
 Bh a tti cla n s .

D l t *
’

d
Ti mi i r fo u n Bh a tn e r u n
’
d e r th e r ul e o f R a o ii C h a i n a Ra j p u , ,

p
an d r o a b bly a Bh a tti C u r i o u s ly e n o u gh h e i s
.
r e p r e s e n t e d a s h a vi n g .

a b h
r o t e r n a me d K am al ud d i n a n d i n o n e h i s t o r y- K h-u l Ch
,
a i n i s s a i d
t o h av e b e e n t h e R a i o f Bh a t n e r i
‘ ‘

A g a i n i n 1 5 27 w e r e a d o f Mi r z a K amr an s c om i n g fr o m L a h or e w i t h
’
,

ma n y h or s e s a n d mu ch w e a l th t a k e n f r o m th e Bh a tti s a n d K h okh ar s 1 .

The l e ge nd s o f t h e Bh a tti s ar e h o w e v e r s il e n t on t h e s e e v e n ts a n d, ,

a sc r i b e t h e o r igi n o f t h e t r ib e to A ch al t h r o u gh B a r si w h o e x te n de d ,

h i s d o mi n i o n s f r o m t h e s o ut h t o Bh a tn e r which t h e y h e ld u n t il e xp e ll e d ,

fr om i t by t h e Raj a o f Bika n e r e a r l y i n t h e 1 9th ce n t u r y Th e n t h e y .

s pr e a d o v e r Bh a ttia n a w hich c o mp r i se d t h e mo d e r n t a h s il o f Si r sa
,

a n d th e n o r th e r n p a r t o f F a t e h abad l h e t r ib e i s n ow f o un d p r i n ci
r ‘
.

p ally a l on g t h e G h a gg ar v all e y a s far as Bh a tn e r .

V a r i o us o t h e r tr a di ti o n s a r e , h o w e v e r , c urr e n t i n di ff e r e n t l o c a li t i e s
a n d o f t h e se t h e m o st p r o b a bl e i s th a t which c o nn e c t s t h e Bh a tti s
w i th J a i s a lm i r T h e s to r y c u r r e n t i n H i s s a r i s t h at t h e y w e r e i n v e r y
.

e a r ly t i me s d r iv e n a c r o s s t h e I n d u s , bu t r e t u r n e d a n d s o me 7 00 y e a r s
a g o di s p o s s e s se d t h e L a n gah , Jo iy a a n d o th e r t r ib e s o f t h e c o un t r y
t o t h e s o u th o f t h e l o w e r S ut l e j a n d f o un d e d J a i sa lm i r , wh ich S t a t e
,

th e y s t ill h o ld Bh a tti , th e l e a d e r u n d e r w h om t h e y r e c r o s se d th e
.

I n dus , h a d t w o son s D a s a l a n d J a i sa l T h e fo r me r s e t tl e d in Bh a ttia n a .

a n d f r o m h i m ar e d e sc e n d e d t h e Sidhli - B a r a r Jats, th e Wa ttu b e i n g ’

a l so d e s c e n d a n t s o f h i s g r an d s o n , Raj p ut Wi t h t hi s tr a di t ion may .

b e c o m p a r e d t h e f o ll o w i n g de t a il e d a cc o un t o f th e Bh a tti s o f B a h aw a l
u r , i n which S t a t e t h e h v 1 5 i ci l cl
p y a e p r n
p a a ns

i . T h e Bh a tti s , p ur e Bh a tti s w h o ar e ge n e r a lly l a n d o w n e r s

or ,

o r c ul t iv a to r s t h ou gh s o m e a r e w e a v e r s a n d bl a ck smi t h s
, .

ii Pa h or fo un d t h r ough out th e L amma

, .

Ch ii s
’

iii . .

iv . J og i an d
v . Jan da n i .

Th e se fi v e s e p t s ar e cl os e ly c o nn e c t e d ,
do n ot giv e d aughte r s o ut
s id e t h e g r o up a nd usua lly i n ter ma r r y
, .

vi S h a ikh r a .

V 11 . Ch a k a r H ull e a s mall se p t of r e ce ii t o r igi n c all e d Ch akar

-
,

ull ah o r s e r v a n ts o f G o d .

viii . L all ii ’

ix . Bh abh e : a s mall s e p t .

x . K a t e sa r a l so a sma ll s e p t w hich r e a r s s h e e p , .

T he Z afarnAma h as Ch an p r o a y f or Ch and o r Ch ain ma be due t b bl

y
.
o some conf usi on
betw e e n S ain and Ch and T i mfi r e xP ai ns th at R i o me ans c bi ave
.

( E H I IV , pp
l . . . . .

488
f E H. .
II V , p 84
. . .

f E. H . I V , p 37
. . .
 B h a tti tr a di ti ons .

c ar r i e s us b ack t o t h e an ci e n t ci ty o f Bh atn e r which li e s on th e b an k s ,

o f t h e l on g s i n c e dr y G h a gg a r in t h e t e r r i tor y o f t h a t S t a t e b o r d e r i ng
,

o n Si r s a Bu t i n t h at t r a c t w hich co r r e S p on ds t o t h e old Bh attia n a

.
, ,

t h e Bh atti i s n o l o n g e r a d o mi n a n t t r ib e a n d t h e t e r m i s l o o se ly a p pli e d
t o a ny M u h a mm a d an J at o r Raj p u t f r om t h e di r e c ti o n o f t h e S utl e j ,

a s a g e n e r ic t e r m a l mo s t s y non y m o u s wi th Ra t h o r Pa ch h ada .

In th e c e n t r a l P un j a b h o w e v e r a n d t o w ar d s t h e n o r t h o f i t t h e
, , ,

Bh a ttis , t h o u g h s c a t te r e d , h o ld s tr o n g p osi ti o n s In A mr i t s a r t ra di ti o n .

a v e r s t h a t t h ey h a v e a
‘
l o n g p e dig r e e be gi n n i ng w i t h A da m l0th i n ’
,

d e s c e n t f r o m w h o m w a s K r i sh n a S o n o f J a d t h e s o n o f J a d a m A n d , , .

t h e p r e se n t S t a t e o f K a p ii r t h a la w as h e l d by a Raj a w h o s o ug h t t h e
’

a id o f L akh a np é l an d H a r p al s on s o f t h e Ra n a Pi r a b Ch an d o f Bh a tn e r
’
i
, , ,

a g a i n st h i s f o e s A cc o m p an i e d by Pa i i pal a t hi r d s o n o f t h e Ra n a
.
,

by a J et wi f e t h e y o v e r r an t h e n e ighb o ur i n g c o u n t r y ; but t h e R aj a
,

r e f us e d t o gi v e th e m t h e s h a r e h e h a d a g r e e d t o b e s to w up o n t h e m ,

s o t h e y p ut h im t o de a t h an d p ar t i t i o n e d h i s ki n g d o m L a k h a n pal ,

t a ki n g t h e Bar i D o ab H ar pal t h at o f t h e Bi s t Jal a n dh a r a n d Pa n p al

,

t h e m o d e m F e r o z e p u r D i s t r ic t lta i V i r u L ak h a n p al s g r e a t g r a n d s o n
’
.
-
, ,

f oun d e d V a i r o w al i n A m r i t s a r so m e 5 40 y e a r s a g o a n d h i s g r a n d
da u gh t e r a si st e r o f R a i Mi t h a w a s m r r i e d t o R a i Ib r a h i m o f
, ,
a

K ap ii r th ala him s e l f a Bh a tti a n d d e s c e n d e d f r o m H ar p al But a f t e r a

’

.
,

f u til e a t t e m p t t o subd ue R a i Mi t h a Ib r a h i m f or b a d e i n t e r m a r r i a g e ,

b e t w e e n t h e t w o b r a n ch e s .

K a p ii r t h ala tr a di t i o n i s , h o w e v e r , qu it e s il e n t a s t o L akh an p al o r
’

H a r p al , a n d, a cc or di n g t o l e g e n d s c ur r e n t i n t h a t S ta t e , R ai N an a k
Ch a n d i s s a i d t o h a v e l e ft Bh a tn e r a n d s e ttl e d i n Bh u lan a , i n t h a t
S tat e Th r e e b r o t h e r s B h a tti , M a n j a n d Ch auha n f oun d e d t h e Rajp ut
.

t r ib e s so n ame d , which se ttl e d i n th e P u nj a b o n ly 1 4 g e n e r at i o n s a g o .

Ne v e r th e l e ss ci p r oc al mar r i a ge is c o n fi n e d t o t h e Bh a tti M an j
re
,

Nar fi a n d Kh o k h ar t r ib e s w h ich a v o i d m a r ri ag e w i t h t h e Ch auha n

*
, ,

A wa n Nipal Bajo h a J e nj ua Pu n w ar V a r ya
, , , , , .

T h e Kh okh ar s a n d Nar ii s a r e r e gar de d a s f or e ign b y r a ce t o th e o t h e r

Ra j p ut s w h o all tr a c e b a ck t h e i r d e s cen t t o Raja S a li vah an w h o h a s
,

He i s s a id t o h av e b e e n d e f e a t e d by I ma m Na si r
.

a sh r i n e a t S i alk o t .
.

In G uir a t t h e Bh atti s t r a c e t h e i r fi r s t s e t t l e m e n t s b a ck t o D ul la
Bh a tti, Raja o f Pi n di Bh a ttia n w h o w as p ut t o d e at h by A kb ar All .

h is f a m ily w a s in Akba r s c a m p o n t h e Jh e l um, w h e r e t h e y w e r e k e p t

’

i n d u r an ce u n t il r e l e a se d a t t h e i nte r c e ssi o n o f a f a gi r w h o s e s h r i n e
i s s t ill p omt e d o ut a t Chh a p ar o n th e b a n k o f t h a t r c I D ull a s s o n ,
’ ' '
.

K a mal Kha n w a s a ll o w e d t o se t tl e o n th e w a s te l a n ds n e a r G h am an ,
s t ill a Bh a tti vill a g e , whil e t h e r e st r e tu r n e d t o Pi n di Bh a
ttian xt

de sce ndants e sta bl b

i sh e d di ffe r e nt tr i e s , such as th e L a kh i w al, S i dh i t and Ba r a r J si t s J an é
r
’

founde d th e to w n 0 f AbOh U l n ami ng i t af te r h i s w i f e A bh o by th i s w if e h e had thr e e

'

. m

C h a n an d D h u m e Watt s R aj uts ar e de sce n dants of t h e fi r s t

R d l — th
th e Mai
a
so n s jp .
p
j
R a p ut s oi th e s e co n d — and th e Naw a of R ani a an d i b
h s f amily , of th e th i r d Inasmuch as
th e Bh at t i s w e r e mor e nume r ous th an th e r e st , th e countr y w as ca e d Bli at t i an a ll
.

Th e
b m stoms o f Bh atti R a uts ar e
.

h a i ts a n n e r s a n d c u
jp s i mi ar t o th ose o f th e l unw ar Ba l ' ‘

.
j p uts
l
Hi s sar S e t t e me nt R e p or t , p 8, 25 2G ,
, ,
.

l
Th e K h ok h ar s Sa one ) gi e daug h te r s to S ay y i ds v
v j
,

T h r lbfl hmi r asz gi e s th e f ollowmg p e di r e e of th e tr i e w h i ch c ai ms M h b l

f t
’
e g a ar a a Ban i t
, j
 A Bhatti p edi gr ee . 1 05

Th e Bh atti of th e G uj r an w al a Bar , wh e r e t h e y ar e th e n at ur a l

e ne m e s i of th e V i r k, a re d e sc e nd e d fr om on e D hi r , w h o e igh te e n
”

g e ne r at ion s a g o l e ft Bh a tn e r , a n d s e t tl e d i n t h e Nur Ma be l j un gl e s a s
a g r a zi e r a n d f r e e boo t e r H1 8 g r a n ds o n w e n t f ur t h e r O n t o th e b a nk s
.

of t h e Ra v i , a n d h is s o n a g ai n mo we d u p i n t o t h e u p l a nd s o f G uj r a n
“
w al a . T h e mo d e r n de s c e n da n t s o f t h e s e me n a r e d e s c r ibe d a s a

musc ul ar a n d n o bl e loo ki n g r a ce o f m e n , a g r ic ul t ur i s t s mo r e by
-

co n s t r a i nt t h a n by n a t ur a l i n cli n a t i o n w h o k e e p n u m e r o us h e r ds of
,

c a t t l e w h i ch g r a z e o v e r t h e p a s t ur e l a n ds o f t h e Bar o nly p l o ug h ,

j ust s u fficie nt t o g r ow foo d f or t h e i r o w n n e c e ss i t i e s, a n d a r e fa mo us

c a t tl e li f t e r s a n d n o t o r io us t hi e v e s T h e Bh a tti o f G uj r an w al a
”
as -
.

e n j oye d con sider a bl e p oli t ic a l i m p o r t a n c e i n fo r m e r t i me s, a n d t h e y

s t ill h o ld 86 v illa ge s i n t h a t D is tr ic t In Sial ko t t h e Bh a tti cl a i m
.

de s ce n t f r o m Eb o ni se v e n th i n de s c e n t f r o m t h e i r e p o ny mou s a n c e s t o r

as o n e o f its s ci o ns
PA D A M BA T H .

l
r I W
S ah n s i ,
Bh a uni .

ré j a R a n j i t S i ng h w a s
n de d f r o m t h i s b
r a n ch .

S h adi ah n p fil.

G uj r én w ala . G uj r an w a a l .

A mb e r . D h ai r vi .

Pi n di Bh att xé n .

Oh s .

Deh i l a nd Biké n e r .

Ch uh a n

D h an g ,

Na t h u .

Muh a m m ad Kh‘ n .

Pi n di Bh attié n .

[ a n ot h e r g e ne a l og y o f th e Bh att i s s e e unde r S t ra i t ]
1 06 B ha tti Ch ane —Bhi ttanni .

ne ighbour i ng J at t r ibes th ou g h th e y wil l ta k e wive s f r o m a mong th e m ,

w i t h o ut s c r upl e * In t he S al t r a n g e th e Bh atti s e e m t o h o ld a ve r y
.
-

s ub or di n a t e o s i t i o n a s Bh a tt i t h o u gh i t m a
y be t h a t S O m 6 o f t h e
p ,

i n n ume r a bl e Raj pu t t r ib e s o f th at t r a c t may c o ns id e r t h e mse l ve s

Bh a tti a s w e l l a s wh a t v e r t h e i r l o c a l n a me m ay be Th e Bh a tti o f
,
e .

Jh a n g h old t h e c o n sid e r a bl e Bh a ttio r a tr a c t n or th o f t h e Ch e n ab .

Th e y c am e fi r st f r om Bh a tn e r t o t h e r i g h t b a n k o f th e Jh e l um n e a r
th e S hah p ur b or de r a n d t h e n c e t o Bh a ttior a ,
Th e y a r e de s c r i be d a s .

“
a fi ne r a ce of men i n d us tr io us agr ic u l t ur i s ts h a r dly at a ll i n d e b t
, , ,

go o d h or s e b r e e d e r s an d v e r y fo n d o f s p o r t Th e y do v e ry li tt le
-
, .

’
c a tt l e li f ti n g b ut a r e much a ddic te d to c ar r yi n g o ff e ach o t h e r s
-
,
”
Wi v e s .

Th ep e r s iste n c e o f t h e tr a di ti o ns w h i ch c o n n e c t th e Bh a tti s wi th
Bika ne r J ai s al me r an d th e old f o r t r e s s o f Bh a tn e r c an no t be dis r e
,

g ar d e d But f or a f ull e r di sc uss ion o f t h e i r o r igi n s s ee R AJ PU T

.
.

Bh a tti l s e l e ct( l) a B a l och cl a n (ag r ic ul tur a l ) foun d in Mo n tg o me r y ,

a s w e l l a s (2) a M uh a mm a d n K a mb o h cla n a
(3) a
Muh am mad a n J at cl a n (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) i n t h a t D is t r ic t .

Bnnrri CHA NR , BHArri NAU L , Bn Arri Tu n e , t h r e e ' '

Rajp u t cl a ns (ag r i cul tur al )
f o u n d i n M o n t g o me r y Cf Bha ti Wad . . .

B HAWANA ,
an a g r ic ul tur a l cl an f o un d in Sh ah p ur .

BHED A, an a g r ic ul tur al cl a n f o un d i n Sh ahp ur i

s ddh d: f r o m bh e kh ,
’

B HEK H D HAR l BE RKE I a f a qzr ,

-
, , a d r e ss, d i s g ui s e, an d so
a s e c t of Hi n d u
j g
’ ’
a er s .

BR ID AL, a M uh a mma d a n J at cl an (a g r ic ul t ur a l) foun d in M on tg ome r y .

BHIK HAR f, fe m A1y a b e gg ar.

~
, .

BHIKK BAK , bh i ch ch ak gm .

Bum , an a gr ic ul tur al cl a n fo un d i n Shahp ur .

BHINDAL , a t r ib e of . Ta ts cl a i mi n g S ol ar Raj p ut or igi n t h r ough

, i t s e p ony m,
w h os e d e s c e n d a n t B ad a r e mbr a ce d I slam . It h old s fi ve vi ll a e s m
g
Sialk o t .

B HIND AR ,
a t r ib e of J fits oL un ar b r anch o f th e L un ar R aj puts thr oug h
f th e ,

it s p on y m e , w ho s e t tl e d i n th e P un j a b un d e r R a i Ta nar F o un d i n .

Sialk ot .

B a ler i
'
fe m
, . any, (bh i s td, f a c e t i o usly ), li t .
, a dw e lle r in P ar adi s e, fr . Pe r s
.

bi hi sh t M uh a mmada n w a t e r c ar r i e r
a -
.

B HITTANNI o cc upi e s a t r a ct o f hill c o un tr y s o me 40 mil e s lon g by 1 2 to 16 wi de ,

s t r e t chi n g a l o n g o ur b o r d e r f r o m t h e M ar w at t a h s il o f Ban nu t o t h e
G fima l v a ll e y A l o n g t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t o f t hi s li n e i t o w n s li t t l e o r
.
,

As "
l
a m o ng the Muh a m m a dan Ch i bh Ma nh an an d , ot h e r tr i b e s, a my: w h o e s p o us ee a
Bh at t i b e co m e s a
Bh a t t i n i b y t r i be a cco r di n t o t h e r o e r Ch h u ttz Ra a to h o
g p j , t R an t : v b
T o uch e d by a R a a ( a w o m a n
) e co me s a a j b m .

l
Ina dh i an a t h e S h e i k h s , a Bh a tt i c a n , de r i e t h e ir n am e f r o m S h a ik h Ch éch n a de sce n d
,
v
j
a n t o f R a a K a n s h an w h o a cce p t e d I s am a n d w as
g r an t e d t h e S t at e o f Ha t h up by th e l
Muhammadan e mpe ror s F o r s o me o t h e r Bh att i cla n n ame s se e t h e A e ndi
.

pp
x .
 08 Bhoj udné —
Bh i l t ar .

inte rmarr y am on g h
t e ms e e lv s a n d wi t h a cl a ss o f J o g i s c a l l e d B o d h a

P a n d it s A n o t h e r a cc o un t st at e s t h a t th e Bh ojk i s o f Bh a u n do n o t
.

giv e daugh t e r s to t h os e o f J a w ala muk h i p r Na in a D e v i t h o ug h up ,

f m t h t om
to S b
am a t 1 936 t e h y u se d t o a cc e p t b r i d e s r o e l a
t e r w h ,

B f B nl t e r ma r r y
t h e y r e g a r d a s i n te r i o r s T h e h o j k i s o .
h a un n o w o y i n
’
am on g h l v
t e ms e e s e xcl u di n g t h e i r o w
,
n'

g o t a n d t h e m o t h e r s r e l a ti v es

up t o t h e 7 th d B u t t h e a l o i n t e r m a r r y w i t h t h e P a n t
egre e y s .

T h f m i d t b B r ah ma n s
Bodh a s a n d t h e B a r ar a s e o r e r a r e s a
. o e ,

h
t
t
’
b
b ut o t h h
t ey a n d t h e B a r a r a s t a k e a d e c e a s e d s s h r o u d e c l i k e e
,
.

f C h i i B ah m d m y W i th
A ch ar aj T e
h B h o j ki s o
.
n t p u r n a r e r a n s a n a r r
”
B r ah man s a n d w ill n o t e ve n smok e wi t h t h os e of Bh aun , e t c
,
.

B HOJ U ANA a cl a n o f t h e Sial s

,
.

B HOL A a M u h a mmad a n J at cl an (a gr icul tur al ) foun d i n Mon tgome r y

,
.

B HOL AR a J at cl an (ag r ic ul tu r a l ) f o un d i n A mr i t sa r (same a s Bh nlla r )

, .

BHONAH a J at cl an (a g r ic ul tur a l ) f o un d i n Mul t a n

, .

BHONBY B a G uj ar cl a n (a gr ic ul tur a l ) f o u n d i n A mr i t s a r
, .

B HOTAH, a MA; cl an (a g r ic ul t ur al ) f oun d in M ul ta n .

Bs orAR a J a ; cl a n (a g r i c ul t u r a l ) fo un d i n M ul t an (same as Bh uttar )

'
, .

BHOTo an ign or a n t hill man a s i mpl e ton

, , .

BHU CHANGi a t itl e giv e n t o A kal i s f r bh zcch a n g a bl a ck sn a k e

’

.
, , .

BHU K K a B a l o ch clan (a gr ic ul t u r a l )f o un d i n M on t go me r y F e r o z e p ur an d in
, , ,

B a ha w alp ur i n wh ich S ta t e t h e y c a ll th e m s e l v e s Ja ts
, .

BHfiKY A L ,
i n t h me n ti on e d
e T a b a q a t i -A
kb ar i a s a t r ib e s ub j e c t t o th e -

G akh a r s , * but i n t h e Wa ki at i J a ha n g i r i th e y a r e s a id t o be o f t h e
’
- -

s a m e s t o ck a n d c o n n e c te d wi t h t h e G a kh a r s , o cc u pyi n g th e c o u ntr y
b e tw e e n R oh tas a nd B a tya, to wh ich t h e y gi v e t h e i r n a me of Bfig ié lfi
BHfi LA R . Bh ul a r He r an d Man t r ib e s c a ll t h e mse l v e s as l o r
- Th e , ,

o r igi n a l Ja ts a n d a r e s a id t o h a v e s p r un g f r o m t h e j a t o r m atte d
”
,

h ai r o f M had e o w h o se t i t l e i s Bh ol a a
,
M a had e o Th e y .

s ay t h a t th e Mal w a w a s t h e i r o r ig tn a l h o me a n d ar e c o mmo n ly ,

r e ck o n e d a s t w o a n d a h al f t r ib e s t h e He r on ly c o un t i n g a s a h a l f , .

Bu t t h e b ar d s o f t h e Man a mo n g which t r ib e se v e r a l f a mili e s h a v e ,

r i s n t o p o lt t t cal i mp o r ta n c e s a
y t h a t t h e w h o l e o f t h e Man a n d Bh ti la r
’
e
,

a n d h a lf t h e He r t r i be o f Raj ut s w e r e t h e e a r li e s t K s h a tr iy a i mmi
p
g r a n ts f ro m R aj p uta na t o t h e P un j ab Th e h e a d q uar t e r s o f t h e .
-

Bh ii lar a p pe a r t o be L ah or e a n d F e r o ze p ur a n d t h e c o n fi nes o f th e
’

Man jh a a nd Mal w a ; b ut t h e y a r e r e t ur n e d i n s m a l l n umbe r s fr om

e v e r y d i i si o n i n t h e P u n j ab e xc e p t D e lhi a n d Ra w a lpi n di f r o m
v a l mos t ,
e v e r y D i s t r ic t a n d fr o m e ve ry Na tiv e S ta te o f t h e E a st e r n Pl a i n s
,

e xc e p t D uJan a L o har u an d P a t a u di T h e t r i be i s p r ob a bl y n ot a
, , .

w h o lly h o m o g e n eo u s o n e In J i n d i t s Sidh i s K ala nJar , wh o s e s a ma dh

.
'

i s a t Man a n d to i t mil k i s o ff e r e d o n t h e 1 4t h ba dt o f
e a ch mon th
‘

al so clot h a t a w e d di n g o r t h e bi r t h o f a s on In S ial ko t i t s Sidh i s .

Bh o r a w h ose kh dn gdh i s r e v e r e d a t w e ddi n gs In M o n tg ome r y th e

, .

Bh ti la r a r e H i nd u an d M uh a mma d a n Jats a nd cl a sse d a s a gr ic ult ur a l

’

Bnt m a J et cl a n (agr ic ul tur al ) f oun d in Shahp ur

’

, .
 Bhundd—Bibi zwi . 109

B HU NDA b or igi na l tr ib e a man of th at t r ib e (P D

, an a ,
. . .

E n ti r a t r ib e fo un d in t h e Sadi qabad kdr dci r i o f B a h a w al p ur w h e r e

'

t h e y a r e l an d o w n e r s a n d t e n a nt s Th e y a r e f o r m e d f r o m t w o di s t in ct
.

g r o up s o n e a B a l o ch th e o th e r a J et s e p t t h e for m e r b e i n g f e w a n d
, , , ,

t h e l a t te r n u me r o us T h e Bh ut J a ts a r e p o s s ibly a b r a n ch o f t h e
.

A b r a h a w i th w h o m t he y i n te r m arr y but t h e y a r e a l so s a i d to be a
, ,

b r a n ch o f t he Bh a ttis .

BHIIT AR M a l a n do w n e r
’

. .
, ,

B HU T HA a J at cl a n (a gr ic ul tur al ) f ou n d i n Shahp ur
,
.

Bs fir s i a J at se p t
,
.

B e a r s 3 Jat se p t
,
.

E m
n e a — T h e Bh utta a r e sa id by t h e l a t e Mr E O Br i e n t o h ave t r a di ti on s . .
’

c on n e c t i n g t h e m w i t h H i n d us t a n a n d t h e y cl a i m t o be de s c e n d e d f r o m
,

S o l ar R aj pu t s But si n c e t h e r i s e t o o p u l e n ce a n d i mp o r t a n c e o f
.

P i r z ad a M ur ad B a k h s h Bh u tta o f Mul t a n man y o f t h e m h a v e ta k e n to

, ,

Ca l l i n g t h e ms e lv e s P i r z ad a s O ne a c co un t i s t h a t t h e y ar e i m mig r a n t s
.

fr o m B h u t a n — a s to r y t o o o bvi o us ly s ugg e s t e d by t h e n a m e Th e y .

a l so o ft e n p r a c ti se o t h e r c r a f t s s uch a s ma ki n g p ot te r y o r w e a v m g
, ,

i n st e a d of o r i n a ddi ti o n t o a g r icu l t ur e Th e y a r e sa id t o h a v e h e ld U ch .

i B ha w a lp u r ) b e for e t h e S a yy i ds c a me t h e r e T h e y ar e chi e fl y f o u n d on
( n a .

t h e low e r I n d u s Ch e n ab an t e lum i n Shahp ur Jh a n g M ul t a n

, Muz af
, , , ,
n

f a r g a r h a n d D e r a G h a zi K h a n In J h a n g mo s t a r e r e t u r n e d a s Raj p ut s
,
. .

T h e Bh utta s h o w n s c a t te r e d o v e r t h e E a s t e r n Pl a i n s a r e p e r h a p s me m
b e r s o f t h e sma ll Bh utn a o r Bh u tr a cl an f M al w a J ats S e e a l so B ut a r o .

a n d Bfi t a M cl a g a n de sc r ib e s t h e m a s a J at o r Raj pu t cl a n f o un d in
. a

M ul t a n t ah s i l a n d a lli e d t o t h e L a ng éh s e t c B h utta L an gah D a h a r , .

, , , ,

Sh a j r a a n d Na ich b e i n g s a id t o be s o n s o f M a hl i i n t h e c o upl e t
,

j
S a gh i , i h i
c n di dd d i , S o di j i hdn di 7 nd,

Ma h li j ci t p a nj p a tr —D a hr , Bh uttd, L a n gdh , N a i ch , S h aj r ci
'

Ab r a n ch o f t hi s cl a n a t Kh a i r p u r n e ar M ul t an i s i n t h e tr an si ti on
s ta g e t o w a r d s b e c o mi n g S ayyid .

A c cor di n g t o t h e B aha w al p u r tra di ti o n t h e Bh u tta a r e o f t h e sa me

st o ck a s th e Bha ti a * W h e n D e w a B.a w a l s i s t e r s son o f Raj a J a jj a ,
’

Bh utta Was b uildi n g t h e for t n o w c all e d D e r a w a r J ajj a in a fi t o f

,

j e a l o u s y s top p e d i ts c on st r u c ti o n w h e r e up on h i s s is te r w ho w as ma r r i e d
.

t o a Bha ti a Raj pu t t h us a dd r e ss e d h im
'

Bri t J aj ja Bh u tla s e n w a in k i bh ai n p a e kka e ,

K a y a Bh u tto ka y a Bh dti a K ot us dr a n de .

His si ste r b e s o ugh t R ai J ajj a t h e Bh utta ,

Wh e t h e r th o u a r t a Bh utta or a Bhati a le t ,
t h e f o r t be b uil t .

B a nn u , an(a g r i cul tura l ) f o u n d in Mo n tgo me r y

A r a i u cl a n .

BIB a s ma ll a nd h um bl e (a g r ic ul t ur al ) t r ib e h o l di n g o n e or t w o v il lag e s i n
, ,

A bbo t t abad t a h si l H az a r a dist r ic t , a n d p o ss i bly c o nn e c t e d wi t h t h e

,

A wa n s .

Bi BIZ Ai , a P a than cl an (a g r ic ul tur a l ) fo un d in A mr i t sa r .

T h e Babé w a lp ur t r adi t i ons ma k e th e Bh at i a ( J ai sa lmer family ), th e Bh ut t a s , Bh at t t s

and Wattw i s all on e and t h e same f ami ly .
llO Bi hapgge n —Bi s hnoi .

fi xe d a b o de a f agt r w h o sub si sts on alms

'

BIHAHGGAN, one who h as n ot a ,

.

Bi L AI, a low Pur bia c aste o f s yc e s a n d g r a s s c u t t e r Bu t s ee a l s o un d e

- r .

Chamar .

BIL AITi , f e m a n, a f o r e ig ne r,
. a Eu r o pe an or a n A fgha n .

BILHXBA, de s c r ib e d as a d o n k e y k e e p e r t h e Bi lh ar a i s r e a lly a b r a n ch o f t h e
-
,

M a llal o r M o ha na (b oa t me n ) g r o up lik e t h e Ni h ay a a nd Ma nabh ar i ,

.

In B a ha w al pur t h e y a r e c u l t i v a t or s a s w e ll a s boa tme n a n d o w n

se v e r a l vi l a g e s o n t h e Ch e n a b a n d I n d us
l
Th e y a r e a l so foun d a s l an d .

o w n e r s i n M ul t an Muzafi a r g a r h a n d D e r a G ha z i
,
.

HIMBAR a n A r a i u cl an (ag r ic ul t ur al ) f oun d i n M on tg ome r y

,
.

BIRAJ PANi a di sr e p ut abl e s ub se c t of t h e Bam mar g i g m

,
- -
, .

BIS HNOI PA HL AD Bi usi (fr V i s h n u on e o f th e H i n d u Tr i ni ty ) a s e ct

*
, , .
, ,

w h ose f oun d e r J h am baj i liv e d t o w a r d s t h e e n d o f t h e 1 5 t h c e nt ur y .

T r a di t i o n say s t h at a t Pi n pasa r a vill age s o ut h o f Bika n e r in , ,

t h e Jodh pur t e r r ito r y live d L a ut a Raj p ut Pun w ar w h o h a d a t t a i n e d th e

, , ,
'

ag e o f 6 0 a n d h a d n o s o n O n e day a n e ighb o ur go i n g o ut t o s o w h is
.

fi e l d me t L aut an d d e em i n g i t a b a d o me n t o me e t a childl e ss man

, ,

t ur n e d b a ck f r o m h i s p ur p o se Thi s cut L a ut t o t h e q uick a n d h e .

,

w e n t o ut t o t h e j u n gl e a n d b e w a i le d h is ch ildl e s sn e s s un t il e v e n i n g ,

wh e n a f a q zr a pp e a r e d t o h im an d t old h im t h at in n i n e mo nt h s h e
’

s h o u ld h a v e a son a n d a f t e r s h o wi n g h i s m i r a c ul o us p o w e r by d r a w i n g
,

mi lk f r om a ca l i v a n i s h e d f r o m h i s s igh t A t t h e t i m e n a me d a chi ld
,
.

mi r a c ul ou sly a p p e a r e d i n L a ut s h o use a n d w a s mi r a c ul o us l y s uckle d

’
,

by h i s w i f e Hans ai l Thi s h a ppe n e d i n S a mb a t 1 5 0 8 (A D

’

. .

F o r s e v e n y e a r s t h e boy w h o w a s a n i n c a r na t i o n (o a t h ) o f V i sh n u
, ,

l y d w i t h h i s f e ll o w s a n d t h e n f o r 27 y e a r s h e t e n d e d c a t t l e but a ll
p a e , ,

t hi s t i me h e s p o k e n o w or d Hi s mi r acul ous po w e r s We r e s h o w n i n
.

v ar i o u s w a y s su ch a s pr o d uci n g s w e e t s f r om n o t hi n g for t h e d e l e cta t io n

,

o f h i s c o mp a n i o n s a n d h e b e c a me k n ow n as A ch a m b e (t h e
,
Wo n de r ) ,
w h e n c e h i s n a me o f Jha mb a by w hich h e i s g e n e r a lly k no w n , Af te r .

34 y e ar s a B r a h ma n w a s se n t f or t o g e t h i m t o s p e a k a n d o n hi s
,

co n fe ssi n g h i s f ail ur e J h ambaji a g ai n s h o w e d h i s po w e r by ligh t i n g a

la mp by s imply sn a p pi n g h i s fi ng e r s a nd u tte r e d h is fi r s t w o r d He , .

t h e n a do p t e d t h e l i fe o f a t e a ch e r a nd w e n t t o r e sid e on a s a n dhill , ,

s ome t h ir ty m il e s so ut h o f B i ka n e r W h e r e a f t e r 5 1 y e a r s h e di e d a n d ,

w as b u r i e d i ns t e a d of b e i n g bur n t li k e a n o r d i na r y Hin d
,
u . .

A not h e r a c co un t of J h amb aj i say s t h a t

Wh e n a lad of five h e use d t o ta k e h is f ath e r s h e r d s t o w a te r a t ’

th e w e l l a n d h a d f o r e a ch h e a d o f c a t t l e a p e c uli a r w h i st l e t h e c o w s
,

a n d b o llock s w o ul d c ome on e by o n e t o t h e w e ll , dr i n k and g o a w ay .

On e day a ma n n a me d U da ji h app e n e d to w i t ne ss t h i s s c e n e a n d , ,

s t r uc k wi t h a st on i sh me nt a tt e mp t e d t o fo ll o w t h e bo
y
, w h e n h e l e f t th e

w e ll He w as o n h or s e b a ck an d t h e boy o n f o ot but g allo p a s f as t

.
,

h e w ould h e coul d no t k e e p up wi t h th e w a lki n p ac e of t h e boy

as
g .

A t l a st i n a ma z e me nt h e di smo u n te d a n d t h r e w h i m s e l f a t h i s f ee t
, , .

Th e bo y a t on c e w e lc ome d h im by n ame t h oug h h e t h e n sa w h im f or ,

th e fi rst t i me Th e b e wild e r e d U daji e xclaimw J hdmbay t (omni

(
.

Pronounce d V is h no i i n Bah aw al p ur and Bi kan e r .

ccor di ng to t h e Ki ss er S e t tle me nt R e p o r t h i s p arents w ere L oh ut and Ke sar .

1 A
1 12 Bi shnai Obser vance s.

ami n e y our f ue l i n c ase y an l ivi n g c r e at ur e be b ur nt wi th it .

Sh ow
m h
.

i y livi c t K d t t t o u r d s t e
p t t o n r e a ur e s e e p u y p r e s e n o y i n a
g .

T e ach e r b a de D o n o t sp e a k e ml o f ot h e r s D o n o t t e ll l i e s N e v e r
.

. .
.

l A v id pi u m t o b a cc o bh a n g a n d bl u e c l o t h i n g Fl e e f r o m
q uar r e o O .
.
, ,

s pi i
r st a n d fl e s h S e e. t h a t y o u r g o a t s ar e k e p t a l i v e
(n o t s o l d t o

Mus alman s, w h o wil l kill t h e m fo r f ood ) D o n o t pl o u gh w i t h b ul l o ck s .

.

K e e p a fa st on th e day b e f o r e t h e n e w m oon D o n ot cut gr e e n t r e e s . .

S a c r i fic e w i th fi r e S a y p r ay e r s M e di ta te Pe r for m Wo r s hip a nd
. . .

a t ta i n H e a v e n .A n d t h e l a s t o f th e 29 d ut i e s p r e sc r i be d by t h e
T e a ch e r Ba p t i z e y o ur childr e n, i f y o u w o uld be ca ll e d a t r ue
’ ”
Bi sh n o i
S o me of t h e se pr e c e p t s a r e n o t s tr i ctly ob e y e d f o r i n st a n c e ,

a l t h ou g h o r di n ar i ly t h e y a ll o w n o bl ue i n t h e i r cl o t hi n g y e t a Bi s h n o i , ,

i f h e i s a s e r v an t o f t h e B r i t i s h G o v e r n me n t i s a ll o w e d t o w e a r a bl ue ,

un i f or m a n d Bis h no i s do u se b o ll o ck s t h o u gh mo s t o f t h e ir f a r mi n g
,

i s d o n e w it h c ame l s Th e y a l so s e e m t o b e u n us ua lly q ua r r e l s o m e (i n
.

wor d s) an d gi v e n t o use ba d l an g uag e But th e y a b s t a i n f r o m t o b a cc o .

,

dr u g s an d spi r i t s a n d a r e n o t e d fo r t h e i r r e g a r d fo r a n i ma l li fe w hic h
, ,

i s s uch t h a t no t o n ly w ill th e y n o t t h e ms e l v e s kill a n y l i vi n g c r e a t ur e ,

but t h e y do t h e i r ut mo st t o p r e v e n t o t h e r s f r o m d o i n g s o Go n se .

ue n t l y t h e i r vill a g e s a r e g e ne r a lly s w a r m i n g wi t h an t e l o p e an d ot h er
q
a n i ma l s a n d t h e y f o r bid t h e i r
, M usa l man n e i g h b o ur s t o kill t h e m
an d t r y t o di s s uad e Eu r op e an s po r t s me n f r o m i n t e r f e r i n g wi t h
the m . Th e y w an t e d i t m a de a c on di t i o n of t h e i r s e tt l e me n t t h at n o ,

o n e s h ould b e a ll o w e d t o s h o ot o n t h e ir l a n d but a t t h e sa me t i me ,

t h e y a s k e d t h at t h e y mi g h t b e a s s e s s e d a t l o w e r r a t e s t h a n t h e i r
n e ighb o ur s o n t h e g r o un d t h at t h e a n t e l o p e b e i n g t h us l e f t u n d ist ur b e d
do m o r e d am a g e t o th e i r c r o p s ; but I t old t h e m th i s w o uld le sse n t h e
me r i t (p un ) o f t h e ir go o d a cti on s i n p r o t e c t i n g th e a n i ma l s a n d t h ey ,

must be t r e at e d j us t a s t h e s ur r o u ndi n g vill a g e s w e r e Th e y c on sid e r .

i t a g oo d de e d to s c at te r gr a i n t o pig eo n s a n d o th e r bi r d s a n d o f te n ,

h a v e a l a r g e nu mb e r o f h a l f ta me bi r d s ab out t h e i r vill a g e s T h e da y
-
.

b e for e t h e n e w mo on t h e y o b s e r v e a s a S a bb a t h a n d f a s t da y d o i n g n o -
,
.

w o r k i n th e fi e l ds o r i n th e h o us e Th e y b a th e a n d p r a y t h r e e t ime s a
.

day ,
-
,
—
in t h e mo r n i n g a f t e r n o o n a n d i n t h e e ve n i n g s a yi n g Bish n o
,
“
,
Bi sh n o i n st e a d o f th e or din a r y Hi n d u Ram Ram Th e i r cl o thi n g .
”

i s t h e s ame a s o f o th e r B ag ri s e xc e p t t h at t h e i r w om e n do n o t a ll o w
,

t h e w a i st t o b e se e n a n d a r e f o n d o f w e ar i n g bl a ck w o o ll e n cl o t h i n g
, .

Th e y ar e mor e p ar t i cul ar a b o ut c e r emo n i a l p ur i ty t h a n o r d i n a r y Hi n d us

ar e a n d i t i s a c o m mo n s a yi n g t h a t i f a Bi sh n o i s f oo d i s o n t h e fi r s t o f
’
,

a s tr i n g o f t w e n t y c a me l s a nd a man o f an o t h e r c a s t e t o uc h e s t h e
,

l a st c ame l o f t h e st r in g th e Bis h n oi w ou l d c on s id e r h i s f oo d de file d

,

an d t h r o w i t a w a y
”
.

T h e c e r e mon y o f i n i ti at i o n i s as foll ow s
A n umb e r o f r e p r e se n t at iv e Bi s h no is asse mbl e an d b e for e t h e m a ,
s a dl o r Blsh n m
.

r i e st a f te r ligh t i n
y .
o
p g,a s a cr ifici a l fir e (h am ) i n st r u c ts the
n o v i c e ln t h e d u t i e s o f t h e fa i t h He t h e n t a k e s so m e w a te r in a n e w
.

e a r th e n e s s e l o v e r w hich h r ay s i n a s e t f o r m
v , e p B
( i s hn o
s t i r r i n g i t t h e whil e w i t h h i s s t r i n g o f b e d
a s ( m i ld) a n d a f t e r a s ki n g ,
th e c o n s e n t of t h e a sse mbl e d Bish n oi s h e p o ur s t h e w a t e r t h r e e t i me s
,

into th e h an d s o f t h e n ovi ce , w h o d ri nk s i t o ff Th e n ovic e s sc al ’

.
p
 Bi s hn oi ri tes . 113

l ock (choti ) i s t h e n cu t e lf a nd h i s h e a d s h a v e d f o r t h e Bish n oi s sh a v e ,

t h e w h o l e h e a d a n d do n o t l e a v e a s c a l p l o ck lik e t h e Hi n dus ; bu t t h e y -

a ll o w t h e b e a r d t o g r o w o n ly sha vm e chi n o n t h e f t h e r s d e a t h
’

g
,
t h a .

I n fa nt b a p t i s m is a ls o p r a ct i s e d a n d 80 d ay s a f t e r bi r t h t h e ch i ld , ,

W h e t h e r boy o r gi r l i s b a pt i s e d by t h e p r i e s t (e ddh ) i n m uch t h e sa m e

,

w ay a s a n a d u l t o n l y th e s e t
,
f o r m o f p r a y e r i s di ff e r e n t (g a r bh
a tr i ) a n d t h e r ie s t o ur s a f e w d ro s of i ch l d ’

g yd , p p p w a t e r n to t h e s i

m o uth a n d giv e s th e child s r e l a tiv e s e a ch t h r e e h an d f ul s o f t h e co n

’
,

se cra t e d w a t e r t o d r i n k ; at th e s a me t i me t h e ba r b e r cli p s o ff t h e ,

child s h air T h i s b a pt is m a l c e r e m o ny a l s o h as t h e e ff e c t o f p ur i fyi n g

’
.

th e h o us e w hich h a s b e e n ma de i mp ur e b y t h e bi r th
Th e Bis h n o i s i n t e r ma r r y a mo n g t h e m s e lv e s o n l y a n d by a c e r e mo n y ,

o f t he i r o w n i n w hi ch i t s e e m s t h e ci r c u ma m b ul a t i o n o f t h e s a c r e d fi r e ,

w hich i s t h e bin di n g c e r e m o n y a mo n g t h e Hi n d u s g e n e r a lly i s o mi tte d ,

.

Th e y do no t r e ve r e Br a h m a n s 1 but h a ve p r i e s ts (s ai d/i s ) o f t h e ir o w n
,
’

chos e n f r om am o n g t h e l a i ty Th e y do n o t b ur n t h e i r d e a d b ut b ur y
.
,

t h e m b e l o w t h e c a t t l e s t a ll o r i n a p l a c e f r e q ue n t e d by c at t l e such as a
-
,

c at tl e pe n Th e y o b s e r v e t h e H o li i n a di ff e r e n t Wa y f r o m o t h e r Hi n d us
- . .

f s e t o n t h a t da y t h ey f a st t ill t h e n e x t f o r e n o o n wh
A t e r s u n e n a ft er , ,

h e ar in g r e a d t h e a cco un t o f h o w Pr ah lad w a s t o r t ur e d by h i s i nfid e l

f a t h e r Ha r nak a sh fo r b e li e vi n g i n t h e g o d V i sh n u un t il h e w a s d e liv e r ,

e d by t h e cd h i m s e l f i n h i s i n c a r n a t i o n o f t h e Li o n ma n a n d m o ur n i n g -
,

o v e r P r a h ad s s u ff e r i n g s t h e y ligh t a s a cr ifici a l fi r e a n d p a r tak e

’
,
of

c o n se c r a te d w a t e r a n d a f t e r di s t r ibu t i n g u np u r i fie d s uga r (ga r) in

,

c ommemor a t i on of Pr a h lad s d e liv e r y f r o m t h e fi r e i n to w hich h e w a s

’

t hr o w n t h e y b r e a k t h e i r f a s t
, Bis h n o is g o o n pilg r i ma g e wh e r e
.

J h ambaji is bur i e d so ut h o f B i ka n e r w h e r e t h e r e i s a t o m b (ma t) o v e r

, ,

hi s r e ma i n s an d a t e m p l e (ma n di r ) w i t h r e g ul a r a t te n d a n ts (p dj dr z)
’

A f e s tiv a l t ak e s p l a c e h e r e e v e r y s i x m o n t h s i n A s a uj a n d Phag a n , ,

wh e n t h e p ilg r i ms g o t o t h e s a n dhi ll on w hi ch J h am baji l iv e d and ,

t h er e ligh t s a c r ifici a l fi r e s ( h o rn ) o f j a n di w oo d i n v e s s e l s o f s to n e a n d ,

o ff e r a b ur n t o ff e r i n g o f b a r l e y ti l gh i a n d su g a r a t th e sa me , , ,

t i me m ut te r i n g s e t p r a y e r s T h e y a l s o m a k e p r e s e n t s to t h e a t t e n d a n ts
.

o f t h e t e mp l e a n d di s t r ib ut e m o th a n d o t h e r
, g r a i n f o r th e p e ac o cks
a n d p ig e o n s wh ic h l i v e t h e r e i n n um b e r s Sh o uld a ny o n e h a v e
, .

c o mmi t t e d a n o ff e n c e s uch a s h a vi ng kil l e d an a n i ma l o r s o ld a co w

, ,

or o a t t o a M us a l m a n o r a ll o w e d an
,
a n i ma l t o be k ill e d wh e n h e
co u d h a v e p r e v e n t e d i t h e i s fi n e d by t h e ,
a s s e m bl e d Bi sh n o is f o r t h e

o o d o f t h e t e mp l e a n d t h e a ni mal s k e
p t t h ere A n oth e r
p l a c e o f
g .

il r i ms e i s a t om b c a ll e d Ch h a mb o la i n t h e J o dh p u r c o un t r y wh e r e
p g ,

a f e st i v is h e ld o n c e a y e a r in Ch e t The r e t h e p ilg r i ms b ath e i n .

t h e ta nk a n d h e l p t o d e e p e n i t a n d s i n g a n d pl a y m us ic a l i n s tr ume nt s,
”
an d s c a tt e r g r a i n t o p e a c o ck s a n d pig e o n s
Th e Bis h no i s l o o k wi t h sp e ci a l a tt e n t i o n t o t h e s ac r e d h am or s ac r ific e
i t i s o n l y t h e r ich w h o ca n p e r f o r m t hi s d a ily t h e p oo r m e e t t o g e t h e r

l
But accor ding to th e Hi ss ar S e tt e me nt R e po r t th e ce re mony of admi ss ion to th e se ct i s ,

as f ol ow s — Th e p r ie sts an d th e p e op e asse m e tog e th e r , r e p e at th e p a h u l-m a n t a r o e r a

l l bl v
v
cup of w at e r , an d g i e i t to th e can di date t o dr i n k w h o th e r e af te r g oe s r o un d th e asse m y bl
b
an d o w s to all . v
HIS h e ad i s th e n sh a e d af te r th e mann er of th e fo un de r o f th e s e ct .

A ccor ding to h i s me a n s h e h as to p ay a ce r tain s um of mone y ( R s 5 to 5 00 i s th e imi t) fo r

. . l ,

th e p ur p ose oi buymg g ram w hi ch 1 3 th e n s e nt to th e S amr at h al s andh i l i n o r de r to f ee d

,
l
p i ge ons .

l
1 But in F az i k a th e Bish noi s ar e sai d to e mp oy Br ahma ns f or r eligi ous as w ell as
'
l
1 14 Boch a h—Bodla .

*
to c ar r y o ut Amav as day on ly
th e r i te on th e o r s ddh 8, . T h e g aen as
w h o a r e th e i r p r i e s t s a n d a r e f e d a n d f e e d by t h e m lik e B r a h ma n s,
a r e a h e r e di t a r y cl a s s a n d do n o t i n t e r ma r r y wi t h oth e r Bi sh n oi s ,
n or do t h e y t a k e o ffe r i n g s f r o m a n y but Bi sh n o is T h e Bi sh n o i s .

th e ms e lve s a r e a r e a l ca s te a n d w e r e s h o w n a s s u ch i n t h e C e n s us
t a bl e s a n d t h e r e t ur n s o f t h e c ast e a r e m u ch m or e t o be r e li e d o n t h a n

t h o s e o f t h e s e c t, f o r th e r e a s o n giv e n a b o v e , th a t ma n y Bi sh n ois by
se c t mu s t h a v e b e e n s h o w n a s V a i s h n a v a s, a n d vi ce c ar e d It i s s a id .

t h at a m e mb e r o f a n y of t h e high e r Hi n d u c as t e s m ay b e co me a Bis h n o i ,
bu t as a m a tte r of f a c t t h e y a r e a l m o st e n t ir e ly Jats o r K h ati s (c a r p e n
t e r s ) o r , l e ss f r e qu e n t ly , Raj put s o r Ba n i as, a n d t h e Ban i a Bi sh n o i s ar e
a a r e n t l y n o t f o un d i n th e P u n j a b , t h e i r chi e f s e a t b e i n g M u r adabad ,
pp
i n th e U n i te d P r o vi n c e s T h e ma n w h o b e c o m e s a Bi sh n o i i s
.

b o und by h is c aste r e s tr i ct i on s ; h e n o l o n g e r c all s hi mse l f a J at, but

h e ca n m a r r y o n ly J at Bi sh n o i s, o r h e i s n o l o n g e r a Kha ti , a n d y e t
c ann o t mar r y a n y o ne w h o i s n o t a Kha t i a n d f ur t h e r t h an t hi s, t h e
Bi sh n o i r e ta ins t h e g ot o f h is o r igi n a l t r ib e a n d ma y n o t m a r r y w it h in
it i K ar ew a i s p r a c t i s e d a m o n g th e m, but a n e lde r br o t h e r c a n n o t
'

mar r y a y oun ge r b r o t h e r s w id ow , t h o u gh h e r br o t he r i n -la w o r f a t h e r

’
~

i n la w a r e e n t i t l e d, i f sh e do n o t m a r r y h e r de w a r , to a p a y m e n t ca lle d
-

bh a r f r o m h e r s e c on d h usb an d .

T h e r e i s n o t p e r h a p s v e r y mu ch in t h e t e a chin g o f J h amba j i t o
di s ti n g ui sh h i m f r o m t h e o r t h o d o x p a t te r n o f Hi n d u s a i n t s, a n d i n some
o i n t s h i s d o c t r i n e m o r e e s e c i a ll w i t h e ga r d t o t h e r e se r v a ti o n of
p , p y r
p
l if e , i s o n l y a n in t e n sific a t i on o f t h e o r di n a r y V AIS HNAV A t e n e ts But .

i n t h e o mi s s i o n o f t h e p h em a t m a r r i a g e , t h e c u tt i n g o ff o f t h e ch o ti o r
s c a l p l o ck, t h e s e ci a l c e r e mo n y o f i n i ti a t i o n , a n d t h e di s r e gar d for
p
.

t h e Br a h m an ic a l p r i e s t h o o d , w e fi n d i n dic a t i o ns o f t h e sa me S p i r i t a s
t h a t whi ch m o v e d t h e o t h e r Hi n d u r e f o r me r s o f t h e p e r i o d .

B OCHA H, a J at cl a n (a gr ic u l t ur a l ) in M u l t a n
B o nus —T h e Bo dla s a r e a s ma ll s e ct i on o f t h e Wa ttu R aj p u t s i o f t h e
.

l o w e r a n d middl e S u t l e j , w h o h a v e f o r s o m e g e n e r a t i on s e n j o y e d a
ch a r a c t e r f o r
p y § a n d w h o n o w cl a i m Q ur e s h i o r igi n
e culi a r s a n c t i t ,

f r o m Ab u Ba k r S a di q ; a n d ma n y o f t h e m ca ll t h e mse lv e s Qur e s h i s .

Th e y st ill m a r r y Wa ttu gi r l s, t h o u g h t h e y giv e t h e i r da u gh t e r s on ly to

B o dla s Th e y w e r e t ill l a te ly a wh o lly p a s t or a l t r ib e , a n d st ill h o ld
.

a d
y g i r, t h e
p r o ce e d s o f which t h e y n o w s up p l e m e n t by c ul tiv a t i on .

Th e y c ame up fr o m Mu l t a n t h r o ugh B a haw a l p ur t o M o n tgo me r y , wh er e

th e y w e r e d e s c r ib e d b P ur s e r a s “ l a z y s illy a n d c o n c e i t e d ” F r om
y
Mon t g o me r y t h e y s p r e a d i n to Si r s a , w h e r e t h e y o cc u p i e d t h e B a h a k
.
, ,

ar a n a W t ll t h e y s t ill h o l d Th ey a r e c r e di te d w i t h t h e p o w e r o f
p g .

c u r i n g d i s e a se by e xo r ci s m, a n d e sp e ci a lly sn a k e bi t e a n d h y d r op h obi a ; -

t h e y a r e r e c og n i s e d s a i n t s a n d ca n cu r s e w i t h g r e a t e ffi c a cy Th e y
, .

h a v e n o r e l a t i o n s wi th t h e o th e r Q ur e s h i s o f t h e n e ighb o ur h o o d , a n d
A cco r di n g to th e Hi s s ar l
me nt R e p or t th e sci d h s ar e p r i e sts an d th e t h ap u n
S e tt e
se cul ar cl e r g y g en e r a ll
are y e l e ct e d by th e p e op l e
,
Pr i e st h o o d 1 8 n ot h e r e di t ary In F azi l ka
.

ld t h at Bi s h n ms n e e r e m
.

t v
p l o y a Br ah man if a Bh at i s a ai l a l e v b
g g gp
i
.

is n
T h e Bh at too i s a .
i
In F it zilka th e Bi sh no i s ar e s ai d to h a v e v
36 0 di i si ons o ne name d j
R o a, me ani ng It tlg a i ,
'

but no r e v e r e nce 1 3 p a i d t o th a t ani ma by t h e R o as

y
l
Of G or ay a
INO
.

w lfl d ‘ la m l afl l t Wi th t h e
. .

as PCLT IH giggi g s a kj 0 SCIl 0

y
ili K m Of G 0 d 3
,
'

y
an d k m
9
l
Bo d as , w h o ar e h e d i n g r e at r e s e ct i n Bi k ane r
p
mm
Th e us e of Pa r me sh w ar
,
l
'
o

for A a h p cm ll ’

l e to a Hi n du O l l ln
g .
.

[ ni i bl me ans

fitihgifiih gis it
l
i
figf hd
o s r si m e to l and si mp li ci ty or lunacy i s
p n r egarde d as
as g c a
1 16 Bop a h/r i
c e — Bm hman .

BOPA HR AE, cl an (a gri c ul tur al ) foun d in A mr it sar

a J et; .

BOPERAI a Hin d u J at cl a n (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) f o un d i n M o n t g omer y

,
.

B O N a J et cl an (a g r
S A ic u l t u r al ) f o un d i n M u l t a n t o t h e s o u t h o f t h e V e i n s ,
.

,
Th e i r a nc e s tor i s s a i d t o h a v e b e e n a di s ci pl e of Bahawa l H a qq a n d
h v
to a e r e e c iv e d f r o m h i m so m e o f t h e l a n d g r a n t e d t o h i m by t h e

r ul e r o f M ul ta n Th e y c am e f r o m H a id ar ab ad i n Si nd an d a r e al s o
.

fo un d i n B a haw al p u r a s l an d o w n e r s T h e Ba p p i s wi t h w h om t h e y .
,

i n te r mar r y a n d S an gi s a r e sa id to be of t h e same sto ck

,
.

BOT, an cl an (ag r ic ul tur a l ) f ou n d i n M o n t g o m e r y

A r ai u .

B ora e ,
B U TTAR a J at; cl a n (a g r ic ul tur al ) f o un d i n A m r i ts ar
,
.

Bozni n, ani n de p e n d e n t B AL OCH t r ib e s i tu at e d b e y o n d o ur fr on t i e r at th e

h a ck o f th e K a sr an i t e r r i t or y Th e y h o ld f r o m t h e S a n gh a r Pa ss on
'

t h e n o r t h to t h e Kh o s a a n d K h e t r a n c o u n t r y o n t h e s o ut h a n d h a v e ,

t h e L un i an d M usa Kh e l P a tha n s on t h e i r w e s t e r n b o r de r Th o se .

f ou n d i n D e r a G ha z i Khan liv e i n s c at t e r e d vill a g e s a bo ut Raj a n p ur

a n d a mon g t h e L a ghar i t r ib e a n d h a ve n o c o n n e c t i o n w i th t h e par e n t
,

t r ib e T h e B o zda r a r e h ar dly o f Ri n d e xt r a c t i o n s e e i n g t h a t t h e i r
.

e dig r e e o n l y m a k e s t h e m d e s c e n d a n t s o f a g o at h e r d w h o ma r r i e d
p
-

’
Ban o w i do w o f Ri n d s g r e a t g r a n ds o n Sh a u A li Th e y a r e divi d e d
,
-
, .

i n to th e D u la n i L a dw an i G h ulama n i a s ub tum a n Ch a k r an i S i h an i
, ,
-
, , ,

S h ah w a n i J alalani J afir an i a n d R us tam an i cl an s Th e y a r e mor e

, , .

civ i li z e d t h an m o st o f th e t r a n s fr o n t i e r t r ib e s a n d a r e of all t h e B a l och -

t h e st r ic te s t Mu salman s U n lik e a ll o t h e r Bal o ch t h e y fi gh t wi t h th e

.

ma t chlo ck r a th e r t h an wi th t h e s w o r d T h e y a re gr e a t g r a z i e r s an d .
,

t h e i r n a me i s s a id to be d e r i v e d fr o m t h e Pe r s i a n bu z a g o a t , .

BRA HMAN, (Pan jabi Bamh a n, Bah ma n f e m Bamh a n i : dim m a s c , Bamh a g e ta . . .

’
f e m Ba mh a n e ti , a B r ah m a n s so n o r d a ugh t e r cf Ba m h a na fi , B r ah m a n
. .

h oo d ) .

Th e B ra h m a n s
i n I n di a a r e divid e d i n t o t w o g r e a t g e o g r a phic a l
gr o up s, t h e U tr a h a k , w h o l iv e t o th e n o r th o f t h e V i ndh ias , a n d t h e
D ak s h na t , w h o i n h a bit p e n in s ul ar I n di a t o th e s out h of t h a t r an g e . .

T h e fo r me r ar e f ur t h e r divid e d i n t o 5 gr o up s , v i z .

1 . S é r a s w at, (mod e r n i se d sar s u t) .

2 . K a n k ubj .

3 . G au r . Also c all e d c oll e c t ive ly G AU R

, , .

4 . Ut k a l .

5 Ma i th al
. .

Th e so u t h e r n g r oups* a l s o n u mb e r 5 a n d ar e : D a r a w a r M a ha r a s h tr i , ,

S o r a s h a t o r K r n at ik T a ili n g a n d G o r ja r l O f t h e se t h e on ly r e pr o
‘ '
a
, , .

s e n t a t iv e n th P u j a b a r e t h e Pu sh k a r n a B r a h m a n s w h o s p r a n g
i e n
,

f r m t h e Ma l a s lm i g o u n l T h e m a s o f t h e P u n j a b B r a h ma n s
o i ra r s

l ll ll vl
A s o t a e d co e ct i e y D ar aw a r , f r om th e s ai nt o f th at n ame
, A n oth e r account s ay s .

t h e D ar a w ar co mp ri s e th c Mah i r as h t r T ai i n g G ur j a r D ak h s h an i an d I l
n dr i k ( A mri tsar ;
‘

j
.
, ,

l j j v
.

t L e s t i t be to o h asti y as sume d t h at G or ar , G ur ar or G u ar Br ah mans h a e an

y
con ne ct i o n Wi t h t h e G i i j ar s f o k e t y mo og y h as s u
’

l l
gg e s te d th at th e name i s de r i e d fr om
,
-
v
g un k , s e cr e cy b
e caus e th e i r ance s tor h ad once t o con ce a hi s f ai t h l .

l
I But un i k e th e s outh e rn Br ah mans th e Push kar nas o se r e g h u n gh a t (i e , th e i r w omen b v , .

v l
ei th e i r face s ), but th ey h ave no g ar t h a dh cm (p r e nanc ri te and i n o th e r r e s ects th e i r
g y
’

.
’

) p
custo ms ar e di s si mi l ar .
 The M W . 1 17

are S é r suts , but Ga urs a r e f o u n d i n th e e as t e r n di str i ct s of t h e

Pro vi n c e But c e r ta i n g ro up s of B ra h man s a r e n e ith e r r e c o g ni se d a s
.

Sar s a t n or a s G a u r , or h a v e b e c o m e tot ally di s ti n c t f r o m t h e B r ah man

c ommun i t y S uch ar e t h e Pus h k a r nas , Mubi al e , d e sc r i b e d b e l ow , a n d
.

th e BHOJ K I, D HAK O CHI, T a na a n d TA G U gr o up s .

T HE Pusn m mi s .

It will be co n v e n i e n t t o de s cr ibe fi r st t h e Push kar n as a c omp ar ati v e ly ,

sm a ll an d un i m p o r t a n t g r o u p f o un d o nl i n t h e s o u t h w e s t of t h e -
y
P un j ab The y ar e divid e d i n to tw o t e r r i to r i a l gr o up s (i ) Si n dh u of
.
, ,

t h e I n d u s v a ll e y (ii ) Mar w a r i o f Mar w a r o r M a r e e ba

”
an d , , ,
.

Th e Pu sh k a r n as cl a i m to be p a r oh zts o f a ll t h e
’

Bhat R aj p ut s w h o
a r e divid e d i n t o Bha t e B h a tti s a n d Bh ati as *
an d a r e d e s c r ib e d by , ,

Ibb e tson as mor e str i ct i n c a s t e matt e r s t h a n th e Sar sut .

T h e Push k a r n as ar e div id e d i n to t w o gr o u s Si n dh u an d Ma r e ch a
p ,
an d ar e sa id t o h a v e 84 t a s giv e n be lo w i
‘

e
g s

I— S i NDHfi
.

9 . Bfi j r fi . 17 . Bar s .

10 , Maul o . 18 ,
Ch auw ati a .

G an dr i y a . 19 . Muttur .

12 t ki .
20 . Munda .

Mutta Parhihar
TI3
(
. .
21 . .

14 . J i w ane ch a . 22 . K audi a .

L ap i sh i a ( L ap i a) . 23 . K e r ai t ,

16 Paula T24 . V i as r a .

II —MA RE OH£
.

1 . K ak r ai a . 14 . G ot a .
27 . K op ali a .

2 . Ch ullar . 15 . Cot me . 28 . Wa ch b ar .

3 . A ch ar aj . 16 . T h ak ar . 29 . Ma stodé .

4 . He da . 17 . Bada l . 30 . Pado y a .

5 . G aj j a . l8 .
D odh a .
31 . T OJ h a .

6 . K adar . K o v as thi li a 82 . V ej h a .

7 . K e e r la. 20 ,
K au o l . 83 . Jh und ,

8 . Na ula 21 . J abbe r . 34 .
315t a .

9 . K e w li a . 22 D h agr a . 35 Noh o ra .

Mumat i a
,

)0 , T e r i w ari . 23 . Pe dha . 86 . .

11 . Ban dh u . 24 . R ama . 87 .
K (i i .

12 . G oda 25 . Wah e ti . 88 .
K ar mana .

18 . G odan ti
’

. 26 .
Me ratw al . 39 . R ang e
l v en in a b ook In Mianw al i onl y th ose ma rkedr ar e foun d
Thi s i s t is g i .
’
.

D a ug h t e r s a r e g e n e r ally give n in m ar ri a ge i n o n e a n d t h e s a me
f a mily a n d if p o s sibl e to b r o th e r s acco r di n to a v e r y wi de s p r ea d
, ,
-

c us tom .

O n t h e o t h e r h a n d i n b a h aw alp ur t h e Mar e e ba a r e d e s c r ib e d as
p ur e Pushk a r n si a n d c o mp r is e 1 5 g o i s L

l Achar aj 6 . Khi dana .

2 . Bh e r a . 7 . K ir aru .

3 Chh ang ana 8 K ullh a

j
. . .

4 . G uj a . 9 . L udh dh ar .

5 . K a ta b . 10 . Much ch an .

In c ide n t a y t h i s i n di ca t e s t h a t t h e Bh at t i s a n d Bh at t as h a e a co m m on o r i gi n — o th
ll v b
co m e f r o m t h e coun tr y t o t h e s o ut h o f t h e Pu n j a T h e r e a r e s a id t o be Bh at Ra p ut s i n b ,
j
J a i s a lm i r .

TIt i s sai d th at th e Push kar ns use d to be ca e d S r i Ma i s, th at t h e y r an k be ow th e ll -

l l
b
S ér sut Pzm kh a nd G aur s u c aste s and ar e ( on y ) r e g ar de d as Br ah man s e cause o f th e i r
,
'

,
l b
s kill i n astr o o gy l
But t h e y ar e by o r i g i n p os s i y sar suts w h o made Push k ar o r Pokh ar ,
. bl
l
th e sacr e d a k e n e ar Aj tn e r th e i r h e a d q uar te r s One se ction of th e m i s sai d to h a e e en -
. v b
ll
o ri g ina y Be ldar s o r Ods w h o w e r e r ai s e d to Br ah mi ni ca r ank as a r ew ar d fo r e xca ating l v
n ]: and i t still w or shi p s th e p i ck axe, but thi s tr adi ti on is not now curr ent in t h e
sgi g
i

na
118 Br a h mans i n th e S ou th - Wes t .

h alf b s an d as t t h e S i n dh ti
’
t 2
Ne x t come th e D a ssa or - ree d l ly wi h
M at t a r a n d Wa t t ii *
’

g e ts : .

In B a haw a l p ur i me n t i o n i s ma d e o f
'
a s ub - a st e , c c all e d Pa r i kh ,
w hi ch I c ann o t t r a c e e l s e w h e r e It h a s 6 .
g o ts i
Bor a .
K athoti a .

J os h i .
Pan di a .

It i s di s t i n c t f r o m t h e S é w an i s .

T HE B R A H M A N IC A L H IE RA R C H Y S W E S T P U N J A B IN T HE OU T H- .

B e f or e d e s c r ibi n g t h e S ar s ut B r a h m an s i t w il l be b e s t t o de s c r i b e
g i
t h e o r an sa t i o n o f t h e B h
r a man ic a l h e i r a r chy i n t h e S o u t h W e s t -

P un j a b wh e r e t h e sar s ut s a n d Pushk a r n as o v e r l a p c o m bi n i n g t o
,
,

g
f o r m r o u p s o f b e e fi ce a n d n d u n be e n fi c e d p r i e s t s wh ich ar e f u r t h e r

a t t a ch e d t o t h e di ff e r e n t c a s t e s .

T h e Wa t es h a r — T h e W a t e s h a r § a r e a g r o u
p o f B r a h m a n s wh o s e

cli e n t el e i s s c a t t e r e d a n d w h o r e c e i v e fix ,
e d d u e s f r o m t h e i r p a tr on s ,

i rr e s p e c t iv e o f t h e s e r vic e s r e n d e r e d t o t h e m If th e y pr e s id e a t a .

r e ligi o u s f u n c t i o n t h e y r e c e iv e fix e d f e e s i n a ddi t i o n t o t h e i r s t a n d
in g d ue s .

I n M i a n wal i t h e W a t e s h a r cl a s s c o m p r i s e s t h e f o ll o wi n g s e c t i o n s

o f t h e S er e n t l l a n d P u s h k a r n a B r a h ma n s

i K andiar a
Dh annanp otra
. .

1 .
ii L a ri l .

i s th e ow e st of a ll : Br a h ma n o t i m e n Wa tt a, g h or o n me n ta tt i Z
Wattii l Th e
’ ‘

Th e g ot
Watt ii among Br ah mans i s w h at a p ony i s among h or se s ”
’

But tow ards Bi k ane r i s a gr oup k no w n as Par i k .

Th e sub d1 v1 310 ns of th e se s e cti ons ar e ar i ous y g i e n th us

o
v l v
Bh oi i p otr a i s s ai d to in cl ude
i , ii and iii as i n t e xt and

l l
Thi s secti on a s o i nc ude s th e D and dam h , th e mck -n ame ap p ar e nt y of some fami y -
b l l
carut by cur ing an e x as th e na me i mp i e s , l .

T h e S amap ot r a a lso i n th e K alkadas ani Pr ay ag dasi , 1 and all s i x s ub di i s i ons ar e v

j
-
.

l
e udes 1 and ii , as a o e w i th Pr i t h w i Mal an d S h amdas i
b v j p at r ony mi c .

T h e S amap otr as ar e de scen de d f r om S i dh S aman an d p e r form a sp e ci a w or shi p on th e l

R i khi p anch ami , th e 5 th of th e r i g h t h a f of Bh adon T h e y a so w or shi p Hinglaj ti atb l . l m
bir th s, we ddi ng s an d on th e 3r d of th e r ig h t h alf o f Bai sak h b .

S idh Bh ar dw aji .

T h e Bh ar dw ai a sub di i si ons ar e A r or -
v
Kan ar j
R atan

Th e K atpal ar e
T ak h t .

T h e La m are
Baj
Bak h t
.

J am
b
F or th e corr e sp ondence e tw ee n th es e secti ons and th os e of th e Muhial Br ahmans se
It h as e e n sugg e ste d th at Wate s h ar i s de r i e d f r om t t due s ’ It i s dou t e ss th
b : v bl i gh
.

, .

v
s V r i t e sw a r , de r i e d f r om U T t t t t o r m r a t an d ma be t r an s a te d be ne fi ce d l
{s si
‘
or ‘
Th us th e
' ’

y .

at 8 a r f o r m a n o ccup a t i o n a l g r o up and th e de scr i ti on

p i e n 0 f th e i r sub dIV IS IOD B 1 8 " v
ly not ab sol ute
o

ce r tai n .

A mong th e s arsut Wate sh ar th e m at r i moni a r e ati ons a r e comp1i cate d l l '

id fi tfd
Tl s h
marr y Wi th th e Bh olt p o tr a a nd S ame p otr a, i f s uch a i an ce s h a e e e n actua y m e i ll v b ll
.

p as t . v b
If h ow e e r th e y can no t o tai n bi i de s f r om t h e se tw o se cti ons th e y t r t o e t th e m f r
y g om
th e Bh ar dw aj a or K at h p a l A g ai n th e D h annan p otr a o nl
y tak e r i de s f r om se cti ons b
Nos 2 4 , bu . t g i e none to th e m
-
. v
U n de r th e s P ci r cums tan ce s i t i s not s ur r i s n
p i g t o e ar n.
l
th at th e Bh OJ IDO tIa and S a me p o tr a s e ct i o n s use d ti r e ce nt y to p r act i s e f ema e i n f anti ci d
‘

e
ll l l
b
h a i tua y
.

ll
L astly se cti ons Nos 5
.
—
O

7 ai e Wi i ng to e ffect e X Ch a t t e e t r o th a s
g ,
Wi th th e ll b l
bl
Nar ai n i s , i f no sui t a e match ofi e r s Wi th i n th i s g roup o f th r e e se cti ons w h i ch in te r mar r
‘ o

W l
Th e Push k arna ate shar s a so ancot e xch ange etr oth a s as do th e S h ah ri and Naraini y
b l
120 Br a h ma ns i n the S ou th ; Wes t .

Of t h e Si ndh u- Push k a r na Wa t e s h ar th e N an g u mi n i ste r t o t h e

G ur mali a, K aur a , G ul a t i, S a ch de v, Chikk ar , Mun g iy a a n d R ao n kh e l a -

a n d ma n y o t h e r s e ct io n s o f t h e A r o r a s , a n d t h e S aj filia s e c t i o n o f t h e

Bh atias T h e L ap iy a m i n i s t e r t o t h e K h a r ban da, Chaw a l a , Mo n g i a,

.

K a r re , Kh at ta r a n d K a la ch e g ate , a n d t h e Pa r i a l t o t h e Kh e r a , B ug r a
a n d Kh ur a n a a ll se c i o n s o
t ,
f th e A r o r a s T h e T a ks
n a li *
mi n i s t e r .

t o t h e Na n g p al, Mu tr i j a, D ua (S e t h Ha m) t h e M a tt a r mi ni s te r t o t h e
Kh ur a n a, a ll S a t e ja A r o r a s ; th e G a n dh r i a t o Ma h e s r i B a n i a s ; th e
Wa s u to Bh ati as ; t h e We sa to Ma h e sr i B an i as a n d t h e Soh a n a t o
Bh atias .

Th e As tr i h a ve f e w e r p a t r o n s th a n th e Wa te sh a r , a n d t h e cli e n tele o f
e a ch i s con fi n e d t o o n e p l a c e , w h e r e h e r e sid e s If a Wa te sh a r i s .

u n a bl e t o o ffi ci a te f o r a p a t r o n a n As tr i a c ts f o r h im, r e c e ivi n g gt h s of
th e f e e , t h e b a l a n c e o f gbbs b e i n g h a n d e d o v e r to t h e Wa t e sh ar
,

Th e Es tr t /
se c ti o n s in Mian w al i ar e

R a mde h fi 2 S h a so n , 3 Bh a g lal, 4
. . . Is h w ar , an d 5 . D a h i w al .

Th e Na r a i n i i s a n i mm ig r a n t g r o u p , a n d i s t h us w i t h o u t p at r o ns , but
i f t h e W a t e sh a r
'

a n d As tfi ar e illi te r a t e , a li t e r at e Nar a i n i is c a ll e d
i n to p e r f o r m a n y f un c t i o n r e q ui r i n g k n o w l e dg e A s a r ul e , h o w e v e r , .

t h e Na r a i n i o n ly p r e S e n t s hi m se l f wh e n a l ms a r e giv e n t o all an d
sun dr y .

Pa tr ons . Pa tr o n s .

1. Bambow al . Kh at har and Dhol .

2 . Br ah mi .

3. Ch anana Gar e ri .

4 Ch andan An e j a A r oras
m
. .

5. Ch u D h up ar A r oras . D harie ja A r o ras .

6 . Ch at k ar e A r oras .

7 J oshi N ak ra
l ja
. .

8. K akr an K h ur an a and Ta o
Ar oras . Manocha A r oras .

Only a B r ah m an m a y be
de tr é, a p a r ohi t o r a th dn t He may a l so
an .

o ffici a t e j
a s a n A ch ar a , a B h a t, a G os ai n o r a V e d- a t r
p , (a n d so ma
y any
o t h e r Hi n d u ), bu t if h e doe s so h e mu st n o t a cc e t a n d u f th i te s
p y e s o r e r
p e r f or me d On ly a B r a h ma n can t a k e s an ka lp a , no o t h e r Hi n d u
.
.

Bh ag lal .

G ang ah ar .

R ug h anp otr a (or A a n h otr i

g
Narath .

Seth i .

Mah a l .

L aPs h a
I
V .
—J h ang an
Ti kh a
Mohlé .

K amr i e Brah mans of Kh atr i s .

J
otlf
Bagg e
S e nt 1
V —T h e Mah ta Brah man s , w h ose se cti ons ar e th e Ch h i bbar , D at , Moh an, V e d Ba i a n d
. l
L e n, do not act as p a r o h i t s but ar e e n g ag e d i n ag r i cu tur e , t rade or se r i 09
,
,

O i ous y l v bv l
th e se are th e same as th e Manials of th e No r t h -We st Punj a b '

J m v
,

k
T h e T an sa sli a r e c a e d h a
ll
an d r e ce i e ce r t ai n due s on mar r i a
g e and D h ar m S and i n
th e Ha dd as kaJ
ni ,
t e ,
i n th e tra
. c.t u n de r th e r u e o f t h e ask ni Biloch es
a l J
M
.

i nis ter to the Danakh e l secti on of th e A roras

T .
 Th e Muhidl Br a hmans . 121

A B r ah man s o w n r e ligi o us O b se r v an c e s a r e p e r fo r me d by h is
’

da ugh t e r s f a t h e r i n la w o r by S o m e r e l a t iv e o f t h e l a tt e r t h o u gh h e
’
- -
, ,

m ay i n t h e i r a b se n c e g e t t h e m p e r f o r me d by a n y o th e r B r a h m an
, ,
A .

’
s i s te r s so n is a l s o e m l oy e d Thi s i s ur e ly a m a t t e r o f c o n v e n i e n c e
p p .
,
th e r e l a t i o n s o f a da ugh t e r s h us b a n d b e i n g e n ti t l e d t o r e c e iv e gi f ts
’
,

bu t n o t th o s e o f a so n s w i f e ’
.

T HE S EC U LA R B RA HMANS .

The Muhm l Br a hma n s — This gr o up o f se c ular Br ah man s i s sa id to

d e r iv e i ts n ame f r o m mu h zu a s um o f mo n e y giv e n by t h e m
’

, at

w e ddi n g s t o Bh ats a n d J aja k s v a r y i n g f r o m R s 5 t o R s 7 o r R s , . . . 12.

T h e Muh ials a r e a l so s t yl e d Mun h als a n d a r e s a id t o be so c a ll e d f r om ,

muh zn a se p t But i t i s a l so s ugge s t e d th a t t h e n a m e i s d e r iv e d f r om

’

, .

mu khi a o r igi n t h e Muh ials a r e ce r

’
s p o k e sm a n
’
r i n ci p a l By
‘
or
,
p , .

t a i n ly S ar s ut s a n d s t ill t a k e w iv e s f r o m tha t gro u p i n G uj r a t w hil e i n ,

Raw a l pi n di th e fi ve s u p e r io r s e ct io n s (S udha n S i kh an Bh ak lal Ebo g .

, , ,

a n d Kali ) o f th e Bu u jah i S é r s ut s use d to giv e d a u gh t e r s t o t h e Bh i mw al

( B h i b h a l) M u h i al S ar s uts a n d o cc a s i o n a lly t o th e o th e r Muh ial

se c t i o n s t h o u gh t h e y r e fu se d t h e m t o t h e i nf e r i or s e c t i o n s o f t h e
,

Bunjah is : R a w a lpi n di G r 1 883 84 p .

-
, .

Th e i r o r ga n i s at i on is on th e us ua l p r i n cipl e s a nd may be th us
tab ul at e d

G ao
U P I— BKRI . .

S e cti on .

i D abliJiy a
l. Ch h i bbar .
ii
.

. am o r co mmon
.

.
S e tp a l ( S a h anp a ) l .

Cao ue I
I .

Lau S éme p otr a .

Bi bh ow al or Bh ibh al
’

Ba r i g r o up e i th e r i n t e r m ar r i e s
Th e or t ak e s d augh t e r s fr o m t h e
Bun jahi , bu t t h e t w o s e c ti o n s o f t h e l a tt e r (L au a nd Bi bh ow al)
ca n o n ly m a r r y i n te r se
*
.

T h e Bh at e e u og is e th e Muh ials in th e f ol o w i ng e r se s
l l v
D a tt data, L a u m a n g td Th e D at ts a r e g e ne r ous , and th e L au e gg ar s ,
,
b
Cn h t bba r w i ch S a r ddr Th e Ch hi bbar s ar e S ar dars
. .

Wa tddn h ath ka tdr i y é n T h e Bai ds dagg e r i n h an d

Wa k fu Of p r i de
,

Ch a lde p a bdn de bhci r . l ll .

T h e Bi bh o ( Bi bh o w al) e at bzm b p h a l (a fr ui t),

’

Bi t h a kh ci te bi mb p h a t,
’

Mo ha n Bri li ch a kdri r Moh an and Ba i ar e cha kddr s

.
l .

T h e r e ar e f ur th e r s ub di i s i on s , but among th e Wa id t h e S am a , among t h e D at t t h e

- v b
l
K anj r uri a , among th e Ba i th e Kh ar a and among th e Oh hi bbar th e Bar ra, ar e cons i de r e d
sup e r i or c ans l .
122 The S dr su t Br a hmans .

T he foll owi ng tabl e ill ustr ate s the or i gi n of th e Muh i al se c tio ns an d

sub -se c t i on s
MU HIKL S .

Ch h i bbar .

S i dh Ch ar . (Na me of S i dh
not k n o w n) .

S e tp 81 Bar i Bh o Je p o t r e
’

. S h am e p o t r e W
Dh i ru .
( b). r l
W D h an a n . l
L a ri T akh t
Madh o D as . Ram a Nan d .
D h i r np o t r e un j ah i) . L a ri l
K a n d i ar e (Bunjah i ) , ( Bar i ) .

Mach h é ne . R am a N an dun e .
( Bn nj ah i ) .

Wa e l . D um h . b

l
K a k a D as .

Pr i th Wi Malane . Wa dh w an i . Ma n g w an i . m
K a a D asan i .

Th e d e sc e n d a n t s of th e fi v e S idh s a r e f ur t h e r s ub -divid e d i n to p dn ch to li a s
r d a u gh t e r s n o t l e s s t h a n 5 to las o f g o ld a s d o w r y
(w h o giv e t h e i ) an d
tr i toli y a s (w h o give n o t l e ss t h a n T h e l a t t e r r a n k b e l o w t h e f or me r .

Th e o r igi n o f t h e Mn hials i s t h u s de s ci ibe d : In S a mb a t 200

V i k r a mi th e fi v e S i dh s w e nt t o t h e Na n n i i t h i H i ll a n d t h e r e p r a ct i s e d
’

a s c e t ici sm A b o ut t h a t t i me t oo t h e K h a t r i s o f th e A r o r f a m ily
.

(n o w th e A r o r a s ) a n d t h e o t h e r K h a t r i s f e ll o u t, s o t h e l a t t e r s e p a r a t e d
f r o m t h e A r o r a s a n d b e c a me j a ymdn s o f t h e S idh s T h e M ub ial e
’

w h o di d n o t a t ta ch t h e ms e l v e s t o t h e A r o r a s r e f us e d to acc e t a l ms
p
( chi n) a n d a r e st ill p u r e ly s e c ul ar Th e y a r e f o u n d chi e fly if n o t .

e x cl us iv e ly i n Ra w a l p i n di (wh e r e m an y a r e Sikh s) in Jh e l u m a n d
Sh ahp ur a s l an dh o l d e r s o r i n s e r vic e A ll Muh ials may m a r r y gi r ls o f .

B r a h ma n f a mili e s whi ch a r e n ot Muh ial .

A s mall
gr o up o f s e c ular B r ah man s f o un d a t H ar ia n a i n
Ho shiar p u r i s th e K a n ch a n K a w a l
,
Th e y a r e a l so c a ll e d S ur a j D uaj .

(S un w or s hip p e r s) Th e i r a n c e s to r c am e f r o m D e lhi a s a kci mi n g o

-
. '

t o H ar ia na wh e n c e th e y a r e a l so c all e d K an fin g o s Th e y ca n ma r r y
, .

’
i n th e n dn kd s go t a vo idi n g o n l y t h e f a t h e r s go t
, Th e y do n o t ta k e ’
.

ch ar i t y (ddn ) a n d e i th e r t a k e se r vic e o r e n ga g e i n t r ad e o r c ul tiv a ti o n

, .

If a n y o n e o f t h e m t ak e s a l ms h e i s o ut c ast e d and th e y do n o t
i n te r mar r y w i t h hi m .

Oth e r p ur e ly la y g r o up s o f Br a h ma n s a r e th e D HA K O CHI o f th e
D h ti nd a nd K a r r al H i ll s i n H a z a r a w h o a r e also c a ll e d Mah a a n s t
’

j :
TA G A S of K a r n al w h o ar e G a u r s by o r i g i n a n d a g r icul t ur i st s by a vo c a
he ,

t i on : an d th e c r i mi n a l T a o ns o f t h e s a me D i s t r ic t .

T HE S A R S U T
’
BR A HM A NS .

Th e Sar s a t i s e ss e n t i ally t h e B r a h man o f t h e Pun3a b us t th l a

'

igg
.

1
1 “ mih
Th e S ar s a t as 3 130 2 i s tg fi
p

i s di st i n c t iv e ly a P un j a b c a st e .
,
r
t h e Hi n du c a s t e s p ossi bly e v e n t o th o se w hich ar e u nc
, l e a n a nd so s tan d
o ut sid e th e p a l e of Hi n duls m
.

U o on thi s f ac t i s b a se d t h e
l e adi n g
.
124 f the K ha tr as
'

Br a h ma n s o .

J h i a n , T r ikh a l, J t li i, K u m h i § a n d *
K a ur i a a n d Ba g a s, a n d r a
' ’

e n0
‘
,

ii
Pu b u ”T h e l e t n a m e d got w a s , h w v ,
.
- o e e r f
r e pl c d by
a e t h e M oh la s fli,

la w s p e o pl e
b e

c au se on e o f i t s me mb e r s w a s di s c our t e o u s to h i s d gh
a u t e r i n - - .

T he Bar i g r o up fur th e r i n a ddi i ,

t o n to t h e Pa n ch zat i s, c om pr i s es t h e
f o ll o wi n g 7 ge ts Pa u bm u M a r t h a S e t h i C h u r a v
,
a ur
, ,

Ph i r a n da a n d P ur a n g .

—
G r ou p II Bu n ja h i Thi s.
g r o u p c o n t a i n s se v e r a l s
.
u b
g r o u p s wh o se -

l i
r e a t on s t o o n e a n o t h e r a r e o b s c u r e a n d i n d e e d t h e S u b JG C h o f c on
,

t r o v e r sy Th m b e cl a s s ifi e d t e n t at iv e ly a s f o ll o w s
e y a y
, , ,

S ub g - r ou
p 3— A s h t b an s , w i t h t h e f o ll o wi n g
1 .
- e igh t se c t i on s
In A m i tsa r r or i n K e r mi t and i n Pa ti a la .

1 . S a nd .

2 . S ur i .

3 . Pat ak ,

4 . J osh i Malm a i .

5 . J o sh i Mah r ur .

6 .

7 K ur a l
j
. ,

8 . R at n Bh ar dw a .

11. — B a r a gh a r -
or Ba r a z a t i (al s o c a ll e d B a r i )
-

7 . Ma na n .
In Ha zar a— V a j ra .

8 . Bh a m bi . V ae de o .

9 . L ak h a n Pal . Pao n de .

10 . Pa t t i .
E b og .

11 . J alp a t . Is h a r .

12 . S a h j p aL R a mde o .

J h i ng an i s said to be de r i e d f r om j h i ng a or j h a nj h , a e l v e cause th e soun d of a e b l b . b ll

w as h e ar d at i ts e p o ny m s
’
i r th b
T h i s g o t i s s upp o s e d t o be on y 20 g e n e r ati on s old
. l .

It h as th re e s ub -s ections , G autam, Ath u and Nat h u F ur th e r , Ne t u s de sce n dants ar e s ub . b ’

v l
di ide d i nto th e e ss k now n sub-di i si ons of Oh amnap a ti and K anw lap ati v Th e h ing ans . J
g o tr a i s Bh ar dw a th ei r p a r va r a s Bh r i gu, Bh ar j an and Bh ar dw a , t h e i r s h akh d Madh unJ an
j j
an d th e Bi g V e da th e i r ve da A t D i p a p ur at th e h ous e of an ance stor , Ba a
. l
. Chh a
jj il, t h e y b
h o d a fair i n Mag h , a t w hi ch t h e oh t la , g h a n d , j a n e o an d o th er r i te s ar e p e r for me d Nath u s
l ‘

de s ce ndants a ll w e ar a n a t h in th e no se .

TT r i kh a s g o tr a i s Par ash ar a nd i t i s sub di i de d i n to th e Palw ar da, A ura and D w na

’
-
v
s ub se cti ons
-
.

i T h e J e tli g otr a i s V atsa, and i ts sub- s e cti ons ar e V i ale p ot ra, Ch an di p otr a, a nd R up e
p o t r a — all e p ony mous T h e t w o for me r a r e r e p a ce d by Ha t h i la an d H a r np ot r a , a ccor di ng
. l
t o an oth e r account T h e Mi h r ot r a K h a t r i s make th e m oii er i ng s on th e 1 2th o f t h e i gh t
. l
l
h a f of e a ch una r month l .

l
T h e K u mh r i a g otr a i s a so V a ts a a n d t h e y too h a e th r e e s ub s e cti ons v -
.

ll l
A p p ar e nt y th e same as th e Pa umbu e ow . b l .

1i t h e Moh la s g otm i s S oma stam, and i ts s u s e cti on s ar e D a w a i , S h i N a n di and A kas h i b l l v

' ‘

-
.

O f t h e V a s i s h t g o tr a v
T h e y h a e fi v e s ub s e ct i o n s , V e da V y é s , G a n g ah a r ( s i c),
.
-

G o s a i n , S e r ap h , a n d G a n g a w éi s h i , s o ca e d e ca u s e t h ey u se d t o e ad b a n ds o f- ll b l
i
p gl r i m s to th e G an g e s T h e y w e r e e xe m p t f r o m t o s u n de r f o r m e r g o e r n m e n ts
. ll v .

T h e S e r ap h ( S a r r é f ) w e r e an k e r s b
T h e G o s a i n s h a d ma n y j a j m an s a n d t h e V e da
.

V y as w e r e le a r n e d i n t h e V e da s T h e G a n g ah a r s s t i p e r f o r m t h e i r y h a n d o r t o n s ur e r i t e
. ll
n e a r t h e r ui n s o f o ld J h a n g , n e a r w h i ch t o w n t h e
y p o s s e s se d a n um e r o f w e s , e a ch b ll
b
i ns cr i e d w i t h t h e i r n ame s .

11 O
'
r T a w e r i a A t m ar r i ag e th ey do not le t t h e
.
r ide g o to h e r f ath e r i n aw s h ous e ,
-
’
b l
b ut se nd i ns te ad a bi g g i n cake w r app e d i n r e d c o th If h ow e e r th e m u kldw d ce r emony i s l . v
p e r f o r me d at th e s ame ti me as th e w e ddin , th e
g y le t th e r i de g o a so , o th er w i s e th e y s e n d b l
v
.

h e r af te r w ar ds w h e n h e r m u h ldw d i s g i e n .

Pr ob a b l y th e me
th e Bh abak k ar , a g o t name d af te r a lt i sh i Its me m e r s mak e b
i t sa as .

a boy don th e ga n e o (sacr e d th r e ad) i n h i s 8t h y e ar C ad as a s ddh u i n a f a qi r s dr e s s w i th . l ‘

th e a lfi or ch o la , th e m i r g -ch hdla ( dee r sk i n ) and La ch ku l ( a w a e t f or co e cti ng a ms ) h e ll ll l

be g s f rom door to doo r and I S th e n hi dde n to o to th e f ore s t
g , but hi s si ste r ring s hi m b
back .
 Br ahma ns f
o the K h a tr is .

T h e Z ri t -
w dle

S ub g r o up i i i — P a n j - z a t i
-
. 11 . A b o ut 1 1 6 y e ar s a g o th e B r a h ma n s
of th e fi ve c t i on s b e l o w u s e d to
se
g iv e t h e i r da ugh t e r s in m ar r iage to
the t i gh a r L a h o r i a B r a h m a n s
-

l
( l) K a ie . ( 3) K p u i ( 5) B g ge a r e . a .

( 2) M l i a e. ( 4) Bh t u i a r e .

Wh e n t h e i r d a ugh t e r s b e g an t o be t r e a te d h a r s h ly in th e h o us e s o f
h i h i l h B h m (p j i
f v e s e c t i o n s) a r r a n g e d
’

t e r f at e r s n a w t e s e r
- a a n s
-
a n za t o
, r

t o c o n t r a c t ma r r i a g e s o n ly a m o n g t h e m s e lv e s a n d c e a s e d t o f o r m r e
la t io n sh ip s w i t h th e D h ai g h a r L a h o i a - r .

S u b o u i v — C h h e za t w al a — Si m i la r ly s e v e r a l o th e r -
s e c ti o n s o f
gr
p
- . .

B r ah ma n s g a v e up givi n g d a ugh te r s t o t h e D h aig h a r L ah e r i a B r a h -

m a n s s uch a s
,

( l) Pa ndi t
I ( 3) D h un de (5)
. . D h a n K ay ,
(2) Pé t a k . ( 4) G a dh ar i , ( 6 ) Ch h u k ar i .

S ub g r ou v. — Pa n ch z at wal e i ii -
p
-

( 1) Ch um ( 3) L a m b ( 5 ) S a r balli e
’

. . .

( 2) Ra b ri .
(4 ) Ne ule .

S ub-gr oup zi t — S at s
z at i

(1 ) Sa j re . (4 ) Ne s s i .

Pu o j . ( 5 ) Ch u n i .

( 3) Ba n du .

Th e ab ove ll e d c o ll e c tiv e ly zat wal e

f o ur su b- g r o up s a r e ca -
.

S ub gr oup e t a —Thi s c o mp r i se s t h e r e ma i n i n g Be n jah i se c t i o n s

- .

Th e Z at w al e s t a n d high e r t h a n t hi s l a st s ub g r o up 2 m i n t h at
- -
,

t h e y do n o t a cce p t o ffe r i n g s fr o m o r e a t i n t h e h o u s e s o f Na i s , , ,

K a lals K um h ar s o r Ch h i mb a s w h e r e a s t h e l a t te r do b o t h
,
Mo r e o v e r , .
,

th e A sh t h a n s a n d Chh e z a t i s u b g r o u p s cl a i m t o b e s u p e r i o r i n s t a t us
- - -

to t h e Bé r i s bu t s o me f a m ili e s o f t h e s e t w o s ub g r o up s s too p e d t o
,
-

giv e d augh t e r s to t h e l a t t e r s ub g r o up a n d w e r e t h e r e f o r e e x e e m -
, , ,

m un i ca t e d by t h e r e m a i n i n g f a m ili e s o f t h e A sh t b a n s a n d Ch b e z a t i - -

s ub gr o u p s s o t h a t t h e y l o s t s t a t us a n d f o r m e d a n e w s ub g r o u p c a ll e d
-
,
-

B a n s p uj Thi s s ub g r o u p n o w g iv e s d a u g h te r s t o t h e A s h t b a n s a n d
-
.
- -

Chh e z a t i s ub g r o up s bu t t a k e s i t s wiv e s i t i s a ll e g e d f r o m t h e Bar i s

- -
, , ,
.

Th us t h e B r ah m a n o r g a n i z a t i on r e fl e c t s t h e m a i n o utli n e s o f t h e
Kh a t r i s ch e me but t h o ug h o n m a n y p o i n ts o f de t ail o u r i n fo r m a t i o n
, ,

i s i n co mpl e t e i t i s c e r ta i n t h a t l o c a l c on di t i o n s m o di f y th e o r g a n i z a
,

tion . F o r i n s ta n c e i n B a ha w a lp ur t h e K h a t r i s a r e f e w w hil e t h e ,

A r o ra s a r e n u me r o u s a n d i n fl ue n t i a l s o t h a t w e fi n d th e f oll o w i n g ,

s ch e me
S u b gr oup
-
i — Fiv e
. se c ti o n s , M ohl a , J e tli , J h in g r a n , T r i kh a ,

Kumar i a .

Hyp e r ga mous c ti o ns D h a ma n -p o tr a S a ma
su b-gr ou -
Fiv e se

p o tr a Bh o j a -p o t r a S e t pai Ta kh t L alhar i a n d
zt

j
.
, ,
- -
, ,

Hyp e r ga m ous s ub gr o up i ii — Se v e n s e c t i o n s L a lli ar i Bia s, K a n d a r i a

-
, , ,

K a th p ala S h a ng r u p o t r a o r We d M a l a kp ur a a n d Bh e n da
,
o

, , .

Of t h e s e t h r e e s ub gr o u s t h e fi ve s e c t i o n s o f t h e fi r s t a r e B r a h
-
p ,

m a n s o f th e K h a t ri s g e n e r a lly n o t o f t h e Bh a tgh a r Ba r i Kh a t r i e ,
- 1

e xcl us i v e l y w h ile s u b g r o up s i t a n d i i i ar e B r a h ma ns o f t h e A r o ré e
,
-

m t h at p ar t o f th e P un j ab .
1 26 Br ahmans of th e K h a tr i s .

T h e r u les of ma r r i a ge — L ik e th e K h a t r i s , t h e Be njah i B r ah m an s
p r o fe s s t o f o ll o w t h e u s ua l f o ur -got r ul e i n ma r r i a g e , but, p r e ci se ly
lik e th e Dh ai gh a r K h a tr i s th e Z at w al e B r ah m a n s a v o i d o n ly t h e i r
t
,
-

mo t h e r s r e l a t i o n s A t l e a s t t hi s a pp e ar s t o
’
o w n s e ct i o n a n d t h e .

b e t h e us u a l r ul e , b ut i t w o ul d be r a s h t o s a y i t i s a n i n v a r i a bl e '

one . F o r e x a m p l e , th e B n s p j r e a n e x ce p i
a e a t o n T-
h e A s h bans
t -
.

o b t a i n w iv e s f r o m t h e m , b ut i f a f a t h e r h a s t a k e n a B a n s p e j w i f e , -

th e s o n ma y n o t h e mu s t mar r y a n A s h t b a n s o r l o s e s ta tus Th a t - .

i s t o s a y , t h e A sh t b a n s m a y o n ly s t o o p t o i n t e r mar r i a g e wi t h t h e
- -

B an s p uj i n a l t e r n a t e g e n e r a t i o n s
-
.

Si mil ar ly t h e f o ur go t r ul e i s r e l a x e d i n o t h e r c a s e s Th us th e
- .

K a n c h a n K a ma l s e c t i o n o f Ho sh i a r pur a r e a l s o c all e d S ur aj D oaj

- .

( S u n w-
o r s h i p p e r s ) Th e i r a
. n c e s t o r c a m e f r o m D e lhi a s a q dn zi n go

h e n c e t h e y a r e c a ll e d Q anii ng o s Th e se B r a h man s ca n
’

a t H a r ian a .

ma r r y i n th e mi n ka got a v o i di n g o n l y t h e f a th e r s got Th e y do n ot
'

.
,

t a k e a n y dart (ch ar i ty ) a n d may e i t h e r t a k e s e r vic e o r e n g a g e i n tr a d e

o r c ul t iv a t i o n If any o n e o f t h e m t a k e s to r e ce ivi n g ch a r i t y h e i s
. ,

co n s id e r e d a n o ut c a s t a n d t h e y do n o t i n t e r mar r y w i t h h im .

T h e a ges of ma r r i a ge — A mo n g t h e B unjah i B r a h ma n s t h e a ge o f
b e tr o th a l i s fr om 41 8 a n d t h a t o f m a r r i a g e f r o m 8- 1 2 y e a r s i n
-

Ra w a lp in di It i s, h o w e v e r , i mp oss ibl e to la y d o w n a n y u n iv e r sal

.

r ul e s , a s , g e n e r ally s p e a ki n g, t h e a g e s o f b e tr o t h a l a n d ma r r i a g e
de p e rid up o n t h e st at us o f e a ch f a m i l y wi t hi n t h e gr o u p , a s i s t h e
ca s e amo n g t h e K h a t r i s .

Th e r e vo lt a g a n s t i h yp e r ga my — It . wi ll be se e n h o w th e l o w e r s ub
g rou ps of d e a v o ur e d t o
t h e K HA T RIS h a v e en s h a k e o ff t h e y o k e of t h e
high e r i n m at r i mo n i a l mat t e r s A s i m i l ar r e v o l t a ga i n st . t h e p o s i ti on
o f t h e D h ai g h a r o cc u r r e d a m o n g st t h e S é r s u t B r a h m a n s . A bo ut 1 1 6
y e a r s a g o say s t h e a cc o un t r e c e iv e d f r o m A mr i t s ar th e L ah o r i a
, ,

D h ai g h a r u se d to t a k e d a u gh te r s f r o m t h e P a n j z at i t ; but o wi n g t o -

t h e ill t r e a t m e n t m e t e d o ut t o t h e g i r l s by t h e D h ai g h a r t h e y r e s o lv
-
,

e d t o d i s co n t i n u e th e cus t om a n d t h e t h r e e o t h e r g r o u p s o f
, t h e Z at
Wal e f o ll o w e d s ui t w hil e t h e r e m a i n i n g Bun j ah i s c o n t i n u e d t o gi v e
w iv e s t o t h e Z at w al e bu t n o l o n g e r r e c e iv e d t h e m i n r e t u r n
-
, Th e .

r e s ul t w a s t h a t t h e Bu n ah i s c o u ld n o t o b t a i n w iv e s a n d m a n y f a m i
j
li e s di e d o ut s o i t w a s r e s o l v e d by t h e Bun j ah i s t h a t t h e y s h o uld f o r
,

t h e f ut ur e b r e a k o fi all co n n e c ti on w i t h t h e Z é t w al e u n l e s s a n o f t h e -
y ,

l a tt e r s h oul d a g r e e t o g iv e th e m d a ugh t e r s i n r e t ur n T h i s w a s p r i o r t o .

S amb a t 1 932 w h e n a s e con d m e e ti n g a t A m r i t sa r r e n e w e d t h e c o m pa c t .

It m ay b e w o r th i g th a t i n
b ot h c a ste s th e p r o c e e din g s o f
n ot n

th e s e c o n f e r e n ce s w e r e co n duct e d i n a f o r ma l m a n n e r w r i t t e n a g r e e ,

me n t s b e i n g dr a w n u p a n d t h e f amili e s w hich a g r e e d t o t h e de
,

m an d s p ut f o r w a r d b e i n g e n te r e d i n a r e gi s t e r f r o m t i me to t i me .

Th e te r r i to r i a l gr oup s —Lik e
t h e K h a t r i s t h e B r a h ma n s h a v e t e r r i s

to r i al g r o up s, b ut t h e s e g r ou p s do n o t u s uall y c o r r e s p o n d wi t h t h e
t e r r i to r i a l g r o up s o f th e f o r me r F o r i n s t a n c e , t h e B r a h ma n s o f th e
.

M ur r e e Hill s a r e di v id e d i n t o t w o s u b c a s t e s — Pa h a ri a a n d D h ak o ch i ‘

w h o do n o t i n t e r ma r r y o r e a t t o g e t h e r T h e D ug r i B r ah ma n s c o r r e .

s o nd to t h e D ug r i K h a t r i s o f t h e Sialk o t s ub mo n ta n e but t h e y a r e ~

p ,

s a id , o n t h e o n e h an d , t o gi ve d aug h te r s t o t h e S er e n t , a nd, o n t h e
1 28 Th e Br ah ma ns f
o K dngr a .

iv —Up adhy ay a
.
,
or Up a dh i ,
* o
r rea der s of t he V e d a s at t h e j ag .

—A w a sthi th o s e w h o s t oo d by t h e ka la s o r p i t ch e r a t th e M un i
v. ,

p ur sh a n d w h o r e c e iv e d th e p i t ch e r a n d o t h e r ar t icl e s (of
,

s a c r ific e ) .

vi —Be dbi r ch w h o ma d e t h e be dr or s qua r e d e m ar c ate d by f our

'

.
, ,

st ick s i n which t h e ka la s w a s pl a c e d .

V i n— Nag Pun dr i k wh o s e d u ty it w a s to w r i t e th e p r e sc r ib e d i n
,

s cr i p t i o n s o n t he h aw an h a n d .

viii — Pa n ch kar n o r s e c ul a r B r a h ma n s e n gag e d i n s e r vic e bn t h e

.

Raj a s Th e y p e r fo r me d fi ve o u t of t h e s i x dut i e s o f B r a h
.

man s but n o t th e s ix t h whi ch i s t h e r e c e ivi n g o f a l m s

, ,

i x —Pa r oh i ts w h o w e r e a d m i tt e d t o th e se r a gl i o of t h e R aj a a n d
. ,

w e r e h i s mos t l oy a l a dh e r e n ts .

x —K a s h m i r i P an di t
. li te r a t e B r ah man s f r om K ash mi r w h o ar e , ,

f o u n d a ll o v e r t h e P un j a b .

sa id t o m e a n mix e d a l s o K a sh mi r i i mmig r a n t s w h o h a d
‘ ’
xi . , ,

p r e se rv e d t h e i r o w n c us to ms an d r i t e s b u t h a d i nt e r mar r i e d ,

w i t h t h e Na g a r k o ti a .

J UL — R a i n a w h o h e lp e d t h e ,
r ul e r s by t h e i r i n c an t at i o n s i n t i me o f
w ar (S a id t o be f r om r a n ba ttl e fi e ld )
.
,
-
.

xiii — Bip (Bipr ) n o w e x t i n c t i n Kan g r a Th e s e w e r e p a r ohzts o f

'

. , .

t h e Na g a r k o ti a a n d o f s om e o f t h e E s t e h r u .

O f t h e s e 1 3 s ub g r o up s n umb e r s x a n d xi s e e m to b e t e r r i to r i a l
-

r a t h e r t h an f un c t i o n al O n e c a n n o t say w h a t t h e i r r e l a t i v e r an k
.

i s o r w as T h e fi r st s i x ar e a l s o c a ll e d t h e s i x A ch a r i a s a n d w e r e
.

r o b a bly t e mp l e p r i e s t s o r m e n i a l s o f i n f e r i o r s t a t us T h e Bip
p p ro .

b ably r a nk e d hi g h a n d th e R a i na o r m a gic me n w e r e p o s s ibly t h e

, , ,

l o w e st o f a ll T h e K h a p p ar i a r e a l so s a id t o be fo u n d i n K a n g ra b ut
.
, ,

n o a cc o un t f r om t h a t D i s tr ic t a ll u de s t o t h e m .

G r oup I I — B a t e h r u — Th e r e ar e tw o s ub
. .

i — P a.kk a B a t e h r a — Wi t h 9 se c ti o n s .

( )
1 D i n d (2 ) D oh r u (3 ) Si nt u
, (4 ) P a lli a lu (5 ) Panba r , , , ,
6
( ) lt u k k h e (7 ) Nag K h ar a pp e (8) A w a sthi Ch e tu a n d ,
-
,
-

9
( ) Mi s r K a th u -
.

But a p a dh i i s i n O r i s s a t r a n s a t e d t i t e t l
e T r i e s a n d Cas t e s o f Be n a
g l
p 161
.
’
b l I
l
U p a dh y ay a i s , co r r e ct y S p e ak i n g q ui t e di s t i n ct f r o m U p a dh i , .

I e o s e r e d t h a t t h e Mi sr ( s e ct i o n ) o ccur s i n
ll b v ot h t h e Bate h r u S ub g r o u 3 b
T t W i b
p
o

an d a mo n g t h e Na g a r k ot ia , s o t h a t w e h a e t h r e e s ub se ct io ns
-
v
K h m i r i Mi s r Nag a r k o t i a
( )
l a s -
,

-M s r Pa kk a Ba t e h r u
( )
2 K a t h u i ,
.

-M l
3
( ) M a i i s r , K a ch ch a Ba t e h r u .

l
O f t h e s e t h e a s t n a me d a r e p a r o h i ts o f t h e K ash m i r i Pan di t s , t h e K ash mi r i -Mi s r s and
t h e R ai n as .

T h e Nag s e ct i o n ) ar e a s o t h us f o un d, f o r w e h a e l v
1 N a P n dr i k , Na g a r k p t i a
( ) g
-
u .

N a K h r a p p a , Pa k k a Ba t e h r u
( )
2 g a - .

N a - G o s a lu K a cli ch a Bat e h r u
( )
3 g ,
,

l
It i s e xp a i n e d t h a t Kh ar ap p a (c o r a ) a n d G o s a lu
g ras s -
s nake
)ba r e n i cl
i n am e g i m
l
.

m t t h s u b -s e ct i o n s ar e o f lo w s t at u s B ut a CO m fl r i s o n
p y i n
g c o n t e p ,
a s e e s
p w ith t h .

Br a h m a

0f Be nga l, I
n s o f O r

1
i

6
s

1
s a s u gg e s t s a t o t e m i s t i c o r i g i n f o r t h e s e s e ct i o ns
V Tr ibes a nd Cas t e .
:
, p . .

h i t f d i n all t h r e e gr oup s
T h e Aw a s t oo a r e o u n .
 T he Br a h mans o
f K dngr a .

1 1. —K a chcha B a te h r a .
— Wi th 1 3 s e ct i o n s
(1 ) Tag ne t (2) G h a b r u (3) s ugh e (Pa r s ré mie ) (4) Ch ap pa l
, , . ,

( )
5 C h a t h w a n ( )
6 A w a s t hi T h i r k a n u n ( 7 ) A w a s t hi
,
-
,

G ar g a j n un (8) G h o g a r e ( 9) Nag G o sa lu ( 1 0) Ma li Mi s r
, ,
-
,
-
,

( 1 1 ) A ch ar ia pa t h ia r j ( 1 2) P a n di t Ba r is w al a n d ( 13) ,

A w a s thi K uf a r i a l -
.

G r oup III —H alh a l i a — T h e Ha lba h a s

. . h av e 29 g e ts or s e ct i o ns
P a n di t M a r ch u (2) Bh ut w a n (3) K h u r w al (4) G idgi die
(l) -
, , , ,

(5 ) L ad e ( )
6 B a h d e R o
,p t u 7
( ) Pa h d e S a r o ch
(8) K o r le -
,
-
, ,

(9) A w as t hi Ch a k o lu ( 10 ) P a n di t Bh a n g alie ( 1 1 ) Na r ch a lu
-
,
-
, ,

( 1 2) M a h te (l3) B e k w a l ( 1 4 ) S an h a lu ( 1 5 ) Ba hd e D a r o ch
, , ,
-
,

(1 6 ) P a n d o r e ( l7 ) Th e e k ( l8) Ba hd e K o tle r ie ( 1 9) Ba g h e r n
, ,
-
, ,

( )
20 B h a n w al ( 21 ) B a s hi s t ( 2 2 ) G h u ta n
,
i e ( 23) Mi n dh e , ,

A w a s t hi (24) Pr o b i t G o l e r i e (25 ) Pr o h i t J a s w al (26 ) Ha so lar

,
-
,
-
, ,

(27 ) Po i Pa h de (28) F a n a r a ch a n d (29) Ph a r e r ie

-
, .

O f th e s e t h e fi r s t f o ur te e n n o w i n t e r ma r r y w i t h t h e Ba t e h r u givi n g , ,

a n d a pp a r e n tly r e c e ivi n g w iv e s o n e q ua l t e r m s
, , .

Hyp e r ga my —Th e N a g a r ko tia t a k e b r id e s f r o m b o th s ub g r o u ps

.

o f t h e Ba t e h r u a n d t h e y h a v e s i n c e S a m b a t 191 1 a l s o t a k e n
, b r id e s , ,

f r o m t h e Ha lba h a T h e E s t e h r u t a k e w iv e s f r o m a ll t h e s e ct i o n s
.

o f t h e Ha lba h a Wh e n a Ha lba h a g i r l m a r r i e s a N a g a r k o tia s h e i s

.
,

se a te d i n t h e high e s t p l a c e a t m a r r i a g e f e a s t s by t h e w o m e n o f h e r h u s -

b a n d s b r o t h e r h o o d T h i s c e r e mo n y is c all e d s a r a de n a a n d i mp li e s
’
.
s

t h a t t h e Ha lb h a b r id e h as b e c o me o f t h e s a m e s o c i a l s t a t us a s t h e li u s
a

b a n d s k i n Mo n e y i s n e v e r p a id f or a b r i de I n d e d B a r ne s o b s e r v e d
’
. .
e

S o far do th e Nag ar k ot i as car r y th e i r scr up e s to e xon e r ate th e l b r i de

g r oom f r o m all
e xp e ns e , t h at t he y r e f us e to p ar tak e of any h os p i ta i ty a t t h e h a nds of l the s on -in -law , an d
l v
w i l no t e e n dr i nk w at e r in t h e i a g e w h e r e h e r e s i de s v ll .

S oci a l r e la ti ons —The

cc oun t s v ar y an d t h e c us to ms h a v e i t i sa ,

e xp lici tly stat e d b e e n m o difi e d q ui t e r e c e n tly T h e N a g a r k o tia

,
.

ma y e a t wi t h Ba t e h r us a n d h a v e e v e n b e g un t o e a t ka ch h i f r o m
t h e h a n d s of a Ha lba h a a cc o r di n g t o o n e a cc o u n t A cc o r di n g to .

a n o t h e r t h i s i s n o t so a n d a Na g a r k o ti a w h o h a s m a r r i e d a Ha lb a h a
,

gi r l ma y n o t e a t a t all f r o m t h e h a n d s o f h i s w i fe u n t i l s h e h a s
b or n e a t l e a s t o n e child w h e n th e p r o hibi t i o n i s s a i d to b e r e m o v e d
, .

Th e B a te h r a a n d Ha lba h a s ecti o n n a mes Th e s e sh o w a n e x t raor .

-

di n a r y j umbl e o f B r a h m i n ic a l g ot a s f un c t i o n a l a n d r

o th e r n am e s so t h at t h e
,
a cc u r a cy of t h e l i s t s i s o p e n t o d o ub t .

It a pp ea r s c e r ta i n h o w e v e r t h a t so m e of th e s e c t i o n s a r e n a me d
, ,

f r om t h e t r ib e s t o wh o m t h e y mi n i s t e r Th us w e m ay a ssume th e . , ,

Pah da K o tle r ia a r e Pah das o f t h e K o tle r ia Raj p u t s

- t h e Pa r o h i t
G o l e r i a a n d Par o h i t J a sw al t o be p a r oh i ts o f t h e G o l e r i a a n d J a s w al
~

Raj put s a n d so on Thi s is i n a cc or d w i t h t h e s y st e m w hich h a s b e e n

,
. ,

f o un d t o e xi st a mo n g t h e sar su t o f t h e p l a i n s w h e r e by t h e B r a h m a n ,

t a k e s h i s s t a tu s fr o m t h at o f t h e s e c t io n t o w hich h e mi n i st e r s But .

s t a t us i s a l s o d e t e r mi n e d by o ccu a t i o n Lik e t h e G a ddi s a n d G h i r th s

p .

o f th e Ka n g r a a n d C h a m b a bill s t h e Br a h m a n s o f Ka n g r a h a v e n um e r o us
.

a te w i th v a g ue l y t o t e mi s ti c n a me s T h u s a m o n g t h e N a g a r ko tia t h e .

n Hi s s ar
I t h e re i s a s e ct i o n o f Br a h m a n s ,
ca ll ed Bh éda 0 r sh e e p T h is is i n te r e s t i n g
,

b e ca us e o nt he S ut e , a t l j l i n K u lln F e r d] , t h e r e i s a s m a
e as t .
ll cas t e ca ll ed Bh éda, w h o a r e
h e r e dit ar y vict i ms i n t h e fi
s acr i ci al r i di ng o f a r o p e do w n t h e c l iff s to th e r i e r v
O th e r .
130 T he Br ah mans f
o K ri n gr a .

Pa k ka Bate h r u h a v e th e se c ti on c a ll e d Kh ar appa (o r c ob r a) Nag an d th e

K a chcha Ba te h r u a se c ti o n s tyl e d G h oslfi (a s p e ci e s of fi sh o r p os sIbly
.

g r a ss s n ak e ) Nag Pun dr ik a l so a pp e ar s to be a sn a k e se c t i on Th e se
- .
.

k i
s n a e s e ct o n s a r e s a id v
to r e e r e n c e t h e s n a k e a f t e r w hich t h e y a re

n a m e d a n d n o t t o kill or i n j ur e i t .

B d h ) t h
In a ddi i
t o n to t h e s e t h e at e h r u (P a kka a n K a chc a h a v e
,
e

f oll o w i n g s e c t i o n s
() i C h a p p a , a n i n s e ct l
no e xp a n at io n i s f o r t h co m i n
g l .

( )i i S u gg a , a p ar r o t no ex
p a n a t i o n i s f o r t h co m i n
g l .

( i i i ) Bh an g w ar i a , f r bh i i n g a r , a k i nd o f t r e e
'

. .

i
( ) v K h a j fi r e D o g i e D a t e p a m D o r
g ,a a s
‘

e c t i o n f o u n d e d b y a m- an w h olp a n te d a g ar l
de n o f da t e p a lms , a n d w h i ch o r i g i n a t e d i n t h e D e g r a co u n t r y o n t h e o r de r s o f J a mm u b .

v
( ) G h a r u, a r a sca b o n e w h o e ar n s h i s i i n g b l y f a i r m e an s o r f o u lv l .

In t h e Ch a mb a S ta te t h e B r ah ma n s f or m a n a g r ic ul tur a l cl as s ,

a s w e ll a s a h i e r a r chy Th ose i n t h e c a pi ta l a r e e m pl oy e d i n t h e .

s e r vic e of t h e S ta te o r e n g a g e d i n t r a d e w hil e o t h e r s a r e v e r y p o o r ,

a n d e k e o ut a l ivi n g a s p r i e s t s i n t h e t e mp l e s o r a s p u r oh i ts a n d e v e n ,

as c o o k s bu t t h e y a b s t a i n f r o m a ll m a n ua l l a b our
,
S t r ic t i n c a s te o b .

s e r v a n ce s t h e y p r e s e r v e t h e a n ci e n t B r a h m a n ic a l go t r o s bu t a r e divid e d ,

i n to n um e r ou s a le whi ch f or m t h r e e g r oup s
—
G r oup I A ls Bar u Banba , and ,
.r u P i t S an j u, K a hmi ri Pandi t, K olue , Bai d, G autaman,
s
*

Bug alan A tan , Mady an T K anw an , Bodh r an, Baludr an, Bi lp ar u, Mang le r u, L akh y anu,
. ,

S uh alu, Nuny al, Nony él, S ung lal, Bh ar ar u, T ur n al Har y ani and Pur ohi t , , .

G roup II — A ls : Chh unp h an an, Th uly an D i k h ch at , O s ti , Pads , Bh at D og r e , Pantu,

. . ,

K uth a G h or e tu Path én i a My an dh i alu Mang le r u K atoch u Pé n de , D at w an, D un di c,

l , , , , , ,

Hamlog u, Bh ar di ath u G h ar th alu Han th alu G w ar u Ch i ar , Bar é r e , and D att

, , . , b .

G r oup 111 — A 13 : A ch ar aj , G w ati , G w alh u and Buj h r u

. .

Th e fi r st g r o up on ly t a k e s wiv e s f r om th e se con d a n d th e fi r st tw o ,

g ro u p s h a v e n o c as t e r e l a ti o n s w i t h t h e t hi r d T h e B r a h man s o f .

Ch a mb a t o w n a n d S u n g a l § dis avow all c a ste c on n e c ti o n w i t h th e

h a lbdh o r c u l t iv a t i n g B r a h m a n s w h o a r e h a r dly t o b e di s ti n g ui s h e d
f r o m t h e g e n e r a l r ur a l p o p u l a t i on t h o u gh m a n y a ct a s p r i e st s a t t h e ,

vil la ge sh r i n e s an d a s p ur o hi ts M a n y B ra h ma n s a r e i n pos se ss i o n o f .

so i s a n s o r gr a n t s o f l a n d r e co r de d o n c opp e r p l a te s T h e hill B r a h man s .

,

b o t h m e n a n d w o me n e a t m e a t i n ma r k e d c on tr a s t to t h ose o f t h e , ,

p l ai ns I n th e Pa n gi w i zdr a t o f t h e Ch a mb a S t a t e Br a h m a n s
. Raj p uts , ,

l h ak u r s a n d Ra t h i s f o r m o n e c a s t e w i t h o u t r e st r i cti o n s o n f oo d o r
' ‘

ma r r i a g e In th e R avi v a ll e y e sp e ci ally i n Ch ur ah a n d to a l e s s d e g r e e
.
, ,

i n B r ah m a ur a l so f r e e ma r r i a g e r e l a t i o n s e x i s t a m o n g t h e hig h c a s t e s
, ,

go od f amili e s e xc e p t e d Bu t i n r e c e n t y e a r s t h e r e h a s b e e n a t e n d e n cy .

t o w a r d s g r e a t e r st r ic tn e s s i n t h e o b se r v a n c e of c a st e r ul e s “ .

w i s e t r a ce s of t o t e m i s m ar e v y er r ar e a m on g t h e Br a h m a n s o f t h e p a i n s , t h o u g h i n t h e l
s ub - mo n t a n e di s t r i ct of A m b al t w o a ar e n o t e d T h e s e a r e t h e F i le Bh e ddi o r
.
‘
y e ow ll
wo lv e s
,
’
s o ca l
l e d e ca u s e o n e b o f t h e i r a n ce s t o r s w a s s a e d b
y a s h e -w o f a n d s o v
th e y now l
w or s h i p a
’
l
w e l a t w e dd i n g s an d S ur i n h e ,
w ho ar e s ai d to h a v e o n ce t a ke n re fug e u nde r a

sa r in t re e a nd n e w r e e re it v ,

F r om K u h i l l ed b
ido f r om th at co untr y me l
l
’

,
s o ca T h e y ar e
e cau se th e y ca w i th an .

r i e s ts o f th e L ak s h mi Nar ai n , D amodar and R é dh a K r i sh n a te mp le s

p
j
.

f Th e K an w zi n ar e de sce ndan ts of th e Br ah man f ami y f r om w h i ch R a a S éh i la V ar ma l

b
o f Ch am a p ur ch ase d th e S i te o f t h e p r e s e n t cap i ta l .

I T h e H ar r ell ar e i n ch a rg e
o f th e I Iar i R ai t e mple

6 T h e an cre nt S umang ala a V i ag e now h e d e n t i re y by Br ah mans un de r a e ri s a n g r an t

.
ll l l
of th e 1 0t h ce n t ury AD T h e y ar e de s ce n de d fr om tw o i mmi g r ant s a Br ah mach ar i an d h i s ,

Cl‘ e ’a f r o m t h e K U TU kS t
,
Ta Th e tw o f ami i e s i n te r mar r y and also gi e dau h ter s t o th e
g
.
l v
Br ah mans o f Ch am a to wn b .

S th e C h am a S tate G a z e tte e r by D r J bm Hut h i n 1 30— 1 82

ll e e a e s c so , pp . . ,
1 32 Br ah mans degr aded by f un cti on .

Pujar i s or Bh ojg t e m pl e - p r i e st s o r ch e la s of a g o d
i s a re Th e y a p pe ar .

t o h a v e o nly r e c e n t ly b e c o me a di s t i n c t gr o u p S o me ar e me r e ly p ug ciris .

a n d a cc e p t n o a l ms l ivi n g by cul t iv a t i o n T h e s e do n o t i n te r ma r r y Wi t h .

t h e K r i sh a n B r ah m a n s O th e r s a cc e p t a l m s i n t h e n a me o f a d e c e a se d
.

p e r s on a n d u s e t h e gh i w i t h w hich id o ls ar e b e sme ar e d i n Magh Th e y .

i n t e r mar r y i
w th t h e K r i s h a n g r o up .

W e n ar a s R a a G a ur B r a h ma n o v e r th r e w th e Raj p uts th e sar s uts

h P m *

p r o t e c te d t h o s e o f t h e i r w o m e n w h o s ur viv e d a nd w h e n t h e Ra j p ut s
re
g a i n e d p o w e r t h e y r e pl a ce d t h e G a u r s by S a r s ut s P ar a s R am h ad .

e x t e n d e d h is c o n que s t s a s f a r as N i r m an d i n th e S a r aj ta h s i l o f K uh na n d

t h e r e h e e s t a bli sh e d a c o l o n y o f G a u r B r a h man s i n 6 vill a g e s s t ill h e ld ,

i n mu a b h m h c o l o n i s t s a r e n o w s p r e a d o v e r B a s h a h r K ullii
f y
i t e T e s e .
, ,

S ar aj an d S uk e t a n d th e y a r e c a ll e d Pa lsr ami o r Pa r asr ami t o t hi s day

, .

B oth t h e G aur d ivid e d i n to t h e S asa n i or

an d S ar su ts a r e a ls o cr o s s - ,

be n e fice d an d D h a r o w a r g r o up s l Th e f o r me r a r e p r i e s t s o r p a r oh i ts
' ’

, .

o f t h e r u li n g f am ili e s b e i ng s u p po r t e d by t h e r e n t s o f t h e i r l a n d s a n d
,

t h e d ue s r e ce i v e d f r om t h e i r cl i e n t s T h e l a t t e r liv e by c ul t iv a t i o n bu t .
,

do n o t h o l d r e v e n ue f r e e gr an t s N e i t h e r g r o up a c ce p t s a l ms giv e n t o
-
.

a v e r t th e e vil i n fl u e n c e o f c e r t a i n pl an e t s o r o ff e r e d d ur i n g a n e cli se
p :
I MPU BE B R AHMAN S T HE .

We n ow c o me to d e a l w i t h th e g r o up s o f B r ah man s w h o e x e r ci s e
d e g r a d e d o r s p i r i t ua lly d a n g e r o us f un c t i o n s In c on t r a di s ti nct i o n t o .

t h e u tta m o r p ur e B r a h m a n s di s c us s e d a b o v e — B r a h ma ns w h o s e r v e
p ur e c a s t e s a n d f ul fil p u r e f u n c t i on s— w e fi n d g r o u p s o f Br a h ma n s w h o
e x e r ci s e i m p ur e o r i n a us p ici o u s f u n c t i o n s Th e s e g r o up s a r e k n o w n .

by v ar i o us n am e s but i n s om e p a r t s o f t h e P un j a b e g in M ian w ali

, ,
. .
,

t h e y a r e di v i de d i n t o t w o cl a sse s t h e Ma dh am M ali a B r a h ma n o r
,
-
,

A ch ar a j a n d t h e K a n i s h t
, T h e M a dh am f o r m a ki n d o f m id dle cl a ss .

,
e r f o r mi n g f un c t i o n s w hi ch t h o ugh u n l uc ky an d e v e n u n cl e a n
p ar e ,
r i t ua l i st ic T h e K an is h t o n t h e o th e r h a n d a r e mi n o r r i e s ts wh o s e
p
.
,

r i t e s a r e l a r g e ly m a gic a l r a t h e r t h a n r e l igi o u s ; a n d t h e y i n cl u de s uch

,

g r o up s a s t h e V e d p a tr D ak a u t an d Sa w a ni -
, .

T h e t radi ti on b
e g in s by a s s e r ti ng th at th e G aur accomp an i e d th e R a uts f
p r om th e j
l
p ai n s, and t a h t t h e a er usur p e d th e G aur s p o w e r
t t l l li ey th e n made t h e G am e th
'

e ir
'

p i n ch i t s but ann e xe d th e i r
-
, p r i n ci p a i ti e s L ate r K an kubj and Mai thila Br ah man l s
.

acco mp ani e d t h o s e R aj p uts w h o e s cap e d f r om th e p ai ns af te r th e Muh ammadan

in asi ons l v
and f o und a r e f ug e i n th e h i s ll .

1 T h e D h ar ow ar inte r mar r y w i th th e K r i sh an Br ah mans of th e Hills i and g i e dau h ter s v

g
t o th e S asan i an d S li uk al g roup s , but n ot t o th e K r i sh an g r oup .

i It m u s t n o t be i m a g i ne d t h at t ln s de s cr i p t i o n e xh a us t s t h e r a mi ca t i o ns of t h e Hi fi ll
Br a h m a ns l h us i n K um h ai s ui n w e
’
e ar n t h a t t h e r e ar e S ti r s u t Br a h m l
m b
.
an s J h ak b r u
y
f amily , d e s ce n de d f r o m G aut am a r i s li i a ud o t h e r f am i i e s de s ce n de d f r o Bh ardw a1
, l '

r i sh i . l
T h e s e a t t e r c a m e , s o m e f r o m K as h i , o t h e r s f r o m S i n d h a n d t h o v i n t e
r ma r r ,

s o o r w i t h Bli ai dw a j Br a h m a n s s e t t e d i n Ba s h a h r
‘

l
T h e y w o r s h i p Bra h m a a s
We l a 8 l
V mh i i u , Ma li e s li a n d t h e 1 0 i n ca r n a t i o n s
.

T h e s e Bll ét l dw a j , w h o a r e k D O W il
'
‘

as t h e f0 r
.

Br a h m a n to ts , w i n o t i n t e i ni a r i y \ lli i ' h a c a s s of Br a h m a n s ca e d P
a o cbi e ca us e t 6
l ll b li
13mm h a e s t o op e d t o w i do w r e m a r r i a g e
v Y e t t h e Pa och i i s n o t t h e o w
e s t g r ou
,

f01 l
b l
e o w i t a r e t h e Pu j ar a s a s o S ti r s n ts l gl
'

w e a r i n g t h e j a oi co an d a ff e ct i n
’

g t h e va r i o u u11
, .
,

l
de o tt i s , o f w h os e a n ds t h e y a r e m o s t y h e r e di t a r y t e na n t s l
Pi i j ar a s p e r m i t t h e be d .

f ( , 1 m o f m ar r i ag e a n d a s o t h e Mt s y s t e m w h i ch i s i n l v E i
- "
o
g u e a mo n t h
,
g e K a ne t s o f l
S im a I l li lls .
’
l
T h e y ca n a so e a t f r o m a K a n e t s h a n ds , bu t Pa o ch i Br a h m
an s w il n o t e a l i
f rom t h e irs T h e Puj ei r as a r e n u m e r o us a n d f a i r ly w i de s p r e a d f r o m S
.
uk e t t o K e o n t l i l i
a n o t h e r i n Ba ls a u
v
a n d Ba s h a h r , g i i n g t h e i r nam e t o o n e Pujar li

.
V i ag e i n t h e as t -n amed S t at e and o
ll l i
 Br ahmans degr aded by f uncti on . 1 83

T HE MA HA BRA U MAN -
on ACHAR AJ .

M ali a B r a h ma n i s us ua lly s a id t o be syn o ny mous wi th A ch ar aj but

-
, ,

s t r ic t ly s p e a ki n g th e Ma ha B r ah m an s a pp e a r to be a s u b divi s i o n o f
,
- -

t h e G a r a g a ch é r a j o r A ch ar a j
"
Th e y ar e t h e mse lv e s divid e d i n t o t w o .

G g a n d S on a n a O h h r h a n d i n Ka n g r a t h e A ch ar a a
g r o u
p s a r ,
n t e o t e
j .

i s s a id t o be o n e of t h e t w o gr o u p s o f M aha B r a h man s -
.

Of t h e s e t h e Bikh at h a s t h e f o l l o wi n g s e c t i o n s
1 , J og i ,
3 . S on émi . 5 . Tai nn éy at .

S utr ak
’

2 . K andari . 4 . .

T h e M a h a B r a h man s a r e e n d o g amou s - T h e y gi v e a l ms i n t h e n ame .

o f th e d e a d af t e r d h
e a t t o S a n i as i s, o r o cc a s i o n a lly t o a d a u gh t e r s
’

f a th e r i n law
- T h e B r a h man s do n o t r e c e iv e an y thi n g i n r e t ur n f or
-
.

p e r f or man c e o f m ar r i a g e c e r e mon i e s .

Kan g r a th e y (a n d t h e S é w a n i s ) a r e sa id t o h a ve t h e Ba r i a n d Bun
In .

jahi g r o u p s a n d thi s i s al so t h e c a se in M i an wal i ln Ka n gra th e Ach e

,
. .

j
r a g e ts a r e

l Badas Par ésar

Asi . Sandal . . .

A n o t e w o r th y o ffs h oo t o f th e A ch é r a j ar e t h e Pa r a ch ar aj r o r - ’
,
M a ha a ch ar aj a s t h e y a r e c a ll e d in A m r i t sa r i w h o a cc e p t t h o s e gi ft s
-
,

f r o m t h e A ch ar a j whi ch t h e A ch araj th e mse lv e s t a k e f r om o th e r

H in d us af te r d e a th .

T h e f un c t i o n o f t h e M a ha B r a h ma n o r A ch ar aj i s to a cc e p t t h e -

o ff e r i n g s ma d e a f t e r a d e a t h i n t h e n a m e o f th e d e c e a se d Or igi n a lly .

t h e t e r m a ch dr y a m e a n t s i mp ly a g uid e o r t e a ch e r i n m a t t e r s S i r i t ua l
p § ,

an d t h e r oc e s s wh e r e by i t h s c o me t o d e n o t e a g r e a t s u b c a
p a s t e of -

s i n e a t in g
- B r a h m an s i s o b sc ur e A s a b o dy t h e A cha r y a s t r a c e
’
.

t h e i r o r igi n to th e 5 G a u r s a n d t h e 5 D a r aw a r s a s s e r t i n g t h a t t h o se ,

w h o a cc e p t e d o ffe r i n g s m a d e w i t hi n 1 3 d a y s “ o f a de a th w e r e e xco m

mun i cat e d by t h e o th e r B r a h ma n s a n d f o r m e d a s ub c a s t e A s th e -
.

on l y o cc a s i o n on w hich a n A cha r y a v i s i t s a h o u s e i s a t o r a f te r a de a t h

h is a dve n t i s n a tu r a ll y i n a u s pici o u s a n d h i s t o uch i s p oll ut i o n A f te r .

h e h a s q u i t t e d t h e h o u s e w a te r i s s c a t te r e d o n t h e fl o r t o a v e r t t h e o ‘

b ur n i n g p r e s e n c e o f d e a th a n d i n Ka n g r a a n d M ul tan v ill a g e r s ,
’
, ,

t h r o w ch ar c o al e t c a fte r h im In t h e Si ml a hill s t h e Ma bd a ch é r a
.
,
. -
'

o cc u p i e s a s p e c i a l p o s i t o n He i s t h e p ur ohi t o f t h e ki n g chi e f o r
i .
,

w e a l t hy
p e o pl e a n d r p r e s e n t s t h e d e ad m a n a n d a s h is s ub s ti t ut e i
e
s
f e d s ump t uo u sly f o r a w h o l e y e a r by t h e k i n In so me pl a c e s h e e v e n
. .

t a k e s f o o d f r o m t h e h a n d o f t h e c o r p s e o n t h e p y r e but t hi s c u sto m ,

i s dyi n g o u t a n d i t n o w s u ffi c e s t o br ibe t h e M a ha a ch ar aj to e at to h i s -

u tmo s t c a p a ci ty t h e id e a b e i n g t h a t t h e m o r e h e e a t s t h e b e t te r i t will
,

G ar ag li w as a sain t w h o comp ose d th e w or k on as t r o ogy ca e d th e G a r a S an v ta

g 0 w h i ch
l ll
8 s ai d to be r ar e .

1 In K ang r a th e Par ach zi r aj ar e ca e d t a and ar e A g am y g or In K u u th e y ar e

’
ll b ,
ll
k no w n a s Bh at ach ar y a - .

xIn A mr i ts ar and Mlzi nw ali th e Mah a ach ar y a make th e de ath g i i te to th e lr c u t - '

l
zghffi:
'

or s on s i n la w : i n K a i ng r a S an ié s i s ta k e th e s e g i f ts i n ce r ta i n cas e s In s l lk
o -

A ch ar aj mak e th e m to S d ll lti s i s , o r th e i r o w n daug h te rs , z e th e Mah é a

.

ch é r aj ap ear s -

p
.
,
.

t o be unk n ow n .

l v
E s p e ci al y o ne w h o i n e st s th e s tude n t w i th th e sacr i ci a th r fi l
'

e ad and i ns tr uCtS hm
i n th e V e das in th e law o f s acr i ce e tc P atts H i n du s tan i D i e t
,
y
fi , . l , .

ll O r , i n K ang r a , f o r 1 1 day s f r o m Br a h mans 1 3 fr om K sh ati ias 1 6 from

’

V ai sy as and 31 ,

fr om S udr as , i e , dur ing th e p e ri od of imp ur i ty af te r a dea th

,
. .
,
1 34 D a kaut Weather -lor e .

be fo r th e soul * O r di nar y p e opl e , h o w e ve r , only fe e d an A ch ar aj f o r

.

1 3 d ay s af te r a d e a th , but B r ah man s al so r e c e iv e food fo r th e de a d

o cc a s i o nally p er i o d
a fte r t h at .

Th e A ch ar aj h o w e v e r , a l so o ffi c i a t e s a s a Wate sh ar i n d e at h
,

O b se r v a n c e s .

T HE D AKAU T B R AHMANS .

T h e D ak a ut o r D ak p u t r a d e r iv e s h is n ame f r om D a k af r a B r a h man
-

w h o f o u n d e d th e c a s t e O n c e o n h i s w a y t o t h e G a n g e s Bh a dl i a
.
, ,

K urn h ar n i Ip e r s ua d e d h i m t o b at h e i ns t e a d i n a p o n d p r o f e s s i n g t h a t
, ,

sh e c oul d g e t h i m b a t h e d t h e r e i n t h e G an ge s A s soo n as h e .

t o u ch e d th e w at e r h e f o un d hi ms e l f by h e r e n ch an t me nt i n t h e r iv e r ,
s o h e m ad e h e r h i s wi f e He r e w e h a v e a n o bvi o us a ll e g o r y
. .

A D ak a ut o f Mia n w al i giv e s a n ot h e r v e r s i o n o f t h i s l e g e n d

D a k w a s t h e s o n o f V e d V i y a s t h e a u t h o r o f t h e Pu r én a s an d , ,

w a s ch os e n in a S w dga mba r a s h e r h us b a n d by Bh an dli Bh an dli .

w a s t h e d a ugh t e r o f t h e R a j a o f K a sh mi r w h o c e l e b r a t e d h e r ,

S w dy a mbar wit h t h e c on di t i o n t h at sh e s h ould w e d t h e ma n w h o

a n s w e r e d h e r qu e s t i o n s D a k d i d s o a n d m a r r i e
. d h e r T h e G r a n th .

Bh an dli i n P un j abi giv e s a ll Bh an dli s qu e s t i on s a n d D ak s a ns w e r s

’ ’

i n v e r se s of w hich t h e f oll o w i n g ar e e x ampl e s

Hdz a n dh er i a sh ta mz ode Ch a n d ba dlon ch hdy d
‘
'

Ch aim: p a kh i f a r m a li ga nj a r ba sm? ay a ,

Pooch h o, p azh o Pa n da to nacho Ve d Pordn

E k h i to p ri n t kh oo m en e k h i to p a r t n a s h an
N oh ami to Ch arade /Z sa m e kan t sa me kd bh ri o
N a ba r si n a goh h a r t 12a Poe r a o, Pa cbh a m vdo '

B a ld ble va kh a r ch kar dh am n a j h a li g h ds .

A r ou gh t r an s la t ion rea ds
‘
Wh a tld h a p p e n i f t h e moon b e c ov e r e d by
w ou a cl oud on th e
e igh t h d ar k n ig h t o f t h e m oo n in t h e mo n th o f A sa r h A ll th e f our
s ig n s f o r e b o d e t h e f a ll o f r a i n .

T h e Br ah m a n w h o a t e f r o m a de a d m a n s h a n d w as a K as h m ir i
’
In by -g on e day s .

l
w h e n a r aj a o r w e a t h y m a n di e d h i s di r e ct p a s s ag e t o He a e n w a s se cur e d by t h e f o o w v ll
i ng r i t e l
His co r p s e w as ai d o ut o n t h e g r o u n d a nd e t w e e n i t a n d t h e p y r e , w h i ch w as
.
b
b l ui t n o t f ar o ff , w a s m a de a h e ar t h o n w h i ch k h zr ( r i ce i n m i k ) w a s co o k e d
’
T h i s w as l .

lp
ll
a ce d i n a s k u , w h i ch w a s p ut i n t h e de a d m a n s h a n d, a n d t h e n ce t h e Br a h m a n w a s
’

i n du ce d t o e at t h e kh i r by a f e e o f R s to Rs o r t h e g r a nt O f a
. i ag e
. He v ll .

b
t h u s e ca m e a K h a p p ar i ( f r kh op r i o r kh a p r i , a sk u ) a n d h e a n d h i s ch i dr e n af t er
. ll . l
h i m w e r e o ut -cas t e s S u pe r n a t u r a
. l
p o w e r s w e r e a t t r i but e d t o t h e m, a n d as t h e y a so l
p u r su e d u s ur y , t h e y r a p i dly g r e w r i ch A f t e r t w o o r t h r e e g e ne r a ti o n s , h o w e e r , t h e
. v
’
l l
K h ap p ar i s f a m i y co u d b e r e a dmi t t e d i n t o cas t e o n p ay m e n t o f a fi n e , a n d s o o n
-
A .

p l a t e o r lo ta i s s a i d t o h a e v b
e e n s u s t i t ut e d f o r t h e s k u . Ib
n Man di S tate a Br ah man
,
ll
-
l
w h o mu st b e g ood ook i ng , i s f e d and dr e s s e d for a y e ar i k e th e dece as e d R a a A t th e e x l j . .

p i r a t i on o f th e y e ar h e i s t ur ne d o ut o f th e S t a te , a n d g oe s to H a r dw a r He mus t ne e r ook
'

v l
j v ll
b ack on th e o ur ne y , a n d i s n e er a o w e d to r e tu rn to t h e S tate , w h i ch p a y s h i m a p e nsi on ,

1 In Mi an w a i th e D ak aun tr i (s i c) ar e s ai d to be S uds by caste and de sce ndan ts of D ak

'
l
Bandh , w h o comp o se d a g r o w t h on as tr o ogy cal e d th e Ba n dli G r a n t h
’
l l
ln R oh tak t h e .

D ak s ar e s ai d t o be de s ce nde d f r om S ah de e r i s h i , a daco i t (w h e nce th eir name ) w h o

l
comp o s e d th e S ah de e Bh ad i ( Bh ad , h i s w i f e , w as a s w e e p e r w o man )
i l In th i s w or k natur a . l
h e nome n a ar e i nte r p r e te d t o f o r e cas t th e f utur e e g , S i r k ka r w an bddli r a h t s a n i s h ch a r
p
.

m
.

bm ba r se n a h m l
,

ch de ka h e S a h dco : Sim Bri If c ouds ap p e ar on F ri da

y
an d s tay t i ll
S atur day , t h e y w i ll not p ass aw ay w i th out r ain In th e se er se s S ah de e . v
ll
usua y addr e sse s Bh ad i l .

i I v
n G ur g a o n t oo S ah de e i s s a i d t o h a e m e t a s w e e p e r w o m an w h o t o d h im t h at t h e l
, a u s p i c i o us m o m e n t h a d p a s s e d a nd ade h i m di e i n a t an k b
H e di d s o , an d vr ou h t u
g p
. b
l b l
fi r st a o d r ace e t an d t h e n an i r on one
g T h i nki ng h e r an e xpe r t h e mar r i e d h e r ,
.
 Da kaut f uncti ons .

h os tes s ask e d h im to fo r m a t e mp y i h e r da ugh te r -i n la w

or a r u n on wi th -

on t h e c o n di tio n t h a t h e r child s h ould b e l on g t o h i m S o D ak w a s .

b or n Y e ar s a f t e r D a k h a d t o b e s ur r e n d e r e d t o h i s f ath e r d e spi te
.

h i s a t ta ch me n t t o h i s m o t h e r s k in , but o n t h e r o a d h ome h e sa w t h a t
’

th e c or n i n o n e fi e ld w a s m i x e d wi t h s ta lk s o f a di ff e r e n t ki n d lik e
t h o s e i n o n e cl o s e by His f at h e r , h o w e v e r , t au gh t h im t h a t th ose
.

s t a lk s b e l o n g e d n o t t o t h e s o w e r but to t h e o w n e r o f t h e fie ld *
and

pply g h a n a l o gy t o h i s o w n c a se c om p e l l e d h i s f a th e r t o
D a k a i n t e

r e s to r e h i m t o h i s m ot h e r s ki n sf ol k
’
He f o un d e d t h e Da kauts . .

N on e of t h e se i t e a g r e e wi t h t h e a cc oun t o f t h e D a ka uts
v ar i a n t s q u
gi v e n i n th e K a r ndl G a ze tte er I890 w hich r un s , ,

T h e D a k a u t s c am e f r om A g r o h a i n t h e D a kh a n Raj a J e s r a t .

( D a s a r at h a) f a t h e r o f Ram ch an dr a h a d e xc i te d th e a n g e r o f S atu r d a y
, ,

by w o r shi pp i n g a ll th e o th e r gr a h a s bu t h i m S a t ur d ay a cc o r di n gly .

’
r a i n e d fi r e o n J a s r a t s ci ty o f A j u dh i a J e sr at w i sh e d t o p r o p i t i a te h i m
.
,

b ut th e B r a h man s f e a r e d t o t a k e t h e o ff e r i n g f or d r e a d o f t h e co n s e
u e n ce s ; s o J a s r a t m a d e f r o m t h e di r t o f h i s b o dy o n e D a ka Ri sh i w h o
q
t o o k t h e o ff e r i n g s a n d w a s t h e a n c e s t o r o f t h e D a k a u t s by a S u d r a
,

w o man Th e o t h e r B r a h m an s h o w e v e r di so w n e d h im ; so J a s r a t
.
, ,

c o n sol e d h i m by p r omi s i n g t h a t all B r ah man s s h o uld i n f ut u r e c o n s ul t

h i s chil dr e n Th e p ro m i se h a s b e e n f ulfill e d
. T h e D ak a ut s a r e p r e .

e m i n e n t a s a s tr o l o g e r s a n d s o o t li sa y e r s a n d a r e c o n s u l t e d by e v e r y ,

cl a s s on a ll s ubj e ct s b ut th e da te s o f w e ddi n g s a n d th e n a me s o f child r e n ,

o n w hi ch th e G a ur s a dvi s e Th e y a r e t h e s c a p e go a t s o f t h e Hi n d u
.

r e ligi o n a n d t h e i r f a t e i s t o r e c e iv e a ll t h e un l ucky o ff e r i n g s which n o

other B r ah ma n w ill t a k e such a s bl a ck t hi n gs a n d di r ty cl o th e s

, .

E s p e ci ally t h e y t a k e t h e o if e r i n g s o f We dn e s da v S a t ur d ay a n d K e t , , .

Th e y ar e so u n l ucky t h at n o B r ah ma n W i l l a cc e p t t h e i r o ff e r i n g s a n d ,

if t h e y w i s h t o ma k e t h e m t h e y h a v e t o giv e t h e m t o t h e i r o w n s i s t e r s ’
,

son s . No Hin d u o f a n y c a s te w ill e at a n y s o r t o f f o o d a t t h e i r h a n d s ,

a n d a t w e ddi n g s t h e y s i t w i t h th e l ow e r c a s t e s ; t h o u gh o f c o u r s e t h e y

o n ly e a t f oo d c o o k e d b y a B r a h ma n In o ld d a y s t h e y p os se s se d t h e
.

p o w e r o f p r op h e cy up to 1 0 30 A M ; bu t t hi s h a s n ow f a il e d t h e m
-
. . .

Th e y a n d th e G uj r a t i s a r e a l w a y s a t e n mi ty , b e c a us e a s t h e y t a k e ,

man y o f t h e s ame o ff e r i ngs t h e i r i n t e r e st s cl ash

, .

In Kan g ra a c o n f us e d v a r i a n t o f thi s l e ge n d ma k e s D ak t h e a s tr o
l e g e r s s o n by a J at g i r l a n d Bh andli t h e da ugh t e r of a Raja wh o m
’
, ,

D a k w on i n a s w a y a m ba r a a n sw e r i n g all h e r qu e st ion s by h is a r t
’

, .

Th e i r s o n w as Bojr li .

A no th e r v a r i an t m a k e s G a r g giv e a m i r a cul ous f r ui t t o t h e d a u gh t e r

o f G a u t a m a ir i s h i S h e e a t s i t a n d v o m i t s u p a b oy w h o i s i n co n
-
.
,

s e qu e n c e c a ll e d da k (v omi ti n g ) .

In th e Si ml a hill s t w o le g n d s r e g ar di n g t h e or igi n o f t h e D ak a u t s
e

a r e c ur r e n t A c co r di n g t o t h e fi r s t t h e bi r t h o f S a tur n fi d e c r e a s e d t h e
.

S un s l i g h t a n d p o w e r o f ill um i n a ti o n so a B r a h ma n p r o pi t i a t e d t h e
’
,

pl a n e t S a tur n w a s so pl e a s e d t h a t h e b a d e th e B r a h man a sk a b o on
.

a n d a gr e e d t o b e c o me h i s p u p il He a l s o p r o cl a i me d h i s i n t e n t i o n o f
.

p e r se c ut i n g ma n ki n d un l e ss pl a c at e d by c o n sta n t w o r sh ip a n d d e v o t i o n

T h e th eory of p ater ni ty i n Hi ndu L aw i s b d upon a cl o el y simi l ar i d a

as e s e .

1*
H i nd u m y th v
ol ogy a e r s th at th e S un l ost a S xtee nth of hi s p ow e r on th e bi
i rth o f
S aturn, his son .
 The Boj mu 1 37
'
.

His e vil i nfl ue n c e for 7 % y e ar s, but h e assur e d t h e B ra h man

w as to l as t
t h a t h e s h o u l d be k e p t i n c o m for t p r o vid e d h e a n d hi s d e sc e n d an ts
w or shipp e d t h e g od Th e Daka ut s ar e h is d e s c e n d a n ts
. .

T h e ot h e r s to r y i s th a t t h e B r a h ma n f e ll un d e r S a t ur n s e vi l i nfl u
’

e nce . He w as in s t r uc ti n g a ki n g s d a ugh t e r , a nd in t h e r o o m w as a
’

w o od e n p ea c ock which s w a ll o w e d i t s p e a r l n e ckl ac e T h e B r a h ma n .

w a s s us p e c te d o f i ts t h e f t a n d k e p t i n c us to dy f o r 2% d ay s wh e n ,
’
S a t ur n s i n fl ue n c e c e a si n g, t h e n e ckl a c e w a s disgo r g e d by t h e bi r d a n d
h is i n n o c e n c e p r o v e d Wh e n h e r e pr o a ch e d t h e g o d S at ur n c o o lly t o ld
.

h i m t h a t h e w a s l ucky i n g e tt i n g o lf wi t h 2& d ay s i n st e ad o f th e f ull

'

t e r m of y e a r s o f ilL luck .

In th e Ka g hill s n D a kaut i s us ual ly c a ll e d Bo jr ti

ra th e Bojr fi "
.

me a n s t h o ugh t r e ad e r a n d i n o l d e n t im e s t h e Bojr fi s p r a c t i se d bl a ck
-

ma gic n ot a s tr ology
, N ow a d a y s t h e y p r a c t i s e p a l m i s t r y
.
- -
.

In Ka n g r a th e Boj r fi o r Dak a ut g r o up s a r e sa id t o be 36 i n numb e r

o f t h e s e t h e f o ll o w i n g a r e f o un d i n t h at D i str ic t

In Pal a mp ur tah si l
S ubach h . 5 . Pa n us ? Tanus .

2 . Par as ar . 6 . N aga s .

In Ka n g r a t ah si l
S h a k ar t é r i M achh got .

B a wa li a Nag a s got . Naga s go t .

In H a mir p ur tah s il
S h a k a r t ar i . G a ur .

L a li an . G or a .

Th e D ak auts in M i a n wal i ar e said to bc V a sish t by gotr a .

In th e P un j a b t h e Boj r us a r e c a ll e d T e li r aj a s b e c a us e t h e y r ub th e ir -
,

b o di e s w ith o i l w e a r cl o t h e s s o a k e d i n o il a n d ma k e a t lkd o f V e r mili o n

,

o n t h e i r for e h e a d s Th e y most ly b e g f r o m w o m e n a nd c ar r y a b o ut
.
,

wi th t h e m a n i ma ge o f J a w alam u k h i w h o liv e s t h e y s a y i n Ka ng ra , , ,

a n d de cl a r e s h e r a cc e p t a n c e of a n o ff e r i n g by b ur n i n g o ne h a l f o f i t

w i t h h e r fi e r y t o n g ue Wo me n a r e i n d uce d t o giv e r i n gs a n d cl o t h e s t o
.

t h e id o l i n r e t u r n f o r dh ri p a n d s a n dh zcr s an c t ifi e d by t h e go d de s s to uch
’
.

S mall p o x i s c ur e d by a p pl y i n g th e s an dh ri r to t h e p a t i e n t o r b u r n i n g
-

th e dh zip b e f o r e h i m T h e T e l i r aj as a l s o t e ll for tu n e s by t h e s a mudr i k

.
-
.

T h e D a ka ut s h av e 36 gate o r s ée a n s l ik e t h e G au r s i n cl udi ng t h e
f o llo w m g
Ag ar w a l . G os i G h osi
, .
Par ia Pe r i a , .

Ch h alondi a . J ol . R ai .

D h a k a ri K ay as th a

igiggfi
h
.
.

a
G adh igor i K a nt ,
R aw a l '

G ang o r a . a h a 11 .

G i ni a
. Mah ar .

G o r , G aur , f r o m G aur i n Malp i an .

Be ng a l . Pag o sh la .

In J i n d fi ve go ts a r e f o un d , v i a , R a ik e
, { w hi ch s ta n d s high e s t o f a ll ,
)
Pa g o s h ia L a l a n , Pa rya a n d G o r y a
, . A ll t h e s e i n te r ma r r y .

A nd th e i s s ai d t o be de l i ve d f r om ( lo t , a s ma dr um, w hi ch th e Boj r fi s
na me d a ka u t ll
h e at on S at ur day s, w h e n be gg in g ; but i t i s a so 831 d th at D ak w as th e s o n o f G arg r i s h i by l
a K umh t rn i l b ll
T h ey a so e at a sma dr um o e r one s h e ad to dr i e aw ay e V i l v v
.
’
. .
1 38 Th e S ci wania .

Of th e 3G sci s an s 30 ar e foun d i n Nabh a ( h w

e r e t h e y ar e c alle d
J o t g i s ) a n d t h e o th e r 6 f o r m t h e s ub c a st e
-
c ll d
a e th e Pur bia E a st e r n
or

of i n fe r i o r s ta t us
*
Th e se t w o sub-c a s te s e a t a n d
D a k a u ts who ar e .

d r i n k t o ge t h e r , b ut do i n t e r m a r r y a r e n e g ot i a te d by
n ot .
B e t r o t h al s
d d k
L
i d
Mir asi s, n ot b y ai s In m ar r a e i g 4 t fl a n a r ewa
’
o s a r e a v o e
i g .

is a oll w e d N o n e o f t h e
.
5 p u r e B r a h m a n g r o u
p s c e r t a i n ly ,
o r a n y
h B h
r a man , i t i s s a id will e a t wi t h t h e D a k a u t o r s m o k e wi t h
ot er ,

t he m n or will Ba n ia s do so .

Th e s e D aka uts i gs (J i n ) a n d a l ms (p m) Th e y a cc e p t
t ak e o ffe r n o .

ch h ci y ci don s a s a s t,
h o s e m a d e w e ll
t o S a n i ch a r (S a t u r n ) K e t ua n d ,

Rah u Th e y al s o be g o n S a t u r day s r e c e ivi n g o i l a n d Co p pe r s f r om

. ,

Hi n d us Wh e n b e gg i n g t h e y ca r r y an i r on i ma g e o f S a t u r n Th e s e
.
.

ddn s ar e su p p o s e d t o b e k a r i
z r t ( h a r d i n a u s pici o us
) a n d t o b r i n g e vil
,

i n fl u e n c e s o n t h e r e ci p i e n t s wh e n c e th e p r o v e r b ,

K dl Bci g ar 86 t op ic, ba r d Br a h ma n s e h oe . .

F am i n e c ome s f r o m t h e Baga r , a n d e vil IS d on e by th e B r a h m an .

’

R oh ta k th e y liv e by p al mi st r y a n d by b e ggi n g e sp e ci a lly o n a

In ,

S atu r d a y o n which day t h e y be g f or o i l § s o a p c o p p e r s a g oa t , , , ,

h e b uff al
- c ame l h or se bl a ck g r a i n o r o th e r me a n gi f t s S ome of
o
, , , , .

by g o i n g t h r o ugh a fi x e d n u mb e r o f
’
t h e m m a k e a p h er i o r
‘
t ur n ,

l an e s an d r e p e at i n g a fi xe d n u mb e r o f s e n t e n ce s a t e ach d oo r a t a ce r t a i n
h our — u su all y e a r l y i n th e day B e side s gi f ts o f oi l m a d e b e f or e b a t hi n g .

o n a S a tu r d a y D a k a uts t ak e gi f t s o f i r on o il s a l t s w e e t s cl o th e s
, , , , , ,

e t c w e igh e d a g a i n s t p e r son s w h o a r e u n de r t h e i n fl ue n c e o f S at u r n
.
,
.

T h e D ak aut s o b s e r v e a ll t h e B r a h ma n ic a l c e r e mo n i e s, a n d h a v e
B r a h m a n s o f th e i r o wn O n th e bi r t h o f a s o n t h e y p e r for m t h e .

o r di n a r y B r ah m an i ca l r i t e s, t h e N am ka r ma, ch a u l ka r a n , a nn a p r dsn a
- ~
,

ch ri m ka r a n a nd - up n a y a n ka r a n
,
T h e i r b e t r o th a l , w e ddin g a n d .

g e n e r al r i te s a r e a l s o lik e t h o se o f o t h e r B r ah m a n s .

T h e D ak a uts s t udy a s tr ol ogy i n th e B h a dm Chh a n d

’

an d ot h e r Hi n d i
ch h a n ds , so m e t i m e s a l s o f r o m S a n s k r i t w o r k s .

T a n S i w A N I o n S A N WN I B RAHMA NS
. .

A n o th e r t e r m e qui v a l e n t t o Be k a u t o r V e dw a i s Saw an i , a B r a h ma n
w h o i n G ur g a o n m t e r pr e t s n a t ur a l p h e n om e n a or t h e v o ic e s o f bi r d s
a n d a n i m a l s t o f o r e c a st t h e f ut ur e T h e S é w a n i s a pp e a r t o c ome f r o m .

‘tBe caus e i t i s s ai d th e y e at e sh and dr i nk i q uor wh i ch th e J otg i s e sch e w fl But t h e l , .

l l
re a r e ason w ou d ap p e ar to b e t h at t h e y w rll acce p t ce r tam o ff e r i ng s w h i ch a p ur e Br ah
man w ould n n t t ak e s uch as th o s e made t o a e r t th e i n f ue nce of R ah fi an d K e t u
. v l .

v l
Th e D akauts h a e a so th e Br ah man i ca g otr o s , Bh al dw aJ , Bash i s t e tc , ( Na h a) l , . b
b
i

l
1 On y one s asa n i s avmde d acc0 1 drug t o th e Na h a accm mt .

1: D a k auts h ow e e r d , v
o not acce p t off e ri ng s made on t h e dead
, Th e se g o to th e Ach ér a
j
or Mah a Br ah ln an
- .

In F e roze p o r e th e y beg f or 0 11 Of l ap e see d in sma quanti ti e s a most as of r i gh t , ll l

si ngi ng
Te t i dln be La me t, Oi l and copp e r g o tog e th e r , h e Wh o
Ch h a m ch h a r m a n a w c, th e l ow 1 th WOIS t S S aturn wi be for
‘

ll
S a da S lLU t p om e e r h ap p y .
"
v .

ll l l
We to do Hindus p our a i tt e oil i nto a e sse , e nough to r e fl e ct th 8” f ace In . and aw e
- o v l
i t to th e D a k au t Th i s e nsur e s th e m ong are
. l .
1 40 The Busca r i as and Bi de .

w r i tten on p ap e r in i nvi sibl e i n k T h e se p r act ic e s . ar e , h ow e v e r ,

sa id to
be c on fi ne d t o Daka ut s f r o m Ka n g ra .

THE D AS AU RIA Baa s ms ns .

Th e S aur i a s p r ac ti se e x or ci sm i n th e fol l o wi n g w ay
or D e s au r i a s *

F our or m or e a r e c a ll e d i n an d t h e y a p ply fume s to t h e p a ti e n t s ’

n o s tr il s wh il e h e s i ts o n h i s f e e t r e ci t i n g me a n wh il e ch a r m s lik e
,
t hi s ,

L e bu lar e m er e bh a ln a are a p n i la h e r s a mbh dl J ump u p my stur dy

, , ,

o n e c ome i n y o ur e c s ta sy
,
Wh a t wi t h t h e h e a t an d th e s tr o n g s c e nt
.
”

t h e p a t e n p spi r e s f r e e ly a n d t hi s o p e r a ti on i s r e p e a te d t wi c e a day
i t e n
-
,

un t il h i s s e n s e s r e t ur n Th e e x o r ci s e r s g e t R s 5 o r 1 0 a s t h e i r f e e
. .
.

T h e p a ti e n t i s f e d o n almon d s an d ch ri r i t T h e s ole nrn i ty o f t h e r i t e i s .

s o me t i me s e nh a n c e d by p e r f o r mi n g i t on a b ur n i n g g r o un d i

A f e w S a u r i as ar e f oun d i n R oh ta k wh e r e th e y w o r k w on d e r s wit h
ch ar m s Th e y can t h r u s t a s w o r d t h r o ugh a m a n w i t h o ut h u r t i n g
.

h i m a n d b r i n g s ick n e s s o n a n e ne my
,
In G u r g a o n § by c oll e ct i n g a .

d e a d m a n s b on e s th e y m a gic a lly o b ta i n f ul l c on t r ol o v e r h is gh o st an d
’
,

t o d e f e at t h e m o n e o f t h e b o n e s s h o uld a l w ay s b e hidd e n In Sialk o t .

th e y ar e e x or ci se r s but als o h au nt b u r n i n g g r o un ds
,
-
.

T HE G U J f Bni s
’

r i on B R AHMA NS .

Th e G uj r a ti i s a t e r r i t or i a l g r oup, which i mm ig r a te d f r o m G uz e r at .

G u j r a ti B r a h m an s a l s o b e a r t h e f oll owi ng p r o f e ss i o n al t i tl e s
Bi as me ani ng up de s h a k o r p r each er
,
. G . T ar w ar i , o r one w h o h a s
p e r forme d a
J osh i for J o ta s h i , astr o og e r l . ka r m a Mi n d Of t e n s a n s lr dr s di r e cte d
,

Pandaji , : Pa n dt ta . o th er s t o p e r f o r m th e m and h i
ms e f l
Mah ta or ch i e f acte d as a p r i e st at th o s e r i te s

“
.

l l
anj i o r f ami y p r i e s t w h o use d to act
J
.

Baw a or i tine r ant sctdh ti . 7 . , ,

as a g o e t w e e n at
-
b e troth a s as th e b l
N 318 now do
,
.

Th e G uj r ati B rah mans a l so h av e 4 ma i n g r o up s wh ich r an k in the

f oll o win g o r de r
V adanag ar {I 3 A ndi ch o r Pah ari
l
1
S ub caste 1
. . .
-

Ba r ar i a or S r i mali
’

2 Nzrg ar 4
’

. or . .

Of th e s e gr oup s t h e V a dan ag a r ar e t h e p 7 1,; (f a mily p r i e s ts ) o f t h e

N ag a r s W h o s e d a ugh te r s t h e y t a k e i n mar r i a g e a n d w i t h wh o m t h e y
,

e at b o th ka ch ch i a n d p a kki T h e Nag a r s h o w e v e r c an n o t t a k e .
, ,

V a da n ég ar gi r l s in m a r r i a g e B oth t h e s e fi r s t t w o gr ou p s a v oid a n
y
.

i n t e r c o u r s e w i th t h e t w o l as t Th e Bar ari as ar e t h e Bia s o f t h e .

n i ch i s h a r an or l ow e r g r a d e
-
b e c ause Bar ar mar r i e d a gi r l o f h i s o w n
f a mily .

Th e l i of t h e G uj r a t i to o t h e r B r a h m a n s a r e cur iously
r e at o n s

c on t r adic t or y a t fi r s t sigh t bu t p e r f e ctly l o g ic a l i n r e a li t y O w in g t o

, .

t h e i r st r ic t n e s s i n r e li g i o us Ob se r v a n c e s a n d th e i r p ur rt y i n f o o d a n d ,

b
Th e p r acti ce s h e r e ascr i e d to th e S aur i as ar e a so sai d to be ch ar acte r i stic o f a S ti r sut l
sub cas
- t e , ca e d C h annan ll .

f«
W h e at e n b
r e ad kne ade d w i th g h i .

ut i n Mianw a i a g r oup of th e S ar suts ca e d Ch ann an p e rfor ms t hi s

l ll
’

I B
v l
.

Th e f or m i n G ur g aon 1 8 S e ra an d i n A mr i tsar ap p ar e nt y S ar or e i ,

Th e se occup at i o ns ar e not n ow fo ow e d, ne ce ss ar i y , by th ose w h o h e ar th e se ti t e s ll l l

an ég ar are sai d to t ak e th e i r name f i r m
fit T h e V a d adarrag r i, a tow n e ast of P
atten :
From V isa town, but see th e text l .
 The Hus s i nis .
1 41
dr ess t h e y r a nk as th e high e st* o f all th e B rah man gr oup s a nd c
, o nfe r
th e a s h i r bdd o r b e n e dic t i o n o n t h e G au a n d t h e S irr s
r ut In s p i te .

o f t h i s t h e y a r e a ll l o o k e d d o w n
u p o n f o r t a k i ng t h e ch h a d t s h a d o w
y ( ),
g r a h o n i (e cli ps e ) a n d t u la ddn § (o ff e r i n g s) t h a t i s t o sa , t h e y a r e
y
d e s p i s e d f o r ta ki n g up o n t h e mse lv e s t h e s i n s o f t h e c o mm un i ty .

In mar r i a g e t w o gotr a s a r e us ually av o id e d but s o me ti me s o n ly o n e

,
rs e
xcl ude d E xch an ge m a r r i a ge s a r e v e r y c o mmo n A t a w e ddin g
.
.

t h e b r id e g r oo m w e ar s a 5 17e o r Ch a l e t o nl d c w
t n (ma m
p y, a n n o a r o
)
.

“
.

T h e p a i r a r e d r e s se d lik e Shiv a an d Par h a ti i n sil k

A t w e ddi n g s t h e Nag a r s w o r s hip Shiva t h e d e st r oy e r a nd at
,
f un e r a l s V i s h n u t h e i h e r a c ur i o u s ly pe r v e r s e r e v e r s a l n o ur s , of the
o r di n a r y r ul e Shiv a is t h e i r i s h t de w a T h e y o b s e r v e t h e t e n
.
-
.
ka r ma
o f Shiv a a n d a r e g u id e d by t h e Pa r e a mi mda s a o r J a
I

, i mni s utr a - -
.

T h e G uj r a ti gotr as ar e
G arg as . Itr i .

G autam . Kash i va .

T h e G uj r a ti h a v e n o ge ts ar e s a id to .

T HE Husars r B R A HMANS .

T h e H usai n i B r ah man s a r e Hi n d us w e a r t h e j a ne o a n d m ar k t h e ,

ti la k o n t h e i r f o r e h e a d s bu t t h e y be g f r o m M uh a mm a d an s a n d n o t ,

f r om Hi n drrs a n d n a r r a te t h e s to r y o f H a z r a t I m a m Hrrs a i n wh e n c e
’

, ,
t h e y a r e ca ll e d H u s a i n i Th e y say t h e y w e r e or igi n ally Blrat B r a h man s
.
,
a n d h a v e s o me o f t h e i r e ts z— G a Bh e k L d G a D a r g o pa l
g pp e ar a n e re , , , , ,
R at i Ch a t Ch fi t R ab at Bh ar a dw aji D an g mar a n d m an y mor e Th e y
, , , , , .

marr y i n t h e i r o w n c a s t e a v o idi n g 4 ge ts i n mar r i a g e Th e y da nn ot , .

The y do not e at ka ch ch i o r p a kkz coo ke d by G aur or S ar sut Br ahmans nor any Hi ndu
’

caste but t h e y may take s w e e t s t a l coo ke d i n mi k by p eop e of s uch p ur e Hi ndu cas te s l l l

as th e G aur and S etr sut Br ah mans and t h e Bani as T h e G uj r at i o r Bias Br a h m a ns , w h o .

ca me f ro m G uz e r at a r e i n s o m e re S p e ct s t h e h i g h e s t c as s o f a ll Br a h m a n s ; t h e y a r e l
l
a w a y s f e d fi r s t ; a n d t h e y ble S S a G a n r w h e n t h e y m e e t h i m , W h i e th e y W i n o t ea t
. l ll .

or di nar y b
r e a d f r o m h i s h a n ds T h e y a r e f e d o n t h e 1 2t h day af te r de a t h a n d t h e G e n re
.
,

ll
W i n o t e a t o n t h e 1 3t h day , i f t h i s h as n o t e e n do n e But t h e y t a k e i na u s p i ci o us b .

o fi e r i ng s T o t h e m ap p e r ta i n e sp e ci a y t h e R éh u o fi e r i n g s m a de a t an e c i p se
. ll
T h e y w ill l .

n o t ta k e o i l s e sa m e g o a t s 0 r g r e e n o r di r ty c o t h e s ; b ut \
, .
V l ll t fl i e o ld c o t h e s rf w a s h e d
l ,
l l
b l
uffa oe s, a n d s a maj a l
T h e y a s o t a k e a s p e ci a o ff e r i n g t o R a h u m a de by a s i ck p e r s o n
’

. l ’ .

l l
w h o p ut s g o d i n g h i , oo k s a t h i s f a ce i n i t an d g i e s i t to 8 G a rr e t t o r w h o w e i g h s h i ms e f
’

,
v , l
a g a i n s t s a tn dj a a n d m ak e s an o ff e r i ng o f t h e g r a i n A uff a o w lrrch h a s e e n p o s s e ss e d . b l b
v
b y a de il t o t h at de g r e e t h a t h e h as g o t o n t o th e t o p o f a h o u s e ( o ft e n o di ffi cu t f e at
n
.

l ,

i n a i a g e ) o r a f o a dr o p p e d i n t h e m o n t h o f S ri w a rr o r uffa o ca f m Mag h ar e g i
v ll l n b l l v
,
e
t o t h e G uj r at i a s e i n g u n uck y b l
N o G au r w o uld t a k e t h e m E e r y h a r e s t t h e G uj r a t i
.
.
v v
ll ll
t a k e s a s ma a o w a n ce ( s e o r h z) o f g r a in f r o m t h e t h r e s h i n g fl o o r 3 us t a s do e s th e G an r ,

b v l fl
,

T Th e c h h d u d d d n i s so ca e
-
d e ca u se i n s i ck n e s s th e g ll
i er
o o k s s t h rs r e e cti on i n s o me

M b bl l
o

9 po ur ed i nto a ronze cup ( h a te r t )

-
If h e i s una e to se e h rs face i n th e g h z h e Wi l th e .
.

Th e data i tse lf comp r i s e s t h e cup w i th th e p a nj r a ta n ,

-
.

Oth er ddn s ar e ; t h e R ah fi and K e tri ddn s w hi ch consi s t of ack c oth , f ow e r s , e tc , like , bl l l .

th e S ani ch ar dci n th e y ar e o fie r ed to R é h u K e ti r and S an i ch ar i n S i ckn e s s or a t w e dding s

’

.
, , .

T h e m oth er de n or “ g r e at gi ft ” cons i st i ng of and o r e e p h an t s and made at death

-
,
T h e r og l l , .

bh a r n i bi dh i dam of
~
bl
ack c oth i s made t o a e r t di s eas e (r e g ) l v ,

i T h e g r a h n dd n comp r is e s g o d, s i e r p ace d i n a cocoanut and or name n ts : It must be

- l lv l ,

v
g i e n by th e o ffe r e r s t andi ng i n th e w ate r of th e t ank at Th a n e sar G r ai n, c o th e s o r . l
co w s may be
g i e n a t h ome v .

§ T h e t u ld-ddn i s an o ffe r i ng e qua to one s w e i gh t i n g r ai n or corn It rs made by l ‘

l
w e a th y p eop e o n th e i r l
i r th day b .

Ot h e r Hindus ar e , i t i s sai d dr e ss e d i k e K r i sh na and R é dh a Th e s r h r a rs a br rdal

,
l .

l
Ch ap e t , th e m a m or m i t h a t i s a
p ap e r cr own w orn by t h e r i de g r oo m K ri shn a “5 ,
b .

w e ar e r of th e atte r i s ca e d Mukt dh ar i l S h i a o r Mah zt de va h ad no m a ter e e n a t h i s

ll v v
’

. ,

w e ddi ng , w h e re as K r i s h n a a w a s w e ars th e mu ko t
y l
Th is is in te r e s ti ng, but i t e a e s th e . l v
use of th e crown at weddin s unex aine d
g p l .
142 The R e li gi on of the Br ahma ns .

mar r y w ti h B a
h t B ra h m a n s b ut t a k e w at e r f r o m t h e i r h a n d s a n d c i cc
,
o o

é Th y ig t f t h i w l igi n n d d o n t W O IS
t 1 n ‘
'
t e r
'
s e a re. n or a n o e r o n r e o a o

m a nda r s bu t t h e i r j a n e e s a r e m a d e by B r ah man s a n d a usp ici ou s t i me s

,

f o r w e ddi n g s e t c a r e fi x e d by th e m Th e y h a v e th e s ame c u st oms a s

,
.
,
.

o th e r Hi n d é s a n d b e li e v e i n t h e i r p a n t h e o n
,
Th e i r o w n t r a di t i o n i s .

t h a t Y a z i d s t r o o p s o n t h e i r r e tur n a f te r c ut ti n g o ff I m a m Hus a i n s
’ ’
,

h e a d s t o p p e d i n Rah a b t h e i r a n c e s to r s h o me a t Bat h o w al i n t h e
’
, ,

Sialk o t D i s t r ic t a n d p la c e d t h e h e a d i n h is h o us e In t he mor n i n g
,
.
,

fi n di n g t h e h e a d t o be th a t o f t h e P r o ph e t h e k e p t i t a n d g a v e t h e , ,

so ldi e r s h i s o w n son s h e a d i n s t e a d but t h e y di sc o v e r e d t h at i t w a s

’
,

n ot t he s a me a s t h e o n e th e y h a d b r ou g h t S o R eh a b cu t o ff a ll h i s .

s e v e n s o n s h e a d s i n s u c ce s s i o n a n d g a v e t h e m t o t h e s oldi e r s Si n c e
’
.

t h e n Hus a i ni s be g f r o m M uh am ma d a n s .

T HE R EL IG ION o r T HE B R A HMANS .

T h e B r a h ma n e v e n t h e Hu a i n i i s al m o s t a l w a y s a Hi n d u b ut a
,
s
, ,

f e w h a v e b e com e S ikh s C n v e r s i o n h o w e v e r d o e s n o t a pp e a r t o . o , ,

h a v e c r e a te d a n y n e w di v i si o n s i n th e c a st e t h o ug h i t h a s h a d a ,

di s r u p t iv e i n fl u e n c e i n t h e f oll o w i n g c a se T h e Pa t a k s e c t i o n o f -
.

th e S zrr s u t B r a h m a n s h as t w o s u b d ivi si o n s M a ch h i kh an a a n d
’
-
,

Kh i r k h a ra Th e f o r m e r ar e p a r e h i ts o f t h e t hi r d G a i n o f t h e Sikh s
-
.

(G u r u A m a r D as ) w h o w a s a Ba is h n a v (a b s ta i n e r f r o m m e a t an d ,

d r i n k ) Th e se co n d G ur u (A n g a dl u s e d t o e a t m e a t a n d fi sh In
. .

o r d e r t o f oll ow t h e se co n d G ur ri s h a bi t a n d y e t m a i n t a i n h i s Ba i s h n a v
’ ’

th e t hi r d G u r ri g a v e a fi sh a t t h e bh n dda n (h e a d h a vi n g )
’

s lri p ,
-s

ce r e mon y o f h i s s on t o h i s a r ch i t a n d s o h i s d e s c e n d an t s c all e d
-
ar e
p
Ma ch h i kh an as ( fish e at e r s) t o thi s day A n d t h e de sc e n d an t s o f th e
,

- -
.

t hi r d G u r ri a t a so n s bh a dd cm a t t h e i r t e m p l e a t G o u dw al i n Am r i t sa r
’ ’

giv e a fi sh ma d e o f g r a nr flo ur a n d b o il e d in o i l to t h e i r p ar e hi t (a
, ,

de s c e n d an t of t h e o r igi n a l M a chh i kha n a ) i n ste a d o f a liv e o n e Th e -

.

c e r e mo n y h o w e v e r n o l on g e r c a ll e d bh a dda u— s i n c e s h a vi n g t h e h e a d
, ,

i s p r o hibi te d a mo n g th e Si kh s —an d i n i t s s t e a d t h e c us to m i s t o m a k e ,

th e bo y w e a r h i s h a i r l on g lik e a Sikh s wh e r e as b e f or e t h a t t h e b oy s
’ ’
,

h ai r w as out a n d pl a i te d lik e a gi r l s ’
.

BRAHM CHAR i a r e ligi ous st u d e n t a B r a h m an f r o m th e t i m e o f hi s i n ve st i

*-
,

t u r e w i t h t h e B r a h m a n ic a l t h r e a d u n t rl h e b e co me s a h o use h o ld e r ; -

o n e w h o s t udi e s t h e V e da s un d e r a s pi r i t ua l t e a ch e r ; a n a s c e t ic a ,

cl as s o f Hi n d u Sadh us .

B ROK PA high la n d e r a t e r m a p p li e d to th e S Hi N e l em e nt i n Bal t i stan

-
,
‘
,
’

Bi dd ulph Tr i bes of th e Hi rt i e o K oos h Ch IV

, , . .

BIJBAK a J at cl a n (a gr i c ul tur al ) f o u n d i n M u l ta n a n d in B a haw alp ur

’
, .

Be e n a J et o r Raj p u t cl a n f o un d i n M ul t a n tah s i l w h e r e t h e y w e r e s e t tl e d
, ,

by Shah z ad a M ur ad B akh sh go v e r n o r o f M ul tan un d e r Shah J a h an , , .

BU D B a B l o ch c la n (a g r ic ul tu r al ) f o u n d i n Mon t g om e r y
,
a .

B U D HE KE a Kh ar r al cla n (a gr ic ul tur al ) f o un d i n M o n tg o me r y
, .

B U D HWAL a cl a n (ag r ic ul tur al) f ou n d i n Sh ah pur

, .

BU D L i Bud n i th e p e o pl e n ow e x t i n c t or a b s o r b e d which h e l d th e c o un tr y
, , , ,

f r o m Na n g r a ba r t o t h e I n d us p r i o r t o t h e A fgh a n i mmig r a ti on s Th e .

w e r e di v i de d i n t o se ve r a l t r ib e s a n d a r e d e s c r ib e d by t h e A kh f md
D ar w e z a a s K ati r s bu t h e d o e s n o t r e f e r t o th e m a s B uddhi s ts , .

B ar mh 01
'

E m o t m, i s C( l l lll lt d fi r m th e St r ék rlt vscr d Br a i n a .

 145

N or a —O w i n g b
to t h e co n f us i o n e t w e e n Oh a n d Ch h - w h i ch i s n o t co n n e d t o w r i t i n g s fi
i n E n g i s h —a n d t h a t e t w e e n
l b
a n d Ch , w h i ch i s f r e q ue n t i nJU r du w r i t i ng , t h e a r t ic e s l
l
u nde r t h i s e t t e r a r e n o t a ll w a r r a n t e d t o b e co r r e ct
y p a ce d l l .

CHA BE L D As fi), a
p e t ty s e c t, fo un d e d b y a n A r o ra di s ci p l e o f Sha mu ,

n a me d Ch a be ldas w h o s e s h r i n e i s a t Ma k h o w al K a la n i n t h e S a n gh a r
,

t a h s il of D e r a G ha z i Khan . Its t e n e ts d iff e r li t tl e fr o m t hos e of

S h é mji S e e S h amdasi
’
s foll o w e r s . .

C HACHA R , gr ic ul tur a l cl a n foun d in Shah pu an d M ul tan cl a ss e d as J at

an a ,
r
,

i n t h e l a t te r D ist r ic t In B a ha w a l p ur t h e Chach a t e cl a i m M ugh a l

.

o r igi n an d t h e y p ro d uc e t a bl e s t r a ci n g t h e i r d e s ce n t f r o m Ti mu r w ho m

th e y c o nn e c t w i th A bba s co us in of H usa i n son o f A li Bu t t r a di tio n

, ,
.

s a y s t h a t t h e S u r a r S ub h ago S i l ro a n d Cha ch a r t r ib e s w e r e o n c e sl a v e s
, ,

of Raj a Buuga Bai w ij a o f A m r k o t an d t h at J am J h a k h a r r e d e e me d

, ,

t h e m a n d t h e r e i s a s a yi ng
,

S m a r , S u hhri g o b i lr o, h a n thi Ch ri ch a ma ,
' ‘

, c

A n da h ci J ci m J h a kh a r e h ci bdhn ci n Bu ng a R a .

S ur a r S a bhag o (o r S ubh ag a) S i l ro (o r S i l r a ) (th e s e th r e e ) a n d a

, , ,
.

fo ur th t r ib e t h e Chach a r w e r e th e s l a v e s o f Bun ga R aj ; i t w a s J am
,

J h a k h a r w h o b r ough t t h e m (e ff e c ti n g t h e i r e ma n mpa t i on f r om B un ga
.
”
, ,

Th e Chach at e h a v e se v e ra l s e pt s z— R a j de th e h igh e st in sta t us ; -

,

Ra h ma n i w h os e an c e sto r s w e r e kh a lyf a s o f G h aus B a ha u d D i n Z a k ar iya

,
- -

h e n c e th e y a r e a l so c all e d Sh aikh Bali mani an d so me san c t i ty s t ill -

,

a t t a ch e s t o t h e s e p t ; Na r an g J ug an a J h un jh a Chh u tta G ur e js , . , , ,

R uk an a K a l r a Mu dda D ti w an i D oh ija G a b r an i M ur i a Kh a r y a n i
, , ,
’

, , , ,

a n d Z a k r ian i o r f oll ow e r s o f G h a us B aha u d D i n Z a k a r i y a

- -
.

Th e h ol e t r ib e h o w e v e r a r e foll o w e r s o f th a t sa in t a n d
w , ,
ne ve r
b e c o me di s ci pl e s of an y b ut h is d e sc e n d a n t s Chach a r i s a l so a n . A r ai u
cla n in th e P un j a b Cf Ch a chh ar . . .

C HACHHA R an A r ai u cl an (a g r icu l tur a l ) fo un d in M on tgome r y

,
.

CHAD KNA, a K a mbe h cl a n (a g ri cul t ur a l ) foun d i n Amr i tsa r .

CHADDHX, (f) a s e pt o f K h atr i s an d o f Jats .

CHAD D R AR, th e c orr e c t for m of Ch h adh a r (q .

CHAD D IJ ,
’

J at cl an (a gr ic ul tur al ) foun d in Shahp u r

a .

C HAD HAR an a g r ic ul tur a l cl a n f oun d in Shah pur M ul tan a n d Mon tgome r y

, ,

(M uh a mm a d an ) It i s cl a ss e d a s Jat in t h e t w o l att e r distr ic ts D o ub t

. .

l e s s th e sa me a s th e Ch h adh a r (q .

Cs nnw f an A ra i u cla n (a gr ic ul tur a l ) fo un d in A mr i tsa r

, .

CHKHAK , a doub tf ul syn on ym o f Ch ah n g .

C HABAN G ,
s ee Chabug .

C HAR M} , a Guj ar cl an ( g r ic ul tur al

a
) f o und in Amri t s a r .
1 46 Chdhi l Ch dki n
.

CHKHAL, or mor e c or r e c tly Chahil l ar ge st J at t r ib e s i n th e

.
—On e of th e
P un jab Th e y a r e foun d i n gr e a te st n u mb e r s in P a tiala but a r e v e r y
.
,

n u m e r ous in A mbal a an d L udhia n a A m r i tsa r a n d G ur da s p u r a n d e x t e n d , ,

,

all al on g un d e r t h e hill s a s f ar w e s t a s G uj r a nw al a a n d Sialk o t It i s .

s a id th a t Raj a A a r s e n S ur a ba n si h ad f our son s Chahil Chh i n a Chi ma

g j , , , ,

a n d Sahi an d t h a t t h e
,
f our J at t r ib e s w h o b e ar t h e se n a m e s a r e
S p r un g f r om t h e m : ( e t t h e y i n t e r m a r r y Th i r igi n a l h om e w a s
y ) e r o .

Mal w a w h e n c e t h e y m igr a t e d t o t h e P un jab A cc or di n g to anoth e r stor y

, .

t h e i r a n c e s t o r w as a l t mw ar Raj u t c all e d Raja lt i kh w h o c a me f r om

' ‘ ’

p ,

th e D e cc an an d s e tt le d a t K ahl u r His son B i r e i mar r i e d a Jat w oman . ,

s e t tl e d a t M a t ti i n th e Malw a ab o ut th e t i me of A kb ar an d f oun d e d ,

th e tr ib e .

In A mr itsa r th e Chahil say th a t Chah a l w a s a son o f R aja Kh an g ,

w h o o n c e sa w s o me f a i r i e s b a th i n g i n a t an k He s e i ze d t h e i r cl ot h e s .

a n d on ly r e s t o r e d th e m o n co n di t i o n t h at o n e o f th e m b e c am e h is
b r i de On e lch h r an w a s giv e n h i m on c on di ti on t h a t h e n e v e r ab u se d
.
,

h e r an d sh e b o r e hi m a so n but on e da y h e spok e h ar shly to h e r an d sh e

, ,

di sap p e ar e d * But t o t hi s day n o Ch ahi l e v e r ab u se s h is da u gh t e r ! S e ttl e d

.

fi r st a t K e t G a dan a n e a r D e lhi t h e Chahil m i g r a te d to P a khi Chahilan ,

n e a r A mbal a a n d t h e r e f ou n d e d R al a J o a o r J o ar la i n th e Mal w a
g g .

T h e Chahil affe c t Jo gi Pi r o r igin all y J o g a son o f Bajp al w h o i s s aid , , ,

t o h av e b e e n kill e d a f t e r fi gh t i n g w i t h t h e M u gh a l s e v e n w h e n h e h a d
,

b e e n d e cap i t ate d Jo g i Pi r is th e i r ch h a r a (Ma tth e w ) a n d a f ai r i s h e ld

.
,

i n h is h on o ur on th e 4th qza t mri tr a i n A sa uj In J i n d th e Chahil '

cl ai m d e s c e n t f r om B al a a Ch a uhan Raj p u t w h o to o k a J at; w i fe a n d

, ,

so l o s t c a s t e but h e a c qui r e d i n fl u e n c e by a cc e p t i n g off e r i ng s m a d e

, to
G uga an d Ch ali ils w h a t s o e v e r th e i r c ast e st ill t a k e th e s e o ffe r in g s l
, , , .
‘ '

In J i n d th e Chahil w or shi p Kh e r a Bh fimia .

Th e y ar e pr obably say s Mr F agan Bagr i s or igin ally s e ttl e d i n ,

.
, ,

Bikane r .

C HAHAL a Hindu
,
an d M uh ammad an J at cl an (agr icul tur al ) foun d in
M ontgom e r y .

CHKBNG, C HANG, a mi n o r
gr ic ul tur al c as te foun d in th e w e ste r n p or tion o f
a ,

t h e l ow e r r an g e s o f Ka n g ra a n d H oshia r pu r In th e D a s ri y a t ah si l o f
’
.

th e l at te r di st r i ct t h e y o w n so me vill ag e s bu t a r e g e n e r a lly t e n an t s , .

T h e te r m app e a r s t o be a pure ly l oc a l s yn on y m of Bah t i o r G h i r th .

Th e Ch an g i s qu i e t an d i noffe n siv e dilig e n t an d a g oo d c ul tiv a to r lik e , ,

th e S ai n i of t h e pl a i n s .

C HAIR a se pt o f B r ah man s h e r e di tar y p r i e sts of K e on th al

, , .

C HAIN A ,
a s mal l t r ib e , cl asse d as J at ,
in D e r a G ha z i Khan .

CBKK , (1 ) a K a m b oh cl an (ag r ic ul tur al ) foun d in A mr i tsar , (2) a se pt of Ja ts

t o w hich R a n j h a i s so me ti me s sa id to h a v e b e lo ng e d ;
CHgm C HA R
,
AN I t h e M ul t a ni ,
e qui v ale n t f or T e li or o il ma n .

Th r ough an op e ni ng i n th e r oo f and so th e Ch zi h i l do n o t mak e op e n i ng s i n th e i r r oof s

’

t o th i s d ay T h
. e y a s o a oi d wl v
e ar i ng r e d c oth e s and ti r e ce nt l
y at any r ate di d n ot , ll l
b b l
,

k d i k i n th e i r h ou se s a 1 e i c of th e tune w h e n th e
y w e r e n o ma ds , p r o aby b l
-
u a e r c s
s e 7
1 In iJ l
nd t ah s i i t i s i nde e d s ai d th at th e p a j rt r zs o f G i i g a ar e g e ne r a
y cal e d ch dh fl i n
’ ’

ll l
S ang r ln
’
t‘
h e y am k n ow n as bh a g ats In P at i a a Ch ah i i s sa i d t o
.
l
h a ve ee n bor n o f a h i l b ll
l J
f ai r y : an d Ba and o g i Pi r 1 8 w or sh i p pe d as t h e i r J a th e m
.

fi P an a
j
i bD i e ty , p 1 7 9, . .
 Chamdr syn onyms .

*
p osi tion a nd so me of th e i r t r ib e s a r e a l most t
cc e p d e
a a s Hi d
n u s Th e y .

a r e g e n e r a lly d a r k i n c ol o ur an d a re ,
a l mos t c e r tai n ly o f a b o r i gi n a l

o r igi n t h o ugh h e r e a ga i n t h e i r n u mb e r s
,
h a v e p e r h ap s b e e n s w oll e n b y
me mb e r s of o t h e r a n d high e r ca ste s w h o h av e f all e n or b e e n d e gr a d e d .

Th e p e o pl e s ay
K a ma Br a h ma n , g o t Ch a mdr
.

In Ice s dth n a u t r i e
p i
a r .

”
Do not c r oss th e f e r r y w i t h a bl a ck B r ah man or a fa i r Ch a ma r ,

on e be ing as un us ua l a s t h e o th e r . Th e i r w o me n ar e c e l e b r a t e d f o r
b e au ty a n d l oss of c a ste is o f te n a tt r ib ut e d t o to o g r e a t p ar ti al i t y f o r
,

a Ch a ma r i .

T h e tr a di ti o na l o r i gi n o f th e Ch a ma r s i s t h at Ch an u (o r Ch a n w e ) an d
B a n u w e r e t w o b r o t h e r s : t h e f o r m e r r e m o v e d a c o w s c a r c a se w i t h h i s ’

h an d s a n d s o Ba n u l o u t ca s t e d h i m I In K a p ii r th ala h o w e v e r ‘
’
‘

ow n
-
.
, ,

a n o t h e r v e r s i o n i s c ur r e n t a n d a cc or di n g t o t hi s G at t o ld h i s b r ot h e r
,

Me t t o r e mov e a c a r ca s e a n d t h e n de cli n e d t o a ssoci at e w i t h h i m f or ’

do i n g so an d t h e Mi r as i w h o wi tn e s s e d t h e i n cid e n t took G a t s p a r t
, ,
.

F r o m Ma t a r e d e s c e n d e d t h e Ch a mar s .

S yn on y ms — It i s di ffi cu l t t o s ay w h a t a r e th e r e a l sy nony ms o f Ch a ma r
. .

T h e t e r m Ch uh ra Ch a m a r i s o f te n u s e d t o d e n o t e th e gr o up f o r m e d by
-

th e t w o c a s te s j u s t a s M o ch i J ulah a i s u s e d bu t i t do e s n o t i m p ly th a t
,
-
,

th e t w o c a s t e s a r e id e n t ic a l J u s t a s th e M uh a mma d an Ch a m a r i s .

s ty l e d M OCHI s o t h e Sikh Ch a m ar i s c a ll e d R / i MD AS IA ( qg In Si r s a .
.

a Ch a m a r i s ca ll e d M e gh w al as a c o mpli m e n t bu t O p pr obio us ly h e i s ,

s t yl e d Dh e d§ o r D h e rh a t e r m a p pli e d t o a n y lo w f e ll ow
, Th e ‘

Me gh w al cl a i m d e sc e n t fr om M e g h r ikh w h o w a s c r e a t e d by N a r a in
’
-
.

G r oup s — T h e Ch a mar s a r e divid e d i nto se ve r a l s ub c a s te s In th e -

.

Ea s te r n Pun jab t h e r e app e a r t o be a t l e a st fi v e t r ue s ub c as t e s w hich -

do n ot i n te r ma r r y Th e s e a r e in o r de r o f p r e c e d e n c e
.

i Ch a ndor s aid in D e lh i to t r a ce i ts o r igi n f r o m B e n a r e s p os s ibly

.
, ,

f r o m s ome a ss o ci at i o n w i t h K ab i r It i s t h e p r i n ci pa l s u b .

c as t e i n Hi s sar i n cl udi n g Sir s a a n d i ts me mb e r s do n o t t a n , , ,

l e a vi n g th a t t o t h e U h a m r a n g s a n d K h a ti k s a n d w or ki n g on ly ,

i n p r e p ar e d l e a th e r S e e a l so und e r M e gh w al . .

11 R a i das i or R abdas i n a m e d a fte r R a i D as Bh a ga t h i ms e l f a

.
, ,

Ch a ma r a c o n t e mpo r a r y o f K a b i r a n d lik e h i m a d is cipl e o f

, ,

Raman a n d It i s t h e p r e v a l e n t s ub ca ste in K a r n al a nd i t s
.
-

n e ighb o ur h o od .

iii J a ti a foun d in g r e a te st n umb e r s a b o ut t h e n e ighbo ur h oo d o f

.
,

D e lh i a n d G ur ga o n Th e y w or k i n h or se a n d c a m e l h ide s .

,
w hi ch a r e a n a b o mi n a ti o n t o t h e Cha n da r b bly h i g
p r o a a s a v n ,

t h e f oo t u n cl o v e n an d ar e e r h a s n a me d f r o m t h e w o r d
p p j at

ll
T h e Ch a mar s w i e a t f o o d p r e p ar e d by a ny t r i e e xc e p t t h e K h ak r o b (( 1h fi h m
) b
8335 i an d N a t S m o k i ng ‘ 3 0 11 1" allv w e d a m o n g t h e m se v e s an d
.
th e y Wi no e a t 0 1" l ll t
b
d r i nk f r o m a D h o i , a D fi m O r a N i g ar ( i n di g o d y e r ) [ R u r ual] l .

T 8 3 1m 0 1 Ba n w e h e r e w o u d a p p e a r to be t h e e
‘
l
p o nj m o f th e Ban ia ca s t e W h i ch i s s a i d
ll
to s ti W OIBll lp a n ct r a nd a m m bt at w e dd i n g s
‘

I A D um w i tn e s si e d‘ t h e o ccur re n ce , a n d s o to t h i s day In Ch a m fir m l] e a t or dr i nk .

fr om a 0 6 m o r Mi r as i s h n ds
a
. .

T h e D h e l app e a vs to e a s e p ar ate cas te i n th e V e n t ra l Pr ov i nce s t h ouo h

l falléii f lifimg
if
, i o a ed
m l l a ge t i be i n Ka
.

i th th Ch a a T h e Dh e d i s a s o a ch h and S in dh a so
w e r . r r
,
 The Ch amdr sub-cas es . t 49

c ame l g ra z i e r On th e o th er h a n d th e y a r e s aid to ob tai n

a -
. ,

t h e s e r vic e s o f G a ur B r ah man s w hich w o uld pu t t h e m a b o v e ,

a llo th e r Ch a ma r s w h o h a v e to be c onte n t wi th t h e min isa t r ti ons

,

of th e o ut c a s t Ch a ma r w a B r a h ma n .

Ch amber th e p r e v al e n t s ub c aste f ur t he r w e s t ab o ut J nlluudnr

,
-

a nd L udhia n a .

v . G olia l o w e s t o f a ll th e s ub c a s t e s i n d e e d G oli a i s t h e na me o f
,
-
,

a s e c t i o n o f ma ny me n i a l c a s t e s i n t h e Eas te r n P un j ab an d ,

i n a l mo s t all c as e s c ar r i e s w i t h i t a n i n fe r i or s ta n d in g i n t h e
c a ste .

F ur th e r w e s t , i n Nabh a, th e s ub- a s te s a r e ,
c h ow e v e r ,
sa id to be four
i n n umb e r vi z ,

l Bfina (Bfi ni a )
‘

. .

2 . Ch a ma r .

2 who tou ch un cl e an t h i n g s .

Th e Bfin a pp e a r s in L udhiana a s t h e B un i a a Sikh Ch ama r w h o

a , ,

h a vin g ta ke n t o w e a vi n g r a n ks high e r t h a n t h e w o r k e r s in l e ath e r T h e .

ltah tia is a l s o sa id to be a S i kh Ch a ma r w h o h as ta k e n t o w e avi n g

*
,

but ma ny R a h t ia s ar e M uh a mmad a n s .

T e r r i tor i ally t h e Ch amai r s in P a ti al a ar e divid e d i n to t w o g r o ups w h ich

do n o t i n t e r m a r r y an d t h us fo r m s ub c as t e s Th e se a r e t h e Bag ri o r -
.
,

i m m igr an ts f r om th e E dg a r f oun d in t h e so ut h e a st o f t h e S ta t e ,
-
,

a nd t h e D e s i .

A mo n g t h e D e si i n P a tial a t w o o cc up a ti on a l gr o u p s a r e f o un d , vi a .
th e Ch a ma r s w h o m a k e sh o e s , a n d t h e B o n a s , t h e la t t e r s ub-c ast e
be i ng w e a v e r s o f bl a nk e ts by o cc upa t io n a n d S ikh s by r e l igio n
'

Th e J i nd a cc o u n t divid e s t h e Ch am a r s in to 5 s ub c a s te s vi z R am -
, .
,

das i J a tia, Cha ma r (s i c) Pa th i a n d R a i g a r bu t i t i s n o t cl e a r wh e t h e r

, , ,

t h e se a r e o cc up a t i o n a l o r t e r r i to r i a l o r se c t a r i a n g r o u ps Th e N é bh a .

a cc o un t sa y s t h e y a r e divi de d i n t o 4 g r o u p s v ia Cha n w a r Ja t ia , , , ,

Ba h mn ia (f) a n d C h i ma r (s ic) T h e Ch é uw a r a r e a g i n divid e d i nt o . a

t w o s u b c a s t e s ( f ) Cha nw a r p r o p e r w h o a r e S u ltan i s by r e ligi o n a n d

, ,

w o r k e r s i n l e a t h e r ; a n d t h e B o n as (o r bl a n k e t w e a v e r s ) w h o a r e Sikh s -

o f G ur uG o vi n d Si n gh T h e Bo n e s a r e n o t f o un d i n th e s o ut h e as t
. -
.

T h e J a t i as (d e sc e n d a n t s o f J a t ti wi f e o f R am da s ) a r e f o u n d o n ly i n ,

t h e s outh e a s t a n d a r e r e ga r de d a s i nf e r i o r s by t h e Ch an w a r s w h o do
-
,

n o t dr i n k o r s mo k e w i t h t h e m A c u r i o us s t o r y is t o ld o f t h e o r igi n .

o f t h e J a t i as co n n e ct i n g t h e n a me w i t h j h a n t ( p u b e s )
, No Ch anw a r .

Ch a mar w ou l d gi v e th e J a t ia s f o r e fa th e r a g i r l to w i fe so h e ma r r i e d ’
,

a Ch ti h r a s d a ugh t e r but t h e y h e r as w e r e n o t c mp l e t e d w h e n a di
’ ’
ut e r o
p s
.
,

a r o se so t h e Ch u
,
h r a s a d J a t ias p e r f r m d h a l f t h e p h e r a s o ut s i de a n d
n o e

t h e r e s t i n s id t h e h o u s e u n t il r e c e n t l
e.
y T h e J a ti a t a n h o r s e a n d ca m e l .

h i de w hil e t h e Ch a nw a r s o f Ba w d o n ly t a n t h e s k i n s o f ki n e whic h
, ,

t h e J a t as r e f us e t o t o uch
t .

In S i r sa th e w o r d s e e ms to be ap p li e d to t h e me mbe i s o f any lo w cas te , s uc h as Ch amar

or Ch ti h ra Mr . . Wi l so n
how e . v er , h ad ne v e r h e a r d t h e w or d us ed , In Pa t ia a i t i s l s a id to
be a pp l i ed t i a S i k h Ch amar
'
.
1 50 Ch amdr g e ts .

Th e Ba h mni a a so l cl a i m d e s c e n t f r o m a wi f e o f Ra m da s a n d w e ar t h e
,

h h i p i i t y v t h Ch m a b u t t h e y
j a neo a n d t us a ss e r t t e r s u e r o r o e r o e r a r s ,

a r e n o t f o u n d in Nabh a .

Th e Bilai i s a p pa e r n t ly t h e vill a g e m e ss e n g e r of t h e D e lhi d ivi s i o n .

He i s a t e a s t a s o e
l f t n a Ch u h r a a s a Ch a m a r a n d o u gh t p e r h a p s t o b e
,

cl a sse d w i t h th e fo r me r But t h e r e i s a Ch a mar cl an of t h at n a me w h o

.

w o r k chi e fly a s g r ooms .

Th e D us adh i s a Pfir bi tr ib e of Ch a ma r s a n d h a s a p p are n tly c o me ,

i n t o t h e P un jab w i t h th e t r oo p s b e i n g r e t ur n e d only i n D e lh i L ah o re , , ,

a n d A mbal a .

Of t h e a b ov e gr o up s i t is cl e ar th a t so me ar e t r ue sub c a ste s b a se d -

on o cc up a t i on whil e o th e r s like th e Bfin a a r e m e r e ly o cc up at i on a l

,

gr oup s w hich may or may n ot i nte r mar r y w i t h ot h e r g r o up s Thi s di ffe r .

e n ti at i o n o f t h e gr oups by o cc up at i on i s most f ully d e v e l o pe d i n t h e

e a s t e r n an d sub — m o n tan e t r a ct s w h e r e th e Ch a ma r s f o r m a n e xc e e di n gly
,

l ar ge pr e por t ion o f th e pop ul at i on and ar e t h e fi e ld l a b o ur e r s of t h e -

vill a g e s But i n t h e c e n tr a l di s tr ic ts t h e i r p l a c e i n t hi s r e sp e c t i s
.

t a k e n by t h e Ch uh r a In th e w e s t t oo th e l e a t h e r w o r k e r lik e a ll
.
, ,
-
,

ot h e r o cc up a t i on a l c a st e s i s m u ch l e ss nu me r o us t h an i n th e e as t
,
.

Th e w e av e r cl a s s on t h e oth e r h a n d i s n a t ur a lly l e a s t n um e r o u s i n
, ,

t h e e a st e r n D i str i ct s wh e r e mu ch o f t h e w e av i n g i s do n e by t h e l e a t h e r
,

w or kin g c a ste s A n d w h e n th e Ch a mar s t ick s to l e at h e r w or ki n g i n

.
,
-

t h e e a st e r n D i s t r ic ts h e i s a pp ar e n tly d ubb e d Ch a mr an g or D a bg ar
, ,

j ust a s in th e P un ja b p r ope r a Ch a mar w h o h a s a do pte d I sla m a n d ,

giv e n u p w or ki n g in co w hid e b e c ome s a M u ssal ma n Kh ati k ta nn e r - .

Th e g e ls or se c tion s of t h e Ch amar s a r e v e r y n ume r o us , a n d so me

of t h e m a r e l a g
*
r e Th e y i cl ud e h e Ch a uhan a n d Bh a tti go te
n t.

(n um e r o us i n t h e c e ntr a l a n d e a st e r n D i str ic t s, e sp e ci a lly A mb al a) a n d

B adh an . G h ame r i . Mah mi .

B ains Hir Ph ti n dw al
’

. . .

B at o i . J at S i n dh li
Bhat i . K a thana .

Of th e se e l e v e n e ts a ll b u t th e K a than a ar e foun d i n th e J ullun dur

g
divi s i on .

T h e Ch a i n ar s a r e by r e ligi o n Hi n d us o r S i kh s .

O w i n g t o t h e f a ct t h a t th e f a m o us bh a g a t R ai n das w a s a Ch a ma r
by c a s te , man y Ch a ma r s a r e R amdasi a s r by se c t , a n d o f thi s ’
s e c t a ga i n
so me a r e a s o l Sikh s .

Ramda s de s c e n d a n t o f Ch a n u Hi s mo t h e r K a l si a w a s c h ild
w as a .
, ,

l e ss b ut o n e day a f a qzr c am e to h e r an d sh e g a ve h i m fl o u r i n r e t ur n
,
’

f or w hic h h e p r om i s e d h e r a son O n h i s r e t ur n h i s g u r ti c r o s s qu e s . -

t io n e d h i m a s h e w a s un a bl e to p r o n ou n ce t h e n a me l a r m e sh w a r a n d
’ ‘

, ,

l e a r n i n g o f h is p r o m i s e d e c la r e d th a t a s n o so n h a d b e e n b e s t o w e d o n ,

K a l si a i n h e r de sti n y t h e f t qir hi m s e l f mu s t be b o r n to h e r S o h e
,
t .

Th e t wo mos t nume r ous g ots among th e Moch i s a s o T h e y may l . o f cour s e ha ve adop te d

t h e se g ot name s f r om t h e R aj p uts , as Bai ns and S i ndh ii may h a v e b e en b i l lOWG
' '

d f rom
the J ti t s .

1
‘
T h e B a l l
tn das ia a so c a i m de s ce n t f r o m R amdas . The Ram das i a (S ik h s ) t a k e t h e
p a l m] f r
. o m C h a mar s a n d dr i n k w a n t a t t h e i r h an ds . Th e b
Ma z h a i t ak e t h e m f r o m t h e
’
sw e e e r s h an ds
p ( K ap ur th a a).
. l
 1 52 Ch unan d Chandy f n
.

th e Ch anal s in Ka ng r a a pp e ar to b e i n f e r i or to th e Ke li s of th at D is
tr ict , an d some of t h e m at l e a st wil l n ot t o uch d e a d c at tl e , or mi x on
e qua l t e r ms w i th t h ose w h o do On th e ot h e r h an d , i n K ullii S a r a j
’
.

s o me o f t h e Ch a n al s r an k b e l o w K o li s D agi - Ch a n al i s a v e r y co mmo n .

t e r m f o r th e c a st e : a n d i n K ulhi i t a pp e ar s t o i n cl ud e th e Nar Yet .

a Ch a n al o f M a n di S t a t e w ill n o t i n te r m ar r y wi th a D agi o f K ullfi .

T h e Cli a ri al i s a l s o f o un d i n Ch a mb a , w h e r e t h e p r o v e r b g e e s Ch a n /f l
e th a , R dth i ka n atka , l h e lo w c a st e i s th e e l d e r a n d t h e Rat hi th e
‘
"
j ’
o un g e r b r o th e r , do ub t l e s s p o i n ti n g t o a t r a di t i o n t h a t th e Ch a n al
y
r e p r e s e n t s a n e ar li e r or a b or i g i n a l r a c e S e e th e ar t icl e s on D agi and .

K oli .

C HANAN, a J at cl an (agr i cul t ur al ) foun d i n M ul tan .

a K amb oh cl an (a gr ic ul tur al m
OHANAN Yi , ) f oun d i n A r i t sa r .

CHA nBA L , J at cl an (a gr ic ul tur al ) f oun d in Amr i tsar

a .

U ru g uay Ni a n o ut c ast one of low cast e

-
,
P unjabi D i e ty p 1 87 S ee ,
. .
, . .

Ch an al .

C HANDAR a M uh ammad an J at clan (a g ric ul tur al ) fo un d in M on tgome r y

,

an d S ialk o t Of Ch a n da rh . . .

CHANDABH a J at s e p t f oun d w e st of th e Rav i P un jab i D i e ty p 187

, ,
.
, . .

D oub t l e ss =Ch adh ar o r Oh h a dh ar (q t ) , . .

CHAND AR SE V I syn Par bh ii Kaya st h : o n e of th e t w o cl a sse s o f K ay a sth a s

’

—
,

foun d i n t h e D e cc a n
(q ) v
. . .

CHAiynBAR a Jat clan (ag r ic ul tur a l ) foun d in A mr i tsar

,
.

C HAND EL On e o f th e 36 r oy al (Rajput) r ac e s an d fully d e scr ib e d in Elli o tt s

. ,
’

R a ces of t h e N W Pr o vi n ces It i s n o t i mpo ssib le t h a t t h e y a r e t h e

.
-
. .

s a me s to ck a s th e Ch a n dal o ut c a sts w h e r e s ubj e c ts Raj p u ts w h e r e , ,

d omin an t Th e y ar e r e t ur n e d chie fly f r o m th e Si ml a Hill S ta t e o f

.

Bilaspur Raj p ut t r adi t i on in K a r n al a v e r s t h at t h e Ch a n d e l o n c e h e ld

.

K a i th al a n d Sama n a bu t w e r e d r iv e n t ow ar d s t h e S iw aliks by t h e ,

Man dh ar s It w ou ld be in t e r e s tin g t o k no w h o w t his l o w e st o f all th e

.

Rajput r ac e s fin d s a pl a c e a mon g th e S iml a S ta t e s an d wh e th e r th e ,

r ul in g f ami ly o f Bila s p ur i s Ch an d e l .

C HANDER Muh ammad an Jat cl an (a gr ic ul t ur al ) foun d in M ont gome r y

,
a .

CHIt ND IA (1 ) a B a l o ch t r ib e s e e Ba l o ch ( ) Cha n di a a J at cl an (agr icul

2 ,
,

t ur al) f oun d in M ul tan .

C HAND IA a s e p t of Rajp uts foun d in K ah h i r an d de sc e n d e d f r o m G a mbh i r

’

, ,

Ch an d y oun ge r son o f P a h ar Ch an d 24th Raja o f t h a t S tat e

, , .

C HAND L A a R aj put s e pt of th e s e c on d gr ad e sa id to be foun d in HOS h la r p ur

, , ,
'

P r ob ably Ch an de l(a ) q , .

C HAND R A R a Rajp ut cl a n (a gr ic u l tur a l ) fou n d in M ontgo me r y D oub tl e ss

, .

Oh h adh ar .

g r ic ultur a l c la n f o un d i n Shahp ur a n d i n Mu
C HAND U ,
an a lta 11 In th e
l atte r D i str ic t it i s cl ass e d a s J at .

A ( ) f '
W ai u cl n g ic ul t ur al d i
C HAN D U R A R ,
a‘h r a a r
: oun n M ontgome r y
an d
Amr i tsar .

CHAN , D Yi a K am b e h cl a ( )
n agr ic ul tur al found in A mr i ts ar .
 Chang—Ch arme r . 15 3

C a ri ne , s ee Ch ah ng .

C HANGAL A a Jat cl an (a gr ic ul tur al ) foun d in M ul tan

, .

CHANG G AB f e m i ia n i u i (Ch h a n g ga r i n M ul tani ) Th e Ch a n gg a r s a r e

, .
-
,
-
,
.

o ut c as ts o f r ob a bly a b o r igi n a l d e s c e n t w h o a r e mo s t n um e r o u s in G uj r a t
p , ,

A mr i t sa r L ah o r e F e r o z e p u r a n d F a i i dko t bu t e s pe ci a ll y in Si alko t
, , , ,

an d t h e s a t h a t t h i r a n c e s to r s ca me f r o m t h e J a m mu hill s T h
y y e e
y .

a r e o r ig i n al ]y a v a g r a n t t r ib e w h o w a n de r a b o ut in s e a r ch o f w o r k
bu t i n t h e n e i ghb o ur h oo d o f l a r g e ci ti e s t h e y a r e s e t tl e d i n col o n i e s .

T h e y w ill do al mos t a ny so r t o f w o r k but a re l a r ge ly e m plo y e d i n ,

a g r ic ul tu r e r t ic ul a r l y a s r e a p e r s w hil e t h e i r w om e n a r e v e r g n e r a ll
p a , y e y
e mp l o y e d in s i f t i n g a n d cl e a n i n g g r a i n f o r g r ain d e a l e r s Th e y a r e a ll -
.

Mu sa lmans an d mar r y by n i keh a n d s ay th a t t h e y w e r e con v e r te d by ,

Sh ams T a b r i z o i lMultan w h o ba de t h e i r a n ce s to r a Hi n d u Raj p ut s up po r t

, , ,

hi ms e l f by hon e s t l abo ur a n d h us k t h e Wi ld s e w en k i n th e j un gl e s b e ca us e
i t w as goo d (ch a n ge ) T h e i r cl a n s a r e sa id to be Plni la n Ch a u h an
’

.
, ,

M an ha s an d S a r o h e
,
*
T h e i r w o me n s till w e a r p e t t i coa ts a n d n o t dr a w e r s
.

bu t t h e s e a r e bl u e n o t r e d ,
T h e y a r e e x ce e di n gly i n d us t r i o u s a n d n o t
.
,

a t all giv e n t o c r i m e Th e y h av e a d i al e ct o f th e i r o w n r e ga r di n g w hi ch
.
,

a n d i n de e d r e ga r di n g th e t r ib e ge n e r a lly t h e l a te D r L e i t n e r p u bl ish e d ,
.

so m e i n t e r e s t in g i n fo r ma t i o n He say s t h a t th e y ca ll t h e ms e l v e s no t
.

Ch a ngga r bu t Ch ah n a a n d plaus ibly sugg e s ts t h at Ch a n g ga r is d e r iv e d

,

f r o m ch h dom e to s il t It h a s b e e n s ugge s t e d t h a t Ch a ngga r i s a n o th e r

.

f o r m o f Zi n ga r i b ut D r L e i t n e r do e s n o t s uppo r t th e s ugge s t io n
. .

CHANG EJ a s e p t o f K an e ts which h o ld s Bh e ta an d h al f D h ar uth p e r ge n e s

,

i n Ku thar .

CHAN i a D o ga r c lan (a gr ic ul tur a l ) foun d i n A mr i tsar

,
.

C HAN K AR a Jat cl a n (a g r ic ul tur a l ) f o un d i n M ul tan

,
.

C HA NN a n a gr ic ul tur al cl a n foun d in Shah p ur

,
.

C HAN NA R a J at cl an (a g r ic ul tu r a l ) f o un d in L o dh r an t ah s il M ul ta n D i s tr ic t
, ,
.

Th e y a r e s a id t o be c on n e c t e d wi th th e J h a kk a r s an d o t h e r tr ib e s
i n th e c oupl e t
J h e lcke r Ch a rm e r K e wj zm N u n te e tcr e
, , ,
.
,

Hi e R en e S h e i t dn dc p a nj e bltj h bh e r d ’
.

A ll t h e s e fiv e cl a n s a s s ume th e t i t l e o f Ra n a In B a h aw alp u r t h e y .

ar e al so c a ll e d Ch a n n u n di a n d a r e fo un d chi e fl y i n t h e ker rleIzs o f

’
'
- /

B a ha w a lp ur a n d A h m a d p ur E a st a s cul t iv a to r s a n d i n t h e Bo h r a s , ,

l an dow n e r s a n d c a tt l e b r e e de r s Th e i r s e p t s a r e : A d m a n i R am Wi s a l
-
.
, , ,

Bh o ja r an d Bh a r p al s a i d by so m e o f t h e t r i b e t o be de s ce n d e d f r o m Pi p
, ,

Ch a n n a r but t h e mor e g e n e r a l b e lie f i s t h a t t h e F i r n e v e r m a r r ie d a n d th a t

,

t h e Ch a n nar s a r e d e s c e n d e d f r om h i s s e v e n b r o th e r s son s o f R a i S a n dh i la ,
.

T h e Ch an n e r s a r e h o w e v e r b e li e v e d t o be a n o ff sh o o t of t h e llla h r s
, ,
.

Ch a rm e P r i n — F o u r m il e s f r om D e r a w a r o n a hill o c k i s t h e t o m b o ,
f ,

Pi r Ch a n n a r o r Ch a n a n P i r s o n o f R a i S a n d h ,
i la S a y y i d J a l a l v i s i t e d t h e .
,

ci t y o f t h e Bai n e w i n r ui n s so m e th r e e m ile s off a n d a s k e d i f t h e r e w as

, ,

an
y
M uh a mma da n in t h e ci t y m a l e o r f e m a l e H e ,
w as to l d t h at t h e r e .

w a s non e a n d h e t h e n a s k e d i f a n y w o man w a s p r e gn a n t Th e Ba r s a i d .

h i s W i f e w as an d t he S yid t h n o r d e r e d h i m t o e m l y a M u h a m m a d a n
,
a
y e p o

id
m w fe o i f r t h e ch ild w o u ld b e a s a i n t \ V h e n t h e child w a s b
. o r n t h e l i al

Or , in K api rr th ala Bh u ar , Bh at ti , Ch auli an , T ar

’

ll and K hok h ar .
1 54 —
Che nnoze i Oh e udhr i i l c .

e xp ose d h i m on th e hill o ck b u t a c r a dl e o f s e n t e l w oo d d
,
e s c e n d e d f ro m
h e av e n fo r t h e child S e e i n g t hi s Bai S an dh i la e nd e avour e d to t ak e
.

th e c hild o u t o f th e c r a dl e b u t f a il e d a s wh e n e v e r h e a
, pp ro a ch e d,
t h,
e ,

c r adl e r ose i n th e ai r Wh e n th e child gr e w up h e a cc e p t e d Makh dii m

’

J ah an ian as h is Pi r an d a s h e w a s b r ou gh t up i n p o v e r t y so h is to m
.

,
b
c ly ffic i f t h i g f ch ld T h Ch t ri be
i s e s p e ial e a c ou s o r e r e ar n o i r e n e a n
n a r .

is d c
es en ed d f r om t h e s e v e n b r o th e r s o f t h e P i r B o t h H i n d u s a n d .

M uh amm a dan s f r e qu e n t th e sh r i n e r ot or t hick b r e a d an d me a t ,

b e i n g e at e n by b o t h as b r e t h r e n Hi n d us ar e not p oll ut e d by c on tac t .

w i t h M uh a mma dan s a t th e sh r in e .

CHAN NOZ Ai a P a than cl an (agr ic ul tur al ) foun d i n M ontg ome r y

,
.

C HA NON a J at clan (a gr ic ul t ur al ) foun d in M ul tan

,
.

GHA NWAL r e tur n e d a s a Rajp ut se p t i n H osh ia r p ur

,
.

CHANWAN a J at cl an (a g r ic ultur a l ) foun d i n M ul ta n

,
.

CHAPPA R BAND Oh h ap r i ban d S e e Ch uhr a

,
. .

C HARAN Cf Bha t
. . .

C HAR AN D AS i a mo d e r n o ffsh oot of th e Bai r ag i for an a cc ount o f which

-
,
s
,

s e e p a g e s 37 3 8 a b ov e -
.

CHAR HOY A Ch a r h oa ( t h e f e m i n M ul ta n i i s s aid to be chhi r oh i P D ic ty

,
*
, .
, .

pp . 1 95 ,
Th e Ch a rh oa i s th e D h obi an d Ch h i m b a o f th e Mu l t a n d ivi s i o n an d
t h e D e r ajat a n d n ot u n s e ld om c a r r i e s o n t h e h an dic r af t s o f t h e L i lari
an d R a n gr e z a l so In h i s c a p a ci t y o f w a s h e r ma n h e i s, l i k e th e D h obi ,
.

a r e co g n i s e d vill a g e me n i a l , r e c e ivi n g c u s t o ma r y d u e s i n e xch a n g e f or

w h ich h e w as h e s t h e cl o t h e s of t h e v ill a g e r s He i s a l so f ou n d i n .

B a h a w al p ur , i n G uj r at (w h e r e h e i s de s c r ib e d a s a dy e r i n r e d s ), an d i n
Pe sha w ar S e e D h o bi . .

CHA S T I, a J at
cl a n (a g r i c ul t ur al ) f oun d i n M ul ta n .

OHATER A i n M ch e tr e r e s ee Ch i te r a
,
.
, .

CHAT R A T H a K a mb o h cl an (a g r ic u l t ur a l ) f o un d i n A mr i t sar an d M o n tgome r y ,

,

i n t h e l a tte r D i s tr ic t t h e y a r e b o t h Hi n d u an d M uh a mma d an .

C HATTA, s e e n e x t .

C HAT T HA — A J at tr ib e a p p a r e n tly c o n fi n e d t o G uj r an w al a i n which di str ic t

.
,

t h e y h old 81 vill a g e s Th e y cl a i m t o be d e sc e n de d f r om Ch a tt a a
.
,

g r a n d so n of Pr i th i Bai t h e Ch auha n Ki ng o f D e hli a n d b r o t h e r o f t h e, ,

a n c e s t or o f t h e Ch i ma In th e loth g e n e r at io n f r om Ch at t a or a s o t h e r
.
,
w i s e s t a t e d so m e 5 00 y e a r s a o D a h r u ca me f r o m S a m bh al i n M o r ada
g , ,

bad w h e r e t h e b a r d s o f t h e K a r n al Ch a uh an s s t il lliv e t o th e b an k s o f th e
, ,

Ch e n a b a n d ma r r i e d a m o n g t h e J at tr i be s o f G uj r ztn w éla Th e y w e r e .

c on ve r t e d t o Isla m a b o ut l OOU A D T h e y r o se t o c on sid e r a bl e p oli t i . .

cal i m o r t a n ce u n d e r t h e S i kh s ; a n d t h e h st or f t h i l di g f m il y
p y o e r e a n a i

i s t o l d by S ir L e p e l G r i ffi n a t p a g e s o f h is Pun a b Ch i e s
j f .

CHA T J AR S AZ an um b r e ll a m ak e r : p r ob a bly t o be i n cl ud e d a mon g th e T ar k h an s

' ‘

,
-
.

CHAT YAL a J at cl an (a gr ic ul t ur a l ) foun d in M ul ta n

, .

CHAU D HRIAL a f ac t i on o r p a r ty which i s o pp o se d t o th e Z am i n dar (a lso c a ll e d

,
.

Ch audh r i ) p ar ty i n t h e Ch ak w al t ah si l o f J be l um B r oadly s p e aki ng .

( Cf th e Bal ochi j a r eodha

.
,
l
c oth e s-w ash e r .
156 Ch auhdn Oh du la .

Itai i th a s d e sc e n d a n ts d r o v e t h e K ol i R alpu ts a c r o s s th e T an g r i , wh e r e
’

th e y m ay s t ill be f o un d Til o k Ch an d , so n of S ubh Ma l h i s d e sce n da n t,

r e ta i n e d 84 o u t o f th e 1 09 Cli a u h an vill a g e s— t h e ch a u r a s i ; w hil e
.

S ubh
Me l s s e co n d so n Ma n a k C h a n d , t ur n e d M uh amma d a n a n d too k t h e
‘

a ch i i s i o r 85 r e m a i n i n g J a a i t, 8th i n d e s ce n t f r o m Tilo k Ch an d ,
p g j .

w as G u r u G o vi n d Si n g h s a n t a g o n i s t c
’
1 7 00 A D In 1 7 5 6 h i s . . .

i a n ds o n F a te h C h a n d, w i t h h i s t w o s on s Bh u p Si n gh a n d Cli u h ar
g ,

S i n gh , fl e d f r o m A h m a d Shah D ur r an i i n t o K o tali a w h e r e Oll e nha us

w e re ma s
sa c r e d by th e i mp e r i a l fo r c e s un de r th e R ai of K o t ah s .

Hi ssa r th e t r u e Ch a uh an s a r e i mmig r a n ts a nd may be divid e d i n t o

In
t w o b r n ch e s t h e N i mr an a x a n d S i dh m uk h o r a s t h e y c a ll t h e ms e l v e s
‘ ‘

a , , ,

D ar a i l i al T h e N i mr an as w h o a r e de s ce n da n t s o f R aga S a n ga t a
' ‘
.
,

r e a t g r a n ds o n o f Cli a h i r D e o b r o t h e r o f Pi r th i Raj a r e s u b— divid e d int o

g
-
, ,

t w o cl a n s Bat h a n d Bitg a u ta b o t h o f w hich c a me f r o m G ur ga o n

,
th e , ,

f o r m e r t r a ci n g t h e i r o r igi n to J at i i s an a T h e n a me Bagan t a w o u ld
’

a p p e a r t o be co n n e cte d w i t h Bi h o t a d
‘

g
Th e D ar a T li al h a d a g r o up o f 1 2 vill a ge s n e ar S i dh m uk h i n Bi k an e i ,
’

cl o s e t o a f a mous sh r m e o f G ug a .

T h e S o h u a n d Ch o ti a F a chad a s cl a i m Ch a uha n d e s c e n t -
.

T h e Cli a uh an s o w n a fe w v ill a g e s t o t h e s o ut h o f D e lh i ci t y a n d h a v e
a s m a l l c olo n y n e a r J a kh a ul i i n S n e p a t t a li S i l b ut i n t hi s D i s tr ic t o
,

t h e y h av e a do pt e d w id o w r e m a r r i a g e a n d a r e di so w n e d by t h e i r f e ll o w
i t jp ll ils bu t t h e y a r e t h e b e s t cu l t iv a t o r s o f th e t r ib e a n d o t h e r w i se
’
‘

i t , ,

d e ce n t a n d o r d e r ly .

In th e ce n t r a l a n d s o me w e s te rn D i s tr ic ts th e Ch auh an s a r e fo un d
cla s s e d i n di l f e r e i i t ly a s R zi u t o r J at c g in S ialko t j
’

.
, .
,

In A m r i t s ar t h e y a r e cl a ss e d a s a n a g r i cul tur a l t r ib e (Rajp ut J at an d ,

G uj a r ) a nd t h e y a r e a l s o s o cla s s e d in M o n t go m e r y (Raj p u t a n d J at)

,

a n d i n Shah p u r .

In B aha w a lp ur th e Ch a uh an s h a v e t h r e e cl an s z— Khali s Ha ni sh i r a
un d m a in ly i n Uch p cs h k i r i — tli e y cl a i m t h a t M u h amm a d H sa i n
[ f o u i
,

t h e i r a n ce s to r w a s A k ba r s fo st e r b r o th e r (h a ms h i r ) b ut o t h e r s s a y t h e y
’
, ,

ar e H sli m i r a s n o t Ha m s h i r a s ] a n d K h i ch ch i Wh o cl a i m t o b e
a
,

de s ce n d e d f r o m K h i cli ch i Kha n r ul e r of A j m e r 7 00 y e a r s a g o a n d say , ,

t h e i r a n ce st r f o un d e d S li e r g a dh i n M on t go m e r y F e w i n n u mb e r t h e y
o .

a r e co n fi n e d t o t h e (a i r /Zar ao f Kh a i r p ur E a s t w h e r e t h e y a r e c a r p e n te r s ,

a nd kh a t i ks by t r a d e t h o u gh i n M ul ta n t h e y a r e w e ll to do l a n d o w n e r s
,
- -
.

N u me r o us J at a n d o th e r t r ib e s compr i s e Ch a uhan se c t ion s o r h a v e

s e ct i on s w h i ch cl a i m Ch a u h zt i i d e s c e n t i n d e e d i t w ould be di fficul t t o ’

n a me a la r g e ca s t e i n t h e Pun j ab w h i ch h a s n o t a Ch a uli an s e c t i on
,

s ee Ch a mai n Th e K i chi a n d V a r a ich a r e a l so n um e r o us Ch a uha n

cl a n s 1 “ t h e 1 un ld b F 9 1 t h e ge n e r a l h i stor y o f th e Cli a uh an s a n d
‘ ‘

t h e i r or g a n i s a t i on s e e R aqp ut .

CHRU L A Cli aw a la : lit a p r e p ar a t i o n o f r i ce a s e c t io n o f th e A r or a s

,
.

\
T
f m r éi n a ,
is it sma ll
f e n d at o i y o f A w a r , a n d r u e d b a Cli uuh n f a m
s ta t e
y
a
a i y
‘

l l l
l
.

E i o t me n t i o n s i m n t m c t s us h o d bv the
Wi t h Bi g h o t a
i

T l A lan o t Cli au h ii n s , m e
‘

l l l l
,

Di m n ri li o t i a n d Ch ai i d w a r
.

O f t h e S e R zi t h t h e
’

ar g e s t , i e s m o s t y i n A w a r bu t i t
m
.
, .

i n e lu dP R Né m a ’ n o w i n f a t i ala t e r r i to r y
' '
Big h o t a i e s n o r th o f new
.
a n d D h undh o t i , l
b e t w e e n Big i o ta a nd B a n a a
l n .

1 j
Pun a b Cus t o m a r y L a w , X IV , p .
 Ch aw da- Che t r émi - . 157

C HAWAS a n a gr ic ul tur al cl an fo un d i n Shahp ur

, .

C HAWE K A an a g r ic ul tu r al cl an foun d in Shahp ur

, .

CHECBi a G uj ar cl a n (a gr ic ul t ur a l ) foun d i n A m r i tsa r

,
.

C HEL A (73 ) a di s cip l e (i i ) a se pt o f th e Sials g c (m ) a f e m di mi n u t iv e for m

'
.
,
. .
,

(Ch e tmi) i s u s e d in t h e se n se o f w i t ch o r ma lign a n t f e ma l e spi r i t

/
’ ’
.

CHE MIY A a J at cl an (a g r i cul tur a l ) fo u n d i n A mr i tsar

, .

CHENJ i , cl a n (a gr ic ul t ur a l ) f o un d i n A mr i ts a r (i i ) a se p t o f th e
a G uj ar ,

G i l Ja ts a pp a r e nt ly c o n fi n e d t o H o shia r p u r
,
.

C HE T R AMi — Tll e n a m e o f a s e ct f o un d e d by o n e Ch e t R am a n A r o ra of
-
.
,

Buch h ok e w hich i s s t ill t h e c e n t r a l s a n ct u a r y o f t h e s e ct t h o ugh i t s

, ,

m ona s t ic h e a d q u ar t e r s a r e o u t s id e t h e T a x ali G a t e a t L ah or e Ch e t R am .

b e c ame a dis ci pl e o f Ma h bi i b Shah a J a lali f a qlr o f t h e Chish ti a s e c t

'
, , .

A f t e r h i s d e a t h Ch e t R am s l e p t up o n h i s t o m b a n d th e r e h a d a vi s i on
o f Ch r i s t w hich i s d e s c r ib e d i n a P a n jabi p o e m p ar tl y c o m o se d b h im
p y , ,

p ar tly by h i s su cce s so r s o r f o ll o w e r s On h is d e a t h i n 1 894 Ch e t R am .

w a s c r e ma t e d a n d h i s a s h e s d r u n k i n w at e r by h i s e n th u s i a s t i c dis ~

cip le s B e f o r e d y i n g h e h a d de s i g n a t e d t h e s i t e o f a f utur e Ch e t r am i
.
-

’
t o w n t o h e c a ll e d I s a p ur i o r J e s u s t o w n an d t h e r e h i s b o n e s a n d
‘ ’
,

t h o s e o f Mah bt i b Shah a r e t o fi n d t h e i r e v e n t ua l r e s t i n g pl a ce Re
’
-
.

g ar din g t h e c r e e d of th e s e c t D r H D G r i s w old — “
Th e . . .

Ch e t r a mi s e c t h old s a d o u bl e d o c t r i n e of t h e T r i n i ty Th e r e is
-
.

t h e Ch r i s t i a n T r i n i ty c o n s i s t i n g o f J e s us t h e so n o f M a r y t h e , ,

H o ly S p i r i t a n d G o d w hic h i s f ou n d i n t h e Ch e t r a m i c r e e d
, ,
-
.

Th e r e i s a l s o w h a t m igh t b e c a ll e d a H i n d u T r i n i t y c o n si s t i n g of
A llah Pa r me s h w a r a n d Kh u da
,
A llah i s t h e C r e a t o r Pa r me s h w a r
,
.
, ,

t h e P r e s e r v e r a n d Kh uda t h e D e s tr o y e r
, Thi s id e a i s o f c o ur s e
, .
, ,

b as e d u po n t h e Hi n du d o c t r i n e o f B r a h ma V i sh nu a n d Shiv a a s ,

C r e a t or P r e s e r v e r a n d D e s t r oy e r r e s p e c t iv e ly T h e th r e e p o te n ci e s
, , .

o f th e un iv e r s e n a me ly A llah ,
Pa r me sh w a r a n d Kh u da h av e t h e i r
, ,

co un te r p a r t i n t h e h uman b o dy which f r o m t h i s p oi n t o f vi e w i s a , , ,

ki n d o f m ic r o c o smos Th e r e i s a g e n e r a tiv e p ar t c or r e s pon di n g to

.

A llah a n o ur i s hi n g p ar t (t h e b r e a s t) c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o Pa r me s h w a r
, ,

and a d e s t r oyi n g pa r t (th e h e a d ) c o r r e s p o n di n g t o Kh uda Th e .

”

Ch e t r a mi s fr e qu e n t l y c a r r y a l o n g r o d s ur mo u n t e d by a c r os s o n
-
,

which i s in s c r i be d t h e i r c o n fe s s i o n o f f a i th S o me fo r m o f b a pt i s m .

a ls o a pp e a r s to be p r a c t i s e d but t h e y d i s t i n g u i s h b e t w e e n t h e e x te r n a l
,

a n d i n t e r n a l r i t e a n d a r e s a id t o h a v e fo u r ki n d s o f o u t w a r d b a p t i sm
, ,

wi t h w a t e r e a r t h ai r a n d fir e E ar t h b a p t i sm i s u s e d wh e n a lay
, ,
.
-

me mb e r t e a r s o ff h i s clo th e s c a s t s du s t u p o n h i s h e a d an d b e c ome s
,

a C h e t r a m i m o n k to ma r k h i s r e n un ci a t i o n o f t h e Wo r l d T h e mo n ks
-
, .

a r e th e cl e r gy o f t h e s e c t t h e th e o r y b e in g t h a t 4 0 p e r s o n s ar e alw ay s
,

t o s ub s i s t o n a l ms a n d p r e a ch t h e do ct r i n e s o f Ch e t R am Th e se 4 0 .

a r e ca ll e d ch e la s a n d a r e a ddic t e d t o i n to x ic a t in g d r ug s Th e s e c t i s .

r o b ab l y t v y u m o us n d i t i s s a id t o be p e r s e c ute d by bo t h
p n o e r n e r a ,

Hi n d u s a n d M u h a mma da n s t h o u gh wh e n a ch e la b e g s o f a Hi n d u h e
, ,

d o e s s o in th e n a m e o f R am a n d w h e n f r o m a M uh am ma d a n i n t h e
,

n a me of A llah a n d M uh a m m a d A ll c as t e s e ve n th e lo w e s t
.

ar e r e c r ui te d but c a s t e di s t i n c t i o n s a r e a t l e a s t so f ar o b se r v e d t h a t
,

In an e xh aus ti v Pa p er r e a d a t t h e Mu s soor ie Conf e r e n ce , 1 904 w hich th e

e
, cur i ous r e ade r
may consult for l
f ur th e r de tai s and p ar al e s l l .
 Chhabala —Oh hddh a/r .
rw 'w '
f q I
‘

ea ch c as te of p ar a t e ly Th r e e male s ar e h e l d an nually
c on v e r ts e a ts se .

a t Buch h ok e o n e o n Po h 1 s t (J anu a r y ) i n me mor y o f Mah b ti b Shah s

’
,

d e ath a no t h e r o n J e th 29th (May — J un e ) to c o mme mo r a te t h at of

Ch e t R am a n d th e t hi r d o n S a w a n 1 8th (J uly —A ug us t) in me mor y
,

of o n e M a l an g Sh ah o f wh o m n othin g app e ar s t o be k no w n e xc e pt
,

t h a t h e w as a f r i e n d o f Mah bii b Sh ah
’

CHHABA L A, see Ch h abi h w ale .

CHHABIBWAL E , a te r m a ppl i e d t o th e Kh a tr i d e vo te e s o f Sha mji His G andia .

J at d e v ot e e s a r e c a ll e d R a n g R an g i ta a n d h is Ch an di a B al o ch w o r ship ;
p e r s a r e styl e d Ch h abala—b oth , t h o ugh s till M uh a mma d an s, p r e s e n t i n g ,

o ff e r i n gs t o h i s d e s c e n d a n t s (F or an a cc o un t o f th e Hi n d u r e vival i n t h e
.

so u t h w e s t P un j ab u n d e r B a i r agi i n fl u e n c e s, by th e G osa in s Sha mj i a n d

-

h is cc e ssor Lal p se e C e n sus R e p 1 891 pp 1 27 9

su , , , .
-
.

CHHABR i a G uj ar cl a n (agr ic ul tur al ) f oun d in A mr i ts a r

,
.

C HHABBA R F o u n d a l on g th e w h ol e l e n g th of th e Ch e nab a n d Ravi

.

v a ll e y s b ut f a r mo s t n ume r o us i n Jh an g w h e r e t h e y for th e most

, ,

r t r e gar d th e m s e lv e s a s Raj p ut s th e Chh adh ar s cl a i m t o be d e s c e n d e d

p a ,

f r o m Raj a T ur T un w ar T h e y sa y t h a t t h ey l e f t t h e i r h o me i n
,
.

R aj pu t an a i n t h e t i m e o f M uh amma d o f G h o r a n d se t tl e d i n B a haw a lp u r
.
, ,

w h e r e t h e y w e r e c on v e r t e d by Sh e r Shah o f U ch Th e n c e th e y ca m e t o .

Jh a n g wh e r e th e y f oun d e d an i m por t a n t co l on y a n d s p r e a d i n sm a ll e r
,

n um b e r s u p t h e Ch e n ab a n d Ravi S t e e d ma n de s c r ib e s t h e m a s g oo d .

a gr ic u ltur i st s a n d l e ss gi v e n t o c a tt le t h e f t t h an t h e i r n e ighb ou r s
,
-
.

Mr E D M a cl a g an s p e ll s t h e n a me Ch a ddr a r which i s un d o ub t e dly

. . .
,

t h e c or r e ct f o r m a n d w r i t e s ,

T h e Ch a ddr ar s ar e T fin w é r s Th e i r chi e f t r ib e s i n t h e S a n d a l Bar

.

K a mo k e s J app a s L ii n s P a p k e s D e ok e s Ballan k e s
’

a r e t h e R a jok e s , , , , , , ,

S ajok e s e t c T h e Ch a ddr ar s o f t h e Bar ar e s a i d t o h a v e e xp a n d e d

,
.

f r o m D hab a n a sm all r a h n a o r e n c a mpme nt s o ut h w e st o f Kh ur ia n wal a

,
-
.

Th e l ne s o f A w an w al a i n th e Bar s ay t h e y h a v e b e e n t h e r e f o r s e v e n
i

gen e r at i on s A t B aj la r a h n a t h e r e i s a se p ar a t e cl a ss o f h i m or
.

L im a s c all e d Bal a L il us w h o c e l e b r a te mar r i age s w a sh th e d e a d a n d

’
’

, ,

so f or th a n d a ct m or e o r l e s s a s mu lla s
,

T h e f o ll o wi n g g e n e al o gy o f t h e Ch a ddr ar s i s giv e n by a mi r ds i o f th e
t r ib e i n t h e Hafi z aba d t a h s il

G a r ]an .

Bzi t is a r
’

Mé n dli k .

T un w ar

R ajfi R av fl an,

Ch a ddr ar .
1 60
‘

Chh ajj u —Chh a lap ddr .

’
Raj o k e Ch a ddr ar s o n c e g ot h ol d o f a M ugh al e mp e r or s
T he
e l e ph a nt a n d y o k e d i t t o a w e l l a t a pl a c e n e a r Kh ur ia n wal a st i l l ,

c alle d th e Hat h i Th e h T h e f o ll owi n g ch dp o n t h e s ub j e ct w as giv e n .

by th e M i r a s i f a g i r at Sh aikh Sab u
Ma li k D ddtt bdh ch a t , Mal i k Dadd ( a R a ok e Ch i e f ) i fte d h i s ar m j l
In dr a R aj a M s de
’

.
In dr a R ain e ca m e e nv io us b .

V a s e ba dda l Imile d ! R ain , 0 bl

a ck c o u d ! l
Hdt h i le d n e Lh a s a He s e i z e d t h e e e p h a n t l
Ma h aw a t n e m dr e d . ll
A n d ki e d t h e m a h a u t .

d h i A kba r d e k ah de , l
It w a s a n e e p h a n t o f t h e e m p e r o r A k ba r s ,
’

It th e ch aze dh cwnn i, L a h d ur ka mdn d He r e i t g r a z e d o n dha m a n g r ass , i n L a h o r e

’
'

o n s ug a r -ca n e .

R dj d I
re R dfo lt e
, T h e R éj o k e s , de s ce n da n ts of BaJ u,
S un dh v a ddh ke kh u h e j utte ddn d'
. Cut o ff i t s t r un k an d y o k e d it to t h e w e ll .

C HHAJ J U CHHAJ J d PAN T HI —A s e c t which e xhibi ts a c ur ious c ombi n a ti on of t h e

,
-
.

Hin d u a n d M uh amma dan c r e e ds a m on g th e l ow e r o r d e r s It i s sa id to .

h av e b e e n f oun d e d by Chh a j j u a bh a ga t o f L ah or e w h o live d a bou t th e , ,

t i me o f A ur an g e b z
*
His f ollo we r s b ur n t h e i r d e a d b ut do n o t t h r o w th e
.
,

a sh e s i n to t h e G a n g e s t h e y t a k e t h e m t o a p l a c e c all e d Pa r n aji in B un d e l ,

kh an d w h e r e th e y b ur y t h e m Th e y b e li e v e i n t h e divi n e m i ss i on o f Mu
,
.

h amma d but h av e n o so ci al i n t e r cou r se w i t h t h e M uh a m ma da n s On e o f

,
.

t h e i r s a c r e d p l a ce s is M a lk a H a n s i n th e Pa k pa tt an t a h s i l o f M on t go me r y , ,

W h e r e t h e i r m a h a n t L a chh man D as l iv e s a n d t h e ir s a cr e d bo o k is k e p t
, , ,

i n a k in d of t e mpl e It i s c a ll e d th e K a t J a ma Ba r u p is w r i t t e n i n
.
,

Bhash a a n d i t s do ctr i n e s a r e b a se d o n a m ix tu r e o f Hi n d ui s m a n d th e
,

Q ur an Th e y a l s o h a v e a dh e r e n t s a t Qab ii la Tibbi a n d H a r a pp a a n d
.
’

a r e s a id t o b e st r on g v e g e t a r i a n s a n d t e e t o t a ll e r s .

CHHA J n A A t r ibe o f J a ts w h o cl a i m d e sc e n t f r o m t h e r oy a l r a c e of th e
.

Bh a tti s o f J a i s alme r T h e y c a me t o M ul tan u n d e r R ae K e h ar a chi e f

.
,

t a i n o f th e i r o w n a n d s e t t l e d t h e r e K e h a r i s a n a me o f n o te in Bh a tti
,
.

a n n al s On e K e h a r w a s c o n t e m p o r a r y o f t h e Kh a l i f a u l Wa l i d A D
.
- -
, . .

7 1 3 1 He a n d h i s s on s a dv an ce d t h e Bh a tti k i n gd o m o f J a i sa l me r
'

A n o t h e r K e h a r r ul e d J ai s alm e r in t h e si x te e n t h ce nt ur y a n d h i s s o n ,

c on qu e r e d a ll th e M ul tan c oun tr y up to th e I n d us Th e Ch h aj ras .

ma r r y t h e i r d a ugh t e r s t o t h e i r o w n t r ib e sme n o nly but r e c e iv e th e ,

d au gh te r s o f o th e r J at t r ib e s i n marr i age .

C HHA J RA a J at cl an (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) f o un d in M ul tan t a h s i l
,
.

C HHAJ U a M uh amma d an J at cl a n (agr ic ul tur a l ) foun d i n M on t go me r y

, .

C HHA K HANG a c a s te f o un d i n S p i t i (f r o m ch h a ow n e r a n d khdn g l a n d

, , ,
‘

But a cc o r din g t o Sir J am e s Ly a ll kh dn g m e a n s h o us e o r h ou se h old ’

,

n ot l an d Z i n g m e a n s l a n d cf Ch ah z a ug
. . .

CHE AL A a G uj ar cl an (a g r ic ul tu r al ) f ou n d in A mr i ts ar
,
.

CHHAL APD AI RS A s ma ll co mmun i t y o f s o m e 1 0 h o us e s i n D e lhi w h o sa y th a t

.
,

t h e y c a m e f r o m t h e M e w a t i n M u gh a l t i m e s a n d th a t i n t h e U n i t e d
P r o vi n c e s th e y a r e k n o w n a s Mujaw a r s i Sh a ik h s M uj aw a r a n d
Q al a n d a r w e r e t h e i r a n c e st o r s a n d s o t h e l a t t e r s d e s c e n da n t s a r e ,
’

c all e d Q a lan da r s But thi s s e e m s t o b e a n a b so l u te f a bl e Th at t h e y

.
.

c am e fr om t h e M e w at m a y be c on c e d e d b ut i n s pi te o f w h a t t h e y , ,

a:Ch h a j jfi s ch a ubdr a i s a co n sp i cu o u s e di ce n e a r t h e D i i n i ty S ch o o a t L a h o r e
’

Th e
fi v l
lo ca l b
h i s t o r i e s de scr i e h i m as a n A r o r a w h o w o r k e d m i r a c e s i n t h a t ci t
y ’ b ut n ot a s l
v j
h a i n g f o un de d a se ct' Ch h a j up an th i w o u d ap p e ar to be a oca t e r m f or t h e m or e
, .
-
l l l
g e ne r a t e r m l
‘
PA R N AMI ( q .

W i d l
as K h a i f a f r o m 7 05
— l
1 5 A D : E i ot s Hi st of In di a I
’
ll
l a w , , p 4 28 . .
.
. .

a r li t a ne ig h our
i
‘
. .
' '
b
l h e w o r d i s use d i n In di a t o de no t e an at t e n dat t at a sh r i e
.
u .
 Chhalap dcir r i tes . 16 ]

s ay , it i s p r ob a bl e th at th e y a r e Hi nd u c on v e r ts to I sla m, an d t h a t i n
th e i r f o r me r f a i th t h e y w e r e t e mpl e mus i ci a n s o r w an d e r in g mi n s t r e l s .

O n t h e c o n v e r s i o n o f t h e M e w a t th e i r de it i e s w e r e o v e r th ro w n , but t h e
s p i r i t o f i dola to r
y w hich r e m a i n e d , a n d i s n ot y e t q ui t e e x ti n c t s e t up .

M uh a mma d an p i r s i n th e i r s te ad , a n d t h e y f oun d e mploy me n t i n d e d i

c a t i n g t h e mse lv e s to t he s e sa i n ts But i t i s doub tf ul wh e t h e r t h e y
.

w e r e e v e r r e ally a t t ach e d to th e s h r i ne s o f th e sa i n ts t o whom t h e y

a r e d e dic a te d, vi a , Kh w aj a M o i n ud D i n of A j me r , B ad i -ud Di n
- - -

or M adar sahib , or S a iyid snap M asa nd G hazi , k no w n a s t h e

*

T h e Muj aw a r s b e l o n gi n g t o t h e s e s h r i ne s a r e o f
‘ ’
Bala Miy an .

a ut h e n t ic a t e d d e sc e n t a n d c e r t ai n ly o f high e r sta tus t h an th e

Chh alap dar s , w h o d e r iv e t h e i r n a me f r o m chh a lap , t h e music a l
i n s tr u me n t which t h e y c ar r y an d w hich i s i n i t s e l f a s ign o f low
so ci a l s t at us Th at t h e y c a ll th e ms e lv e s Mujaw a r s ma y be t a k e n
a s a me r e a t te mp t t o cl a i m a h igh e r o r igi n , t h ou g h th e y c e r ta i n ly
ta k e u p on t h e ms e lv e s c e r t a i n d ut i e s c onn e c te d w i th t h e a n n iv e r sa r i e s
of th e i r sain ts, e sp e ci a lly a t D e lhi , wh e r e t h e y a r e t o be se e n
w ande r i ng fr o m h ous e to h ou se a s h ar bi n ge r s of t h e appr o a chi n g
c e r e mon i e s, an d si n gin g son gs to th e a cc omp a ni me n t o f t h e chh a lap
i n pr a i s e o f t h e i r sa i n ts T h e a n n iv e r sar y o f t h e fi r s t n ame d s a i nt ,
.
-

w h o i s t h e mos t r e v e r e n c e d o f t h e m a ll i s h e ld at A j me r f r o m
,

t h e 1 s t t o t h e 6 th o f R a j a b , w h e n t h o usa n ds f ro m a ll p a r t s of I n di a
ga t h e r a t A j me r Wh e n t h e r e w e r e n o r a il w ay s, p eo pl e u s e d t o s ta r t
.

on t hi s j o ur n e y w e e k s a n d e v e n m on th s b e f o r e h a n d , so t h a t t h e
mo n th pr e c e di n g R ajah a c t ua lly ca me t o be c a ll e d ‘ t h e mo n t h o f
On th e 14th , 1 5 th , a n d 1 6 th o f t hi s mo n t h
’
K h w aj a M oi n ud D i n
- -
.

l ar ge n umb e r s f r o m t he M e w a t , a n d t h e c ou n tr y s id e ge ne r ally , as s e mbl e

a t t h e Q utb , 1 1 m il e s f r o m D e lh i
(which , a s t h e n a me s ig nifi e s, is t h e
s h r i ne of Kh w aj a Q utb ud Di n, t h e chi e f discipl e o f t h e A j me r i
- -

Kh w aj a ) for t h r e e day s, which a r e o b s e r v e d a s g r e a t h olid ay s On t h e .

1 6 th t hi s g r e at c on c o ur s e f o r m s a h ug e c a r a v a n w hic h se ts o ut o n i ts
w ay to A j m e r . E v e n n o w t h e j o u r n e y is m o s tly p e r f o r me d o n f o o t , .

t h o ugh b ullo ck c ar t s a r e a l s o e mplo y e df ch i e fl y f o r t h e w o me n Th e .

s igh t is pic t ur e s ue a n d i n t e r e s ti ng , y o un g a n d old b e i n g d r e sse d i n

q
th e ir b e st a tt i r e ; t r a i n s o f ch h a km s (c o un tr y c ar t s ) which c a r r y t h e
th ousan d s of w ome n a n d child r e n , s i n gi n g t o t h e a c omp an i me nt o f c

d r um s , flut e s a n d a ll ki n d s of i nstr ume nts A c on spic uous f e a t ur e o f .

t h e p r o c e s s i o n i s t h e r e d a n d gr e e n b a nn e r s a nd fl a gs , c a ll e d chh a oj i ci n
’
(l i t. to w hich t h e t h r e e d a y s g a t h e r i n g a t t h e Q u t b o w e s i ts
na me o f t h e ch h a r i mc kd m ale o r f a i r o f th e fl ag s , whi ch a r e
‘ ’
-
.

mor e p r e ci se ly c a l l e d Khw aj a j 1 k i ch h a r ian In th e pr e p a r a t io n a n d

.

e r e c t io n o f t h e se fl a g s a n d i n t h e c e r e moni e s c on n e c t e d wi t h t h e m
t h e Oh h a lap dar s ar e t h e p r i n cip a l a c to r s Th e fl ag s l o o k lik e s o ma n y
.

O n t h e r s t da y o f J a m adi u l a w a , a s o ca e d t h e m o n t h o f Ma dar , w h e n t h e a n n e r s
fi - -
l l ll b
o r ch h a r tdn s o f Ma ddr ll
w e r e e r e ct e d u n de r t h e w a s o f D e h i t h e Ch h a la p dar s , a e co m l
b
p a n i e d by a a nd o f dr um m e r s , us e d t o a p p e a r w i t h Ma da i r a an n e r e f o r e t h e e m p e r o r
’
b b
v v l
i n h i s co ur t o f p r i a t e a udi e n ce , a n d o n t h e i r a r r i a h e ca m e o u t o f t h e p a a ce a n d h i s l
v
a t t e n da n t s u se d t o g i e t h e m t r a y s o f ma li da h , t h e Ch h a lap dé r s i n r e t u r n p a ci n g a ba dd i l
or g a rl a n d o n t h e e mpe r o r s
’
b o dy i n m e m o r y o f t h e S a i n t Ma dar Pr ay e r s w e r e t h e n.

o ff e r e d i n t h e n am e o f t h e s a i n t a n d t h e ma li da h w as do e d o ut t o a ll p r e s e n t l A f te r t h i s .

v
t h e k i n g g a e t h e Ch h a la p dar s a s t a n da r d f r o m t h e t o p o f w h i ch h u n g a c o t h ca e d
l l l
p h a r a i r a , e m b r o i de r e d w i t h lg o d ( ca e d tll
ds h o r t a md mt ,
e t c ) t o t h e o o
'

s e e n ds o.f w h i ch l
lv v
w e r e a t t ach e d s i e r cu p s o r ka t or a s T h i s s t a n da r d w a s g i e n t o t h e Ch h a la nd ar e i n o r de r
.

t h a t i t mi g h t be p r e se n t ed at t h e co n e n t o f Madar S ah i i n t h e k i n g s e h a f
v b b l
‘
.
 Chha lap ddr r i tes .

d d s disti ngui sh i ng t h e v ar io us b a n d s a nd c on ti n ge nts w hich f or m

s ta n a r ,

t h e g r e a t Kh w aj a s c a m p o r la s h ka r
’
Th e y a r e g a udlly d r a p e d h a ve
.
,

u i ld d t a n d a r e g a r l a n d e d w i t h fl o w e r s W lll ch h a v e p e c u l i ar
g e e
p s , ,
.

n a me s Th e cl o t h a n d e v e n f r a gm e n ts o f it a f t e r h ay i n g b e e n o n c e
‘

.
, ,

t wi s te d r o un d t h e s t ick a r e c o n s id e r e d to be not o nly sac r e d b ut ,

.

po ss e sse d o f h e ali n g vi r tue s a n d a r e e ag e r ly s ough t a f t e r e s p e ci a lly

, ,

by mo th e r s w h o c a us e th e m t o be w o r n by t h e i r child r e n i f S l or
,

o th e r w i se i n d a n g e r i n o r de r t o e t t h e m c ur e d Th e y c o ll e c t w o m e n
g ,
.

o f t h e i r ki t h a n d ki n f o r m a p r o ce ss i o n h e a d e d by t h e
,
m e n b e at i n g
d r um s an d fo ll o w t h e m si n gi n g t h e K hwaj a s p r a i se s t ill t h e y r e a
,
ch
’
,

on e o f t h e s e fl a g s t o which t h e y ma k e ,
o ff e r i n g s o f s w e e t me at s p 10 6 ,

a n d cow mes a n d s o me t i me s e v e n r up e e s t h e w h o l e be i n g t h e pe r
’

ui i t f t h Chh l d a w h r e in r o r i e t a r y ch ar g e o f t h e s ti ck s
q s e o e a a
p r s o a p p ,
.

A p o r t i o n of th e s w e e tme at a f te r i t h a s b e e n o ff e r e d i s r e t urn e d t o
, ,

t h o se w h o b r i n g i t a n d a l so di s tr ib u te d a mo n g an y o th e r s p r e s e n t .

’
S om e time s t hi s c e r e mony i s p e r fo r me d a t th e h ous e o f t h e chil d s
p ar e n t s i n which c a se th e Chh a lap dar ta k e s h i s s t ick or fl a g t h e r e a n d
,

t h e r i t e i s gon e th r o ugh m id s t t h e s i n gi n g o f th e c h ild s r e l at iv e s a n d

’

w i th g r e at f e s t ivi ti e s In s om e c a se s t h e ce r e mon y of p u tt i n g o n t h e
.

g ar l an ds a n d dr api n g a chil d i n th e c lot h o f a fl a g i s r e p e at e d y e a r ly

d ur i n g i t s mi n or i ty o r un t il t h e t er m o f y e ar s f or which i ts p ar e n t s h a d
, ,

v o w e d to pe r for m i t h a s e xpi r e d , .

F or t h r e e d ay s th e s c e n e a t Q utb i s mos t noi s y an d th e din o f th e v o c a l

a n d i n st r ume n t a l m us ic of i n n ume r a bl e p r o c e s si on s p a ssi n g t h r ough
t h e str e e t s an d c r o ssi n g e a ch o th e r i s e n h a n c e d by t h e n oi s e a n d r ow dy
i s m of t h e jumpi u g D a r w e sh e s c a ll e d Qala n dar s In f r o n t o f e v e r y .

s h o p a n d pl a c e w h e r e a r ust ic f a mily i s s t ayi n g d ur i n g th e f ai r as w e ll ,

a s a r o u n d e v e r y s t ick o r fl a e r e c t e d by Ch h a la dar s r o up s o f t h s e
g p g e ,

Qala n da r s ma y be s e e n ma r kin g ti me w i th t h e i r f e e t w hich mo v e me n t

by de gr e e s r i se s i n to high j ump s Th e i r ch or us * while th e y ar e t h us.
,

j u m pi n g i s ,

Ma s t Qa la n dar A lla h ht degd

T ci m be h é p a te d I A lla h h i deg d
D a dh ma li da h A lla h h i dega
’

.
.

D h a m Qa la n da r D u dh ma li da h A lla h h i de gai f
an d so o n .

O D a r w e s h f r e e a n d dr un k ! G o d will giv e i t ! C o p p e r c o i n ! G od
w ill giv e i t ! Milk a n d m a lida h l G o d w ill giv e i t ! J ump Q al an d ar !
G o d will giv e m ilk a n d ma lida h l (li t , a sw e e t .

Thi s i s r e p e a te d a ga i n a n d a g a i n un til th e sh o pk e e p e r or th e p e r son

o r f a mil y a dd r e s se d give s t h e m s o me th i n g i n c a sh o r ki n d t a ki n g
,

w hi ch t h e y m o v e o n to j um b e f o r e o th e r s
p .

In a ll th e so n g s s u n g by t h e Ch h a la p dar s a n d o th e r s g e n e r a lly o n t hi s , ,

o cca s i o n t h e Kh w a j a s p r a i s e s a r e t h e
’
r i n cip a l t h m T h f ll wi g
p e e e o o n .

w hich f o r ms th e b u r d e n o f a p o ul a r s o n g i s giv e n h e r e a s a s p e ci
p
me n
llIe r e ( li da r y a o li h w ay a Ter e j h a la r e p e lti gi h a i bh i r
l My b ou n ti
’
’ ’

f ul r i v e r l i ke K hwa j a ! L oo k w h a t a co n c o ur se o f p e opl e
(wi t h ge r
-
ea
p r ay e r s ) h a s a s s e mbl e d a t th y j h a la r a 1
”
.
'

l
S u n g i n a o u d a nd e m p h a t i c V o i ce .

t l
J h a la r a i s a a r g e S p r i n g a t t h e s h r i ne of t h e K h mi j a at Aj mcr .
1 6 4. Oh hangar - Chhcizang '
.

CHHANGAR, M . Ch angar , q . r .

C HHANT , an a gr ic ul tur al cl an foun d in Shahpur .

C HHAPER A , a sy n o n ym ,
r ar e ly u se d f or Oh h ap e g ar or C hh i mba, g . e.

C HHATHA Chh atta , ,

se e Ch a th a .

CHH r rA ,
A '
a t r ib e of M uh ammad an s foun d in M on tg ome r y an d a s J {i ts ,

( gar ic ul tur a l ) ,
in A mr i t sar P r ob ably id e n tic a l wi t h t h e Ch atta
. .

CHHi zane .
—A
c on fi n e d in t h e P un j ab to th e Bu ddhists of Spi ti among
te r m ,

w h om c a s te w as s a id t o be un k n o w n It i n cl u d e s all th e l an d o w n i n g .
-

cl a s s e s o f Spi ti w h e r e e v e r yb o d y e xc e p t He s i s a n d L ohar s o w n s l an d
, .

Th e Ohh az a n g ar e by n at i on a li t y Tib e t a n o r a s t h e y c all t h e m ,

s e lv e s Bh oti an d Oh ah z an
, g m e a n s t h e l a n d h o ldi n g cl a ss a n d t h e p e opl e
,
-
,

t o w ar d s Tib e t L a dakh a n d Z a n sk ar a r e k no wn a s Oh h azan g

,
It ,
.

a pp e a r s t o be u s e d i n a v e r y wid e s e n se to me a n a ll w h o sp e a k Bh e t i ,

j u s t a s M on p a me an s th e p e opl e t h a t do n ot kn o w t h a t i s th e ‘
,
’
,

H in d us .

Mr . A D iack , a high a ut h o r i t y on
. H . Spi ti t h us d e s c r ib e d th e
tr ib a l s st e m i n t h a t c o un tr y, wh e r e fo ur g r a de s o f so ci e ty a r e
y re
co g n i se d
(i) J 0 or . Ts o .
* —Thi s i s a ti tl e
j y e d f or h i s l ife t i me by on e w h o en o

ma r r i e s t h e d augh t e r o f a ny high c la ss f a mily s uch a s t h a t -

,

o f t h e Non o of S i t i o r t h e Thak ur o f L ah ul o r a n f mily

p y a ,

of e qu a l i mp or ta n c e i n L a dakh o r Tib e t .

( ) n . L 0 np o .
-
t e r m i s a ppli e d t o t h e cl ass n o t
Thi s high a s t h e J o
so
or a s lo w a s t h e Chha -z a n g L o n p o m e a n s . m i n is t e r and
’

is an h e r e di ta r y t itl e a n d o ffi ce . L oh r a g a n d D a t o n g -k ar -

p(D h on g r uk ar u) a r e s aid to be s y n o n y ms f or L on p a
o .

( )
iii . Ch h a za n g -
Th e w o r d m e an s .
-
m id dl e goo d
p osi ti o n as O p p o s e d o n t h e o n e h a n d t o T a r a p, o r high ’

cl a ss s uc h a s me mb e r s o f t h e f a m ily o f t h e N o n o o f Spi t i
,
,
a n d o n t h e o th e r t o
’
M a r a p o r low cl as s, which in cl ud e s ,
‘ ’

t h e bl a ck sm i th s He si s e t c , , .

(iv ) .
—
L obo nn Th e w o r d me an s t e a ch e r a n d i s p r ob ably t h e de s
’
,

p i
cr i t on g i v e n o f hi mse l f by s o me w an d e r i n g Tib eta n
p i lgr i m Th e r e w as so me di ffic ul ty i n as c e r tai n i n g th e
.

c a st e of Tib e tan pilgr im s a t t h e c e n sus o f 1 891 Th e y

‘ ’
.

t r e a t e d t h e q ue s t i o n a s a j o k e a n d r e t ur n e d th e mse l v e s ,
”
as s t on e s o r a r t icl e s o f w e a r i n g a r e l Ia n d t h e lik e
, pp a , .

T r ib a l di s ti n c ti o n s a r e r e c og n i z e d in Spi t i t h e ch i e f b e i n g th e ,

fo ll o wi n g (2)G y a z hi ng p a (3) K h y u n g p o (4)L o n ch h e n p 0 , ,

~
,

Se e un de r None f or th e p r e ci se me ani ng
thi s te r m Mr D i ack a s o adde d t h at, t h e of . . l
s a me n ame i s b o r n e by t h e ady w h o se mar r i a g e h a s i n e s t e d h e r h u s and w i t h l th e t i t e ‘ v b l
b ut th e f e m i n i ne f o r m 1 8 g e n e r a lly j o-j o Th e ch i llr e n o f t h e uni o n do n ot e n o th
y e tit e
j l
J 0 a nd TS O ( m m) ar e S y n on y m s
.

T h i s h ow e e r i s cont r adi ct e d by at e r i nf o r m a t i
.
on f r o m
v l
Sp i t i . ( S e e u n de r J 0 ) .

( M n D i ack r e f e r s t o th e Ce nsus R e p o r t o f and ap p ar e ntl

ill; iid
ace ) S t
d e r iv ati o n f r
‘
a n d.
’
C’ld h ‘
o w n e r
’
But la ntl
’
S
— sh a
l . :
‘
ow ne r
’
i s da g p o i a S p i ti , and th e der i ation app e ar s to be untena e v bl
bab l y
.

1 U si ng f ami y l n ame s, pr o .
 S oci a l gr ade s in S pi ti . 165

5
( ) B e s i r, N
( ) y e k pa
6 an d * M arr iage is f or bidde n wi thi n t h e cl an but
.

o n e cl an i n te r ma r r i e s f r e e ly wi t h a n o t h e r A w oma n o n ma r r yi n g i s .

co id e e d t o b e l on g to h e r h u sb a n d s cl a n a n d th e c h ild r e n o f bo th
n s r
’

s e x e s a r e o f th e cl a n o f th e f a t h e r T h e t r ib e s (m w a ) a r e n o t
’
.

l o c a l me mb e r s of e a ch may be fo un d i n a n y vill ag e Th e m e mb e r s , .

p h a i ba t, o f t h e cl a n, w h e r e v e r t h e y may live , i n h e r i t i n p r e f e r e nc e
t o t h e p e o pl e o f t h e vill a g e , in de fa ul t o f n a t ur a l h e i r s Th e L on .

chh e n p a s a n d t h e G y a z bi ng p a s a r e c o n sid e r e d som e w h a t supe r i o r

-

to t h e o th e r s , but m y i n fo r ma n t , a S p i ti m an , s a y s t h a t i n h i s c o un tr y
,
a s e l s e w h e r e , w e a l t h i s t h e r e a l cr i t e r i o n o f r e s p e ct a bili ty M o r e up
”
.

t o d a t e i n fo r ma t i o n s h o w s t h a t Mr D i ack us i ng (n o d o u b t ) a L ah u la .

i n te r pr e te r h a s co n f use d L ah ula a n d S p i t i n ome n cl a t ur e : t h e t r u e

cl a s s di sti n c ti on s a r e t h e se
L a dakh . L eth a l

I—R oy a
.
l o r no ble J or i e s

11 .
—U pp e r o ffi ci l la c ass L o n r ig s o r L on L on p o .

oh h e n p o .

11 1 —F ar me r s
. or y e o me n h (m ang r ig s) h (man g r ig s ) Ch h azan g .

A ll t h e s e th cl a r e Na n g a o r
r ee Oh ajan g ,
a ss e s ‘
i n sid e r s ’
p A 11
.

b e l o w th e m a r e styl e d Pi pas i n S p i ti , Chipa s i n La h ul, or T OI

be y r ig S
i n L a dakh .

Mr F r an ck e d e scr ibe s
. th e
S p i t i p e opl e a s divid e d i n to t h r e e ma i n
cl a sse s : Non e Ch aj an g an d P IPA T h e o ld e r a cc o un t s av e r r e d t h a t
,
.
,

o n ly i n th e l o w e r p a rt s o f S p i t i m u s t m e ni a l s p r o vid e t h e i r o w n s te ms

f or t h e c o mmon h u qa w h ich in t h e up p e r pa r t w a s u s e d by all wi th out

,

di st in c tio n of r a n k Thi s i s n ow i n dign an tly d e n i e d an d i t i s sa id

.
, , ,

a n a n gp a o r co m mo n e r w i ll c a r e fully r e mo v e t h e s te m f r o m a
’
n on o e
i s m o ut
’
bl pi n d s t ar t i h h i A s a f a ct a n
’
(n o e s ) p e a t w t
h y one e xc e t
p
.
,

a p i p a m a y u s e a n o r di n a r y ma n s p i p e a n d t h e n on os a d mi t th a t if t h e
.
’
, ,

s te m w e r e u se d by a n i n f e r i or i t w o uld o n ly be n e c e ssa r y t o w a sh i t .

Th e t e n d e n cy i s h o w e v e r f o r e t i qu e t te t o b e c o me s tr ic te r
, , Ju s t a s .

th e L ah ula s h a v e a dv an ce d a n ut te r l y un f o un d e d cl a i m t o be Ka n e t s
by c ast e so th e p e o pl e o f S p i ti i n t h e p r e se n c e o f Hi n d us w h o
, ,

p r id e t h e mse l v e s o mth e ir c as te r ul e s p r e t e n d t o caste di s ti n c ti o n s o f ,

th e i r o w n .

A s to t h e clan sy st e m i n mi n d th at t h e thi n g most

,
it mu st be b o r ne
n e c e ssa r y t o e ns ur e i n t h e B u ddhi st i s t h a t w h e n a m a n die s w or ld
t h e r e sh a ll be s o m e o n e r e a dy to p r e pa r e h i s b ody f or b ur i a l P e r so n s .

r e ci r o c a ll y b o u n d to p e r fo r m t h e l a s t o ffi c e s fo r e a ch ot h e r a r e c a ll e d
p
p h u q m ( f a t h e r b r o t h e r h o o ds ), as-
w e ll a s
p h a i ba t , a s t h e y ar e in
t h e or y o f t h e s a me r u w a i a s i t i s c a ll e d in S p i t i Fr o m t hi s o r igi n
’ ’

, .

h a v e s pr un g th e c la n s w h ich a r e f ou n d in e v e r y gr a d e o f soci e t y .

S uch a r e th e S ton d k ar po , th e R u mp u , t h e ( b)L o n ch h e n pa o r gr e a t

-

mi ni ste r s , th e K h y u n g b ii ba , th e (r )G y a n s h e ba a n d t h e D r e b a , a ll
’ ’
-

foun d at D h ank ar E ve n th e p ip a cl as s h as cl a n s
. In ma r r i a ge t h e .

F or an exp anati on of l b
th e se Ti e tan c an nam l e s s ee T IBIr s N '
.

1
‘

T h e w or d me an s b on e an d i s p r ono un ce d r fi sp a i n L ada k h
.

.
16 6 ohh zmbd
’

Ch hatar fi
.

void e d j us t a s i n K ullti a n d th e Si ml a Hill s th e

’
’
‘
b o ne must be a ,

h a ddi kai n dth a is t h e e xo g a mo us li m i t

.
It a l mos t goe s w i t h out s a yi n g .

th a t t h e b on e b r e t h r e n o r p h a zba t i n h e r it i n p r e f e r e n c e t o a n y o ne
’

o u t s id e t h e cl a n .

C HHAT A R ,
M uh amma d a n Ja ts f oun d i n G uj r a t It s e p on y m c a me
a tr ib e of .

f r o m Uch b ut h i s r e a l n a me i s un k n o w n
,
A s a c h ild h e vi s i te d h i s .

’
ma te r n a l g r a n d fa t h e r s h ouse a n d w a s w e igh e d a ga i n st s h oe s ( ch h a ta r)
wh e n c e h i s n ick n ame .

OHHE CHHAR , cl an (a gr icul tur al ) f oun d i n A mr i ts ar

an A r ai u .

OB E R L AR A s ma ll cl an o f Ja ts wh os e p r i n cip a l s e t tl e me nt i s Ch h e la r i n
.

t h e Nar n a u l t ah s i l o f Nabh a Th e y r e v e r e Bh a g w a n D as a Hin du .

,

sa i n t o f Mukla i n th a t S tat e a n d s h a v e t h e i r child r e n a t h i s s h ri n e .

,

T h e y a vo id to b a cc o .

CHHIBBAR (1 ) a , se ction of th e Muh i al Br ah mans (2) a se pt of K a n e ts w h o ,

gi ve th e i r n ame to th e Ch h i bro t p ar ga na of K e on th al t o ,
which S tate
t h e y mig r ate d fr om Chitto r i n Rajp ut a n a wi t h i t s f oun d e rs . 0f Balbi r. .

OHHIBf, Ch h i bfi, s yns . of Chh i mba .

CHHi MBA Th e Chhi mba, Ohh i p f or Oh h i mp i , c a ll e d Pa un gar or Oh a r h o a i n

.

D e r a G ha z i Khan , i s by o cc upat io n a st amp e r o r dye r , but h e a l so t ur n s

h i s h an d to ta il or i n g or w ashi n g H e n ce th e c a s te i n cl u d e s th e D ar z i s .

o r t a ilo r s, t h e L ilar i s o r dy e r s, a n d t h e D h o bi s a l so th e Oh h apag ar l

' '

By r e ligi on t h e Oh h i mbas ar e m ai nly Hi n du s an d M uh amm ad an s .

Th e Chhi mb a i s pr o pe r ly a c ali co pr in te r an d stam p s col o ur e d -

,

at t e r n s on t h e c ot to n fa b r ic s of t h e c o un t r y a n d h e i s sa id o cc a s ion ally
p ,

to st amp s imil ar p a tt e r n s on p ape r but h e can h ar dly be dis tin g u i sh e d ,

f r o m t h e D h o bi B e sid e s p r in ti n g in c ol our h e dy e s in ma dd e r but as

.
, ,

a r ul e in n o ot h e r , col our He i s p ur e ly an a r t is a n ne v e r b e i n g a
.
,

V i ll a ge m e n i a l e xc e p t wh e n a w a sh e r man In some pl a c e s t h o u gh .
,

n ot i n all Oh h ap e g ar i s u s e d to di st i n g u i s h t h e se
, w h o o r n ame nt c alic o
with p at ter n s in t i nse l a n d f oil o n ly .

Th e Hi n du Oh h i mbas a r e divide d i n to tw o s ub-c aste s, w hi ch may n ot

i nt er marr y , but m ay e a t a n d smo k e tog e t h e r 1 Th e s e ar e th e Tan k .

a n d Bhill a A n d i n Patial a t h e Hi n d u D h o bi s ar e sa id to f orm a t hi r d

.

S ub c a ste §
-
.

T h e f o ll owin g l e ge n d e xpl a in s t h e or igi n o f t h e tw o fo r me r sub c a ste s -

A t Pi n dlapur i n th e D e cc an liv e d on e Bamdeo, w h o on e n igh t e n t e r

t a in e d Kr i sh n a an d U dh oji, but a s t h e l at te r w a s a l e p e r , t h e vill a g e r s
e j e c te d th e m Th e y w e r e in m a g/a m: f o r m, a n d a t m idn igh t b oth of t h e m
.

v an i sh e d , l e a vin g Bamde o an d h is w i f e a sl e e p U dh oj i hid in a s h e ll .

( p
s i i )r
, a n d w h e n B am de o w e n t to w as h cloth e s h e f oun d th e s h e ll a n d

pl ac e d it i n th e s un It p ro duc e d t h e child Namde o w h o w as fo st e r e d

.

S h ah pur .

1 S '
ee e ow bl .

I I l
n Pat i a a th e Hi n du D h o i gots b ar e n ot se p ar at e l y gi v e n , an d i t is s a id t h at t h e T an k
p r i n t c oth l ,
l
R h i llas a r e t a i o r s a n d t h e dh o bts w a sh e r me n
w h i e t he l ,

B ut i n Ma i l l
e r K o t a t h e T ank c ai m t o be o f h i g h e r s t at us t h an t h e l Bh il l a,
§ a nd do
not e e n e at o r s mok e wit h t h e m
v .
16 8 Ch hi na Ch hzi l .

c
s ub a ste s - whil e t h e M u l t a n i s a r e 0 f t h e I e r o i c la n w hich d w e l t in th e
,

I n dus v all e y a n d too k t o p r i n t i n g c alico .

i
In L e i a t h e sa n t o f t h e C h h i m b a s i s A li t h e dy e r w h o i s s a id to h a v e
, ,

b e e n a p up il o f L u qman a n d t o h a v e i n ve n t e d w a s hi n g an d dy e i n g .

B e fo r e b e gi nn i n g w or k t h e y i nv ok e h i m s a yin g F {r u s ta d L u qm a n -

h a rci m h i km
'
t d d b d d h d h A li a n r e z c h a r z r a h e d e g i L u q m a n
’
I
a ,
s r
g , ,
.

h
th e p y s ici an i s t h e p r i e s t a n d t e a ch e r t h e ki n g o f c r a f t a n d A 11 is
, ,

th e dy e r Ma y h i s b oun ty e n d ur e for e v e r
.
.
’

M os t M uh amma d an Ch h i mbas ar e S unn i s but in K a r or s ome fe w are ,

Shi a s .

Th e M uh amma da n Chh i mbas h a v e a loo se sy ste m o f p a n chdy a ts, a nd

i n D e r a G ha z i Khan e ld e r s or ma h ta r s a r e e l e ct e d by th e c a st e .

T h e w ome n o f th e M uh a mma d a n Ch h i m bas a n d D h ob i s w e ar n o

la u n g (n ose r i n g) no ivo r y o r gl a ss b a n gl e s o r bl ue cl oth i n g
-
,
Th e ,
.

M uh ammad an Ch h i mbas will not ma k e a ch dr n or ba n d ? an d

b uildin g a doubl e h e ar th .

CHui Nii , gr icul tur al cl an f oun d in Shahpur : a l so cl asse d a s Jat (agr i cul
an a ,

tu r a l ) i n A mr i tsar T h e Chh i n a a r e un do ub t e dly di st in c t f r o m t h e Ch i m a

.

Jats of Sialk o t an d G uj r an w al a t h ough th e t w o t r ib e s a r e fr e qu e n tly con ,

f us e d T h at t h e r e a r e Chh i n a in Sialk o t ap p e ar s f ro m th e f a c t t h at t h e
.

t ow n o f J a mki i n th a t D i s tr i ct w as f oun d e d by a Chh i n a J at w h o c ame

f r o m Sin dh a n d r e ta i n e d t h e t i tl e o f J am t h e Si n dh i e qu iv a l e n t f or ,

Ch audhr i Y e t i f t h e Chhi n a s pr e a d up th e Ch e nab i n to S ialk o t a n d th e

.

n e ighb our in g D i st r ic t s i n l a r ge n um b e r s i t i s c ur i ou s t h a t t h e y s h o u ld ,

n ot be foun d i n t h e i n t e r me di at e D i s tr ic t s t h r o u gh w hich t h e y m ust ha v e

p a ss e d Th e Ch . h i n a ar e a l so fo u n d i n M i a n w ali a n d i n B a haw a l p u r

S ta t e In th e l at te r th e y a r e m a i n ly con fi n e d to th e Mi n chin abad

.

kc wddr i o pp o s i t e Pak p a ttan a n d t h e r e h a v e t h r e e se pt s T ar e k a

’

, , ,

Ma h r a mk a an d A z a mk a w hich o w n la n d O th e r s e p ts a r e t e n an ts
, . .

Th e i r ge n e a l o gy give s th e m a c om mon o r igi n wi th th e Wa tt us

U ch ch i r .

J ay - Pal R aj -Pal .

Ch h i n a . Wat t u

Ph e r u 1 8th in d e sc e n t f rom Chh i n a w a s c on v e r te d to Isl am by Bawa

,

F a r id ud D i n o f Pak pa t ta n Th e Ch h i nas a r e co u r a ge o us a n d h a r d
- -
.
r
«

w o r ki n g b u t th e y a r e a l so p r o fe s s i o n a l t hi e ve s
,
t h ou gh th e y w ill n o t ,

s t e a l f r o m S ay y id s f a lr s o r n u m s i s a b u se o f t h e l at t e r
’

d r e a di n g
’

g ,
th e ,
.

T h o u gh a s ma ll tr ib e i n co mp a r i son w i t h t h e Wa t tus t h e y w ill n o t a l l o w

t h e l a t te r to g e t th e u pp e r h a n d a n d i f th ey s t e a l o n e b uffa l o f r om th e ,

Ch h i n as th e l a t te r e n de a vo ur to r e ta li a te by ste ali n g fi v e f r o m th e Wa ttfi s

, .

CHHINBA, fe m .
~
a n se e Chh i mb a P ,
. D i e ty .
, p 2
,25 ,

CE BO L IANA, a J at cl an (a gr ic ul tur a l ) f oun d i n M ul tan ,

C HHON, CHHONI a J at cl a n (a gr ic ul tur a l ) f oun d in M ul ta n

, ,

C a noni ,
a G uj ar cl an (ag r ic ul tur a l ) foun d in A mr i ts ar .

Ons et , or Ja m . y nony m f o r Mallah

a s , use d i n Hos hi a r pur .
 Th e Chi bh f e uda l legste m 1 69
/ .

CHIBH .
—
A Raj p ut tr i b e co n fi n e d , i n th e P un jab , to t h e no r th e r n po r t i o n
o f G uj r a t un d e r t h e J a mmu Hill s , b ut a l so fo un d i n th e hill s a b ov e

th a t tr a c t w h ich b e lo n g t o t h e K a s h mi r S ta t e It g a v e i t s n a me t o .

th e Ch i bh al, t h e hill co un tr y o f K ash mi r on t h e l e f t b an k o f t h e

Jh e l um r iv e r a l on g t h e H a zar a bo r d e r , t ho ugh i t a ppe ar s to n o
l on ge r oc cupy th ose h ill s T h e Ch ibh cla i m to be a n o ff s h oo t, .

a t l e a s t i n t h e f e m al e li ne , o f t h e K a toch o f Ka ng ra , a n d th e i r e po n y m
* d
Ch ibh C h a n d is s a id to h a ve l e f t Kan g r a 1 c e u i e
4 n t r s a
g o a n s e t tled
at Magh lora Bhi mb ar in th e Ja mmu H ills
n e ar ,
re c e iv i ng f ro m Raj a
Bhi mb a r h is d a ugh te r s h and w i th p ar t of hi s co un tr y a s h e r
’
S r ip a t of ,

do w er 1 .
’

T h e fi r st of th e tr i be to b e c o me a M uh a mma d an w a s o n e S ti r
S a di w ho di e d a viol e n t d e a th i n A ur a n g z e b s r e ig n
,
He i s ’
.

s t ill v e n e r a te d a s a ma r tyr a n d t h e Muh a mm a d an Ch i bh o ff e r ,

th e s ca lp l o ck s o f t h e i r m al e child r e n a t h is to mb t ill w hich c e r e m on y ,

t h e child i s n o t c o n sid e r e d a t r u e Ch i bh n o r i s h i s moth e r all ow e d ,

to e at me a t .

T h e Chibb a h ad a t on e t i me or h e r a v e r y c u r i o us a n d i nt e r e s t
an ot

i n g f e ud al o r gani sat i o n , s u r viv a l s o f w hi ch ar e s t ill t r a c e a bl e i n i t s

so ci a l gr a d a t i o n s S uc ce s s i o n t o t h e t h r on e o f th e Bhi mb ar ki n gdo m
.

w a s g o v e r n e d by t h e r ul e o f p r i mo g e n i tu r e bu t y oun g e r so n s h ad a ,

r igh t t o a s h a r e a n d s o i t w oul d se e m t h a t t h e r éj w as divid e d i nto f o ur

'

ma n di s— Mah lo t B un dal a K ah aw a li an a nd R aj a] a n d e a ch o f th e s e
, , ,
”
g r e a t fie f s w a s h e ld by a p r i nce o f th e bl o o d t h e e ld e s t s o n b e i ng ,

Raj a o f Bhi m ba r H e n c e t h e r dj a l w a y s r e ma i n e d i n t h e f a mily o f th e

.

G h an iy al Ch i bh s de sc e n d a n ts o f G h a n i Kha n g r a n d so n o f Sh adi Kha n

, , ,

t h e a n c e s to r o f all th e M uh ammad a n Ch i bh s w h o i s ide n t i fi e d wi t h th e ,

ma r t y r S ti r S a di .

T h e r aj a l so c o nt a i n e d f o ur stron gh old s D e w a B utala , , ,

A mba r ial a n d K a dh ala Th e se g a r h s w e r e di s ti n c t f r o m th e m a n di s

.

a n d w e r e in ch ar ge o f t h e G h ag h ial d e s c e n d a nt s o f G h an i Kha n s ’
,

c o us i n Th e i r p r e ci s e r e l at i o n to th e ma n di s is by n o me an s cl e a r
.
,

but bo th g a rh s a n d m a n di e o w e d a ll e gi a n c e to t h e R aja t h o ugh th e i r

h old e r s co ll e c t e d th e i r o w n r e v e n ue a n d w e r e i n d e p e n d e n t i n t h e
m a n a g e me n t o f t h e i r e s t a t e s But w h a te v e r t h e pr e ci s e n a t ur e o f
.

t h e m an di s a n d g a r h s m ay h av e b e e n t h e r e w e r e a l so mi n o r fi e f s , ,

which w e r e b e s to w e d o n youn ge r so n s : th e s e w e r e 84 i n n umb e r a t ,

l e a s t in th eo r y an d w e r e call e d dh er i e Th e dh an e a gai n w e r e cl as se d
'

.
,

as dh e r i dld i e a fl at wi th a f e w vi ll a ge s a t tach e d to i t an d dh e r i mi nd
, . .
, ,

or on e w hich h a d no d e e n d e n t vill a g e s
p .

A cc o r di n g l y t h e Ch ibh s a r e divid e d i n t o t h r e e g r a d e s M a n dial G arh ial , ,

an d D h e r ial bu t no w a d ay s i t i s di ffic ul t t o s a w h o a r e M a n d ial a nd

y
- -
,

w h o G a rhial t h o ugh f e e li n g s ti ll r u n s high o n t h e p o i nt

, F u r th e r .

t h e G h a n ials a r e a ll r e g a r d e d a s s ta n di n g h i gh s i n c e t h e y o n c e h e l d ,

t h e r ij t h o u gh s o me h av e n o w sl e n d e r me an s a n d t h e y w ill n o t
, g iv e ,

T r adi t i on mak e s Chi bh Ch and s f ath e r , Nah ar Ch and, R a a of K ang r a , a co nte mp orar y
’

j
( l
f T ai mur , but t h e Ch i bh él (J h i bh él) w as a r e ady know n by th at name to Tai mii r s h i s
’ ‘

f m um .

TA va i t h at t h e Ch i bh s are of Pe r s ian de sce n t

r an t say s Na man, a de sce ndant of Di rah , .
’

,
l
son o f Bah man , r u e d Kh ur as an and h i s de sce n dant G auh ar S h ah , came to t h e D e cca n and
,

mar ri e d Né hi r Q h and s daugh te r and t h e i r son w as named A h dar Chand, a Hindu Hi 0

‘
.

descendant ne w Ch and e came R éja of K ang ra b .

1 70 The Ch i ldsi s .

d augh te r s to oth e r s Th e S amw alias Mia nes an d M alk ene s ar e al so

. ,

r e ga r d e d a s s up e r ior f o r un k no w n r e a son s a n d e i t h e r i n te r ma r r y o r ,

se e k ma tch e s fo r t h e i r gi r l s a mo n g th e S ayyi ds o r G a k k h ar s w h o m t h e y

a d mi t to be th e i r s up e r ior s L astly t h e Ch ibh s d e s c e n d e d f r o m Shadi

.

Khan h a ve 1 4 s e p t s mo stly n ame d a f t e r e pon y ms ,

l . R fip y al d e s c e n d e d f ro m R fip Khan
,
.

2 . B ar wana f ro m B ar n Khan ,
.

3 D a ph r al fr om D a ph ar Khan
. , .

4 . D h ur al f ro m D h aur Khan ,
.

5 . D ar w e sal, f ro m D a r w e sh Khan .

6 . J askal fr om J a i sak Khan ,

.

7 . Maindel fr om J a lal D i n Kia s D i n a n d Bh ur a Khan

, ,
.

8 . Bar an sh ah i a f r om Ba r a n Kha n ,
.

9 . S amw alia,
10 Miana
. fr om M uh amma d Kh an
, .

11 . Malkan a
12 . M a lkal f rom M al ik Khan ,
.

13 Gh a n i y al f r om G h an i Kha n
.
, .

14 G h a gh ial f r om G h a ghi Kha n

.
, .

CHIL i si an i n h a bi t an t o f Ohilas which i s a c an ton c o mp r i si n g s i x v all e y s

, ,

i n t h e I n d us K o hi s tan It s i n a cc e ss i bili ty h a s gi v e n t h e Ch ilas i s a

.

s pi r i t o f i n de p e n de n c e a n d a di s t i n c t iv e ch a r a c t e r a m o n g all th e K o h i s t a n

co mmun i t i e s T h ough but some wh a t r e c e n t c o n v e r t s t o I sla m t h e y ar e

.

mor e fan atica l t h a n a ny o t h e r D ar d c om mun i t y a n d b e i n g S un n i s e v e r y , ,

Shi a w h o f all s i n t o t h e i r h an d s i s p u t t o d e a th w i t h out th e usua l a l te r ,

n a t iv e o f s l av e r y Onc e s ubj e c t to G ilgit t h e Oh i lasi s w e r e n ot o r i ous

.
,

fo r s la v e r a i di n g a nd t h e y o n c e r e pul s e d a Sikh e xp e dit i on f r o m K a s h

-

mir . In 1 85 1 t h e y w e r e h o w e v e r s ubd ue d by t h at S ta te a n d n ow giv e

n o tr o ubl e t o i t s g o v e r n me n t T h e l o v e o f mu s ic dan ci n g a n d p ol o so
.
, ,

e n e r a l i n th e I n d us K o hi st a n i s un k n o w n in Chila s T ra di t i on sa y s
g , .

t h a t th e wh ol e of S hi n k ar i w a s o n c e r ul e d by a Hi ndu r dj ci Ch a ch a i by ,

n a m e f r o m Chila s which o n h i s d e a t h wi t h out i s s u e

, , , b e c ame divid e d ,

i n to r e p ublic s as i t is n ow L ate r a civi l w ar b e t w e e n t w o b ro t h e r s

, .
, ,

Bot a n d Ma t ch uk e n d e d i n t h e e x p ul si on o f t h e l a tte r s a dh e r e n t s a n d
’
, ,

t h e B oté a r e n o w th e mo s t p r osp e ro us f a m ily in t h e c an t on T r a di ti on .

a l so p r e se r v e s th e n am e o f N a r o n t h e o ld tut e l a r y d e i t y o f Oh ilas , Ea ch .

vill a ge i s i n d e pe n d e n t a nd h as a n umb e r o f e l e c t e d e ld e r s fus h te r os , ,

b ut t h e y ar e t h e se r v a n ts r at h e r t h a n l e ad e r s o f t h o se wh om t h e y r e
, ,

e se n t T h e e ld e r s a r e mo st ly o cc upi e d i n t h e d e t a il s o f t h e vill a ge
p r .

a d mi ni st r at i on but a ll ma t t e r s a r e
, di s c us s e d i n t h e e i gae or p ublic
me e t i n g wh o s e d e ci s i on i s a nn o un c e d by t h e m
, If s e v e ra l vill a g e s .

c o mbi n e t o h old a si ga s e a ch a p po i n t s a y us h te r o a n d a f t e r t h e ge n e r al
, ,

di s c ussi on which i s as op e n a s t h a t a t a vill a g e si gas a l ou d whi s tl e i s

, ,

giv e n a f te r which n on e b ut t h e r e p r e se n tat ive j u s h ter os a r e p e r mi tte d

,
’
t o s pe a k T h e e lde r s
. d e ci s ion s a b out l an d d i s pute s ar e r e s pe c t e d
b ut c r i mi n a l j us t ic e i s a d mi n i st e r e d b y t h e mu lla hs w h o p r of e s s t d ,

fo ll o w t h e M uh a mmad an L aw b ut w h o ar e r e ally g uid e d by an ci e n t ,

c us to m which i s v e ry s t r on g i n so me vill ag e s M ur d e r i s r a r e a n d i s
, .

gen e r ally r e ga r d e d a s a to r t t o be a v e n ge d by t h e n e ar e s t r e l a t i o n .

T h e bl o od fe ud 1 8 h ow e v e r n o t all ow e d t o c o n t i n u e i n d e fi n i t e ly an d
a f te r a t i m e t h e p a r ti e s ar e ma d e t o sw e a r p e a c e on t h e
Q ur é n _
r i bes o the H
,

B idd u l ph ,
T f i n doo Koos h ,
pp 1 7 a n d 1 8 . .
17 2 Th e Chi sh ti sea t .

fr om A si a Mi n or s e ttl e d a t Chi sh t a vill age i n Kh ur asa n

, ,

b e c ame t h e t e a ch e r o f a l a r ge b o dy of Mu sa lm an s * On e o f h ls .

s ucc e ss o r s Kh w aj a Mui u u d di n Chi sh ti a n a tiv e o f

,
S an j a r i n P e r si a
-
, ,

migr a te d to I n di a in th e t ime o f G hia s ud di n B alb an se tt l e d ln A Jme r - -

,

a n d e s ta bli s h e d t h e or d e r i n I n di a Hi s k h a lif a o r i mme di a te succ e ssor . .

w as Kh w aj a Q utb ud— di n B a kh t iar Kak i w h o i s b ur i e d n e ar t h e

-
,

Q ut b Min a r a t D e lhi 1 a n d hi s succe s sor w a s th e c e l e b r a te d Baba

,
'

Fa r i d Sh a k ar g an j w h ose shr i n e i s at Pakpa ttan in M on tgom e r y Th e

,
.

s ur n a me o f t hi s sa i n t i s s a id to be d e r iv e d f r o m t h e f ac t t h a t owi n g ,

t o t h e p ur i ty of h i s b ody all h e a t e b e c a m e s ugar ,

i f w e m ay t r ust
a no th e r s tor y h e n o u r i sh e d hi mse l f by h o ldi n g t o h i s s t o ma ch w oo d e n
,

c a k e s an d f r ui ts w h e n h e f e l t h un gr y Thi s m i r a cul ous bu t i n e xp e n s iv e .

p r o v e n d e r i s s till p r e se r v e d A n i mme n se f a ir i s h e ld a t h i s s h r i n e
.

e ach y e ar a n d t h e o bj e c t o f e v e r y pil g r i m w h o a tt e n d s i s to g e t t h r ough

,

t h e n ar r o w ga t e of t h e sh r i n e o n th e af t e r noon o r n igh t of th e 5 th
Muh ar r a m T h e s a i n t i s a dor e d by E i n dus i a s w e ll as Musalman s
. ,

a n d t o be a di sci ple o f Ba h a Fa r i d d o e s n o t n e c e s sar ily i mply b e i n g

a Chi sh t i a n d a g a i n t h e de s c e n d an t s o f t hi s sa i n t a n d h i s r e l at i on s
, , ,

c a r n al o r s pi r i t ual h av e f or me d t h e mse lv e s i n t o a s e pa r ate c a ste o f

,

me n w h o ar e f oun d on th e S utl e j i n M on tgo me r y a n d w h o t h o ugh ,

b e ar in g t h e n a me of Chi s h ti a r e now i n all r e s p e c ts a n or di nar y ,

lay c a st e qu i t e a p a r t f r om t h e r e ligi ous o r de r o f th e s a me n a me

,
.

Babe F a r i d h a d t w o di s ci pl e s on e o f t h e se w a s Ali A h ma d sur n a me d

s abi r , wh o se sh r i n e i s a t Pi r a n K alia r n e a r R ur k i , a n d wh ose f oll o w e r s
ar e k now n a s S etbi r Ch i sh t i s 3 t h e o th e r w a s t h e c e l e b r a te d and
my ste r i ous Ni z a m ud di n A uli a (1 232 1 324 A
- -
a r o un d wh o s e t om b -
.

a re coll e c te d some of th e ch o ic e st mon ume n ts of a n ci e n t D e lhi , an d

wh ose di s ci pl e s a r e k n o w n a s Ni zami s .

Th e Ch ish ti s i n p ro fe ss ion of f a ith la y a p e c uli a r

r e pe a t n i g th e
s tr e s s on th e w or d s I lla lli h u r e p e a t i n g t h e se w i th g r e at vi ol e n c e a n d
c
, ,

sh a ki n g a t t h e s a m e t i me t h e i r h e a d s a n d t h e u p p e r p a r t of t h e i r
b o di e s T h e se ct i s sa id to be s pe c ia lly a ff e c te d by Sh i a s a n d i t is
.
,

di s ti n gui sh e d by i ts a de p ti on o f v oc a l m u s ic i n i t s r e ligio us s e r vic e s .

Th e me mb e r s o f th e o r d e r a r e w o r k e d up by t h ose r e ligi o us so n gs
t o a high p i tch o f e xci t e me n t a n d o f te n si n k d o w n e xh a us te d ,
Th e y .

f r e que n tly We a r c o l our e d cl o th e s e sp e ci a lly cl o th e s dy e d w i t h o ch r e or ,

w i t h th e b a r k o f th e a c a ci a t r e e Th e i r p r i n ci pa l s h r i n e s i n th e .

P un jab a r e th e to mb o f N i za m ud di n A uli a a t D e lhi t h e khdngj h - -

,
r

o f M i r a n D hik i n A m bal a t h e s h r i n e o f Baba F a r i d a t Pakp a tta n a n d

, ,

th e kh ci n g dh o f Ha zr a t S ula i ma n a t Ta un s a i n D e r a G ha z i Kha n .

In B aha w a l p ur th o Chi s h t i s e ct h a s i n mode r n t i me s s h o w n g r e a t

vi li y
t t —
Sh ikh Taj u d di n Ch i sh t i w a s a g r a n d so n o f F a r i d—
a a
ud di n
-
. -

Sh ak a r g an j a n d h is d e sc e n d a n ts fo un de d th e v il la g e o f Chi sh ti an i n
-

t h a t S ta te Hi s s h r i ne i s a l so ca l le d Ro na Taj S ar w ar
. M an y tr ib e s .

a cc e p t e d Is la m a t h i s h a n d s e s e ci a ll
p y th e S o dha a n d Bath a n d t h i s le d
,
,
t o w a r w i th th e Raj p uts o f Bika n e r Th e s a i n t o n go i n g fo r th t o b a ttl e .

T he Ch i s h ti o r Ch is h ti a IS a n or de r of Muh ammadan f u qvfr s fo un de d Band3 Naw é z b

y
who i s u b
r i e d a t lx a lbar g ah —s
; ; u b Ce n s u s R e p or t , 1 881 Se ct ion 5 1 8
.
,
'

v l
.

e e t h e J HtCIBS t i n g a cco un t o f thi s s ai n t g i e n i n th e ate Mr Car r S

1 S'
’
te Ph e u s Ar chw o lo gy
-
,

of D e l/ 1 7 4 se
q q B e IS th e p atr on s ai nt of th e A f h an s
4t
p , . , .

g ,

: l n G urg ao n th e s l ums of bh ai kh A h mad Ch i sh ti i s mai n

‘

y f r e quented by Hi ndus l .
 T he Chi sh ti é
r ev e a l . 1 73

pi tch e d a fl ag on of h i s
top h ouse w ome n folk th at as lon g as
an d told h is -

th e fl a g s too d th e y would k n ow h e w a s U n for t un a t e ly t h e fl ag

s af e.

w a s a ccid e n t ally kn o ck e d d ow n an d t h e w ome n p r a y e d f o r th e e ar th to

s w a ll o w t h e m u as th e sa i n t h a d c o mman d e d Th e i r p r ay e r w a s g r a n t
p
.
.

e d a n d t h e y w e r e e n gul f e d o n l t h e e dg e s o f t h e ir s h a w l s r e ma i n i n g
y ,

o ut sid e . A to w e r w a s b uil t on t h e s po t a n d a t it wo me n s t ill mak e v o w s .

On e o f th e w ome n h o w e v e r a Bh a tti by t r ib e did no t j oi n in t h e p r ay e r

, , ,

a n d w a s n o t e n g ul f e d b ut ma d e h e r e s ca e H e n c e t h e Chi s h t i s do n o t
, p .

marr y Bh a tti w ome n to t hi s day N e a r t his s h r ine a t th e t o mb o f

.
,

Kh w aj a Nur M uh ammad st o o d fi v e l ar ge j a n d tr e e s c all e d l a nyun

, ,
’

Pi r dn de i an d or th e j a n d tr e e s o f th e fi v e p 57 8
,
U n d e r t h e i r sh a d e .

Ba w a N a nak on c e sa t a n d p r oph e s ie d t h a t h e w h o sh ould ob ta i n

i ld i d d b bl s s e d fo r i t w a s a
p o ss e ss on o f i t w o u n e e e e p a r t of p a r a d is e
, .

M uh a mmad a n s h e r e sa cr ific e goats a n d sh e e p a f te r o ff e r i n g p r ay e r s for

r a in. Hi n dus off e r a co v e r i n g of Chin t z for th e r e s tora t i on of h e a l th ,
a nd s uga r an d b oile d gr a i n f o r r a i n .

Th e Chi s h ti r e v ie a l —Th e d e c ay o f th e mov e me n t h e ad e d by Ba w a

.

F a r i d Sh ak a r ga n j h ad b e co me mar k e d, w h e n K h w aja N fir M uh amma d

~

Q ibla-i-A l im, a Pun w ar Raj p ut o f t h e Kh a r r a l tr ib e , r e viv e d i t This .

s a i n t w as a di s ci 10 of M a ula na F akh r ud-di n , M uhib ul-Na bi , o f D e lhi -

l
-
.

He h ad m i r acu o us p o w e r s an d on c e sa v e d th e s i n ki n g s hi p o f o ne
o f h is d is ci p l e s ,
*
h is s pir i t b e i n g a bl e to l e a v e h i s bo dy a t will He .

h a d p r o mi s e d an o t h e r di sci p l e t o p r ay fo r h im a t h is de a t h ,
a n d th ou gh h e r e-d e c e a s e d h i m , r e a pp e a r e d i n t h e fl e s h a n d f u lfill e d
p
th e p romi se . It w o uld s e e m t h a t in a se ns e th e r is e o f th e Chis h t i
s e c t ma r k s an i n dige n ous r e viv a l o f I s la m, un d e r re ligi o us l e a d e r s
o f l o c a l t r ib e s , i nst e a d o f th e o ld e r S ayyid f a m ili e s Th us t h e B al o ch .

t r ib e s on t h e In d us a r e o fte n follow e r s o f t h e C h i sh ti s a i n ts , b ut
e v e n t h e S ayyid s o f b o t h b r a n ch e s r e co gn i z e t h e i r a uth or i ty .

Th e fo ur chi e f kh a lé as o f Q ibla i -A li m w e r e , N u r M uh a m ma d I I, o f
f -
'

Hajipur o r Nar o w ala , i n t a h s il Raj a npu r , Q a z i Muh a mmad A qi l , o f

Cha ch a r an Sh a r i f, Hafi z M uh a m ma d J a mal , M ul t a n i , a n d Kh w a ja
M uh a mma d S ul a i ma n Kha n, of Ta un sa Sh a r i f , i n ta h s il S a n gh a r K li a li la .
'

M uh a mma d A qi l w a s a Q o r a is h i a n d o n e o f h i s d e s c e nd a n ts , Sh a ikh
M uh a mma d K o r a, f o un de d th e r e lig io us t r i be o f th a t n a me M uh a mma d .

A qi l s sh r i n e w a s a t K ot Mi t h a n , bu t, w h e n R a n j i t Si n gh co n q ue r e d t h e
’

D e rajat , Kh w aj a Kh uda B a kh s h , Ma h bfi b Ilahi , h i s d e sce n d a n t , se t tl e d

a t Cha ch a r a n Sh a r i f, w hich m a y n o w be r e ga r d e d a s t h e h e a d
qua r t e r o f
-

t h e B a ha w a lpur S t a t e re ligi o n Muh a mma d A qi l di spl a y e d m a ny

‘

m ir a cl e s a n d i n h i s o ld a g e , o w i n g t o h is sp i r i t ua l e n ligh te n me n t, h a d n o
s h a do w s o h e u s e d t o co m e o u t o f h is h o use o n d ar k n igh t s o nly , i n o r d e r

to co nce a l h is s a n ct i ty A cl o th ( lun gi ) w hich p a ss e d t h r o u gh h is b o dy i s

.

k e pt as a r e lic to t hi s da y On e o f h is kh a lif as w as M a ulv i S ul tan Ma h mii d

.
’

w h o s e sh r in e i s a t Kha n B e l a Th is s a i nt w a s fon d o f m i se i , a ki n d o f
.

b r e a d, o f fo w l s a n d of s nuff , i n h is li fe t i me ; so t he s e a r e o ff e r e d
a t h i s s h r i ne —a cl e a r i n s ta n ce o f a nth ro pol a tr y —v e r y s i mil a r a r e
th e o ff e r i n gs mad e to Bi r s T h e S i i fi s, o r d e vo te e s o f th e Ch ish tia
’

s e c t , h a v e a numb e r o f so n gs
(kctfis ) w h i ch th e y co ns id e r th e foo d o f
th e s oul . T h e i r pr i n ci p a l po e ts a r e B udh a S hei h , G h ula m Shah a
,
 Chi tr agup ta bansé -

Si ndhi an d Khw aia G h ula m F ar i d l ate s afi dda mi sh zn of Ch ach ar an

’

, ,

Sh ar i f T h e Ch i sh tis ge n e r ally ar e d e v ote d to mus ic Outw a r dly th e

. , ,
.

f ollo w e r s o f th e sajj dda m as h i n s o f Ch é ch ar si n a r e di st i n g ui sh e d by a

S p e ci a l h e a d d r e s s t h e Chach a r an w al a top
- or h a t,
which i s s h ap e d -
, ,

l ike a mos que a n d i s ab out 1 5 i n ch e s high cov e r i n g th e e ar s an d ,

n e ck .

A s a c a s te th e Ch ish ti s a p p e ar to be ab sor bi n g th e N a qshba n dis, ma ny

o f t h e Qadr i a s a n d o th e r S ufi s e c ts, e sp e ci ally i n t h e so uth e a st P un jab -
.

Lik e th e B odl a s t h e Cbish ti s w e r e t ill l a te ly w h olly n oma d Th e y ta k e .

Raj put g i r l s to w i fe Th e r e i s a sa yi n g Yo u ca n t e ll a Chi sh ti by

.

h is s qui n t e y e but th e o r igi n o f t h e s ayin g i s un k n ow n

-
.

CHITR A uU r r A BANS I, on e -
of th e t w o cl a sse s of th e K ayasth s 9 . v
.
, found in
Nor th e r n I n di a .

C HIT AL I,
R * a
n i n h abi tan t of th e S t at e of Chi tr al T h e Chi tr ali s a r e divid e d .

i n to th r e e cl a ss e s— A da mz ada s A r babz ada s a n d F a qi r Mi s k i n T h e ,

-
.

fi r st n a me d ar e divid e d i n to some 23 cl an s i n cl udin g th e K ATO R t h e

-
,

f a mily of th e Mih tar of Chi tr al w h e n c e i t i s a l so c all e d Mih tar i Th e , .

o th e r A damz ada cl an s ar e

K h ush w ak té T, . A t a m Be g e .

R az a .
Mazh e ,

Muh am m a d Be g é . Mi r asi y e .

S an g alé . K h o s h a l Be g e .

K u s h a madé . K h a sbé .

Munfi at K h an é
’

K h au i y a . .

Bur u s h e . Bay i k e .

Z u n dr e o r R o n o s .
Q abi le .

F r om f a mili e s t h e w a zér s a r e g e n e r a lly, but no t a l wa y s ,

th e R on o §
ch o s e n Th e Bon e s a r e most n um e r ous i n Y a ssi n, M a st uj a n d Chi tr al ,
.

a n d a r e f oun d , t h ou gh i n d e cr e a si n g n um b e r s, a s on e goe s e astw a r d, i n

N ag ar , G ilgi t , P unyal , e t c In Nagar a n d Ya ss i n t h e y c a ll t h e m se lv e s
.

H ar a or Har a iy o, in w akhan a n d S ar ik a l Kh a ib a r Kh a t ar , a nd i n Shigh -

n an G a i balik Kh a t ar Wh e r e v e r f oun d t h e y ar e h e ld in g r e at r e sp e c t
-
.
.

Th r e e p r i n cip al tr adi t ion s as t o th e i r o r igi n e xi st , (1 ) th at t h e y d e sc e n d

e d f r om Z li n , R e n o a n d H a r a i , t h e t h r e e so n s o f sumalik w h o r ule d i n
’

M a stuj b e for e th e S h ah r e i dy n ast y of th e Shi n s w a s e stabli sh e d (2) t h a t

t h e y a r e of Ar a b de s c e n t, f r o m M uh a mma d H a n i f a , s on o f A li ; a n d
3 h a t t h e y c a me f r om th e a n ci e n t p r i n ci p a li ty o f Raj a ur i n ear P u n ch ,
( ) t ,

a nd a r e d e sc e n de d f r o m th r e e b r oth e r s, Si r a n g, S ti r li n g a n d K h an g ar
Ph u tuto In a pp e a r an c e g e n e r a lly t all e r th a n t h e ot h e r i nh a bi t an t s o f
.

Chi t r al , w i th r a th e r high ch e e k b on e s, o v a l f a c e s n ot t hickly b e a r d e d, a n d -

f a ir l y d e v e l o p e d f e a tur e s , so m e o f th e m r e s e mbl e high cl ass Raj p ut s i n -

t yp e . Th e y giv e d augh t e r s to th e r ul in g f a mili e s, a n d t h e childr e n of

“Ch i t r a
3 l , Ch i t r ar or Ch i t lar , as it is l
a s o ca ll e d, w i ll b e f o un d de s cr i b ed i n t h e Imp e r i al
G a ze t te e r .

T T h e K h ush w a k t é w er e ru l e r s of Ma st s ] a n d co nq ue r e d Y assi n . D e sce n dants o f th e

K a t or e a nd K h us b w a k t é f a m ili e s ar e a i k e ca e d Mi h t a r j ao or l ll Mi h tar bak, s o ns of
Mi h tar s .

I Ca lle d ll vl
co ect i e y S h ah S ang a e : de s ce n de d f rom t h e common ance s t r
o
lan d foun de r
o f t h e K a t or i and K h ush w ak t é f ami i e s l .

R e n o ap p e ar s t o b e un q ue s t i on a y t h e s am e w o r d a s R an a, t h e ch an e f r om d t o 0
g
bl
b e i ng ve r y co m mo n l l l
Ph i o og i ca s p e cu a t i on m ig h t s ug g e s t t h e f o o w i n
. l
g e q ui a e n t s :
ll v l
S fi mz i li k S i w a ik ; Z im l ’
J
fin, th e a or ig i ne s o i S i é lkot ; K h utar b
K sh at riy a Kh attr i ,
or Kh at tar (i n Rawa p i ndi) l .
1 76 D r ess i n Chanal .

pr e se n tin g in thi s r e sp e ct a mar k e d con tr a st to t h e T ar tar r a c e s an d , ,

d e spi te t he i r h ar dy s i mpl e live s t h e y s e e m un e qual to a ny p r o l on ge d

, ,

phy s i cal e ffo r t Th e i r c on s ti ut i o n s a l so l a ck s t ami n a an d t h e y succ u mb

t
.

e a s i ly t o d i se ase or ch an ge o f cli mate Thi s w a n t of p hy s i que i s .

s tr on gly ma r k e d i n th e Shi n s In di spo s i ti on t r a c t abl e goo d t e mpe r e d

.
,
-
,

fon d o f m e r r y makin g t h e Chi tr ali s ar e n e i t h e r c r ue l n or quar r e l so me

-
,

a n d r e a d ily sub m i t t o a u th ori ty t h ough t h e A r babz ada c lass c omp ar e s

,

un fa vour ably wi t h t h e old e r t r ib e s h avi n g b e e n g uil ty o f c ru e l ti e s i n w ar ,

.

Th e w o me n pl e a si n g l o o ki n g wh e n y oun g but n o t p a r t ic ul a r ly
ar e -
,

h a n d some Th e Kh os o f F a qi r Mi sk i n st a tus h o w e v e r ar e I n d o A r y a ns
.
-
, ,
-

o f a high t yp e n o t un lik e t h e Shi n s o f th e I n d us a b ou t K o li

, bu t b e t te r ,

lo o ki n g h avi n g o v a l fa c e s an d fi n e ly cut f e a t ur e s w hich w o uld c o m p a r e

,
-
,

f a v o ur a b ly wi t h t h e high e st typ e s o f b e a uty i n E u r o p e Th e i r mo s t .

s t r ikin g f e at ur e i s t h e i r l a r g e be a uti f u l e y e s which r e m i n d on e o f

,

E n glish gyp si e s wi th wh o m t h e y sh a r e th e r e p u tat i on o f b e i n g e xp e r t

,

t hi e v e s .Th e y a r e a l so p r oud o f t h e i r un us ually fi ne h a i r T h e Chi tr al .

w o m e n use d t o b e in g r e at d e m an d i n t h e sl a v e m a r k e t s o f Kab ul ,

Pe sha w ar a nd B ad a kh sha n Th e f ai r e s t c omp l e xi on s a r e to be se e n

.

a mo n g th e B ar i s h o f Y a s s i n a n d H u n z a wh e r e i n divid u al s may be f o un d

w h o migh t p ass f or E ur op e an s a n d r e d h ai r i s n o t un c o mmo n , .

In Chi t r al a s i n so me o f t h e va ll e y s t o t h e w e s tw a r d man y c us toms

, ,

h a v e i n p a r t di sa pp e a r e d un d e r t h e i n fl ue n c e o f I slam .

T h e usua l d r e ss i n Chi tr al a s i n Y a s si n H un z a Nag ar Si r ik ot , , , , ,

w akhan e tc i s a l oo s e w ooll e n r ob e f o r which t h o se w h o can afi or d i t

,
.
, ,

sub st i t ut e c ott on i n s umme r Thi s i s of th e sa me cut a s th e w oo ll e n

.

r ob e ,
but h a s qu il t e d e dge s w or k e d r oun d th e n e ck a n d f r on t w i t h s il k
,

e mb r oid e r y Wh e n fir st put on th e sl e e ve s wh ich a r e v e r y f ull ar e

.
, ,

c r i mp e d in minut e f old s r igh t u p t o th e n e ck givi n g th e w e a r e r

, ,

a cl e r ic al appe ar an c e B oots o f soft l e at h er ar e al s o w o r n A s in

. .

w akhan an d S ir ikot th e me n w e ar sma ll s can t y t ur b an s n ot t h e

'

, ,

r oll e d cap of G ilgi t an d A s tor T h e w ome n w e ar w id e tr o u s e r s o v e r

.
,

wh i ch i s a l oose ch e mi se of coar se c ol our e d c otton stuff f as te n i n g i n t h e -

,

middl e at th e th r oa t an d c o min g d o w n to t h e k n e e s
, Th e ope n in g i s .

h e ld t og e t h e r by a cir c ul ar b u ckle f r o m which h an gs a cur i o us ,

t r i an g ul ar s ilv e r o r nam e nt c a ll e d p es h a w e z t h at va ri e s i n s i z e ,

a cc o r din g t o t h e ci r c ums t an c e s o f t h e w e ar e r R o un d t h e ne ck a r e .

ge n e r a lly on e or t w o n e ckl a c e s o f s ilv e r b e a ds wi th o v al s ilv e r me dalli on s ,

a n d a pi e c e of c a r n e li an or t ur quo i se s e t i n t h e m Th e y a l so w e ar a .

l oose w ooll e n cap ge ne r a lly o f d a r k c ol o u r s uch a s br ow n ; but t hi s

,

ki nd o f cap i s n e w c on fi n e d t o w o m e n o f th e l ow e r cl a ss e s r e sidi n g in
t h e u p p e r v a ll e y s a n d Chi tr ali w o me n o f t h e b e tt e r
, c la s s e s w e a r
e mb r o id e r e d s i l k c ap s In t h e Sh i n c a st e u n mar r i e d w o me n ar e
.

di st in g uish e d by a whi t e cap which i s n e v e r w or n by ma r r i e d Sh i n

,

w ome n .

B oth me n an d w o me n w e ar numb e r s o f ch a rms se w n i n br igh t , .

c ol our e d s ilk an d susp e n d e d fr om t h e cap o r d r e ss by small ci r c ul a r

,

b r a ss b uckl e s So me o f t h e b u ckl e s a r e v e r y tast e fully w or k e d A

.
.

c ur i ous ki n d of cl ot h i s some t i me s w ov e n out o f bir d s d o w n T ha t o f ’

.

wild fowl an d of th e gr e at vul tur e (G hi mal ay e n s i s) is m o s t g e n e r ally .

use d . T h e d ow n i s t wi ste d i nto c oar s e t h r e ad which i s th e n w ov e n lik e ,

or di nar y cl oth R ob e s ma d e of i t ar e v e r y w ar m, but alw a s h ave a

y
.
 Cus toms i n Chztrdl
’
‘
. 1 77

fl uffy un c omfor tabl e l oo k sugge st iv e of dir t Th e y a r e on ly ma d e in th e

, .

h ous e s o f th o s e in goo d cir c umstan c e s T h e p as h m o f th e ib e x is a l so .

i n gr e a t d e man d fo r w a r m cl o thin g but it n e ve r se e ms to l ose i ts stro n

g ,

goa ty sme ll .

Wh e n young th e m e n s t h e w h o l e to p o f th e h e a d f ro m th e f o r e
h ave
h e a d to th e n a pe o f t h e n e ck , t h e h a i r o n b o th s id e s b e in g a ll o w e d to
gr ow l on g a n d ga the r e d i n to a s i n gl e la r ge c ur l on e a ch sid e o f th e
n e ck Th e h e a r d i s k e p t sh o r n * You th s of t h e b e tte r cl ass on ly sh a v e
. .

t h e t o p o f t h e h e a d f o r a b r e a d th o f t w o i n ch e s i n f r o n t t ap e r i n g to h a l f ,

an i n ch b e hin d Those w h o c a nn o t bo as t l on g l ock s dr e ss t h e i r h a i r

.

in to n ume r o us s mall cor k s cr e w r i n gl e t s a ll r o und th e h e ad — a n a n ci e n t

-

P e r s i a n f a shion 1 On th e a pp r o a ch o f middl e a g e th e whol e h e a d is

.
‘

s h a v e d i n or th odo x M uh a mma d a n f a shio n a n d th e b e a r d a ll ow e d to gr o w .

T h e e ffe c t of th e lo n g fio w in g lock s r e a chi n g to t h e w a is t i s o f t e n e x

o

t r e m e ly p ic tur e s que .

Th e mo de o f s a l uta t ion b e t w e e n e qua l s , o n me e t i n g a f te r a p rol ong e d

a b s e n c e , i s gr a c e ful a n d pl e a s i n g A f te r cl as pi n g e a ch o th e r , fi r st o n o n e
.

s id e a n d th e n o n th e o t h e r , h a n ds a r e j o i n e d a n d e a ch ki s s e s th e o th e r s
’

h an d i n t ur n Wh e n th e me e t in g i s b e t w e e n t w o o f un e qua l r a n k th e
.

i n fe r i or ki sse s th e h a n d of th e s up e r i or a n d h e in r e tur n ki s se s t h e fo r
m e r o n t h e ch e e k — i n th e a n ci e n t P e r s i a n f ash ion I .

In Chi tr al Y a ss i n as in S h ig h nan B ada kh s han w akha n G ilgi t

an d , , , ,

a n d H un z a § a chi e f s vi s i t t o a chi e f i s ce l e b r a t e d
’
by th e ku ba h a n ,

o b se r va n c e t h u s d e sc r ib e d by Bidd ul p h
— “
O u a r r iv a l t h e vi s i t or i s con ,

duc te d t o th e Sh a w a r a n “ a n d t h e f ollo w e rs o f bo t h
,
chi e f s s h ow th e i r
d e x t e r i ty i n fi r in g a t a mar k s e t up on a t al l p o l e f r om h or se b a ck, w h il e ,

gallopi n g a t sp ee d Af te r t hi s a b ull o ck i s le d out b e fo r e t h e g ue st

. ,

w h o dr a w s h is s w o r d a n d d o e s h is b e s t to cu t i t s h e a d o ff a t a s i n gl e
blo w or de put e s o n e of h i s fo ll ow e r s t o do so an d th e ca r cas s is giv e n
, ,
”
to h is r e t i n ue .

In t h e to n g ue t h e t e r m un cl e
Kh o w a r i s a ppli e d t o t h e b r ot h e r s o f
bo th f a th e r a n d m o th e r w i th o ut di s ti n c ti o n : b ut a un ts o n th e mo th e r s ’

s id e a r e s tyl e d mo th e r w hich m ay po i n t t o o lyga my a s t h e a n ci e n t

p ’
custo m o f h e K h
t o s fll M a r r i a g e o f a wid o w W i t h t h e h us b a n d s b r oth e r

i s com mo n , t h ough n ot c o mp ul s or y .

C ase s o f in fid e l i ty a r e e x tr e me ly co mmon a nd th e me n s h o w mor e o f ,

th e j e a l o u s y o f t h e i r w iv e s u s ua l i n o ld e r M uh a m ma d a n co mmu n i t i e s
.

I ca se
n o f a d u l te r y t h e i n j u r e d h u s b a n d h a s t h e r i gh t t o s la y t h e

g ui lty co upl e w h e n h e fi n d s t h e m to ge th e r but s h o uld h e sl a y th e o n e ,

a nd n o t th e o t h er h e i s h e l d g u il ty o f m u r d e r W h e n c o ncl usi v e
f
r oo i s w an t i n g i n a t r i a l b e f o r e t h e w a z i r g u ar a n t e e i s t a k e n f o r t h e
p ,

v l b
T h ose f ashi on s h a e a s o e e n ado p te d by th e Bé lti s in Ba tis tan l .

T Bid du p h Ci tels R aw i n s on s A l
n cze n t Mon a r ch i e s , IV
'

l b
IBi ddu p h cite s S tra o , Bk X V , Ch 3, 20 . . .

In Nag ar i t i s cus t o m a r y t o k i t h e uff a o w i t h a n a r r o w ll b l .

l ll
Po o g r ou n d : s o -ca e d i n S h i n e
ll In Ch i t r a i i t i s ca e d j t n ri li
. l ll .

1TMa u a i G h u am Muh am mad ho w e e r n o t e s t h a t t h e

l v l v ll '
’v
m i d t
'
o t h e r s s i s te r s ca e za ,

Thi s i s th e r ule in S ar i k ul and Wai kh éu as w e l as s outh of th e Hmdu K ns h l .

 Cht tr dli ga mes
'

o m an s r e as t a n d s o
’
f utur e by th e l a ci n g h i s li p s t o t h e
c cuse d w b
p a ,

s a c re d i s t h e t ie o f f o s te r a g e t h us c r e a t e d t h a t i t h a s n e v e r b e e n k n o w n
*
t o be b r o k e n Th e h us b a n d h a s h o w e v e r a r igh t t o b o th t h e i r l iv e s
.
.

T h e c us to m o f fo st e r a ge i s ma i nta i n e d a m on g a ll th e r ulin g f a m ili e s

o f th e s t a t e s o f th e Hi n d u K u s h a n d i t s t i e s s e e m s tr o n g e r t h a n t h o s e o f

bloo d ki n shi p Wh e n a child i s bo r n i t i s a ss ign e d t o a f oste r -moth e r

.

a n d b r ou gh t up i n h e r h o u s e , so t h a t f r e que n t ly t h e f a t h e r d oe s n ot s ee i t

t i ll i t is s ix o r s e v e n y e a r s old l T h e f o r tun e s of t h e f oste r - mo th e r s f a mity

' ‘ ’
.

a r e un a l t e r a bly b o u n d u w i t h t h o s e o f t h e child a nd s h ould e xil e be

p
h i s lo t t h e y a cco mp an y h i m On t h e o t h e r h an d i f h e r i se s to in fl ue n c e
.

h i s foste r f a t h e r i s g e n e r a lly h i s c on fi de n t i a l a dvi se r an d h i s fos t e r

-

b r o th e r s ar e e mplo ye d on th e most i mp or tan t mi ssi on s .

F r i e n dship t oo i s commonly c e me n te d by t h e milk ti e If a w oman .

dr e ams t h at sh e h a s a do p te d a ny on e or a man dr e ams th at h e h as ,

b e e n a dop t e d by a n y w o ma n t h e t i e i s c r e a t e d i n t h e man n e r , ,

a l r e a dy d e s c r ib e d a s i n v o gu e t o ma k e t h e w o m a n t a bu t o th e ma n .

N ot ma n y y e a r s ag o t hi s c us tom w as v e r y c ommo n t h ough i t i s fa ll in g ,

i nto di su s e }; A y o un g c o up l e a t mar r i a g e some t i me s i n d uc e a f r i e n d

t o b e c o me t h e i r f os t e r f a t h e r a n d t h e t i e i s r a t ifi e d w h e n t h e y e a t
-
,

t o g e th e r : b o t h b e i n g s e a t e d o pp o s i t e e a c h o t h e r t h e f o s t e r f at h e r ,
-
,

s e a te d b e t w e e n t h e m ta k e s a p i e c e o f b r e a d i n e a ch h an d a n d
,

c r oss i n g h i s a r ms pu ts t h e b r e a d i n to t h e i r m outh s t a ki n g c ar e ,

t o k e e p h i s r igh t h an d u pp e r mo s t M a r r i ag e b e tw e e n f ost e r kin d r e d .

-

i s r e g ar d e d a s i nc e s tuo us A mo n g th e H a sh ma t di a k t h e t ie of f o s te r a g e
.
-

i s f o r me d i n a p e c uli ar w ay f or i n o r d e r t o s t r e n g th e n t r ib a l un i t y i t i s
,

c us toma r y for e v e r y i n f a n t t o b e suckl e d in t ur n by e v e r y n ur sin g moth e r

o f th e cl an In c on se que n c e t h e r e i s a c on stan t i n t e r ch an g e of ch ild r e n
.

go in g on am on g t h e moth e r s .

P010 i s th e n at i on al ga me an d i s c all e d gh dl i n Chi tr al wh e r e

i t is pl a y e d in a sp e ci a l w ay Sh ooti n g fr o m h or se b ack at a g our d .
-

fill e d wi th a s h e s or at a sm a ll b all h un g f r om a po l e 30 f e e t high ,

, ,

i s a l so p r a c ti se d D an ci n g i s t h e n a ti on a l a mu se me nt s e v e r a l di ff e r e n t
.
,
s te p s b e in g i n vog ue e a ch wi th i t s s p e ci a l ai r Almost all t h e s e
, .

co mm e n c e sl o w ly i n c r e a si n g i n p a c e
, t ill t h e p e r for me r i s boun di n g
r oun d th e ci r cl e at t 0 In Chi t r al an d Y a ss i n th e H a sh m at di a k
p S pe e d . -

a fi e ct t o d e spi s e da n ci n g bu t th e r ul e r s k e e p d a n ci ng b oy s f or -
,

t h e i r a muse me n t Sin gi n g i s co mmon a n d t h e Kh o w a r s on g s which

.

,
a r e m os t ly a ma t o r y i n ch ar a c t e r sh ow a mor e c ul tiva te d t aste t h an ,

t h o se i n t h e Sh i n a t o n g ue th e mus ic o f t h e l an g uag e a n d th e b e t t e r
,

r hy th m o f t h e v e r s e e n t i t li n g t h e m t o th e fi r s t pl a c e i
n D ar d p o e tr y
§ .

T h e Ch t r ali s a r e n o te d fo r t h e i r s w o r d s man shi

i
ma ny a V i cto r y ov e r ma t chl ock s
p wh ic h h a s g a i n e
d ,

But i f h e doe s n ot k i ll th e m i n te nds to di o r ce h i s w i fe or if h is wi fe or da

an d
ug h te r
v
b
,

h as e e n e n ti ce d a w ay by s ome on e h e can tak e as comp e ns ati on some o r all

o f th e
,
‘
se du ce r s p r o p e r ty . v
T h i s for m of di or ce i s ca e d i n S h i n a p ato h a r e bdk e
p L ll
W or ds utte r e d
l b
w h i e t ur ni ng h i s ack tow ar ds t h e asse m y , as by tur n in bl
g h i s ack h e si g ni e s h i s acce p t b
,

fi
a nce o f com e nsa tion
p .

T h e R 536 of Bas h ah r o se r e s a si mi ar cus tom b v l .

M l b
k f rom a w oman s r e as t i s e s te e me d a s ove r e i
‘

1 i r e me d fo r catar act and o th er

iii
i
e y e di s e as e s
-
. bl
Its us e e s ta i s h e s th e mi k ti e for e ve r te r war s l -
g
§ In G i g i t, Hunza and Ni g ar th e song s are g ener ally of a wa1 1i k6 nature and 06 16 brat6
l
.

th e de eds of di ffe r e n t p r ince s .

1 80 Th e Chi lls? festi val i n Gi lgi t .

cl a ss h avi n g n e ve r id e n tifi ed th e mse l ve s wi th th e i r h umbl e r subj e c ts ,

t h e r ul e r t a k e s n o p a r t in i t
*
T h e foll o w i n g a cc oun t o f th e Chill i
.

f e s t iv al i n G ilgi t i s c o n t r ib u te d by M au l a vi G h ulém M u h amma d aut h or ,

o f Th e F e s ti va ls an d F o lklor e of G i lgi t

A t n igh t a big g o at c a ll e d asi r kh a n a t mug ar (t h e g o a t o f th e ki t ch e n )

w as kill e d a t th e R a s h o u se an d a f e a st p r e p a r e d by c oo ki n g a b o u t a
’

i n a u n d o f r ic e a n d tw o o f fl o ur T h e b a ki n g o f t h e b r e a d w a s co m .

m e n ce d by a n un mar r i e d gi r l o n wh om a g i f t (khi lla t) o f a chadar (h e a d ,

co v e r ) o f lci i g clo t h w a s b e s t o w e d but th e o th e r w o me n t oo k u p h e r ,

In f o r me r ti me s a big l o a f c all e d I n a t t i ki (t h e l e a f o f s e e d ) o f
'

t as k.
, ,

a ma u nd o f fl o ur w a s a l s o c o o k e d o n a fi r e m a d e o f
,
stra w a n d dis t r i ,

b ut e d h a l f t o a m a n o f t h e K a tcli a ta l f a mily a f o ur th to t h e y a/r f a

,
'

R j a g r a i n c o ll e c t o r d f o u r t h t o t h e Raj a s l u g h i nen B ’
‘

(t h e a s
) a n a
p ,
o ut .

o n t hi s o cc a si o n t h r e e l o a v e s (t w o o f 20 se r s e a ch a n d o n e o f t e n s er s)

w e r e p r e pa r e d T h e big l e a f w a s a b o u t s e v e n f e e t in ci r c um f e r e n c e
.

an d f o ur i n ch e s t hi ck O n e o f t h e m wi t h 24 seas o f fl our w a s giv e n t o

.
,
1
,

t h e K a t ch a t a i n t h e mo r n i n g a n d t h e o th e r t w o w e r e divid e d e qua lly ,

b e t w e e n t h e y a i f a an d t h e p l o ugh me n i n t h e a ft e r n oo n T h e l o c a l .

b an d p l ay e d a ll t h r o u gh th e n ig h t w i th d an ci n g a n d s i n gi n g A t .

10 i n t h e m o r n i n g t h e p e o p l e o f G ilgi t B ar m a s e tc a s se mbl e d at , ,
.
,

t h e R a s h o use wh e r e a dur bar w a s o b s e r v e d i s s o m e g hi chi lli l e a v e s

’
. .
, , ,

a n d s e e d s o f th e w il d r ue w e re
p l a ce d o n a n i r o n
p an b e n e a t h which ,

a li t t l e fi r e w a s m a de i n o r de r t o f uni ig a t e t h e a i r wi t h i t s s mo k e .

T h e b a n d s me n a n d t h e m a n w h o h a d b r o ugh t t h e l o a d o f chi lli

b r an ch e s fr o m t h e j un gl e w e r e th e n e a ch giv e n a khi lla t o f a m uslin,

t ur b an A khllla t o f a t ur b a n a n d a ch oga (cl o a k ) w as a l s o giv e n t o

.

G h ulam o n e o f t h e K a tcb a t a f a m ily wh o s e fa c e w a s t h e n r ubb e d

, ,

w ith fl o ur a s mal l l o a f o f b r e a d mi x e d wi t h g ir l be i n g giv e n h im to

,

e at. A cc o r din g t o c ustom whil e e a t i n g t h i s h e o ugh t t o h a v e b e ll o w e d

lik e a n e x bu t t hi s r i te w a s n o t o b se r ve d A maun d of wh e a t w a s a l so
, .

u t i n a l e a t h e r bag T h r o c e s s ion w as r e a dy t o p r o c e e d t o th e
p e
p .

R a s fi e ld by a b o ut 1 1 30
’
Th e ba g of gr a i n w a s l o a d e d on t h e
-
.

K a t ch a t a o n e man to o k t h e i r o n p an u se d i n t h e D zi ba n a n d a n o th e r
, ,

t oo k t h e t w o big l o a v e s t h e on e u p p e r mo s t b e in g c o v e r e d wi t h a bou t
,

f o ur ear s o f b ut te r w i t h a p om e g r a n a t e pl a c e d i n t h e m iddl e w hil e t w o ,

chi lls: b r a n ch e s w e r e s tu ck i n t h e b u t t e r r o u n d t h e p o me g r a n a t e Two .

me n c a r r i e d a h e a n d a s h e g o a t whil e t h e r e ma i n de r o f t h e pr o c e s s i o n -
,

b a d b r an ch e s o f ch i lli i n t h e i r h a n ds ; a nd t h e p r o c e s si on w i th t h e b a n d ,
ayi n g i n fr o n t sta r te d f o r t h e Ra s fi e ld wh e r e t h e se w i n
’
p l ,
g w a s t o be
c omme n c e d .

*In Y asin th i s v l
f e s ti a i s accomp ani e d by a cur i o us cus tom T h e ch a r ve lu i s mounte d .

l
on a g ood h or s e a n d c ad in a r o e o f h onour g i e n h i m by th e Mih tar b
In th i s w ay v
l lv l
.

h e i s co n ducte d to th e p o e gr oun d, w h e r e all s e at th e mse e s w hi e th e musi c st r i k e s

l
up , and th e t a r a n gf a h g al op s t w i ce up an d do w n t h e g r ound S h ould any accide nt h app e n .

l
t o h i m, s uch as e i th e r h i ms e f o r h i s h or se f a i ng i t i s r e g ar de d as a
p r e sag e o f mi s
ll ,

f or tun e to th e w h o e co mmun i ty , a nd of s p ee dy de ath to h imse f

l In or de r to a e r t e vi l v l
l b v
h e and h i s f ami y o s e r e th e day as a s o e mn f as t l .
,

f A fami y of G i g i t w h i ch i n anci ent time s ecame such a sour ce of dang er to th e chi e f

l l , b
l
of G i g i t, th at i t w as attack e d and massacr e d to a man , on y a r e nant w om an mana i n to
p g g g
l
e scap e tow ar ds Dar e l
A f ter th i s th e cr op s of G i gi t di d not our i sh f or s e era e ars and
.

y
l fl v l
a da n y dl (sooth say e r) s aid th at i ts f er ti i ty dep e nded on th e K atch at a f ami l
’

y , and th at untj l
l
e e d sow in th l w l n
g f gf g figg : m
-

fl our i sh Af te r a g reat se ar ch th e son of th e w oman w h o h ad esca d o

p r s r l
.

l
found and br ough t to G i gi t On h i s r e turn th e crop s g ave a good outtum.
.
 Ch oh m - Cho kdhl . l 81

Th e K a t ch a ta th e n too k f r o m a l e at h e r bag o n e a f te r th e o th e r 4
h an d f ul s o f wh e at , i n e a c h o f w hich h e mixe d a ma s h a o f gold dus t , -

a n d g a v e t h e m t o Raj a A ll D ad Kha n w h o t h r e w t h e fi r s t h a n df ul
,

t o w a r d s t h e w e s t , t h e s e c o n d to w a r d s t h e e a s t, t h e t h i r d t o t h e
n o rt h a n d th e f o ur th t o t h e s o ut h Th e n t h e R 6 hi ms e l f p l o u gh e d . .

t h r e e t ur ns in h i s fi e l d w i t h a p a i r o f b ull o ck s w hich w e r e r e a dy o n t h e
s po t T h e w a zi r o f G ilgi t o ugh t t h e n t o h a v e pl o ugh e d t h r e e t ur n s b ut
.

t hi s w a s o mi t te d T h e b an d t h e n c o mme n ce d p l a yi n g a n d t w o g r e y
.

b e a r d s o f g oo d f amily , w i t h s w o r d s a nd shi e ld s i n t h e i r h a n d s , j ump e d

f or w ar d a n d b e g a n t o d a n c e a mid j o y o us ch e e r s f r o m th e p e o pl e Thi s .

d an c e i s c a ll e d a ch h ecs h me an i n g p r e s tige o r p omp , a n d i s i n t e nd e d

’
’ ’

t o a w a k e n t h e d e i t y o f p r e st ig e M e an w hil e a h e g o s t w a s , a c c o r di n g -

to c u s t o m , kill e d b y a ma n o f a R o n o f a mily Thi s go a t i s c all e d .

ach h ii s h a t muga r , i e , t h e g o at o f th e de i t y o f p omp a n d i s s a c r ifi c e d

. .

i n h i s h o n o ur Its h e a d a n d t w o o f i ts f e e t w e r e se p a r a t e d a n d t w o
.

m e n , o n e wi t h t h e h e a d a n d th e o t h e r w i th th e tw o fe e t i n t h e i r h a n d s ,
ca me f o r w a r d a n d d a n c e d a mid t h e r e j o ici n g s o f t h e o le All t h e
p p
e .

fl e sh o f t h e g o a t w a s , a s i s c u s to m ar y , giv e n t o t h e p e op l e o f B ar ma s
vill a g e t o p r e p a r e a f e a st A s h e g o at , c all e d t h e g ude n i a i a y z i e ,
’
-
.
.
, .

th e g o a t o f t h e d e i t y o f d r u m s , w a s t h e n kill e d a n d gi v e n t o th e ba n d s
’

me n T h e p r o ce ss i o n t h e n s ta r t e d b a ck to t h e Raja s h o us e w h e r e t h e
.
’

f e a s t co o k e d a t n i g h t w a s s e r v e d T h e Raj a h a d t o give s om e b r e a d
. .

t o t h e mo ta ba r s a n d t h e b an d sm e n f r o m h i s o w n di s h Thi s c u s to m .

i s c a ll e d i s hp i n ; a f te r t h a t t h e p e o p l e s ta r t e d f o r t h e s h a w a r a n ( o l o
p
gr o un d) t o p l a y p o le a n d ma k e m e r r y A f t e r p ol o th e p e o pl e a g a i n .

w e n t t o th e R a s h o us e an d di n e d t h e r e T h e K a tch a t a co mme n c e d
’
.

l o u gh i n g h i s fi e ld s t h e s a m e day , w hil e t h e o th e r z a mzn d a r s di d n o t

’ ’

p
c omme n c e w o r k o n th e i r fi e l ds till t h e n e x t
C HOHANG ,
a J at cl an (ag r ic ul tur al ) fo un d i n A m r i tsar .

C HO HAR , a D o gar clan ( graic u l t ur al

) oun d i ii
f A mr i ts a r .

Cao xi ui , a J at cl a n (a g r ic ul tur al ) f o un d i n M ul t a n .

v l
T h e cor re s p ondi ng Th omil f e s ti a of Pum a l i s t h us de s cr i e d by th e Mau a i b l v
v
A e r y i nte r e s ti ng ce r e mony kno w n as t h e T h o mi l us e d to h e o s e r e d e e ry
y e ar at
b v v
S h e r K i lls , t h e s eat of t h e R ays of Puni a e fo r e se e d s o w ing l b
On t h e day i t w as to be
,
-
.

b v
o se r e d, th e p e o p e l v
i si te d t h e R ay s i n h i s F or t and g o t fr om h i m 1 0 or 20 acr e o f our 4
. fl
0r 6 acr e o f g h b and o ne bi g g oat T h e o ur w as made i nto r oad th i n e a e s on w h i c h
. fl ,
b l v
th e g h i w a s p ace d l l
T h e p r e i mi n ar i e s w e r e o se r e d i n th e F or t
. b v
A ll th e p e r so i i s p r e se nt .

l
h e d i n th e ir h ands a s ma ll b
r anch o f th e h o y j un i p er t r e e , and th o se l
p oss e s si n g g un s
b r oug h t t h e i r we ap on s w i th th e m F rom t h e g at e of t h e F or t , th e R aj a at te n de d b hi s
.

y
l fi l
p eop e mar ch e d out to t h e Op e n e ds amo n g t h e ir sh out s and cr i e s a an d p ay in g ar io us ,
b l v
w ar tune s
-
. bl
T h e as s e m y t h e n g at h e r e d i n an o p e n e d and t h e cooke d ea es w e r e fi l ,
l v
p r es ente d to th e Raj a w h o taste d o ne o f th e m Th e r e s t w a s th e n di str i ute d am on all .

g
b
p r e se n t A fte r t h e f e as t p r ay e r w as ma de f or an ab undant cr op
.
T h e g o at w a s t h e n .

ll
ki ed, and e a i ng th e car cass l v e h i nd i ts h e a d w as b ro ug h t e f or e t h e as se m
,
y and
b b bl
be i ng g r e ase d w i th ut te r , b fl
o ur w as s p r i n k e d on i t f r om th e f o re h e ad dow n to th n s l e o e
l
T h e h e ad w as th e n p ace d at some di stance as a t ar g e t to be r e d at fi fi
.

Th e r i ng w a s op e ne d .

ll
b y th e R aj a w h o w as fo ow e d by h i s m o ta ba r s a n d any o t h e r w h o
p oss esse d nrc-ar m s
Wh osoe e r h i t th e h e a d w as i a e to contr i ute a ch a la r of coun tr y w ine Wh en t hi s
v l bl b
.

v bl v
.

tar g e t p r acti ce w as o e r , th e a sse m y di s p e r se d af t e r a n a ti dance w h i ch w as i e n b a

g y ,
m atut ar of t h e R aj a w h o use d to p r e s e n t h i m w i t h a t ur ban
, In th e e e nin g t h e g oat s .
v '

fl e sh w as r oas te d an d e nj o e d w i th th e w i ne
y co n t r i ut e d by th os e w h o h ad h i t i ts h e ad i n b
th e day .
l l
On y t h e p e o p e o f S h e r Kills h ad t h e r ig h t to sh ar e i n th i s m e r r ma ki n
.
y g no -

one e se f r om ot h e r
,

l v ll
i ag e s of Puni a e i ng e e n a ow e d t o atte nd i t lb v
A f e w y e ar s ag o ll
vv
.

th is cer e mony w as di sconti nue d, but i t w as r e i ed thi s y ear

1 82 C hokar- Chuhrd
‘
.

CHOK AR , Chh ok ar , a G uj ar t r ib e , foun d i n K ar nal, wh e r e t h e y h av e l on g b e e n .

I mmig r a t i n g fr o m b e y o n d M utt r a th e y o n c e h e ld a ch a ubt m,

’

s e tt l e d .

or g r ou p o l 24 y illa g e ,
s w i t h Na m a un da a s t h e i r h e a d - uar te r s
q .

CHOK HIA a M uh a mmadan J at cl an (a g r ic ul t ur al ) fo un d i n M on tgome r y

,
.

CHONIYA, J at cl an (a g r ic ul tur al) f oun d i n M ul ta n

a .

CIIO N r nA a G uj a r cl an (a gr ic ul tur al ) fo un d i n A mr i t sar

,
.

C HOPR A a Kh a t r i se c t i on
,
.

CHO S AR a J at cl an (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) fo un d i n M ul t a n
,
.

OHOT A a M a h ta m cl an (a g r ic ultur a l ) fo un d in M o n t g o me r y
,
.

CHOT IA o n e o f t h e cla n s o f t h e F a chad a s (q

,
Th e y cl a i m to be Ch auhan .

I tajp u ts by d e sc e n t f r o m t h e i r e p o n y m Ch o t i a M o s t o f t h e m ar e ,
.

M uh a mma d ans an d o n ly a f e w Hin d us .

CHOWA H Ch o w an a J at cl a n (ag r ic ul t ur al ) f oun d i n M ul t an

, ,
.

CHU CHK ANA a cl a n o f th e Sial s , .

C HU HAL an a gr ic ul t ur al clan fo un d i n Sha hp ur

,
.

CHIIHAN
’

Ch auha n ) a s e p t o f B a ur i s s cl a i mi n g Ch a uhan d e sc e n t f o un d
, , ,

in F e r o z e pur Th e y a v o id t h e u s e o f o il i n l a mp s a n d us e ghi i nst e ad

.
, .

A f t e r th e w e ddi n g a gi r l s e l do m r e vi s i t s h e r p ar e n t s h o me a n d if
’
,
’
i n co n s e qu e n c e o f a qua r r e l w i t h h e r h u s b a n d s p e op l e s h e d o e s do
s o a n d di e s i n h e r
, p at e r n a l h o m e h e r p ar e n t s a r e b o un d t o fi n d ,

a n o th e r b r id e f o r h e r h u sb a n d i n h e r st e a d F o r nic a tion i n t hi s s e p t .

i s p u n i sh e d wi t h e xc om m un ic a t i on a n d r e a d mi s si o n to t h e c as t e o n ly -

e r mi tt e d o n p a me n t o f a fi n e but e v e n t h at d o e s n o t r e mo v e th e s t ig ma
p y , .

C HU HR A — T h e s w e e p e r o r sc a v e n ge r an d h e n c e th e o ut c a st e p ar e xce llen ce
.
,
-
, ,
o f t h e P un j a b wh o s e n a m e i s p o p ul ar ly s upp ose d t o be a c or r u t i o n
, p
o f S ud r a
*
It h as ma n y sy non y ms bu t f e w o f t h e m ar e p r e ci se ly
.
,

t h e e x a c t e q uiv a l e n t o f Ch u h r a Th us a Ch amar i s p r ob ably by .

,

o r ig i n a Ch uh ra w h o w or k s i n l e a t h e r
, but t h e Ch a mar s a p p e a r t o ,

f o r m a l mo st a di st i n c t c a s te t h o ugh b o t h th e c aste s a r e p l a c e d i n t h e ,

s am e r an k a n d l um p e d t o g e t h e r i n t h e p op ul a r p h r a s e Ch uh r a Oh amar -
,
j us t a s M o chi J a la ba i s u se d t o d e n ot e c o ll e c t iv e ly th e t w o c a s te s
-

w hich b e a r t h o s e n am e s A s a s ca v e n g e r o r r a t h e r a s a sw e e p e r u
‘

p
.

t h e Ch u h r a i s t e r me d kh ak r o b
’
of dus n A S a d o me st ic h e i s -
.

i r e ni cally i s tyl e d Mih tar o r chi e f ta i n ‘ ’

‘

as a w o r k e r i n l e at h e r
h e i s calle d a D h e d (li t as a w e aver h e i s s tyl e d M e gh
.

a t l e a s t i n S i alk o t i n w hi ch di s t r ic t t h e Me g h s h o w e v e r f or m t o all
,

i n t e n ts a n d p u r p o s e s a s e p a r a t e c a s te : a n d a s a n e x e cut i on e r h e i s
k no w n a s J a llad F ur th e r a s a t a n n e r th e Ch uh r a i s c all e d a
.

K h a ti k i n th e Ea st e r n P unj a b an d a s a b r e e d e r of s w i n e h e i s k n o w n ,

a s a Hali T h e se t w o g r o u p s a p pe a r t o f o r m di s ti n c t c a ste s o r a t
.

’
l e a st s ub c ast e s w hich r a n k b e l o w t h e Ch uh r a p r o p e r T h e I
-
i h at i k g .

h a ve a s ub gr oup c all e d B asur -

.

C h an g e o f r e l igi o n al so i n v o l v e s th e a d o p ti on o f a n e w t i tl e a n d
th e Ch uh r a o n con ve r smn to Sikhi s m b e co me s a M a zbi o r M a z h a bi
.

On ce Balmi k f o un de r of t h e ca s t e , ar r i v ed l at e a t a f e a st
gi en y 9' B v b nd
f
‘
o u n

e ne
d o n y f r a g m l
e nt s o f i t

w h o e at s l vi
ea ng s .
’
l e ft . T h e se h e de .
v o u r e d a nd e a r n e d t h e n a
m t, o f r : or

1 But i n G ur g a on m i h ta r is use d as e qui a e nt v l to cha udh m and

‘

t h e te r m m e
y be ori gi n
a ll y f r e e f r om any t ai n t o f i r ony .
1 84 Chuhr d gen ea logy .

Th e y h a il fr om D e lhi T h e f o un d e r w as Shah J aha n 8 son He w as .

’
.

h *
a l so c a ll e d K a n dar a b e c a u s e e s p k h hly
o e a r s
,
.

Ne x t come : P a tha n o r igi n a lly fr o m Kab ul i n A kb a r s t i me

’
,
Th e r e ,
.

w e r e t h r e e b r ot h e r s o f w h o m D h a gan a w a s th e e ld e s t Th e y e n te r e d
,
.

t h e co un tr y a s f a gtr s o r p i r s G il 3 f r om Ch akr ar i in G uj r a n wala

,
A . .

t r e e sh e l te r e d t h e fi rs t of t h e n am e i n a t ime o f r a i n : an d i n D e r a
G ha z i Khan th e s e c ti o n r e sp e c ts b r ick s Bh a tti ; fr om th e Bar i n .

G uj r a n wala Pi n di Bh a ttia n D ulla b e i n g t h e i r chi e f

,
S a h e tr é ; i n , .

A k ba r s t i me S a h ot r a w a s t h r o w n t o t h e t ig e r s but th e t ig e r s did n ot
’
,

i n j ur e h im In D e r a G hazi Kha n t h e S a h o t r a s e c t i o n r e sp e c ts th e
.

li o n S o éni Bh un niar de sc e n d a n t s o f Raj a K a r n t h e B r a hma n, w h o

.
,

g a v e a w ay 1 % ma un d s o f go l d e ve r y day b e fo re h e a te h i s f oo d .

Th e n fo ll o w L a dda r K HOK A R w h o a r e s a id t o a v oid e ati n g t h e h e ar t ,

o f a d e a d a n i m a l i n M o n t g om e r whil e i n D e r a G ha z i Khan t h e y do n o t
e a t bh a r ta o r t hi n g s r oa s te d o n t h e fi r e Kh on j e K al i a n a R a tt i Math i , , , ,

B ar t Momé (i n tldqa M o m a n e ar G ondh a l) T h e M o mi a r e s aid t o be

,
.

d e sc e n de d f r om Balm i k Ha un s Ch a pr i ba n (in Khak b e y o n d L a h or e .

, ,

ma k e r s o f Wick e r -w o r k ) G h us s fir B alhi m L a b a n ta Na h i r , , , ,
.

T h e D fi m th e Oh uh ra th e M i r as i t h e Machch i th e J h i w a r a n d th e
, , , , ,

Ch an g a r a r e all o f th e s a me o r igi n Th e y cl a i m t o be i n dige n ous i n th e

,
.

Sialk ot D i s tr ic t a t l e a st a s f a r a s th e o ld e r divi s i o n s a r e c on c e r n e d
, .

In th e t i me o f t h e Pa n da v a s a n d K a ur a v a s t h e r e w e r e f ou r son s o f
K an w a r B r ah ma e tc Pfir aba Pa r t ha S i ddh r a a n d F r ash ta t h e l as t
,
.
, , , , ,

b e in g a l s o call e d J h a u mp r a fr o m livi n g i n a j u n gl e Th e r e a r e o th e r , .

n a m e s a p p li e d t o h im a n d t o h i s s ucce s s or s s u ch a s G h un ur Ba A i l
g g , ,

Malfi k L al Bég Pi r Chh o ta Balm i k Bala T h e f o llo w i n g g e n e a l og ic a l

, , , , .

t r e e w a s g iv e n but I p r e s um e i t i s a v e ry u n c e r ta i n o n e
,

A G E N E A L OG Y .

Pr a sh t a .

K a ak D as,l an d h i s w i fe S i law a n t i .

E ig h te e n g e n e r a t i o n s , all g a n g li .

l
Ba a R i k h i a nd h i s h o use .

Ba m r i k .

A n o th e r v e r s io n ( fro m Mo ntgo m e r y )
i s t h at J h a ta, J h aba , T i n g l a a n d A t h w a w e r e '

l
{ o u r r o t h e r s . p i o h ably Mu h a mm a da n s
b Of t h e s e J h a ta e ca me a f o o w e r o f Ba a F a r i d
. b ll b
ll
a nd h i s de s ce nda n t s , c a e d J h at as , co n t i n u e d t o o s e r e t h e Muh am m ada n la w ( Le di b v d
not b
e co me Ch u h ra s)
’ '
J h ab a s a nd T i n g r a s de s ce n d a n t s w e l k e d a s Ch uh r as a n d ar
m
.
e
k no w n as J h ui s ( C h u i s ) a n d T i n
g r as ,
r e s p e c t i e
y
,
O A t h w al s p r og e n y s o e r e mai n e d
f ’
v l .

l b
Muh am m adan s , w h i e o t h e r s e ca me Ch uh i as a n d a r e n o w k n o w n as A t h w a Ch uh r as
‘

l
l l l
.

T h e J h aba ( J h a i o r Ch a i ) s e ct i o n i s c o s e y a s s o ci a t e d w i t h Mu tan Wh e n t ha t ci t v .

w a s f o un de d, t r a di t i o n a s s e r t s t h at t h e k i n g c omm e n ce d t o u i d a f o r t w h i ch co a s e d
p
b l ll
a s f a s t a s i t w as ui t b l
T h e s p o t w as h e d by t h e J h aba Bh an i s o n e o f w h m
.

g l o o ff e r e d
l ll d j
,

h i m s e f a s t h e f o r t s f oun dat i o n s t o n e , a n d i s s ai d t o be s t i s t an d i
’ ‘
-

g i n t h e K h an i Bur
o f t h e F or t . l
S o me p e o p e r e g ar d t h i s burj a s a p ace o f p i g r i m a e
g T h e h a i —
p os si y
l l J bl
l
,

n am e —
o w i n g m e r e y t o h is f o r u a e at t e — J h a y c
t n t w as s a cr i fi ce d t o e n s ur e V i t
c or y i n b l
f e tc h w a n di , w h i ch i s e xp a i n e d t o m e a n , i f a l
i i n g Ch uh r a b e ui t i n t o a t h i ck lv b l
wa ll of b
ur nt r i ck b b
e f o r e g o i n g t o War , i ct o r y i s a ss ur e d v .
.

In T ar n Iar a n t ah s i , A mr i tsa r D i st r i ct, Br a h ma s s on , Ch uh ra , h a d t h r e e so n s L at a

l
’ ‘ '

J h é ba, a nd a p ichh lag name d Ti ng r u, f rom w h om are desce nded t h e 2% or ig i na se ct i on ! o f

,
,
l
t h e caste .
 1 85

A s or n '
n G E NE A L OG Y on R os si ni “ .

A di s and w i f e V és h n ‘ .

l
S a dda S addaji v é an d w i f e G ovi t tr i .

G h ung an d w i fe S ur a n g i y a .

Dh i id n an d w i f e sue S ak a t .

N i l K an t h a nd w i f e 6 6 A t ma D évf
l
K a nw ar Br ah ma and w ife Bur h a dji or J a s t rf .

S i dh Pii
’
ti . Bh s o ca ll ed J h a um p ra, Is t In car n at i o n , a n d w if e Man s é v
De i .

A d G é p al a n d w i f e Bh i ln i .

S an k és w a r an d w i f e S adaw an t i , 2n d In ca r na t i o n .

U n és h D e o t a ,
Mug a t G o s ai n a n d w if e D h an w a n t f .

|
G aur R ik h and w ife N a ur a n g éé .

l
D a y é l Rik h and w i f e Man g l i a .

J al Bh i g an an d w if e Pa vi t tar an .

A ng ash D eo ta an d w i f e S at w a nt i .

A g g an w ar an d w if e A sn a .

S an kh Pa t or S a n t ok h an d w i fe J ase V ar ti , 3r d In car nati on .

I
B’i lé R ik h i
z an d w i f e S h am Bli p , 4th In car n at i o n .

Bfr Ba mr i k and w if e R éj w an t i , 5 t h In ca r n a t i o n .

Ba ll an d w i f e N a n Ch an dr an .

Is w ar 13 m and w ife Ma ri s a , 8th Incar nati o n ,

Balm i k an d w i fe Mah én , 7 t h Incar nat ion

I
Ud i kh . Budh R i kh a nd w if e S e lik S n .

Mar w ar B idar i a nd w i f e D ay ti li .

N fi r D i dar i an d w i f e A sé w a n t i .

S h am Bar e n dfi an d w i fe S ur g én , 8th In ca r n at i o n .

S h am Ba r b ar i an d w i fe L ach h mi .

S r i R an g S h am and w i f e R éj w a n t i .

I
S ati a nd w i fe
I
S h é h S af é a n d w if e S é v én .

A r anj and w i f e A r f an .

l
1 86 A Chuh rd genealogy .

Pi r S i va] and w i f e
i Jaf aran .

I
As a an d w i f e Jan at an . Q t sa i .

A h ir Ma l uk an d w i f e S i k i a w at i .

G h a n g ar Beg an d Wi f e Nas ar an .

I
Baz Bég an d w i fe S adiq an .

I
Ba r éb h f Be g a nd w ife V ar san .

I
Bég an d w i f e S at ilan , 9th Incar n at i on .

I m 6 k a l 0t h I t i on
Bélf S h e r ( l
a so ca ll e d Pi r J h ot a, t h e w re s t l e r ) a nd w i
fe A li n,
n car n a .

I
S ada Ba e L al K h an l an d w i f e R osh an an .

I
Ni i r D i vén i
’

w i fe
’

Pi : D h ag zi na an d .

S h ah Eli t e an d w i f e G us s an .

I
l I I
D ar g ah i S h ah S h é b A k h lés an d w if e L ach h mi
Mah i S h ah .
.
.

l I I
G h a s i t a S h ah .
Y ar d S h ah . . S éva S h ah an d w i f e S a r si .

I
J am S h ah .

K ar s m S h ah L an g a r S h ah I
.

Z ah ar da s t S h ah .
Ch ug a t t a Mn r é d
Mo h am m e d S h ah . S h ah .

S hi t I
Q ut b
.

* K ar i m *
a I
a i m h ah S h ah S h ah R ah ni S h ah U m ar S h ah
F ale l S h ah Q S . .
. s . . .

I
I I
*S ar dar S h ah .
*S u
l tan S h ah ,

I I l
A i m S h ah ,

F ath S h ah .
fl‘ Bah édur S h ah ,
*
Nadi r S h ah .

*G
auh ar S h ah .

Ba r
. is a n a me gi v en t o the l e a de r s .

* Haki m S h ah .
*
F at h S h ah .
*
Bah a al S h ah .

A T HIR D G E NE AL OG Y m om ( Mi m e Ko r u )
A k al Pur ak h G o d) .

Mah ade o g M h a aj
ri a r .

R ik h i D e o .

R ik h i D e o ,

A n s adé .

Bélmi k or Ba n i k l .

Pr e se n t r e p res e ntati e s. v
188 Ch uhr ci o r igi n s .

Nci ls u mma t ba kh sh , mi le ba kh s h j a n dz d . G r ant me f ollow er s an d g rant me f une r al

r a e r s — ( or
p y
v e my follow e r s and al o
F or g i s f or g i ve us for
not h av i ng fune r al p r ay e s) r .

Hi n dtt
’
mere dw a n na de w e n , Mu sa l mdn ma Th Hi ndu do not ll ow u
e s a s to come ne ar

p a r h en
j a n i
c zci .
th e m, and Muh ammadans w i ll n ot r e ad o ur

f une r a p r ay e r s l
Wh o Wi e ar me U p —h e arke n 0 L or d 1
.

Me r tka u n s i fid t bh a r e g d, su n g h a r i b-n a w dzd

’
ll b ’

G od say s Ch aump ra ! be w i se !
’

A lldh dkh e Ch a ump r i a ( 127i h o s y ci/n ct

'
'
. , .

D o m a z h a b de a i m dd ma i n da r y ao va gc md
’ ’ ’

.
ll
I w i mak e tw o r i e r s to fl ow of th e th i ng s v
w h i ch ar e f or i dde n by th e tw o r e i g i ons b l
on e of th e car case s of cow s and th e
o th e r of t h e car cas e s o f p i g s ) .

Pa r j
’

a n na t han dke s a h mn d vi kh dn d .
ll
Iwi mak e h ea e n acr os s th e m and s h ow i t tov
y ou
R am (Hindus) and R ah im ( Muh ammadans)
.

R dm te R a h i m n e ch h i p ch h ip ba h n d
wi ll
con ce a th e mse es l lv .

di n ldkar h a if do z a kh dh c md A g r e at fi r e w i be ur nt i n h e at a out 1 0 s m
ll b ll b
’ ’

S a w ti n e ze . .
. .

w h e n th e s un i s am o o hi g h ) b b .

A lldh tikke Ch a um p zt a u mma t t e r i mi n vi ch ’

G od s ay s Ch aump ra, no w w i I s e n d thy ll

j a n n a t p a h dn ch d n d . ll
f o ow e r s to He a en
’
v ,

A tldh chi tt h i lt khi h e , h a th Ch aw mpre p h a r az

’

. G od h as w r i tte n a e tte r and g i en i t i n th e l v

h ands of Ch aump ra
Tt mh i { sho
' '

T h ou h ast to car ry o t t h i — i t i s y our

jt ta i n an
'

t
'

s a n a. a s. u s car case
’
f ate .

O R I G I NS .

V a r i ous l e g e n d s h a v e b e e n i n v e n t e d to e x pl a i n th e o r igi n s of t h e
Ch uh ra c a st e a s a wh o l e a n d of i ts d i ff e r e n t gr o u p s M ost o f t h e s e .

ca rr y i t s h i sto r y b a ck t o Balmi k a s i t s p r o g e n i to r o r a t l e ast i t s p at r o n , , ,

‘

s a i nt . H e n c e i t i s n e c e s sar y t o r e c o un t i n th e fi r s t i n s tan c e w h a t , ,

c ur r e n t t r a di t i on h a s to s ay o f Balmi k .

On e l e g e n d a v e r s th at Balmi k us e d t o s w e e p Bh a g w an s c o ur ty ar d
’
,

an d t h a t t h e d g a v e h i m a r ob e w hi ch h e did n o t u t o n bu t b ur i e d
g o p ,

in a pi t Wh e n a s ke d by Bh a g w an w h y h e di d not w e a r i t Balmi k
. ,

w e n t i n s e ar ch o f i t a n d f o un d i n i t a bo y W h o m h e t o o k to Bh a g w a n .

T h e god dir e c te d h i m t o r e a r t h e boy w h o w a s n a m e d L al Be g ,

.

Balm i k is sa id t o me a n
’
bo r n o f th e ba lml o r s e r pe n t s h ol e ,
‘
,
’
.

Bélmi k w a s a Bh i l a r a c e o f mo un t a i n e e r s w h o u se d to r ob an d kill
‘

, ,

t r a v e ll e r s pa s si n g t h r o u gh th e fo r e s t O n e da y s e v e n Ri s hi s j ou r n e y e d .

by a nd w h e n Balmi k at ta ck e d t h e m t h e y a sk e d h im why h e did s o a s

, , ,

t h e y h a d n o t h i n g w o r t h s t e al i n g He r e p li e d th at h e h a d v o w e d t o k il l .

a ll wh o m h e f o un d i n t h e f o r e s t T h e Ri shi s t h e n e n qui r e d i f h e h a d .

f r i e n d s t o a ss i s t h i m i f c a p t ur e d Wh e r e upo n h e a s k e d h is p a r e nt s .

a n d wi f e i f th ey w o uld h e l
p h i m i n c a s e o f n e e d b ut t h e y d e cla r e d t h e y
,

w o uld n o t Bé lmi k t h e n t old th e Ri s h i s h e w as f r i e n dlcss a n d t h e y

.
,

ur g e d h i m t o gi v e u ma r d ma r d
’
h i s e vil w ays a n d to r e e a t
p p
'

, , ,

c o n t i n uo usly But r a p idl y r ocrt e d m a r d ma m so u n ds lik e R am

.
, ,

R am a n d a s h e t h us r e p e a t e d G od s n a m e
’
h i s s i n s We r e f o r giv e n h i m
’
, , .

By t h e e n d o f 1 2 y e a r s h i s b o d y w a s c o v e r d w i t h d us t a n d o v e r gr o w n e

w i t h g r a ss t h e fl e s h be i n g d e c o m p s e d
, O n ce m or e t h e s e v e n R i s hi s o .

pa s s e d by a n d h e a r d a f a in t v o i ce r e p e a ti n g R am R am u nd e r a c o v e r , ,
’
«

i ng o f cl a y Th i s th e y r e mo v e d a n d h a vi n g r e cl ot h e d h i s b o n e s w i th
.
, ,
-

fl e sh c all e d hi m Balmi k a s on e w ho h a d com e o u t o f a s e r p e n t s h ol e

, ,
.
’
.

1 TA BU S A ND To w n s . .

Th e G il w ill n ot e a t ba t dzm t h e e g g pl a n t ( bh a i i ba r t) th e L ute do

'
- -
o
,

n o t e a t h a r e or r a bbi t t h e K a n a r e (f ) a b s t a i n f ro m cl o v e s t h e S a h é tr é
r e f use to l ook on a t i g e r ; a t mar r i a e s h ow e v e r , th e y mak e th e i mage
g ,
 Ch u h r ci p a n chayats . 1 89

of a wh ich th e w ome n w or s hip th e Bh a tti will n o t si t o n a b e n ch

t ig e r
o f bo a r d s o r b r ick s : n o Ch uh r a w il l e a t s e h o r h e dg e h o g .
,

T h e S é r w an Ch uh r a s do n o t dy e cl o th w i th ka su mba s a ff r on a n d , ,

w ill o n ly u s e t h a t ch f o r t h e i r oo fs III t h e Ba w a l n i z dm a t o f Nabh a r .

t h e y a l s o w e a r n o go ld o r n a me n t t hi n k i n g t h i s t a bu t o be i m po s e d s
,

o n t h e m by th e i r s a t i In D e r a G h az i K h a n t h e di ff e r e n t se c t i o n s
.

r e v e r e nce di ff e e n t an i ma l s i e t h e S a h ot a r e s p e c t t h e li o n t h e
r
,
.
,
,
.

A t h w al or U t h w al t h e ca m e l an d o n e s e c t i on t h e p or c up i n e w hil e b r i ck s , ,

a r e s a id t o be r e v e r e d by t h e G ll m e n b o w i n g a n d w o m e n v e ili n g t h e i r ,

f a c e s b e fo r e t h e m T h u s t h e S i n dh u nm h i n or g ot r s p e c t s i n digo : t h e
. e

K a n dia r a r e s p e c ts t h e h o r n e d r a t ; w hi l e t h e Kh o kh a r got i s s a id t o a v o id
e a t i n g bh a r t a i e a n t hi n g r o as t e d o n a fi r e T h e Kh o kh a r g o t i s
*
y , . .
, .

a l s o sa id to a b s ta i n f r o m t h e fl e s h o f de a d a n i m a l s a s w e ll a s f r om
e a t i n g t h e h e a r t w hich a ll o t h e r Ch u h r as w ill e a t
, .

T h e fl e sh o f t h e h a r e i s a l so a vo i de d by Ch n b r as g e n e r a lly — a ta bn
e xpl i
a ne d by t h e f o ll o w i n g l e g e n d z— O n c e a C h uh ra by ch n ce kill e d a

a c al f a n d hid i t
,
u n de r a b a s k e t bu t i t s o w n e r tr a ck e d i t t o t h e ,

Ch uh r a s h o us e T h e Ch u h ra de cl a r e d t h a t t h e b as k e t co n t a i n e d a
’
.

h a r e a n d w h e n i t w a s o pe n e d i t w a s fo un d t h a t th e c a l f h a d t ur n e d
,

i n t o a h a r e — so f r o m th a t t i me all t h e Ch uh r a s h av e giv e n up e a ti n
h a r e S o me h o w e v e r do ne t abid e by thi s r ul e In Ka n g r a i t i s sa i d
.
, , .

t h a t o n c e a h a r e s o ugh t Balm i k s p r o t e c t i o n
’
a n d t h u s t h e t a bu a r o s e , .

In M o n tg o m e r y th e a v o i da n ce o f h a r e s fl e s h i s a s c r i be d to t h e i n fl ue n ce
’

of t h e Mak h dl i m J a h a n ia n o f Sh e r Shah t h o s e w h o a r e n o t h is ,

foll o w e r s di sr e g a r d i n g t h e p r ohibi ti o n In D e r a G ha z i Kha n t h e .

c ur r n t e l e ge n d i s th a t o n c e Bala Shah t h e a n ce s to r o f th e U h uh r a s , ,

a n d M ullah Nu th e M i r a si w e r e i n G o d s da r ga h o r co ur t Th e
' ’

r , , ,
.

l a tt e r a sk e d Bala S h ah n o t t o s w e e p w h e r e up on a q ua r r e l ar o s e an d ,

Bal zt Shah str uck t h e b a r d w i t h h is b r o om k n o ckin g out h i s r igh t e y e

’

.
,

M ullah N ur a p pe a l e d to G o d a n d p r o d uc e d a h ar e a s h i s w i tn e s s— so
n o w t h e s w e e p e r s do n t e a t h a r e s fl e s h In G ur ga o n h o w e v e r t h e
’
u .
, ,

p r o hibi t i o n i s sa id t o be c on fi ne d t o t h e S ue G o h a r go t or a cc o r di n g t o , ,

a n ot h e r a cc o un t t o t h e Ba l h e r g o t In Mal e r K o t l a i t i s c o n fi n e d t o t h e
g ,
.

S a h o t a go t A b o ut L e i a h w o me n a r e s a id to e a t th e h a r e but n ot me n
.
, , .

2 G O V ER NI NG Bo e r . .

Th e i r r e p r e se n t at iv e a ss e mbly o r go v e r n i n g b o dy i s th e Pa i n ch , , ,

P a n ch P a n chay a t th e me mbe r s o f w h ich a r e ch o s e n by t h e p e opl e

, , ,

a n d t h e h e a d o f w hi ch i e t h e Pi r Pa n ch o r S a r P a n ch i s s e l e c t e d
, . .
, ,

by t h e o t h e r m e mb e r s I h a v e h e a r d t h e m s pe a k o f a kh a r p a n ch too
.
,

t h e mo s t t r o u bl e s o m e m e m b e r o f t h e p un ch ! T h e o ffic e o f t h e
i r u n ch i s h e ld p e r m a n e n t l y a n d i s e v e n i n s o me c as e s h e r e di t a r y
p p , .

If t h e p i r i s u n a bl e t o p r e s id e a t t h e me e t i n g s h is p l a c e may be t a k en
by a s a r ba r i h o r s u b s t i t ut e fo r t h e t i me b e i ng
c
,
T h e p a i n ch s e t t l e s , .

di s p ut e s o f a ll s o r ts h a vi n g t o i n t r fe r e e s pe cia ll y i n m a t t e r s o f ma r
,
e

r i e g e a nd di v r ce ; i t a l s o l o o k s a f t e r t h e po o r
o It p un i s h e s o ff e n d e r s .

by e x co mm un i ca t i o n hi ckka p i i ba n d a n d a l s o by i mpo s i n g fi n e s
,
r n
,

o f 20 4 0 ,
1 00 r up e e s o r e v e n m o r e
,
Th p un i sh me n t o f e xco m m un i
,
. e

ca t i on of b e i n g ba r ada r i s e j n dci i s a h e a vy o n e p o i n t i n g to t h e f act

’

, , ,

t h a t t h e p e o pl e v a l ui n g s o highl y th e o p i n i o n o f t h e i r f e llo w me n
,
-
,

T h i s s e e m s i mp o s s i bl e . Bh a r t h a i s p o s s i y i n t e n de d
’

. bl
It i s a p r e p a r at i o n o f t h e .

br in j a l ( ba tdan ) m a de by May a S i n g h s Punj a bi D i ct i on a r y : 8 v

’
r o a s t i n g i t i n h o t as h e s : . .
190 Ch uh r d mar r i age r u les .

ar e a me n a bl e t o th e l
ru es ofc t i o ns the ir so cie ty by r e a so n o f sa n

a ffe c t i n g t h e i r s tan d i n g i n t h e s o ci e ty A ll o v e r th e P unj ab t h e .

d e a r e s t t hi n g t o a Pa i i jabi i s hi s zz za t t h e e s t i ma t i on i n w h ich
’
'

h e i s h e ld by h i s f e ll o w s In t h e s o u t h e a s t o f t h e P r o v in c e t h e
.
-

Ch uh r a s h a v e ch a bi i tr a s o r p l a c e s o f a ss e mbly a t s e ve r a l t o w n s s u ch
’

a s Ha n s i Hi s s ar ,
Ba r w al a Si r s a a n d B h i w a n i
,
E a ch ch a btltr a i s u n d e r
, .

a ch a u dh r i w h o i n G ur g a o n
, i s s t y l e d mi h ta r T h e ch a u dh r i s p r e s id e .

ov e r a n ch dy a ts a t w h i ch a ll ki n ds o f di s ut e s a r e d e cid e d a n d a l s o a c t
p p ,

a t w e ddi n g s a s an u kh i a s o r s o k e s me n
p I n Nabh a t h e ch a u dh r is a r e .

i n de e d s a id t o e x e r ci se s up r e me a u th or i t y i n c a ste di sp ut e s .

3 R U L E S o r I NT ER MA R R IA G E . .

Th e y do n o t mar r y w i thi n t h e i r o w n se c ti o n b u t t h e y ta k e wiv e s ,

’
f r o m a ll th e o t h e r divi s i o n s M a r r i a g e w i t h a w i f e s s i s t e r i s pe r m i t t e d
.

a f te r t h e d e a t h o f t h e w i f e M a r r i a g e w i th t h e w i f e s m o th e r o r w i f e s
.
’
,
’

a un t i s n o t a llo w e d
,
T w o w iv e s a r e a ll o w e d t h e f o r m e r o f w h o m is
.

c o n s id e r e d th e h e a d a n d h a s p e c uli ar r igh t s a n d p r ivil e g e s T h e

, .

w iv e s liv e t o g e t h e r i n t h e s a m e h o u s e Ma r r i a g e t a k e s pl a c e wh e n .

t h e gir l i s a b o ut 7 o r 8 a n d e v e n 5 y e a r s o f a g e ,
.

M a r r i age s ar e ar r a n g e d by th e n o t (b a r b e r ) t h e ch h zm bo (w a sh e r m an )
’

, ,

a n d th e m in i s i (vill a g e b a r d a n d g e n e a l o gi s t
) T h c on se nt of th e
-
e .

a r e n t s i s n e ce ssa r y i n a ll c a s e s e xc e p t w h e n t h e w o m a n i s a w id ow
p , ,

or i n d e p e n d e nt o f h e r p a r e n t s G i r l s a r e n e v e r a sk e d w h o m t h e y w ill
.

m r r y o r i f th e y a e w illi n g t o m a r r y
a
,
i Th e y w o uld n o t giv e a n e x .

r e ss i on o f t h e i r w i sh e s a s t h e y s a y s h a r m k s mdr e fo r s h a me Th
’ ’

p , ere , , .

i s n o f r e e d o m o f ch o i ce i n th e c a s e o f y o un g p e r s o n s m a r r y i n g .

A p r ice is p a id by th e br i d e gr oom s f a m il y t h e a moun t o f i t b e i ng ’

,

s e t tl e d by th e t w o c o n t r a c ti n g p ar t i e s It b e c o m e s t h e b r id e g r o om s .
’

r o p e r ty a f t e r m a r r i a g e A n e n ga g e m e nt to m ar r y m b b k
p . a
y e r o en
0 3 i n t h e c a s e o f a d e f e ct o r bl e mi s h i n e i t h e r t h e m a n o r t h e w o ma n ,

a n d div o r c e m ay be o b t a i ne d a f t e r m ar r i a g e b y a r e g ul a r w r i ti n g o f
”
div o r c e me n t D ivor c e d w iv e s m a r r y a ga i n
. Ch i ld r e n o f di ff e r e n t .

mo th e r s i n h e r i t o n e qua l t e r ms a n d a ll a s s u me th e f a t h e r s s e c t io n ,
’
.

Wid o w s r e mar r y bu t t h e y h a v e n o pr ic e T h e w id o w o f a n e ld e r
, .

b r o t h e r ma y m a r r y a y o un g e r b r o th e r a n d t h e wid o w of a y o u n g e r ,

b r o t h e r ma y mar r y a n e ld e r b r o t h e r A w i do w ma r r yi n g o ut o f h e r .

h u sb a n d s f a mily t a k e s h e r chil d r e n wi t h h e r
’
.

4 F OOD . .

It i s difli cult t o s ay p r e ci s e l y w h a t a n i m al s th e Ch i i h r a s r e a lly a v o id ,

a n d p r ob a bly t h e p r o hibi t i o n s a ga i n s t e a t i n g a n y p a r t ic ul a r a n i ma l a r e
l o o s e v a r y i n g f r o m p l ace t o p l a c e a n d u n d e t h e p r e s s u r e o f ci r c um
,
r

s t anc e s Ch uh r as i n G u j r a t w ill e a t d e a d a n i m a l s i e
.
t h o s e w hi ch , . .
,
a l s o t h e s a hn a
h a v e die d a n a t ur a l d e a t h (li z ar d ) a n d wil d ca t b ut ,
n o t t h e j a ck a l f x g o h (li z a r d ) o r t o r t o i s e : y e t o n e g r o u
o liv chi fly
p e s
.
, , e
o n th e t o r t o i s e a n d i s ca ll e d ku ch e mdnda H e n c e t h e Ch uh r a s a r e
a n d i n te r i o r t o t h e M
.

s up e r i o r t o t h e s a n i s w h o e a t j a ck al s e t c
s
usa llis , .
,

w h o h a v e giv e n up e a t i n g t h e fl e sh o f a n i m a l s which h a v e di e d a n a t u
ral
d e a th In Sial ko t th e Ch u li r as ar e said t o a v o id por k a n d o nly t o e a t
.

fl s h al l o w a bl e to M uh a mma d an s but t h e y may e a t h ar é m fl e sh a s w e ll

e ,

as h a ldl .

T h us i n Mo n tg o me r y i t us s a id a ll Ch uh i as, p t t h e K h ok h ar s , w i ll
‘

e xce
e at t h e fl e sh of
de a d an i ma s l
192 Cha kr ai betr oth a ls
'

Th e c an did at e i s th e n He i s mad e to e at
a d mi t te d i nto th e c aste .

o ut o f t h e k ur cih t d r i n k some w a te r a n d
'

a li tt l e Ch tt N n d a n d r ic e
’
’ ’
,

smo k e Th e r e st o f t h e ch ar md is di st r ibu t e d amon g t h e o th e r Oh uh ra s

.

a n d h e i s d e cl a r e d a me mb e r o f t h e c ast e .

In R o h t a k Bal miki s w e e p e r s a d mi t a man o f any c aste i n t o th e

Ch u h r a r a n k s e xc e p t a D h an a k a S é n si o r a D h ia Th e r e c r ui t i s
, , .

m e r e ly r e q ui r e d t o p r e p ar e 1 % s er s of m a ltda a n d a ft e r pl a cin g i t un de r ,

T h e f o ll o w e r s o f Na n a k a dmi t
’
Balmi k s b an n e r w or s hip t h e sain t , .

c on v e r ts o f e v e r y c aste i nt o th e i r r an k s .

In G u r g a o n th e r i te of i n i tiat i on is a re v ol t i n g on e a n d i s t h us de
s r c ib e d
Ov e r a re p i t i s p ut a ch ar p a z, an d b e ne a t h i t t h e c a n dida t e
c ta ngul ar
i s s e a t e d i n t e pi t , w hil e t h e Ch uh r as s i t o n th e r i dr p ci z
h Ea ch b at h e s
'
‘
.

n h n *
in t u r n , cl e a r i g i s o s e a nd spi t ti n g , so t h a t all th e w a t e r , e t c , f a l l s .

on t o i h e m a n i n th e p i t He i s th e n a llo w e d to c om e o u t a n d s e a t e d
.

on t h e ch ar p ut A f te r t hi s a ll t h e Ch uh r as w a sh h i s b o dy a n d e a t wi th
.

h i m, a n d t h e n a s k h i m t o a d o p t t h e i r p r o f e s s i o n .

An p pe ar s t o be c all e d Bh an gi
i n i t i a te a ,
or i n G ur g a on S ar bh ang i .

Th e l a tt e r i t i s s a id m a y s m o k e an d e at wi t h
, , t h e Ch uh ras, but a r e n o t
a d mi tt e d t o i n t e r m ar r i a g e wi th t h e m .

B E TR OTHAL .

Wh e n a b etr oth a l tak e s pl a ce th e lci gi th e mar r i a g e f un c t ion a r y and

, ,

o b e t w e e n g oe s t o t h e
h o us e o f t h e b oy s p a r e nt s ki g i h ’
g
-
, t a n w t him ,

sug a r an d da t e s f o r t h e i n ma te s He s t a t e s t h e p ur p o se of h i s vi si t
.

,
a n d t h e r e i s p l a c e d b e f o r e h i m fi ve o r t e n o r m or e r up e e s o f which , , ,

h e t ak e s o n e a n d go e s If t h e p e o pl e a r e v e ry p o o r t h e y i n t i mat e to
.

th e ldgi h o w mu ch h e s h o uld ta k e o u t o f t h e h e a p R e t ur n i n g t o t h e .

h o us e of th e g i r l s par e n ts h e ma k e s h is r e por t d e s c r i bi n g th e bo y hi s
’

, ,
p r o sp e c ts cir c umstan c e s a n d so on
, , .

A lti gi go e s f r o m t h e b oy s r e s id e n c e c a r r yin g cl ot h e s an d
no w
’
,

j e w e l s f or th e gi r l He hi mse l f i s p r e s e n te d w i th a tur b a n (p a gr i ) a n d
.

s o n g s a r e s un g by t h e w om a n k i n d T h e bi n di n g p or t i o n o f t h e c ar e .

mo n i e s i s wh e r e t h e t ur b a n i s gi v e n to t h e ldg i b e f o r e w i t ne s se s .

In t w o , t h r e e , fo ur , o r fi ve y e ar s, t h e gi r l s p a r e n ts se n d t h e lci i to ’

g
sa t h a t i t i s t i m e f o r t h e m ar r i a ge If t h a r e nt s of th e boy fi n d i t
y e
p .

c on v e ni e n t , t h e y d e cl a r e t ha t t h e y a r e r e a dy , a nd i n st r uc t t h e lcig i t o
a sk t h e o t h e r h o use t o s e n d a m s h an , ba hoch d, t o ko za w hich i s a p r e s
’

e nt
'

o f t h r e e g a r me n t s , o n e t o t h e mi r as i , o n e t o t h e n di a n d t h e t hi d
, r to
t h e ch u h r a w h o ligh t s t h e fi r e Th e r e i s ga r a l so i n th e b a s k e t c o nt a in
.

i n g t h e cl o th e s , an d thi s is di s t r ib ut e d t o t h e s i n gi n g gi r ls an d o t h e r s .

T h e idgi r e ce iv e s a r up e e o r t w o , a n d g oe s ba ck w i t h th e n e w s th a t th e
ba h éch d h a s b e e n acc e p t e d Th e n a tr e w a r , a p r e s e n t of s e v e n g a r me n t s
’

,
i s p r e p ar e d , an d se n t f r om t h e gi r l s r e side n c e , a whi t e h u lkar i e mbr oi
’

p (
aCh uh rés th ink th at th e dir t of th e i r o w n o di es p ur i fi e s oth e r s an d th e so r e move
y
b
i t w i th th e i r ow n h ands If a man foll ow t he i r occup ati on but doe s not under g o th e
.

b v
or de al de scri e d abo e th e y do not tr eat h i m as a Ch uh ra or e fie ct an
y r e l ati ons hi
p
 Cha kr ai w eddi ngs 193
'

de r e d sh awl ), a ch db or ch o
p ( c o tt o n s
’

ha wl wi
a r ed
t h a silk e mb r o i de r e d
e dg e
) , a ch oli
(b o dic e ) a ku r td (j ack e t
,

lu n g ; o r e dg e (a ch e ck cl o t h o r e tt ic o a t t w o
) a da r idi (n a r r o w s i lk cl o t h ) a
, ,

a g r i a (t ur b a n s ) a n d o n e
p ) p ,
ch ada r
(sh e e t o r s h a w l ) T h e j a ck e t h as a g o ld b utto n bi r d a n d t h r e e
.
, ,

S i l ve r o n e c a ll e d a lli da a n d o td o r g o ld a n d sil v e r l a c e w i t h t h e fig u r e
’

s
g , , ,

o f a ma n e mb r o id e r e d o n t h e r i gh t b r e a st o r sh o uld e r T hi s p r e s e n t .

’
1 8 s e n t to t h e boy s r e s ide n ce w h e r e t h e ga r m e n t s ar e s p r e a d o ut on a
,

be d t o giv e t h e i n ma t e s a n d f r i e n ds a n o o r t un it y o f s e e i n g t h em
pp .

Th e li g i ta k e s w i t h h im a l so ga r p a tcis s e (s w e e t s ) a n d a r u e e as r o mi
’ ‘ ’

, p p , ,

which h e giv e s to t h e b r id e gr oo m T h is r op a ct may be se v e n d r i e d .

da t e s a n d o t h e r t hi n g s
, T h e b o y s h a n ds a r e dy e d W i t h ma i n di (h e nn a )
.
’

t o s i g nif y j o y A ga in r up e e s a r e pl a c e d b e fo r e t h e ldg i of which h e

.
,

t a k e s a s m a n y a s h e h a s b e e n i n str u ct e d to t a k e He t h e n sa y s t h a t .

s uch an d s uch a day h a s b e en fi x e d f o r t h e w e ddi n g a n d g o e s b a ck to te ll

’
th e br id e s f r i e n d s t h a t t h e day i s a pp o i n t e d On t hi s o cc as ion s on g s .

a r e s un g by t h e b oy s s i s te r a n d m ot h e r
’
.

E igh t or n i n e d ay s b e fo r e th e w e ddi n g t h e y h a v e wh a t t h e y c all ma t

a n d, th a t i s , t h e y t a k e h ( e a t r oas t e d i n t h e h us k ) t o t h e
’

m f h
’

p g a n
g a t w
uan t i t y o f fi ve or s i x a r o i , w hich t h e y p ut i n th e b o y s la p
’
q p p Thi s h e .

di st r ib ut e s w i t h gm: to h i s f r i e n ds , o f t h e s ame a g e a s h e i s , s e a t e d on a
b ask e t Wh e a t i s di st r ibut e d t o t h e o t h e r fr i e n d s , p e r h a p s as much
.

a s f o ur or fi ve ma un d s, w it h ga r Th e boy i s an o i n te d w i t h o il a s
.

man y t i me s a s t h e r e a r e d a y s b e f or e th e mar r i a g e , an d a son g is s un g

by h i s fr i e nd s .

T h e n o t a n o i n t s t h e b r i d e g r o o m t o m ak e h i m s w e e t T h e o i n t me n t .

'

i s ma de of t h e fl o ur o f w h e a t a n d b a r l e y , ka ch zt r (a dr ug), I ch a r da l
’

(w h i te m u s ta r d ), ch a i h a l ch a r t lci (a s c e n t ‘
a n d o i l Thi s p r e pa r at i on .

i s c a ll e d ba tnci .

Wh e n t h e bo y is ta k e n b a sk e t t h e y bi n d a g i n d (or n ame nt)

Off th e r

o r ka n ga d (b r a c e l e t ) o n h i s w r i s t w h ich c o n si st s o f a n i r o n r i n g a
, ,

c ow r i e an d a man ka (str in g) o f kach (gl a ss ) be a ds Th e y p ut a k n i fe

,
.

i nt o hi s h an d a t t h e same t i me A ll t h i s i s to k e e p o fl t h e e vi l sp i r its
.
’
.

T h e s ame o p e r at i o n i s p e r for me d o n th e g i r l by h e r f r i e nds ; o n ly s h e

p ut s o n a kan gmi (w r i s t o r n ame n t) o r ch zm (b r ac e l e t of i r o n ) i n ste ad
’ ’

o f t a ki n g a k n i f e i n h e r h an d .

B e t r o th a l tak e s pl a c e a t any t i m e fr om fi v e y e ar s of a g e an d u p w ar d ,
t h e c o n se n t o f th e p a r e nts on ly b e in g n e c e ssar y If t h e be tr oth a l .

i s c an c e ll e d t h i h rr a n g e s t h e a mo un t t o b e r e p a id an d
, e p a n c a ,

r e c o ve r s i t .

Wh e n th e da y a pp r oa ch e s, a bi g dinne r is giv e n i n th e
w e ddi n g
b oy s h o me o n a We dn e s day , t h e e nt e r t a i n me n t e x t e n di n g t o Th ur s d ay
’

mo r n i n g This is c all e d met

. .

T h e hh arj ai , o r so me o t h e r r e l a t iv e , w i t h hi s w ife , g o e s to t h e w e ll
for a ja r o f w a t e r , w h ich t h e y c ar r y b e t w e e n t h e m Wi th th is w a t e r .

t h e mi i w a s h e s t h e b r i de g r oo m o n a b ask e t His h a i r i s w a sh e d .

w i t h b ut te r milk an d o il S e v e n chap n i a fl (u nb u rn t e a r th e n p l at e s)
’

a r e pl a c e d b e f o r e h i m Th e s e h e b r e a k s w i t h h i s f e e t Hi s u n cl e o n
.
.

th e mot h e r s s id e giv e s h i m a co w , e t c , a n d t h e b r i d e s u n cl e giv e s

’ ’
.

th e same t o h e r T h e b r id e g r oo m p ut s o n hi s ne w cl o t h e s, t h e old
.
194 Cha hr d w e ddin gs .

o ne s b e i n g app r op r i ate d by th e n ae A f t e r . h is un cle s h a v e sun g his

,

s i s t e r si n g s a n d giv e s h im h i s cl o t h e s .

He i s th e n d r e sse d o n a r ug af te r h i s b at h ; th e e bb ? o r tur b an i s
pl a c e d o n h i s h e a d o v e r w hich ,
t h e s e h r d, or g a r l a n d o f fl o w e r s, i s
t h r o w n an d s afl r o n i s s p r i n kl e d o n h i s cl o th e s .

A t r a y i s put do w n wi th a r u p e e i n i t , r e p r e se n ti n g 1 0 1 r up e e s
On th e r up e e g a r i s s p r e a d, whil e th e y say , J a g a t p ar w ri n 326197 4 80
“
A cc o r di ng t o t h e c us tom which
'

dh a r m, Ikot r s a u r a p at d g h a r dd ;
’

b i n ds us lik e r e ligi on , We lay b e f or e y o u 101 r up e e s o f o ur ow n

”
h o use .

'

Th e n i n to t h e tr ay i s p ut th e ta m bol or n e a n dr d t e t h e c o n t r ibu t i on
’ ’

. .
, ,

giv e n by w e d di n g g ue st s t o de f r a y t h e e xp e nse s o f t h e f e st iv al At
e a ch s u cc e e di n g ma r r i a g e o n e r u p e e m
.

o re is giv e n or t h e sa me sum ,

i s giv e n e a ch t i me i f i t i s so a r r a n g e d Néa n dr d i s giv e n in t h e gi r l s ’

.
,

h o me a s w e ll Thi s c ust om o f gi v i n g a t e a ch o t h e r s w e ddi n g i s a

.
’

v e r y bi n d i n g on e Wh oe v e r r e c e iv e s n e a n dr d fr o m h i s g ue s ts must
’

b ck i n n éa n dr d o n e a n d h a l f o r d ubl e t h e a mo un t a t th e ir
‘

o
p ya a

w e ddi ng f e ast s .

T h e p ar ty n ow g e ts r e a dy t o g o t o th e b r id e s h o me T h e b r i de g r oom
’
.

i s s e a t e d o n a m ar e o r i f p oo r h e g o e s o n f e e t
,
He i s a cco mp a n i e d
, , .

by t h e s a r bdh ld o r b r i d e g r o om s f r i e n d g e n e r all y s e a t e d b e hi n d h i m
’
, ,

o n t h e s a m e a n i ma l O n t h e i r w ay t h e y giv e a r up e e t o t h e h e a d me n
.

o f t h e vill a g e s t h e y p a ss T h i s is for t h e p o or Fi r e w o r k s bl a z e a s
. .

t h e y p r o c e e d w h ile t h e d r um s an d o th e r n o i sy i n st r u m e n ts of music
,

a nn o un c e t h e c omi n g o f t h e b r ide g r o o m w h o s i ts un d e r a p ap er ,

umb r e ll a o r c an o py , which h a s b e e n ma d e by th e fi r e w or k s man

:
-
.

Thi s l a st n ame d i n divid ua l g e t s mon e y a l so on t h e w a y —a r up e e o r

-

A s t h e y a pp r o a ch t h e b r id e s vill a g e t h e w o me n a n d gi r l s o f th e
’
so .

v ill a g e c o me out s i n gi n g t o s ur r o un d t h e wh o l e p ar t y wi t h a c o tt on
, ,

th r e a d a s i f t h e y h a d ma d e p r i so n e r s of t h e m a ll
, .

M e ant i me t h e br id e h a s b e e n d r e sse d an d so ng s h a ve b e e n s un g by ,

h e r f r ie n d s .

H avi n g ar r iv e d at th e vill ag e t h e y r e st in a gar d e n or g o to th e ,

A
’
ddr d or t r a v e ll e r s r e st h o use w hil e di nn e r i s b e i n g p r e p a r e d
,
-
, .

l a r ge tr a y i s b r ough t out (ch an g er hi t) wi th suga r i n i t Th e ldg is put .

so me i n to th e b r id e g r o o m s mout h
’
t h e r e s t b e in g divid e d a mo n g th e ,

g ue s ts Th e s ar bri h ld o r b r id e g r o o m s fr i e n d a n d th e o t h e r s p r e p ar e
.
,
’
,

t go to th e b r id e s h ous e w i th t h e b e a ti n g o f d r ums
’
o T h e t w o p ar t i e s .

’
m e e t a n d s al u t e o n e a n o t h e r T h e b r id e s f a t h e r giv e s a co w o r a
.

b uffal o but i f h e i s po or h e giv e s a r u p e e w hi ch t h e m i r ci s i or vill age

, , ,

b ar d ge ts Ne ar i n g th e h o u se t h e y fi n d t h e w a y o b s t r u ct e d by a s tick
,
.

k d d n ) p la ce d a c r o s s t h e p a t h by t h e m e h t a r s o r ri g bri ln e w dlc
(fir e
’ ’

( u a , ,

li gli te r s) Th e y m ust be p a id a r up e e b e f o r e t h e p a r ty ca n p r oc e e d
. .

Th e y r e a ch anoth er g a te f or me d by a r e d cl oth h e ld by w o me n Thi s

’
.

i s cha n n i T h e b r id e s s i s te r r e c e iv e s a r u pe e a t t h i s s t a g e
. The .

mri ch h i o r j h i i r ar (w a te r c a r r i e r ) b r i n g s a v e s se l o f w a t e r a n d say s
,
-
, ,

Mer e (num b dd My (1630 G iv e t h e p r ic e o f my e ar th e n w ate r jar

,
’ ’
”
. .

He al so r e c e ive s a r up e e .

Th e marr i ag e p ar ty now di ne , whil e t h e w om e n o f t h e mar r i a ge

ar ty Bi ng
p
o
196 Chuhzd w eddi ngs '
.

Th e g i r l is tak e n a w ay , an d th e b r id e gr oom g i ves th e b ar b e r ’

s w i fe a
ru pee .

T h e ldgi i s n ow s e n t to b r i n g th e c loth e s t h at t h e b r id e g r oo m h as
b r o ug h t f o r t h e b r id e . J e w e l s a l so h e br i n g s a n d s h e IS f ully d r e s s e d , .

Th e s e j e w e l s ar e v ar i ou bu ldk, la u n g, n a th
s — f or th e n o se ,
e ar ,
rzke, bri le
’ ’

d d ,p
a n i cf fi a tt e r , ch a u
’
n e ck a n d t h r oa t h a ss h a mél, ta ch ti dfl
, , l ’

f o r e h e a d, ch tkkdn , ch a wu k, p h lt l a r m, tri ddz

’

bow a ttd, ch ar d, g okh mi ,

'

z,

ka ng a n fi n g e r s, ch h dp o r ch h a lld, ci r s i f oot, p a nyébdfz, I ce ma n .

T h e b r id e is n o w r e a dy a n d c o me s t o be m ar r i e d S h e i s s e a te d .

a n d t h e B r a h ma n (or t h e M a ul a vi ) i s c a ll e d F o ur po l e s a r e s tuck i n .

th e g r o un d f a s t e n e d t og e t h e r , w i th gr e e n b r a nch es a bo v e Th e .

B r ah ma n (o r M aul av i ) r e a d s a s e r vice , a n d tw o pic e ar e h a n d e d se v e n

t i me s Th e B r a h man say s S u i te éki , méki , n ék i
.
dh cmgd, an d
.

sna p s th e pic e .

Th e b r id e g r o om goe s r oun d t h e br id e se v e n t i m e s a nd s h e r o un d h i m ,

s e v e n t i me s u n d e r t h e g r e e n c a n o py T h e B r a h ma n g e ts f o ur a nn a s .

i n p i ce a n d on e r up e e
,
Th e m ar r i e d p a i r s it o n a be d or s e at whil e
.
,
th e b r i de s p e o pl e b r i n g h i m cl o t h e s w hich h e p u t s o n o v e r t h e o n e s
’
,

h e h as .T h e mi r ds i se i ze s h is t ur b a n a n d r e t a i n s i t un t il i t i s r e d e e m e d ,

wi th a r u p e e T h e p a r e n ts a r e n e x t c a ll e d a n d w a t e r is b r o ugh t to be
.
,

spr i n kl e d o v e r t h e h a n d s of th e m a r r i e d p a i r S h e i s t h u s giv e n ov e r .

to h i m .Th e y r i se f r om th e ch drp a z a nd g o in s id e t h r o wi n g b a ck w a r d , ,

o v e r t h e i r h e a d s b ar l e y a n d c o tt o n s e e d s w hich h ad b e e n pl a c e d i n th e i r

lap s . Th e y do n o t t a k e a w ay all th e bl e s s i n g .

A tr e w a r (21 o r 1 2 e tc , pi e c e s ) o f cl oth e s i s n o w giv e n kh a

’

, .

( t) a ll ,
sh o w n t o t h e a sse mbl e d g u e s t s a n d v e s se l s a l s o s e v e n mz th al,
'

, .
,
hh a n n d (me t a l d r i n ki n g v e s s e l
(p l t t ) l g i b ki g
’

a e r c
) l h ( p )
, o a r e r o n a n a n ,
' ,
ka r ci h i (fr yi n g p a n ) dégchz (p ot ) kar ch hi (l a dl e ) dh a kn d lid
’

’
,
( ) Th
, er e , .

a r e 2] ka lle or s co n e s pl a c e d i n t h e b a s k e t o f cl ot h e s T h e ldg i s
, , .

w h o t a k e thi s a w ay r e c e iv e p r e s e n t s o f mo ne y T h e b r id e g r oo m s .
’

f ath e r giv e s al ms t o t h e p o o r at thi s p o i n t a n d t h e r e i s m uch c r yi n g ,

an d w e e pi n g a s t h e b r i d e p r e p a r e s t o l e a v e h e r h ome .

Th e b r ide i s pu t i n t o th e (NH (p a l a n qui n ) a n d th e b r id e g r oom s ,

’

f a th e r t h r o w s mon e y on i t w hich g o e s t o t h e p oo r , .

T h e b r id e gr o om s p a r ty r e tur n h o me c ar r yi n g th e b r id e wi t h h
’

t em
A t th e b r id e g r o om s h o u s e a ll th e w o me n sm
’ .

g a t i nt e r v a l s W h en
t h e y r e a ch t h e h o us e th e mo t h e r i s a t t h e d o o r
.

T h e mo th e r h a s a cup o f w a te r i n h e r h a n d which sh e w a v d
e s r o un ,
th e h e a d s of th e m ar r i e d c o upl e S h e t h e n a t t e m t s to
p
.

t i me s th e b r id e g r o o m p r e v e n t i n g h e r
, A t t h e s e v e n th t .
'

Th e n th e y e n te r th e h ou s e a n d th e br id e is p l a c e d o n a ma t A ll t
,
he
b r ide gr o om s r e l a t i o n s are c a ll e d a n d a l ar ge v e s se l c all e d a e r dt i
’ .

b r o ugh t in which i s a mi x tur e o f r ic e g h i a n d sugar c o o k e d p s

Thi s is
, ,

u n dld T h w o m e n se a t t e m s e
.

g ét k e .
h l v e s a nd of t hi s th e y t a k e a mo r se l
a n d e a ch p ut s a li tt l e i n th e b r id e s mo ut h
’
S h e s h a r m ké me r e o ut of
(
. ’
,
sh ame ) e r f u se s t o t a ke i t bu t t h e y i n s i s t a s th e y a r e
, h e r r e lat ion s .

Th e w o me n all p ar tak e Th e y c all thi s bh a r mddld i e u

.

n i o n wi t h ,
th e f amily If t h e y do not h av e th i s me al th e y do n
. .
,

o t ad mi t th e ot h e r
.
,
p ar ty to family p r i n le g e s
.

.
 The Ch uhr d muklava . 1 97

A f te r t hi s th e br i d e r e mai n s t w o day s mor e in th e h ouse and on th e ,

0

th i r d a n d fo ur th da y t h e w ome n a g ai n gat h e r Th e y t a ke a p a r dt .

(t r a y ) in w hich t h e
y p u t w a t e r a n d m ilk o r ka ch ch i las si a n d in , ,

a n o t h e r v e ss e l t h e
y p u t d ye (m e a l ) I n t h e m e a l t h e
y p ut
.
g a r a nd
q hi
mi x1 ug th e m t o g e t h e r ( gu lr d) I n t o t h e tr ay o f m ilk a n d w a t e r t h e y
.

ma k e t h e b r id e pu t h e r h e e l a n d i n i t t h e b r id e g r o om w a s h e s h e r foo t
, .

T h e b r i d e gr o o m n w p u t s in h i s f oo t a n d sh e i s t o ld to w as h i t
e
,
This .

i s s h a wn T h e b r id e u n ti e s h e r ri n d (w r i s t o r n a me n t ) w hich i s so
g .
g ,

s e c ur e y f a s t e n e d t h a t t h e y s o me t i m e s d r a w i t W r th e h a n d w hil e
l
t h e y si n g It is t h r o w n i n to t h e p a r di of m ilk n d w ate r Th e n th e a
ea ,

. .

br i de g r o o m un fa s t e n s t h e b r id e s gri n d
’
.

It is p l a c e d in th e v e s s e l n e xt T h e y a r e f a s t e n e d to g e th e r
. Th e .

n ai n (ldgi n ) t a k e s b o t h a n d t u r n s t h e m r o u n d i n t h e w a t e r s e v e n t i me s .

S h e d ro p s t h e m i n t h e w at e r se v e n t i me s , t h e b r id e a n d th e b r id e g ro o m
gr a bbi n g a t t h e m T h e on e t h a t s ucc ee d s th e of t e n e r i n ge tti n g h o ld
.

o f t h e m fi r s t w i n s — t h e c a st e t h e r e fo r e w i n s Thi s 1 8 d on e a mid g r e a t .

l aughte r On ly w om e n a r e p r e s e n t , b e sid e s t h e b r id e gr oo m
. .

The Hour , g h i g a r a r e t h e n divid e d a mo n g s t

a n d su t he m . Ot h e r
s o n g s a r e sun g w h e n th e b r id e fi r s t c o me s to t h e h o use . T h e g ir ls a sol
e xp r e ss t h e i r O p i n i o n o f t h e d o w r y i n a so n g .

M U K LAV A, on T HE H O ME
-
CO MING o r T HE B RIDE .

Ne x t day t h e b r id e go e s b a ck h o u s e a n d t h e r e i s se n t
to h e r f a th e r
’
s ,

s r i ce fl o ur w i t h s u a r
a f te r h e r ka ch c h i p i n n i o r k a
,
ch ch i b h dj i w hi c h i , g .

S h e r e tu r n s t o h e r h u s b a n d s h o m e i n
’
s i x m o nth s or tw o y e a r s o r , ,

h
t ree w h e n t h e r e i s m u kl d v a a s s e n di n g
,
h o m e a w i f e i s c a ll e d S h e .

,
b r i n g s a su i t o f cl ot h e s fo r h e r h us b an d o n e f o r h e r mo t h e r' i n la w ,
- -
,

a n d o ne f o r h e r f a t h e r i n la-w -
S h e w e a.
r s k a c h i e gl a s s b ra c e l e ts , . .
, ,

be c aus e s h e is s t il l kne h chi (un r i p e ) n ot p a kki S h e n o w r e s id e s i n .

h er u ah s b n d s
’
h e,
r o w n h o u se V a r i o u s.
s o n g s a r e s u n g o n t hi s o cc as i o n .

b h
A fe w r a n c e s o f t h e C h u h r as i n cl udi n g t h e S o t a r w ala
,
ce l e b r at e ,

m m i k d h b u t t h g at m a j o r i ty o b se r ve
ma rr i a g e s by th e M uh d
a a a n n e r e ,

i d ll i g i p ci m f t h s on g s (ch h a n d o r
t h e H n u p h er a h f
T a s e e n o e
e o.
o w n s

s h lo k) sun g a t a p h er a

Pa h l i n s mi r dn e h U n kdr ,
t

D uj e gu r n G a n e s h ,
Tij e s m i r ri n d d h B h i w dn i ,

d ni
S a t d i p n u k u n d j .

A fe ri n Ir e d i l t d n i s a n w d r e,

Ti n log ke kdr aj e dr e ;
Mg p p
a h a t i i t h p a n c h a mi ,

K a h o be d ke adj .

J i s di n ga wr ci n a r n dy e ,
Ch a n da ch a r h e u gci s
Ndm lij i yo G a n e s h kd, .

Ho saj a n n i s t a r
'
'

'

G ay d r a d i n s e la g a n ch a la y a,

L e h o ka r g u m i d
’

w d r e
p a ti s a b p a r w dr ;

h t i m bi ch dr ,
Gh a r
g a r n r e w a

D o P ci n d i b a k h s h i s h .
1 98 Chn hzci bwr yi ngs '
.

One or tw o c ustoms ob se r ve d by th e Ch uh ras at mar r i ag e s d eserve

n ot ic e
’
On t he e v e n i n g wh e n t h e b r id e g r o o m se ts o u t fo r t h e b r id e s h ous e ,
h i s m o t h e r c oo k s 1 0 se r s o f r ic e s w e e te n e d wi t h ga r , an d i n vi t e s a ll
t h e w o me n o f th e c o m mun i ty t o e a t e a ch a mo u t h ful of i t Th e y .

t h e n a s k h e r t o g iv e t h e m a ch h dj (a si e v e f o r w i nn o w i n g g r a i n ) a n d 3 .

d (o i w o o d e n s p o o n ), a n d s h e a t o n c e d o e s so T w o o r t h r e e o f t he .

w o m e n , o n e o f w h om i s w e a r i n g a g h a gh r a (t h e l o w e r p a r t of a
p e t t ic oa t ) i ns te a d o f a f r o ck , g e t o n t 0 p of t h e h o us e w i t h th e chh ay and
t h e do i, a n d t h e w o ma n i n th e gh a g h r d si n g s an o b s c e n e s o n g a t t h e
t o p o f h e r v o ic e , b e at i n g t h e ch h dj a f t e r e v e r y s t a n z a s o vi ol e n t ly
th a t i t i s b r o k e n to p i e c e s T hi s c ust om i s t e r me d p h a r n hd (f oo l e r y )
. .

It i s a n i n di sp e n s ibl e o b s e r v anc e a t a w e ddi n g .

L ast but n ot l e a st c omes th e r i te o f a d mi t tin g th e b r id e i n to th e

b r id e g r o o m s got w h ich is d on e in thi s w i se
’

Tw o or b r id e s a r r iv a l h e r mot h e r in la w
th r e e d ays af te r th e
’
- -

p r e p a r e s a maun d an d te n acr e of sw e e t r ic e a n d s e r v e s i t up o n a
l ar ge t r a y S e ve n s oh dga n s ( w o me n wh ose h usb a n d s a r e a liv e ) a r e
.

i nvi t e d an d t h e y e a t w i t h t h e b r ide o u t o f t h e t r ay U n l e ss t hi s i s
, .

d o n e sh e i s n ot c o n sid e r e d a r e al m e m be r of t h e ge t .

Bigamy i s p e r mis s ibl e th a t i s t o s ay a ma n w h o se wi fe i s b a r r e n or

, ,

w h o o n ly giv e s bi r th t o gi r l s m ay t a k e a s e c o n d Wi f e But h e c a n no t , .
,
a t l e a s t i n Mal e r K o tl a t a k e a se c o n d W i f e i f h e h a s a so n
, un d e r ,

p e n a l t y o f e xc o mm u n ic at i o n n o r ca n h e t a k e a t hi r d w i f e whil e t h e ,

o t h e r t w o a r e wit h h i m .

D iv or c e i s p r ac t i se d .

D EAT H A ND BU R I
AL .

Th e ge n e r ally b ur y th e i r d e a d Wh e n a p e r s on i s dyin g
Ch uh ras .

th e y c a l l in t h e Muh a mm a d a n p ri e s t t o r e a d th e s a h é ni bu t i f i t i s i n ,

a Hi n d u vill a g e w h e r e t h e r e i s n o m u lla n o t hi n g o f t hi s n a t ur e i s d o n e
,
e xc e p t t h at i n s o me c a se s t h e y li f t t h e s ick ma n on t o t h e gr o un d * Thi s .

t h e y c a l l s a tth ar d T h e d e a d a r e c a r r i e d to t h e g r a v e o n a be d b oun d
‘

i n a sh r o ud ma d e of cl o t h w hich i s t i e d a t t h e h e a d a n d th e f e e t lik e ,

a sa ck a n d i n th e
,
middl e T h e b o dy a ft e r b e in g w ash e d wi t h soa p .
,

a n d w ate r i s d r e ss e d i n a j a ck e t a ca p
,
a n d a sh e e t o r in tw o sh e e t s , , , ,

a n d is sp r i n kl e d wi th r o s e w a te r In th e g r a v e t h e s h o uld e r i s l a c e d
p
.

t o w ar d s t h e p ol e s tar an d th e f e e t t o t h e e a s t If i t i s t h a t o f a y o un g
, .

p e r son t h e y p ut a bl ack bl a n k e t o v e r t h e bi e r i f o f a n o ld p e r so n a ’
,

r e d on e Th i s i s c all e d kh e s Th e p r i e st s i t s on t h e w e st s id e a nd
. .

l ook s to w a r d s t h e e a st He r e ci te s a p r ay e r an d t h e y r e p e a t i t af t e r
.
,

h im This i s j a n ci za On e r upe e c a ll e d as kdt 1 is give n t o t h e p r i e s t

. .
, ,

a:
In mal e r K ot l a the Ch u h ras bu ry t h e de a d, lik
but o n t h e i r w a t o e Muh a m m a da n s
y ,
v
t h e g r a e t h e ca r r i e r s o f t h e i e r c h a n g e a b
p ce s a s a mo ng Hi n du s A n d o n t h e i r r e t ur n
l .

t h e y p ' i ck u p s t r a w s a nd b
r e ak t h e m , s ay i n g , G od e ss t h e de a d a n d
.

p r o t e ct t h o se e f t
bl l
b l
e h i n d . w h i e t h e f a qi r , w h o u
s ua y ll
acco m p a n i e s t h e p a r t i e s , r e ci t e s
e r s e s o f G ur u v
N a n a k ,
i kle a S i k h T h .
’
l
r e e da y s a t e r t h e de ce a se d s n e a r e s t r e at i e f e e d
s t h e me n w h o l v
ca r r i e d t h e i e r ,b a n d o n t h e 1 7 t h da y h e d i s t r i but e s f o o d t o t h e
p o or a n d t o un mar r i e d
gi r ls .

sa t th a r , li t , a co uch . .

Askdt, pr oba y f or zakcrt, bl ’

a l ms .
 Cha h e d lays .

(b utte r milk o r r a th e r wh e y) f or c o oli n g p ur po s e s Fiv e p ics ar e put .

’
i n t h e ghi , w hich b e c ome t h e ch e la s, a s a f e e Sil ve r or g o ld i s p ut .

i n a cup of w a t e r a n d t h e w a t e r i s s pr i n kl e d on t h e p e o pl e Thi s i s .

c a ll e d ch an dd Th e ch e la st an d s b e for e t h e a l tar , t h e p e op l e s ta n di n g
.

b e hi n d h im, whil e h e r e ci t e s a d e dic ator y li tan y .

T h e Ch uh r as h av e a l o f ty c on c e p t i o n o f Balmi k, a n d b e li e v e t h a t
w h e n be h o n o ur e d th e e ar t h w i t h h i s e xi s t e n c e a ll t h e r e gi o n s o f
h e av e n an d e a r th w e r e ill umi n a te d a s d e s c r ib e d i n th e foll o wi n g
v e r se s , c ur r e n t in Mal e r K o tl a
U gh Mata M
“s u tze , Babe Bale li d Ar i se , moth e r Mai naw ant f, fr om s umber , l
’

a
’
a i n w a n tt

a u tdr .
b l
Ba a Be a h as e e n i ncarnate d b .

D h a ma k p a m Pa i tdl me n ch ha ti ga r d gh obdr
’

. bl
A tr e m ing h as come up on Pai tal, th e dust
h as come off .

C h a r tas d6 K umbd te K h w dya di p u kdr '

v
Ar mi e s h a e come f rom K umbaT sh outing
f or Kh w aj a!
K u h za n , m achh , ch i r h or e , ad ad ma n g e m ds m a ch h , chi r h or e and ta n due t fl y
ta n du e . and de mand fl esh .

Chh er ch h i ri G an es h de D er d G h dzi K h an
’

. Th e w ar of G ane sh h as e e n dec ar e d at b l
D e r a G h azi Kh an .

J otdn j a le n t ds
al a d a d ba i t h ke j ag d li e v
T h e h e a e n w as il umi nate d Wi th amp s, th e l l
m as o m
’
. b
ur nt dead h a e een r e i ed v b vv .

Mun h kaj t a le ( ka n di a le = cu r b) 3dr de ka kki

'

b
R i di ng on a row n mar e w i th i r on cur in b
ke li de a sw dr . h e r mouth .

A n kh ar e G o dh a n t ap a s h i D a r bdv
‘

. G odh an, th e h e r mi t, h as come at th e door .

K a n d: s un de la g dm dt e , a n ka n s a n ka n kda . b l
Th e r i d e of th e mar e i s of h e mp e n r op e and
h e r e ar s de cor ate d w i th a n ka n s a n ka n §
A n kh ar ote G odh a n i ap a s h i ba n d kh a r otd G odh an, th e h e rmi t, i s stan di ng w i th hi s oine d j
h dth . h ands .

Ch h e r dn d e a g w dn «tha t ma ng e , h i m h a t
'
l
Th e e ade r of th e ar mi e s ap p i e s f or mor e l
m a n ge s a n de h dd . s tr eng th .

D h i dn ka rdh i ch u r ma a w ba kr e s a kr e w a h i -
I off er ka rdhi ch u r m a ” and g oats He i s .

tk th e One !
'

Th e t w o foll owin g s on g s fil ar e sun g in h on our o f G iljh ap r a, on e o f t h e

t i tl e s by which L al Be g i s k n o w n
Bi sm { lldhi r R a h m dn —
i v R a h tm In th e name of G od th e most me r ci ful and
a

comp assi onate I

dast Ptr Mur s h t d Be on th y h e ad th e h and of th e
'

S i r p ar dd, s dbt t r ahe

p r i e st, the
y a qtn .
l
s p i r i tua g ui de ; be th
y fai th p e r fe ct
b
.

K a r m to K a r tma I Bounty ( sp r in g s) f r om oun ti fu G od ! l

R dm to R 0 h tma I Comp assmn ’” f r om th e Comp as sionate !
Ne ké tdn Ne kdh i l d6 T h e r e i s no g oodne ss li k e th at of Ni kah il
i i
. '

A zm a t td n A z dzi l dt . l
T h e r e i s n o g or y h ke th at of A zézil
I:
D a ur tda Isr df i l di '
. Th e r e i s no sw if t n e ss i ke th at of Is r af i l l
Z a mtn de da lzch e a s mdn de s a me te s im a t v b v
’

E e n ene ath th e e ar th , e e n on th e summi t

s i m a l td , of th e h e a e ns v
th ou ar t f ound e e ry w h e r e v
d ah dh a t Mu h a mma d dduj m o ba r ka t de o E mp i r e i s Muh ammad s , th e Be s tow e r o
.
’

f
g r e atne ss and e s si ng ! bl
A p t ti qdd de mdlzk, z i kar s a me th e s dr e . T h ou ar t th e so e maste r of th e fai th w h l o
h adst h e ar d e e ry thi ng v ,

We f ar e come s fr om G od, th e Most Hi gh

.

K h a i r tdn A lldh Ta a la dd, NIS Ta a ld di .

l .

Mo t h e r G o p i ch a n d
of .

b bl
Pr o a y t h e n am e o f a p ace l .

l
T h e s e a r e a n i m a s , b ut o f w h a t k i nd i s n o t k n o w n .

A n o r name n t Wo r n b y h o r s e s .

A k in d o f sw e e t coo ke d f oo d .

fi
T h e r s t of t h e se s o ng s i s cle ar lv a ar i an t o f t h e D e di ca tor L i ta-n
y y g i e n by
v v Dr,
Y o u n g son .

u
R ém , a cor r up t i o n o f R ah a m co mp assi o n
M
.

T i N i ka h fl , f or
i kai , t h e a r ch an g e Mi ch a e l l l .

ll
A zazi l, t h e f a e n a n g e , n o w ca e d S h a i t an l ll .

l
Isr af fl , t h e ar ch a ng e w h o w i s oun d t h e t r u mp e t t o de str o y t h e w h o e w or ll l ld on th e
las t day .
 Chuhr d lays .
201
d Bi bi t
an i ma do T h e s ki r t. of Fsame (i s mo s t t rustw o rth y ) .

Chha ta r tda D i tli dd Th e r e i s no cr o wn ike th at of t he D e b

. l l
e mp ir e .

T a bd t dn Ma kke dd .
T h e r e i s no ta bdf i k e th at of Mak k a l .

Aj me r tdn Z i n dd K h u aj d Ma uj Di n d i
'

A i me r be ong s to th e e e r h vmg K h w ai é . l v -

Mauj di nqt ’

Ha zr a t K a ti Ka ta lmi n ma n a kh ta n de Haz r at K ati K atalmin of m a n a kh ( a n 1

'
'

A w w a l a m dn i h n a s t a T h e fi r s t f ai th i s th e r s t n a s t u j l
. fi ’

D om a m dn do n a s tn . T h e s e cond fai th i s th e se co nd n a s t u .

Ti dr a m a mdn ta n a s tu T h e t h i r d f ai th i s th e th i r d n a s t u
. .

Ch dr a m a m é n li p n a s t a T h e f o ur th fai t h 1 8 t h e li p T of m e t a
.
.

A w w a l Pi r A s d . Th e r s t Mr i s As a § fi .

D o m Ptr Ha zr a t K h w dy a K h ds d T h e se cond Pi r i s Hi s Maj e sty Kh w a j a Kh ii s é.

S o m Pi r S ai d . T h e thi r d Pi r i s Saf a fl
O h a r a m Pi r D ddd G i lj h a p rd T h e fo ur th Pi r i s f ath e r G i t ap ij é
’

.
.

Pe t n un r o ti t a n n un kap r d Br e ad i s to t h e e y , c othi ng t o th e ody b ll l b .

Ne z d t o d a m d n n I e nd th e sp e ar ! b
S a dd s a dd bdn kr d ga u n Ig o i oy f u y f or e e r and e e r ll v v
My Pi r h as e e n orn and commi tted to th e
.

Pi r me r d j a m i d s a b p tr dn la g p dy d “
.
’

b b
ch ar g e of all th e F ir e
Moth e r G auna p ut on h i m a j h a ggd an d a cap
,

J h ug gd t op t Mdi Gi a n n a W Ze ke p a h n dy d
’

.
.

Ye h m u bd i ki A lldh Na bi n u n di Cong r atu ati on to G od and th e Pr o p h e t . l .

Wdh w dh j i me r e s h dh di s dma li , be t ba h n t How e xce e nt i t i s my L or d 1 Th ou h ast ll ,

8i ba r h di .
g r e at y i ncr e ase d my S ai n t s p r og e ny l ‘

Bdle S h dh Nu r t . T h e g od i k e Ba e S h ah -
l l .

Ha i da r S h d h Na r i . T h e g od i ke Hai dar S h ah -
l .

Ha bba t T a dld N a r i
'
. T h e g o d i ke Ha bbut T a a a -
l ’
l .

Ma ula Ma s h kil ku s h d d hddkh Nar i T h e g o d i k e Mauls Mushk i kush ii fi D akh dakh l l ’

'
- - -
. .

Ta kh t ba kh t R a bbit ] A lmi n Nu r i , T h e He a e n y Pr es e r e r of th e Wor ds , ( Lor d . v l v l

of ) t h rone a nd w e a th l .

Bdld S h dh N a r i ki h de be ta Wh os e s on i s Ba d S h ah Nur i l
A m i r S h dh Nu m de bat e
’

.
( He i s s o n ) o f t h e g o d i k e A mi r S h ah
. l .

A mi r S h dh Na r i k i h de be te 7 Wh os e s on i s th e g od i k e A mir S h ah
.
-
l
Ha i da r S h ah Na r i de be te
. O f th e g od i ke Hai dar S h ah
.
-
l .
’

Ha i da r S h dh Na r i ki h de be t a Wh ose son i s th e g od i ke Hai dar S h ah ? -

l
’
B a bbut T a dld Nu r t de be ta
'
Of th e He a e n y Habbut T a a a
.
’
v l ’
l .

Ha bba t Ta dla Na r i k t h de be te
'
7 Wh os e s on i s th e He a en y Habbut Ta éla P .
’
v l ’

Ma uld Mu s h k i l-kus h d d h ddkh de bat e 0 f th e g od i ke Mau a Mush k i lk ush a Dak h .

- l l
’
dakh .

Ma n ld Mus h ki l-kus h d ki h de be te 7 Wh os e s on i s Mau a Mush k i -kush a . l l

O f th e He a e n y Pr e se r e r of th e Wor ds v l v l ’
T a kh t ba kh t R a bbu t A lmi n N a r i de be ta . .

Wui h w dh j i S a t J ug me n ki bh dn d ba r tdy d ? How e xce e nt S i r How w as a vat us e d i n ll ,

th e S at J ug ?
S o n n e dd g h a t , t on n e dd m a t G o de n w ate r p o t g o de n dome l , l
S o n n e dd g h or d, s on n e dd j mj d, G o de n h or s e g o de n c o th e s l ,
l l ,

S o n n e di k wi tj i , s o n n e dd t dtd s o n ne de ki w a r G o de n i s th e k e y , g o de n i s th e p ad ock , and

.
l l l
g o de n ar e th e doo r dea ve s l .

D a kk h a n m u n h m o r i n tta r m un h di w dr E n tr ance to th e s outh w a to th e nor th ! , ll

L do k unj t kh olo ki w a g Br i ng th e k e y and o p e n th e doo r
'
.

L e m e r e s a ch ch e D ddd Pt r de d i ddr Be h o d my tr ue F at h e r S a i nt, l

S h a h a ns h dh be p a r w dh , T h e i nde p e nde nt K i ng of King s ,
Wo h t t k A ltdh ,
’
He a one i s th e on e G od, l
Te r e n dm dd p a lld ,
In Th y name i s my r e fug e ,
T u z dh W n dm i k A lldh T h o u ar t e i de nt y one G o d v l .

Wdh ! w ci h ! j i Tr e td m en kyd bh dn d How e xce e nt si r ! How w as a vat use d i n th e

’
ll ,

ba r td y d 7 . T r e ta P
Ch dn di dd g h a t , Ch dn di dd mdt S i e r w ate r p ot s i er dome lv ,
lv .

Ch dn di dd g h o r d, Ch dnd i dd j or a , S i e r h or se si e r c o th e s, ‘
'

lv , lv l
C h d n d i d i k u n
'

i
j , C h dn d i dd td ld, Ch d n di S i e r i s th e k e y s i e r i s th e p ad ock ,
and lv ,
lv l
df ki w dr Si e r a i e th e doo r le ave s lv s
.

‘
L it . s ki r t , s o p r o t e ct i o n .

Me a n i n g un k n o w n .

T h e co r r e ct me i s Mu i n ud D i u Ch i s h t i
na o -
.

de a r —Is a, J e s u s Ch r i s t .

HK h w aj a K h i z r .

1TS af a, i t i s n o t k no w n w h o t h is S a f é w as .

F er h ati , w if e of S h i v .

v
1 TR e mo e r o f di ffi cu ti e s l .
202 Chuhij d lays .

U tta r mu n h mar t, da kkh an mu nh dzw dr ,

’
E ntr ance to th e nor th , w a to th e ll south ,

L do k wnj t kh o lo kiw a r Br in g th e k e y and op e n t h e door ,

L e m er e s a ch ch e D ddd Ptr de di ddr ,
,

, l
Be h o d my tr ue F ath e r S ai nt
S h dh n n s h dh be p ar w dh , , T h e i nde p e nde nt Ki ng of K i ng s
Wa h t {k A lldh .
l
He a one i s th e one G od .

Te r e n d m dd p a lld, , In T h y name i s my r e f ug e
T u z dhi r n dm 1 k A tldh
. .
v
T h ou ar t e i dent y on e G od l ,

K tj o kh a i r sa ld G rant us w e far e l .

l v
.

J u m ld f u qr o n kd i s h q A lldh A ll th e sai nt s o e G o d
'

.
.

Wd h w d h 7i D w dp d r J ug m e n ky d bh d n d H o w e x ce e n t ,
s i r ' How w a s a va t u s e d in ll
ba r tdy d 7 . th e D w a p ar J ug ?
Td m be dd g h a t t dm be dd m a t ,
Braz e n w ate r p ot, raze n dome -
b
Tdmbe dd g h ozd , t dm be dd j ard,
‘

Br az e n h ors e , br azen c o th e s , l
Tdmbe di kunj z, tdmbe dd t dld, tdmbe d8 Br az e n i s th e k e y , r az e n i s th e p ad ock and b l
ki w d? ‘
r a ze n ar e th e door e a e s b -
l v .

Pu r a b m un h m ar t, p ackh a m mukh di w dr , Entr ance to th e e ast, w a to th e w e st, ll

L do kunj i kh olo ki w dz, Br i ng th e k e y and op e n th e door ,
‘

L o me r e s a ch h e D ddd de di ddr , Be h o d my t r ue F ath e r S ai nt, l

Bh dh a n s h dh be p ar w dh , Th e inde p e nde nt Ki ng of Ki ng s,
Wah t i k A lldh He a one i s th e one G od l
'

. .

Te r e n dm dd p a lld, In Th y name i s my r e f ug e .

Tu z dh zr n dm zk A lldh ’
’

Th ou ar t e i de nt y one G od . v l
Wdh ! w dh ! j i ! K a t J ug men ky d bh dn d IIow e xce e nt , si r ! How w as a vat use d in th e -

ll
bd r t dy d , K al J ug
Matti dd g h a t, mi ttt dd ma t E ar th e n w ate r p ot, ear th e n dome : -

Mat ti dd g h ozd, m i tts dd y ar d, ‘

E ar th en h or se , e ar th e n c oth e s , l
Mt tti dt kunj i , m i tti dd tdtd, mat ti de ki w dr
’

E ar th en i s th e k e y , e ar th e n t h e p ad ock and . l
e ar th e n th e door - ea e s l v .

Pa ah li a m mdn h m ar t, p ur a b mun h dzw dr , E ntr ance to th e w e s t w a to th e e ast,

’

ll
L do kt mj i kh o lo ki w dg, Br ing th e k ey and o p e n th e door ,
‘

L o m e r e s a ch h e D ddd Pi r dc di da r , Be h o d my t i ue F ath e r S ai nt,

’

l
S h dh a n s h dh be p ar w dh , T h e i nde p e n de nt K i n g of K i ng s,
Wah t i k A lldh
’

. He a one i s t h e one G o d, l
Te r e n dm dd p a lld, I n T h y name i s my r e f ug e .

Tu zdhi r n d m t k A lldh ’ '

Th ou ar t e i de nt y one G od . v l
Wdh w dh ! j i ! L dlo L dl ka r e n ge m h dl How exce e nt ! L a o L al w i e xa t us ll l ll l
’

G h d m g h afir i de kdte n ge kdl

’

( He ) w i r e mo e t h e di f cu ti e s of e e ry
. ll v fi l v
mome nt .

Ldl gh azd, ldl j ar d '

R e d i s th e h or se , r ed ar e th e c oth e s : l
L dl ka lg h i , ldl n i s h dn , R e d i s th e p ume , r e d i s th e standar d, l
L dl t a m bu ldt p a h i lw dn , , R e d i s th e te nt , r e d i s th e w r e st e r , l
L dl m a illdn , R e d i s th e e d, fi l
S on n e dt t o kr t r up e dd j h a m c ga l
p h u lon
r
Of g o d i s th e ask e t, of si e r th e
’

r oom l b lv b
de h dr .
g ar an d o f fl o w e r s o n t h e n eck l .

J d kh a jr a h ate s a ch h e S dh t b de D dr bdr (He ) atte nds the cour t of th e Tr ue L or d :

’

K ij i y e ch h u t kdr d R e e ase us
.
l .

A lt s dh i b Pa i g h a m ba r D u ldu l sa n g dr a T h e p r op h e t Ali e qui pp e d h i s D u du l l

K h a ba r h m: a on n u ki t d d t lkdr d Th e g i ants h e ar d of i t an d made a noi se
'
. . .

Yd Pt rj t , m e r d bh i dzt ka r td h a i j a n g me n
’ ’

0 L or d Itoo h a e a de s i re , I Wi ce r tai n y v ll l
ch a ldn g d ka o dr d
'

mar ch r a ely i n t h e att e fi e d

, b v b l l .

Ch d n g i to n i w dld Ch ung i to ni w ala

.
T
S a r s a bz r d h e du mdld May t h e du mdlct r e mai n g re e n
.
’

A r a s h p e Aur us h me n dh u n i p d ba i lh e , Nun? By th e T h r one o f G o d on t h e A r sh th e g od i k e -

l
S h dh Bdld .
Bela S h ah i gh te d fi r e an d sat th e r e (e xtort l
i ng comp i ance Wi th w h at h e w ante d f r om l
G o d) .

Am sh te g h a r d 1 0a p i a ld,
a tta r d '
F r om He ave n came dow n a p i tch e r an d a cup ,
Hu k m h u d S a m dli Be g n u p i g a y d, h ud '
b v
A n or de r e i ng g i e n to S ama i Be g , h e dr an k l
m a tw dld .
i t up an d w as i ntoxi cate d
Bizur i d, U ga ft d , s a ku d bi dd ka r n d { Il i n d7 d
'

t . O S i ra i i a U g at i a ! D i smi s s and a e r t our v

fi l
di f cu ti e s
8dr da ch h a r i Mu ltdn da k u mdn , m da l h a sti
.

Of s e t 1 t h e s tick , th e bow f r om Mu tan ; th e l

’ ’

za r d a mbdvi .
l l
tusk e s s e e p h ant, and y e ow ( g o de n) se at ll l
w i th th e canop y .

3 Th e na
* me of l
A i s h or se
’
.

Me an i ng l e ss p h r ase .

Th e sdl tr e e i s th e sh ar ed r obusta.
204 The Chu hrd p r i ests .

may dr y h i s r a bbdn a wh e n i t b e c ome s limp It b e in g

(ta mb o u r i n e ) .

e v e n i n g th e t w o c h l i g t t h bbd n (t a m b o u r n e ) a n d t h e data r a
e a s s n o e r a a
i
fiddl d r um i s h e a te d u n t il i t giv e s a r i n gin g s oun d wh e n
( e ) T h e .

b e a t e n t h e dotdr a g o e s (a s o n e o f th e me n e xp r e s s e d i t) bi n bi n bi n
,
, , ,

bi n t e r a bb
h d n a
g h a m g b a m g h a m , g h a m a n d a ll a
,
r e r e a dy B u l a n d a
, , ,
.

,
c o me s a n d s a ys Pi r B a sh k i s h e r e a nd s o i s N a n a k but wh e r e is th e
, ,

l a me man He i s lyi n g i n th e h ous e i s h e Wh at w ill h e be abl e t o ,

T h e f a r m e r s g a t h e r r oun d an d a sk t h e m
”
t e ll t o m o r r o w mo r n i n g ?
-

w h a t t h e y a r e s i n gi n g Th e y an sw e r L e t u s si n g t h e fi ve a t tr ib ute s
.

"
o f G o d a n d t h e n w e s h a l l h a v e l e i s u r e t o s p e a k to y o u
,
.

Th e ch e la s
g g e t y ea r a f te r
t h e ir t h e c r ap i s
fe e s an d o . Eve r y
g a th e r e d i n Har t h e y g o th r ou gh t hi s s e r vic e w i th t h e e xc e p t i on o f t h e
, ,

ma ki n g of th e s h r i n e t h e bu tt i o n t h e i ka r d (th e al tar o n th e pl atfor m)

, .

IV —R E L I G I OU S
. B E LIEFS .

( )
a .
-
PR i E sr s '
.

Wi t h p c t t o t h e i r p r i e s t s w h o s e n a m e s a r e Ba
r es e ld Shah Mér k ba fi de , , .

M i a n S fir a Lal Be g Balmi k J h a ump r a Pi r J h o ta G un g a r Be g A i l

, , , , , ,

Me lii k th e y l oo k on t h e m a s a u tdr s (i n ca r n a t i o ns) o f t h e on e Bald

’

, ,

J h a ump r a i n o n e o f t h e se t r a di t i on s i s c alle d by A li f Ch éla th e t e n t h ,

i n c ar n a t i o n .

Th e p r i e sts a r e c a ll e d p ir a n d do duty a t m a r r i ag e s a n d f un e r als At , .

m a r r i a ge s th e mi r ds i (b a r d ) p l a c e s 3 di e d l a m p o f dtd (d o ugh ) i n a .
,

cl e an pl a ce a n d th e p e o p l e bo w b e fo r e i t whil e h e s a y s t h a t t h e ge t o r , ,

ligh t o f th e ir a n c e st o r s i s b e i n g b ur n t ,
.

Th e i r f a qir s o r s ddh ds ar e
M a dar i N a ush ah iy d N a n g e sh ahiy a S hah , , ,

Ya t i m sh ah iy a B a ir ag i Th e Shah Maddr i y a h a s a li t o r bo di an d a
,
.
, ,

r o sa r y Th e Na n g e s h ah i y a h a v e l o n g h a i r p l a i te d wi t h bar kd du dh
.

m ilk o f th e b a n y an t r e e ) a n d w a sh e d w i t h e a r t h Th e y bi n d i t
( t h e .

r o un d th e h e a d w it h a c o r d o f w o o l a n d w e ar o v e r i t a t ur b an of y e ll o w ,

cl o th T h e y w e a r a l ar g e h e a d o v e r th e f o r e h e a d
. Th e y g o n a k e d fo r .

t w e lv e y e a r s h a vi n g t h e p e r son s me a r e d w i t h a sh e s
, .

T h e B a i r agi i s d r e s s e d m uch lik e th e N a n g e sh ah iy a , but h e c ar r i e s a

bai r dg a ii , o r p r o p , o n w hi ch h e s i te .

T h e Naush ah i y a h a s t h e h a i r u n i te d He w e ar s a r o s a r y , a n d o n th e .

w r i st a n o r n a me n t c a ll e d a g nj r d His cl o t h e s a r e y e llo w — wh a te v e r . .

h e h a s o f cl o th e s .

Th e Ya ti msh dh iy a is lik e th e B ai r a g i .

i s to
’
a qi r s
The f w or k e x p e l e vil spi r i ts wi th th e i r m an tr a s (i n c a n ta
tio ns ) .

b —
( ) A R T ICL Es
. or F A IT H .

Th e t e n e ts of th e i r re ligi o n a r e e s p e ci a lly
1 . S i n is a rea li ty . 2 Th e r e i s o n e G o d
. . 3 . Bal d i s a me di at or .

d dt kdk t er é a gg é. Our cr y i s to th e e
Te r i kak dkm P é e — A mi n Th y cr y r each e s th e p r e sence of G od
ur g
‘
. .
.

4 , Th e y s acr ific e an an i mal ,

an d a so l pr e se n t o ff e r i n g s of c or n, a
g ,r

ghi . It i s c ook e d and p lac e d on th e sh r i ne It is call e d kardhi . .

 Chuhr d be li ef s . 205

T h e gy ci n i , ch e la o r pr i e st, st an d s in f ro n t , th e c o n gr eg a t i o n be h i n d
’

hi m Wh e n t h e gydn i (k n o w i n g on e ) say s , Bolo, mo mi n o, s ar bga ti ,

.
’
.

t h e y s ay , A mi n , sa r bg a ti , i e , le t all h a v e salv at i o n Th e vic ti m

’ ‘ ’
. . .

s a cr ific e d i s a fo w l o r a g o a t a c co r di n g t o t h e i r me a n s It i s ca ll e d .

A lla h d ; Na m (G o d s Na m e )
,
’
T h e f o o d is di s t r ib ute d a n d e a te n , a n d
o .

th e p a n] sif a tei t (fi ve a t tr ib u t e s ) ar e s un g .

5 . i i t r e t ur n s t o G o d
Th e sp r .

T h e r e will b e a r e s u r r e ct i o n o f t h e b o dy
6 . .

I Th e r e w ill b e j udg me n t
P
. .

8 T h e r e ar e an g e l s
. .

T h e p r i e s t s o f t h e Ch uh r as a r e r e cr ui t e d f r o m v a r i o us s o u r c e s Th us .

in ma n y p a r ts o f G ur g a o n w e d di n g s a r e p e r f o r me d by p ddh a s w h o ,

w ill e a t w i th Ch u h ras t h ou g h t h e y a r e p r o b a bl d e g d d B a h man s

, y r a e r

by c aste lik e t h e Ch a m ar w a S e e a l so L ALBEG I

,
. .

—
( ) S HR 1N Es
c . .

Th e s h r in e in a vill a g e a l w ay s fac e s t h e d o me
e as t . It s h
s ap e is a ,

h e y s ay d d m I i s h a ka l (lik e a c o w s t a il ) upr igh t Th e r e

’
or , a s t , g o u c , .

ar e o nly l a m p s i n i t, n o id ol s The . n am e of t h e sh ri n e i s Bala Shah .

( )
d — R 1T E s
. .

Th e y h a v e n o s e c r e t r i t e s Th e i r s h r i n e is w or shi pp e d on Th ur s d ay s
.
,

a n d a l so ch i w mdn (a s w e e t m e a t m a d e o f b r e a d
’

s a c r ific e s ar e o ff e r e d ,

c r u mb s m ix e d w i t h b u tte r a n d sug a r ) a n d t h e gya n i p r a y s It i s o nl y

’

, .

a t t h e c o n se c r a t i o n o f a n e w sh r i n e t h a t t h e h e a d o f t h e a n i mal sa c r ifi ce d
.

a n d k n i ve s a r e b u r i e d un d e r t h e s h r i n e T h e s h r i n e i s b uil t o n t h e .

s a c r ific e a n d sa c r ifici a l w e a p o n s a s a f o u n d a t i o n , .

Th e r e i s n o c e r e mo ny f o r a d mi s s i o n a mon g th e Ch uh r as e xc e p t ,

p ar t icip at i n g i n t h e ka r dh i .

—
( S A C R IF ICES e ) .

T h e a n i m a l s a c r ific e d i s a f o w l a go a t a n d p e r h a p s a co w , , .

Th e gy ci n i or a Muh a mmad a n m u lla off e r s th e s a cr ifié e

,
. .

Th e sa c r ific e i s o ffe r e d n o t n e a r t h e s h r i n e b u t a t a li t t l e di s t a n ce
f r om t i I t i s. c oo k e d a n d e a t e n T h e y a l s o b u r n g
. h i i d i or s c e n t e d ,

s c all e d h o m
’

i * d u a l ( g
a u m u s e d a s i n c e n s e ) Thi s i
res n a n g gg
. .
,
,

u gh t o n t h e t w e n ty fir s t da y a n d
W en a
h chil d i s b o r n h e i s b r o ,
-

H i
’

ofi e r e d or
c on s e c r a t e d t o B a l m i k a n d c a l le d B a l m i k k
,
d b o r e s a . .

n a z a r o r o ff e r i n g
,
.

(f ) F E T IS H I SM - .

li i i g l A pi i t m t t ch i t se l f t o a r o o f an d
B e e f i n s p r t s i s e n e r a s r a y a
.
a

m i m l d t h w i ll
t
e y
b r e a k i t o r to a w e ll a n d th r o w a a n n o r o a n i a s a
n ,
m s hi e f
,
m m d t t
.

a t t a ck a n d i n j u r e m a n A b a d r i ch ( a
.
n e vil s p i r i t ) a
y e i a e i c -

Th i c ll d b h d k i g o d i n te nt
an d G d o s e n d s a w a r n i n g s i s a .
e s a w a ( o o

h l v o d an d h t hi g ci lly
t s e a
G o o d s pi r i ts a t t a c h t e m se e s to w o o e r n s e p ,

v l Th y b i g b l sm s
c ooki n g e s s e s e r.
n e s g .

F i e l d s are h a un t e d a n d m ay cc di gly a o r n b e b a rr e n .

r e si n o f t h e S h o r ea r obus ta .
Rdl,
206 Chuhr a be li efs .

(9) -
A NCs sr o a-w o asn i r .

Th e Ch uh r as f e ar t h e sp r i it of a w o m an
childbi r th w ho di e s i n ,

be c a use sh e h a s be co m e a ch ur e l a w i t ch t h a t i s t o b e d r e a d e d
,
F a qi r s .

h av e p o w e r o v e r s p i r i t s a n d r e c e iv e i n fo r ma t i o n f r o m t h e m o f t h e
d e s ig n s of t h e sp i r i t w or ld .

Ba d d r e a ms c o me f r om t h e da ba i (th e p r e ss u r e ) o f a n e vil s pi r i t To .

d r iv e t h e e vil s p i r i t s a w a y Balmi k s n a me i s ta k e n S ick n e s s i s c au se d ’

.

by ba d Mb 7907 s aya (th e s h a d o w o f a n e vil s p ir i t) F a gi r s a n d p in :

. . .

d r ive a w ay s pi r i ts wi th j h dr ci l ka r a u p a j h ar p h t mkl (c on j ur i n g)
’
’‘ '

.
,

G h o s t s o f th e d e a d h a un t h o use s b ur i al g r o un d s e tc Th e y c ome a s , , .

li ttl e boys w i t h w hi te h a i r Not l on g s i n c e i n t hi s n e ig bo ur h oo d tw o .

child r e n s t r a y e d f r o m h o me i n t h e g r e y d a w n a n d w e r e s e e n by some
o f th e vill a ge r s w h o n o t r e c ogn i s i n g t h e m a s child r e n o f t h e
, ,
V ill a ge
,

w e r e t e r r ifi e d a t th e s igh t o f t h e m b e li e v i n g t h e m t o be gh o s ts I ,
.

u n d e r s ta n d t h at t h e child r e n r a n s om e r i sk o f b e i n g t r e a t e d h a r sh ly if ,

n o t kill e d a s e vil i n te n t io n e d gh o st s
,
- .

Ch ur e ls h a v e t h e i r fe e t p oi n t i n g b a ck w ar d s Th e y h a v e l on g p a p s .

which t h e y t h r o w o v e r t h e i r sh o uld e r s T h e i r h a i r i s l o n g a n d f a ce .
,

b e a ut iful A d y e r w a s r e t u r n i n g h o m e o n e da y w h e n h e m e t a ch ur e l
.
, ,

w h o a cc o m p an i e d h i m t o h i s h ouse S h e w a s v e r y a t t r a ct iv e f o r s h e .
,

co n c e a l e d t h e m a r k s by w hich h e w o uld h a v e r e c o g ni s e d h e r But a t .

n igh t w h e n i t w a s t i me t o ut o u t t h e ligh t s h e did i t w i t h h e r h a n d

, p , ,

which sh e st r e tch e d t o s uch a di s ta n c e th a t t h e dy e r in t e r r o r f o un d

h e h a d a ch u r e l by h i s s id e He w o uld h a v e giv e n t h e a l ar m bu t s h e .
,

t h r e a t e n e d h i m a n d g a v e h i m a r up e e T h e f a gi r f o u n d h e r o u t h o w .
,

e v e r b e in g s e t t o do i t by t h e dy e r s f r i e n d s
’ ’

,
U s n e u s e g abi i ka r li y d .

(h e c augh t h e r ) S h e t h e n ask e d f or h e r r up e e a n d di s a pp e ar e d
. .

If a w o ma n di e s b e f o r e givi n g bir t h t o h e r chil d sh e c e r ta i n ly ,

b e c ome s a n e vil sp i r i t Whe n th e y b ur y h e r t h e y p ut a n ail t h r o ugh

-
.
,

h e r h an d s a n d h e r f e e t an d p ut r e d p e p p e r o n h e r e y e s , T h e y pl a c e a .

ch a i n r ou n d h e r an kl e s a n d s o b ur y h e r O n th e w a y h o me t h e y so w .

s e ti s a wmi w hi t e m us tar d ) t h at it m ay blin d h e r Th e y h a ve m

( i n d f or
-
. .

h e r i e ch a r ms o t h e r wi se sh e w o uld c o me a n d h u r t e v e r y o n e i n th e
, . .
, ,

h o use Thi s i s a f a c t s a i d my i n fo r m a n t e mp h a t ic a lly

. ,
”

A t a c e r ta i n st age o f t h e i n c a n t a t i o n s t h e ch e la s a y s A r e you ,

go i n g ? Th e sp i r i t s ay s
”
Ye s bu t Iw a n t a f o w l a g oa t a pi e c e o f , , , ,

cl o th et c ,
Th i s i s giv e n a n d th e ba d spi r i t g o e s
.
”
,
.

T h e r e a r e se v e r a l kin d s o f S p i r i ts ch a r e l bh i t t kh a vi s j i n n de o p a r i
’
’

, , , , , .

Th e ch ur e l w e h a v e d e sc r i be d T h e p a n s a r e ch a r e ls w h e n t h e y c o me .

i n c o mp a n i e s A f a qi r w h o di e s w i t hi n h is t w e l v e y e a r s o f
.
,
f a q ir i
b e c o me s a bi n“ or a kh a ni s o r a j i nn o r a de o If h e di e s i n h i s f o r ty
’ ,

, , , .

d a y s o f fas t i n g w h e n h e c o me s t o e a t o n e g r a i n a day h e b e c o me s a
,
’
,

kh a vis o r a j a m o r a de o ,
.

T OTE MS .

L a ni og (cl o v e ): i s th e n a me o f o n e o f t h e an c e st or s i n t h e cl an of
’

G or iyé It i s e s p e ci ally r e v e r e d
.
.

‘
Lit . s w e e p aw ay

1
‘
Bi t .
‘
bl o w a w ay .
’

1
: A l so a nose stud or or na me n t .
208 Chuh ij ci s oci a l customs .

J ha n dci i s i r on w hip which a f a qi r b e a ts hi mse l f wi t h f o r th e

an

s a k e of a n o th e r so t h a t t h e e vil s p i r i t i n h i m may be t r o ubl e d a n d fl e e

,
- .

Th e y a l so b ur n o il i n a ta va (i r o n di sh ) T h e f a qi r p ut s h i s h an d i n .

t h e h o t o il an d p o u r s i t o n h i s p e r s o n Th e e vil sp i r i t fe e l s i t but th e .
-
,

i r a l so b e at s h i s b o d a m ill s to n e A f
a i r doe s n o t
f g T h e
f q
a .
y w i t h t er .

th e s i ck ma n r e c o v e r s t h e f a gi r ta k e s a f o w l kill s i t dip s a s tr i n g i n
, , ,

i t s bl oo d k n o t s t h e s t r i n g bl o w s o n i t a n d fi n a lly bi n d s i t r o un d t h e
, , ,

s ick m a n s n e ck ass u r i n g h i m t h a t t h e e vil s p i r i t will n o t c o me a g a i n

’
-
.
,

If t h e m a n go e s wh e r e t h e r e i s i mp ur i t y (s zi ta k) th e vir t ue i n th e s tr i n g
di sa pp e ar s .

Dr e a ms ar e f ro m e vil s pi r i ts a n d t h e Ch uh r a s f e ar t h e m T o d r e a m
-
,
.

t h a t a p e r s o n w h o i s d e a d i s c u t t i n g fl e sh i s a n i n t i m a t i o n t h a t t h e r e ,

w ill be a d e a th i n t h e h o u se M uh a mma d a n S ayyid s gi ve t h e ta w i x (a

.
’

ch ar m) t o k e e p aw a y d r e a m s .

T h e e v il e y e i s u n iv e r s a lly b e li e v e d i n S o me m e n a r e v e r y i n j ur i ous .

i n t hi s w ay If a m an w i t h t h e e vi l e y e l o o k s a t a n y o n e t a ki n g f o o d
. ,

s ick n e s s f o ll o w s T O c u r e t hi s t h e s i c k p e r s o n a s k s a bi t fr om t h e
.
,

e vil e y e d m a n w h e n h e i s a t a me a l
- Th e m or se l giv e n a c t s a s a c ur e . .

Wh e n a co w i s s ick a n d giv e s n o m ilk t h e y giv e h e r a bit o f t h e

, ,

e vil e y e d (ba d n a zr ) ma n s f o od
’
-
.

S or c e r e r s an d w i t ch e s a ct o n t h e i r vic ti m by ma kin g a fig ur e of h i m
a n d t or t ur i n g t h e fi g ur e by i n s e r tin g a n e e dl e i n t o i t T h e t o r tu r e .

r e a ch e s th e p e r so n w h o i s p e r s o n a t e d Na il s a n d h a ir s a r e c ar r i e d .

a w a y t o b e s ubj e ct e d t o p a i n t h a t t h e or igi n a l o w n e r s m a be t or me n t e d
y .

Th e y a r e c a r e f ull y t h r o w n a w ay wh e n out o ff l e st a ny e n e my sh oul d ,

g e t p o s s e ss i on o f t h e m W o me n ar e e s p e ci a lly c a r e f u l i n t hi s
.
p a r ti

cular .

Sickn e ss is c ause d by e vil s pi r i t s .

C EREMONIAL PRO HIBIT ION o n TA BOO .

Th e Ch uh r as n e v e r t o uch a G a g r a o r a Sa n si gip s y Wome n a n d , , .

c h ild r e n do n o t g o n e a r gr a v e s Th e da ugh t e r in la w n e v e r me n t i on s .
- -

t h e f at h e r i u l a w s n a me Ch u h r as do n o t e a t m on k e y s o r sn a k e s or
’
- -
.
, ,

j ack al s o r r a ts
,
.

A G R ICU L T U RA L S U PER ST ITIO NS .

C r o p s a r e cut S un d a y M on d ay o r F r ida y a n d se w n o n a
on a
, ,

a n d We d n e s d a y
,
M on d a y T u e s d a y
, , .

If th e Ch i i h ras b ur n a s lip (w i n n ow i ng s i e v e or f a n ) i n a vill a g e , th e

far me r i s i nj ur e d It IS a c u r se — t h e cu r s e o f t h e p o o r
.
.

S OCIAL CU S T OMS .

T h e h o us e h old e at t o ge th e r b ut t h e w o m e n e a t a ft e r , th e me n . If
m e n e at a f t e r w o m e n t h e y a r e i n j ur e d b e ca us e w o me n , ar e w ea k of
i nt e ll e c t
h i i fh , drin e n m t s c
Yd gu ilt y a j q in p a h a ch ci it de
r ’ ‘
z Foo d
ch e d by to u
o th e r s an d fa l s e h o o d b o t h i n j u r i o us Th e y use s h a r db (st r on g
’
ar e .

d r i n k ), o p i um (af im, p os t, bh a n g) a n d ch a r a s . D r un k a r ds a r e d e s pi se d .

Cusr on s o r S O CIAL i nr s nco us s n.

I l
n sa i h ut at o n , t e y sa y
p i i m
a r e
p t t o th e g r e at t h e
,
’
a ns w e r b e in g te r a:
’

bhalci kar e K hudd . A l so ma tbd teknd, s a lam .

 Chuhr ci vocati ons.
209
Cusr oms BEAR ING on se e m . su re s .

a kki a mo n g th e mse lve s an d I cachch i wi t h Ba

g s and
,
s mok e o n ly a mon g t h e ms e lv e s No cas t e a b o v e th e m .

V I —OCCUP A TI ON
. .

T HE OR IG INA L WORK or T HE CHU HnAs .

Th e y w e r e t h e ta n n e r s of t h e vill a ge an d us e d to li ve c ommun i t i e s,
i n h uts a t a di s ta n c e f r o m t h e villa g e t h e w a ll s o f w hich w e r e ma d e o f ,

bo ne s a n d t h e r o o f o f s ki n s Wh e n a n a n i mal d ie d t h e Hi n d us b e a t a
,
.

,
dr u m t o le t t h e m k no w t h a t t h e y mu st c o me a n d c a r r y o ff t h e d e a d
b o dy . Fiv e r up e e s w a s t h e f e e gi v e n a n d a l s o a s h r o ud The .

Ch uh r as t o o k o ff t h e a n i m a l s hid e a n d a t e i t s fl e s h
’
S w e e pin g w as .

a l so t h e i r w o r k .

F o r me r ly w h e n a H i n d u di e d t h e Ch uh ras r e c e iv e d a s h e e t or
, ,

kaf a n ( h r o ud) a n d t h e y s till r e ce i ve cl o t h e s

s
, In t h e o ld d ay s t h e y .

g o t fi v e r u p e e s a t t h e Hi n d u b ur n i n g
p l ace a n d e x act e d i t w i th cl ub s -
, .

If a co w di e s o n a Hi n d u s la n d t h e y c a ll i t das h n a a n d t h e Hi n d u
’ '

,
’
w h o t a k e s t h e c o w s t a il t o t h e G a n g e s t o be p ur ifi e d is be a t e n t h e r e by
a Ch u h r é w i t h a s h oe .

—R E LA TI ONS TO L A N D
V II . .

No w a d a y s t h e i r w o r k i s f a r m s e r vic e Th e y a r e l andl e ss day . .

l a b our e r s o n t h e far m Th e y a r e di vide d i n t o .

1
( ) T h e ci t h ri w h o g e ts a
,
m au n d o f w h e at f o r e v e r y md i i a t t h e
i
h a r v e st a l so o dd s a d e n ds He h a s gh wn di dp p i z de dazze th e ba r l e y
n .
,
'

t h a t i s e w n i n a s t r i p r o un d t h e wh e at fi e ld ; w h e a t s o w n by t h e w a t e r
o

c o ur se b r a d t w ic e a da y ; cl oth e s an d s h o e s t w ice a y e ar ; toba cco ;

e

v e ge ta bl e s a n d w o o d
2 T h k h l li h o re c e iv e s t h r e e a r te r s o f a m a un d f o r e v e r y
( ) e s e
p u w , qu -

m dn i a n d b r e a d da il y i f h e goe s to a di s t a n c e t o w o r k ; a n d
,

3
( ) Th e W i f e w h o t a k,
e s a w a
y d u n
g f r o m t h e f ar m a r d
y a n d r e c e iv es ,

h al f a ma un d o f co r n .

It w a s co w b ur yi n g th a t le d t o t h e i r i s o l a t i o n
-
T h e y S y t h e Ma chh i . a
,

t h e Jh i w a r th ,
Ch uh r a i h e C h a n g a r a n d t h e Mi r a si a r e all of th e
e
, ,

s a me c a s t e but h a v e di fi e r e n t o cc u p a t i n s
,
o .

T h e r e i s a sto r y to ld o f t h e Ch uh r as by M uh a mma d an s a n d o th e r s
t h at d oe s n o t r e fl e c t t o t h e i r c r e di t Th e y a r e b li e v e d t o be i n cli n e d . e

t o h e u p p i s h a n d t o f o r g e t p a s t f a v o ur s b e in g u n gr a t e ful an d a r e , ,

s u p p o se d t w o r k b e s t w h e n th e y a r e w e ll b e a t e n o t h e r w ise t h e y t a k e
o
,

a dv a n t a g e o f t h e k i n d n e s s o f t h e i r m a s t e r s Igi v e t hi s o n l y a s t h e .

o
p i ni o n o f t h e i n e ighb o u r s
r .

T h e s t r y i t h a t O n c e o n a t i me t h e ki n g o f t h e Ch uh r as me t M os e s
o s ,

w h o w as o n i
h s w ay t o t al k w i t h G o d * Th e ki n g o f th e Cbu br as a s k e d .

M o s e s to car r a p e ti ti on t o G o d fr o m h im th a t h e migh t be e n abl e d to

t a k e th e us ualta x f r o m p e o p l e p a s s i n g t h r o u g h h is t e r r i t o r y
,

M os e s .

c i gly d ki p i id M d
a c o r d n
p r e s e n te t h e n
g s e t t i o n b u t G o d s a o s e s y o u o
, , ,

Th ey an d o t h e r s ca ll Mose s Mi h t a r M
’

ii s a; m i h ta r b e ing a ti t l e of di s t i n ct i o n , a lth o ug h

use d most l y f o r t h e Ch uh ras .

210 Chuni an—Chur dhi .

not know w h at y o u do ing , y ou do n o t know t hi s peopl e

ar e T h e y w ill .

tur n o n y o u, a n d di sh o nour y o u i n t h e e n d
”
But Mo se s p e r se v e r e d, .

a n d o b ta in e d for th e Ch uh ra ki ng wh at h e d e si r e d , vi z , t h at h e s h ould .

le vy t a x e s o n t r a v e ll e r s T h e n e x t t i me M ose s p a ss e d t h at w ay h e
.

w as a cco s t e d i n a mo st h umili a t i n g man n e r Oh M usr i , ar e y ou th e .

man t h at c ar ri e d a p e t it ion f or me Y o u must p ay t h e d u e s Di d

”
.

Ino t te ll y o u, M o se s , sa id G o d, th at y o u w o uld br ing di sh on our on

”

”
y ou r h e ad Th e y h a v e no
g r at i t ud e
. .

TRA D ITI ONS OF THE CHU HBKS

I
X .
- IHE
’ ‘
.

Th e Ch uh ras h a v e or a l tr a di ti ons which t h e y r e c it e a t th e i r g at h e r

ing s If a Oh uh ra wi s h e s t o l e ar n t h e m h e b e c om e s t h e di s cipl e o f so me
.
,

o n e w h o i s i n p o ss e s s i o n o f t h e m i w h o ca n r e p e a t t h e m f r o m , .

me mor y I h e a r d h o w e v e r t h at t h e r e w a s a b oo k o f t h e Ch uh r as in
.
, ,

G uj r a n w ala D i s tr ic t b ut I w a s un a bl e t o o b ta i n i t as t h e o w n e r s h ad
, ,

t h e id e a th a t I w ould us e it t o t h e i r di sa dv a n ta g e .

CHU NIAN, a Muh ammad an

cl an (a gr icul tur al) f o un d i n Mon t go me r y J at .

CHU R KHI is th e g en e r ic name fo r th e p e o pl e o f th e Chur ah w i zci m t in Ch amb a ,

Stat e w h o in cl ude B r ah man s Rajputs Thak ur s Ra t hi s an d t h e fo ll o w

i n g lo w c aste s z—Hal i s K ol i s S ippi s Bar w ala s L o ha r s Ch a mars
, , , , ,

, , , , , ,

D fimn as Bihar e a Ch anals , M e gh e e t c

,
Th e low c aste s a re all e n dog
, , . .

a mous .

Tr adit ion mak e s th e Th akur s de sc e n dants o f th e old Ran as or p e tty ,

chi e ft a i n s w h o h e ld Ch a mb a p r i o r t o t h e f o un dat i on o f t h e S t a t e by t h e
, ,

Bajas an d t h e Hal ls i t s o lde st inh abi t ant s It a ls o ma k e s t h e B r a h m an s

, , .

i mmigr ants f r o m B r ah maur an d th e Rajput s f r om th e p la ins but th e

Ra this p r e c e d e d t h e se tw o c ast e s h a vi n g b e e n e xp e ll e d fr o m t h e D ugar ,

c oun t r y by G ug ga Ch auhan— a c ur i ous l e ge nd .

M ar r i a ge a mon g th e Ch ur ah is i s a dul t an d w ome n a r e all o w e d e v e r y ,

lic e n s e b e for e m ar r i a ge Th r e e d e gr e e s o n e it h e r side c oun t i n g f ro m

.
,

th e g r an dp a r e n t s a r e a v oid e d but o t h e r w i s e t h e r e a r e f e w r e st r ic t ion s

, ,
,

B r ah ma n s i n t e r ma r r yi n g w i t h Rathi s by b ot h fo r ms o f ma r r i a ge a n d ,
,

a l s o w i th Raj p ut s an d Thak ur s P o ly an d r y i s n ot r e c o gn i z e d but o lyg m y

p a .
,
i s a n d t h e fi r st o r h e a d w i f e (ha r t
,
is give n R s 6 W h e n a s e c o n d .

w i f e i s a d m i t t e d i n to th e h o use Thi s fe e is c a ll e d j e thu é gh t .

‘ ‘

Th e Ob s e r v a n ce s at b e t r o th a l a r e s i mpl e Th e i n i t i a t iv e i s t a k e n by .

t h e b oy s p e o p l e an d t h e b i n di n g r i t e co n s i s ts i n t h e b y s a g e n ts l a cin g
’ ’
o
,
p
e igh t Ch a mba c o m s w o r t h n e a r ly 2 a n n a s i n t h e pl a t e s u s e d f o r
, e n te r ,
'

t a i n i n g t h e b r id e s r a ba mi s o r r e p r e s e n ta t iv e s an d givi n g o n e r u p e e
’

f o r o r n a m e n t s t o th e gi r l .

M ar r i a ge is o f t h r e e kin d s In th e supe r i or f o r m c a ll e d j a na t 1 t h e e r .

— p ,
,
li mi u a r ie s ar e a s f o ll o w s z S o m e s ix m o n t h s b e f o r e t h e w e ddin g th e b o s ’
y
f a th e r o r b r o th e r go e s t o t h e gi r l s h o u s e w i t h o n e o r t w o f r i e n d s a n d giv e s
’

h e r f t h e r R s 7 an d a go a t as h i s lafig §
a . A r up e e i s a l so i v e n t o t h e
g
,

b r i d e t o buy o r n am e n t s a n d t h s is c a ll e d ba n d/i d de n d“ ,
i
.

L cmi Wi fe
’
'

1 j e rh a e de r ,
l an d w dg h , a sh a r e .

t ” ( mi : 1: m a r r i a g e ), be
’

I j an ct t to di mi n ut h
'

a d a p p e ar s a e .

t o m a r y due
§ L dg, a c us
j
.

n Ba a dh d ewe er
y ll .
212 Marr i age i n Chu/r ci h .

A qui e t f or m o f sa r g udh i ma r r i a ge i s c all e d ga r éb ch dm Th e lti g , *

.

e tc d
a r e a ll r e n e r e d as i n t h e o t h e r f o r m , b u t o n a n a u s pici o u s d a y t h e

b r i de g r oom a cco m pan i e d by h i s s i s t e r s i mply go e s to t h e br i de s h o use , an d ’

a t t c
h e e n t r an e w o sr hip s t h e k u m b h H e t h e n s e a t s hi m s e l f on
.
t h e bl a n k e t
in t h l
e us ua w a y , a n d t h e gi r l i s s e a t e d n e x t h i m by h e r m o t h e r A f t e r .

’
e at ni g c
t h e o up e l t a k e l e a v e o f t h e gi r l ’
s f a t h e r a n d p r o c e e d t o t h e b o y s

h ouse w h e r e th e kumbh is a gain touch e d Thi s s e con d w or ship of t h e .

kumbh ma k e s th e m a r r i a g e bin di n g .

T h e t hi r d a n d l o w e s t for m o f ma r r i a g e i s th e ba n dh d ludn d l in whi ch a

‘ ‘

w id o w , w h o i s t o ma r r y h e r h us b a n d s b r o th e r , i s m a r r i e d t o h i m on th e
’

’
ki r i u day , t e , 7 th t o t h e 1 1 th or 1 3th day a f t e r t h e fi r s t h u s b a n d s d e at h
. .
.

S h e p u t s a s id e h e r l a t e h usb a n d s o r n a me n t s a n d p ut s o n h is b r o th e r s, i n
’ ’

t o k e n t h a t sh e a cc e pt s h im A h e -go a t i s s a c r i fic e d a t h o me to th e de
.

’
c e ase d h usb a n d an d a sma ll fe a st u s ua lly giv e n T h e w ido w s par e n ts n e e d .

n ot a t te n d , but t h e y a r e e n t it l e d to a ldg , c all e d ba kr d, a s b e i n g t h e p r ic e

o f a goa t If th e w id o w w i sh e s t o ma r r y a st r a n g e r , h e must p ay th e
.

t a len t of o n e r up e e , a n d R e 1 - 8 or R s 3 a s ch a dydlt i to h e r p a r e n t s
'

.
An . .

a u sp i cio u s da y a f te r t h e ki r ta ka r m p e r i o d i s a s c e r ta i n e d f r o m a j ots h i , §

a n d t h e or n ame n t s ch a n g e d as d e s c ri b e d a b o v e .

L ast ly a ma n w h o e lo p e s Wi t h a gi r l can af te r a ce r t a i n i n t e r v a l op e n , ,

ne go t i a t i o n s w i t h h e r f a t h e r a n d i f h e a ss e n t s
p a
y h i m R s 7 a n d a go a t a s
, ,
.

c omp e n sa t i on Thi s o b s e r v a n ce i s t e r me d lei g r i t llan d ope r a t e s a s a v alid

.

mar r i ag e fl l
Th ecu stom o f gh a rj a w dntr i o r s e r vic e in li e u o f a mon e y p ay m e n t f or
a w i f e i s c o m m on a mon g a ll c a s e s i n t h e S t a e e sp e ci a lly in t h e Ch u r ah
t t ,
,

a n d S a d r w i zd m t s T h e t e r m of s e r vi
. ce i s u s u a ll y t h r e e or s e ve n y e ar s ,

m m
’

an d th e m a r r i a g e ay t a k e pl a ce a t a n y t i e i f t h e gi r l s f a t h e r i s a g r e e a bl e .

A h usb an d may div or c e hi s wi fe if h e c a nn ot g e t o n wi th h e r Th e .

divor c e i s c o mp l e t e if t h e h usb a n d r e c e iv e s b a ck h is o r n a me n ts a n d s a y s
“ I h a v e div or c e d R dj k i h e R ja s o a t h
’

y o u d 7: e on ,
t Th e . .
,
a
.

h u sb an d a l so b r e a k s a s t ick i n h e r p r e se n c e D iv o r ce d wive s ca n .

r e ma r r y if t h e y lik e .

In succ e s s i on all so ns e v e n b a st a r d s i f r e c o g n i z e d by t h e f a t h e r
, , ,

cc d u a l t e r ms b ut t h e e ld e s t so n g e t s th e b e s t fi e ld as h i s
s u e e o n e q ,

e t h w dg h th e s e c on d son ge ts a sp e ci a l i mp l e me n t s ickl e s w or d o r a xe
j , ,

as h i s h a th t ti r whil e t h e t hi r d g e t s th e f a m il y h ou se a s h i s m u lw ci h e r
'

, .

Th e (r a n d p u t) or d a ugh te r (r a n d dh i di l ) of a i dow b or n i n
‘

w
‘

so n

h e r h u sb an d s h o us e h a s a ll t h e r igh t s o f h e r d e c e a s e d
’
h u s b an d s o w n ’

child r e n It i s , h o w e v e r , e s se n t i a l t h at th e w ido w sh o u ld
. con t i n u e to li ve

i n h e r h u sb an d s h o use an d th e child b e b e go tte n t h e r e i n

’
,

Th e cust o m ( C h a ) o f t h e p o or
’
r a .

L i na t o p ut o n as a d re s s
1 a t
'
.

I Ch a dy dli , f r ch a dw a ch ozn a , t o le t
'

.
go ,

J o ts h i , a n a str o og e r l .

Ri t cus t o m .

1[ M bl
arr i ag e cus toms diffe r con s ide r a y i n t h e e a s t e r n a n d w e s t e r n p o r t i o ns o f Ch ur ti h a n d
bv l
t h e a o e de s cr l p t i on ch i e f y a p p i e s t o t h e e a s t e r n h a f l
’

In t h e w e s t e r n h a f t h e b dh
y
l . l
f llm a r r i a e r i t e , a cco r di n g t o o r t h o do x Hi n du cus t o m i s t h e r u e , a n d t h e j a n at i s l
g
'

o r u ,

unco mmo n bu t t h e o t h e r f orms ar e as a o e b v .

D u r oh i oat h

11
'
Ro a d : 2 w i dow and di . m: 2 daug h te r .
 Tenur es the 218
All d e a d Hi ndus e xc e pt child r e n not y e t tonsur e d ar e b ur nt T h e .

h d s pl a c e d to w ar ds t h e no r t h an d t h e h an d s o n th e ch e s t t h e fa ce
e a i
,

b e i n g t ur n e d skyw a r d T h e Hin d u r i t e s a r e i n e ss e n ti al s ob se r v e d but

.
, ,
t h e p l a c e o f t h e a ch dr a i s t a k e n b t h e Bha
j y t .

h o r s e v e n n i n e o r t h i r te e n d a s mo ur n i n g is o b s e r v e d o n ly o n e m l
, y ea ,
a da * be i n
y c ll d p
a e , u a s g ea t e n a n d o n t h e day o n w hi ch mourn i n g i s to
, ,

c e a se a s ui t of goo d w oo ll e n clo th e s (w hich a r e p r e pa r e d b e for e h a n d in

,

a n ti c i a t io n o f d e a t h a n d w o r n o n f e s t iv a l da y s ) is gi ve n t o t h e pr i es t
p
w h o p r e s id e s o v e r t h e o b s e u ie s Six te e n b a l ls o f r i ce a r e pr e pa re d
q .

a n d o ff e r e d to t h e
’
d e ce as e d s a n c e s t o rs a n d dually r e mo v e d a n d '

t h r o w n i n to t h e n e a r e s t s t r e am T h e r e l a t io n s o f t h e d e ce as e d als o .

w as h t h e ir cl o t h e s a n d a h e go a t i s k ill e d T h e n a f eas t i s give n to th e -

.

r e l at i o n s a n d t h e mou r ni n g e n ds T hi s f e a s t is us ually iv e n by t h e . G

d e c e a s e d s wi fe s p a r e n ts C e re mon i e s a r e p e r fo r me d a n d b a ll s mad e
’ ’
.

a n d o ff e r e d a f t e r on e t h r e e a n d s ix mo n th s a y e a r a n d f o ur y e a r s to
, ,

th e d e c e a se d A t th e l a t t e r
. e a t th e e n d o f th e f our th y e a r c a l
, le d .
, ,

ch/uba r ki t h e ce r e mon i a l i s do n e on a big s c a l e

, .

T h e ob se qu i e s o f a n y man w h o di e s chil dl e ss a r e d on e i n t h e s a me w ay ,
but i f h e b r i n gs a n y c a l a mi t y on th e h o use h o ld a n e ffigy i s m a d e a n d
l ac e d n e a r a s p r i n g or o n t h e r o o f o f t h e h o use o r i n s o me goo d l c
p p a e
an d w or shi p p e d by o ff e r in g h i m a cap , b r e a d , a n d a n e a r t h e n po t of
’

gh i
w hich ar e fin al ly w o rn a n d e a t e n by t h e m an w h o i s suppo se d t o h av e
b e e n a ff e c te d by h im Th e s p i r i t o f th e p e r s o n w h o di e s a viol e n t de at h
.

is a ppe ase d by t a ki n g a n e a r th e n p o t f ul l o f bo il e d g h t , a p i tch e r f u l l o f

'

w a t e r , a n d a g o a t t o t h e s p o t wh e r e h e me t h is d e a t h , a nd t h e g o a t i s
kill e d th e r e a n d h i s h e a d an d th e v e ss e l s r oll e d do w n t h e hill Th is i s don e .

on t h e p a n i y ar a , i e , on th e ktr i a ka r m day . .T h e p e op l e p e r for m s a r ddh .

.

C e r e mon i e s a r e a l so p e r fo r me d fo r th e pr opi t ia tio n o f an c e sto r s in

g e n e r al l '

T h e Ch ur ah i s a r e za m in dar s an d h o ld la n d on t w o fo r ms o f t e n ur e
’

Th ose w h o p ay h al f i ts pr o d uc e a r e c all e d g h ar ai a n d t h o s e w h o pay a

fix e d sh ar e o f gra in , e tc , a r e c a ll e d Th e h a l f sh a r e is a lo n e
.

divi d e d a f te r d e du cti n g t h e se e d for th e n e x t cr Op Occ upa n cy te n an t s .

are n o t a ll o w e d a ny s p e ci a l p r ivil e g e i n t h e s h a p e o f r e mi s s i o n o f r e n t or

fa v o u ra bl e r a t e s T h e Ch u r ah i s a r e p r i mar ily a n d e ss e nti a lly c ul tiv a tor s,

.

but man y of t h e m o w n fl o ck s o f s h e e p a n d goa t s w i t h w hich , lik e th e

G a ddis, t h e y vi s i t Pa n gi i n s um me r an d th e lo w hill s i n w i n te r .

Th e w
Ch ur ah is hi t h e d e i t i e s o n t h e fo ll o win g d ay s
o r s p
S hi v— S un d ay M on d ay a n d Th u r s da y ,
.

S a khi — S un d a y M o n d a y a n d T u e s d ay .

—
,

Nag o r M a h a b Th u r s d a y a n d S a t u r d ay .

K a i la —Th u r s day .

K ye la n g— S un d ay a n d Th ur sd a y .

S t t la — S un d a y T u e s d a y a n d Th u r sd ay
,

Ch a un d— T ue s d ay Th ur s d a y a n d S un day ,
.

v and a r e d
1 Me n w h o
' ha e di ed ch i l dl e ss ar e r
p po it i at e d b y p utt i n g g ar l ands of dowret a
w oo ll e n cap o n t h e ir e fii g i os on the S an krdnt and U da : day s .

Ir ‘
.
g h dz
’
ha f l .

Fr . ma de , a fixe d amo unt .

 214 Chur dhi fes ti va ls .

To S hiv a r e offe r e d a ch ola o r w ooll e n c oat a s h e e p ch ar ms o f si lv e r , ,

o blo n g in s h a p e w or n r o un d th e n e ck a mi di:
(a s ilv e r a r ch or n a m e n t
,
-

S h a e d lik e a d r um Th e se o fi e ri n s a r e k e n by h h d
p ) g t a t e e a o f t h e
f ami ly a n d th e o r n a m e n ts a r e w o r n by h i m o ut o f r e sp e c t f o r Sh iv a n d
,

to a v e r t h i s w r a th T o S a k t i D e vi a r e o ff e r e d a s e l s e wh e r e 3 g o a t
.
, ,
.
,

tr id e n t a n d c a k e s T h e o ff e r i n g s t o a Nag a r e a n i r o n ma c e (kh a n da )
.
,

a c r o o k e d i r o n s tick
(t h e se a r e l e f t a t t h e sh r in e ) a s h e e p a n d ,

c ak e s (t h e se a r e di vid e d a mon g t h e p r i e st ch e la a n d wo r shipp e r a n d , ,

e a te n
) T o K a il u a r e o ff e r e d a r e d cap a n i r on ma c e a n d a kid Th e
.
,
.

ca
p a n d p ar t o f th e kid go to t h e p r i e st t h e r e st t o t h e w o r s hipp e r ,
.

K y e lan g s off e r in g s ar e a m a c e a goa t an d a r e d cap

’
S i t la s o ff e r i n g s
’
, .

a r e a go a t a n d c a k e s lik e t h e D e vi s Ch a un d g e t s c a k e s, an d o cc asi on
’
.

a l ly a g oa t i s a l so sa c r ific e d a t h e r s h r i n e .

Oh ur ah is ma k e a p i lg r i mag e t o Man mah e sh i n Bhad o n or i n A s u o n

j ,
th e D r ub A sh ta mi da
y .

Bl o ck s of w oo d or s ton e which ar e su ppo s e d t o p oss e s s so me s up e r

n a tur a l a ttr ib ut e s ar e w o r s hipp e d Wh e n a de i t y i s to be se t up fo r t h e fi rst
.

time an d c on s e c r at e d , a Br a h man s p r e s e n c e i s n e c e ssa r y Th e p r i e s ts

’
.

p r e s id e at sh r i n e s ; a n d i n dw e lli n g s t h e e ld e r me mb e r s o f t h e h ous e h old .

Pr i e st s ar e n o t se l e c t e d f r om t h e B r a h man c la ss o n ly b ut f r om all t h e ,
o t h e r c a s t e s e xc e p t lo w c a s t e s B r a h man s Rajp uts R a this an d Th akkar s
.
, ,
a r e e ligibl e t o h old th e
pos i t i on of a p r ie s t . o

Th e f oll owi n g a r e some o f t h e f e s t iv a l s ob se r v e d i n C h ur a h

l . Bi sw a o n 1 s t B ai s ak h a t which p i n dr ii o r b a lls of g r a in a r e e a t e n
, ,

wi th h o n e y a n d ghi or 9mg P e opl e a lso c oll e c t to g e t h e r f or sin gi n g an d

.

dan cin g t hi s b e i n g th e H i ndu Ne w Y e a r s D ay

,
’
.

2 . Pa tr or u ki s a n kr dn t on ls t Bhad on h e ld i n me mor y of t h e i r
"
,

a n c e s to r s Fl our i s mix e d wi t h w a te r sal t and spic e s a n d s pr e a d on

.
,

bh aj i l e a v e s c a ll e d p a tr or u an d e at e n
'

, ,
.

3 Masr u h e ld on th e sam e day a s th e D rub A s h tami a t Man imah e sh

.
,

i n h on o ur o f Shiv a— t h at i s on t h e e igh t h day o f t h e ligh t h a l f o f

,

Bhadon It is a c com p an i e d by d a n cin g

. .

4 . S e v e r a l of th e o r di n a r y me las ob se r v e d i n th e c apit al such as ,

Hol i, D iwali L oh r i e tc a r e a l so h e ld in Chu r ah

, ,
.

5 . Ch h i nj o r w r e s tli n g ma t ch e s a ssoci a t e d w i th th e L akh data c ul t,

, ,

a r e h e ld an nually in e v e r y ar a n a o f Ch u r ah
p g .

C HU R E R A, a K h a r r al cl an (ag r ic ul tur al ) f oun d i n M on tgom e r y .

CHfiR foA R : ( l ) a mak e r o f b r a c e l e t s call e d i n t h e w e s t B a u g e r a o r Wa n g r i

,

A m m h O
’

g a r . l s o c a ll e d s o e t i e s K a ch e r a o r g l a ss w o r k e r t e h ii ri ar
g
-
,

g e n e r a lly m ak e s br a c e l e t s o f gl a s s o r la c which a r e sold in t h e e a s t by ,

t h e M a n ia r a n d i n t h e w e st by t h e Ba n g e r a T h e Ch ii r i g a r a l so ma k e s
’
.
,

b r a ce l e ts o f b e ll me t a l o r a ny ot h e r m a t e r i a l e xc e p t s il v e r o r go ld
-
.

T h e t e r m i s p r o b a bl y me r e l y a n o cc u p a t i on a l o n e a n d i n t h e e a s t o f t h e ,

P un j a b p r a c tic a lly sy n o n y mou s w i t h M an iar (2) A J at cl an ( ag r i cul .

t ur al ) foun d i n M ul t an .

Ba nkr dnt a : fl a t day of th e mon t h .

21 6 The D ddap wnthi s .

(i ii ) th e U t tr adh as, w h o s a e th e
h v h e a d w i th t h e b e ar d and mo us
ta ch e
* w e ar
,
w hi te cl ot h e s an d ge n e r ally p r a c ti se as ph y s1
,

e i a u s ; b e s id e s

hi h B i t d h a i
’

i
( v) t h e s e c u l a r D a d i i pa n t s w o a r e c a ll e d s a r r s
,
.

D adi i i s s a id to h a ve h a d 5 2 di s cipl e s w h o e s t a bli s h e d a s many dams

’

o r r e s ti n g p la ce s d T h e h e a d o f e ach dam th e der a dci r

‘

p r e s e n ts , ,

c on tr ibut i on s t o th e g a ddi n as hi n o r i n c um b e n t o f t h e gur a dw ar a at - -

N a r ai n a w h o ,
i s e l e c t e d by a c o n cl a v e o f t h e de r a d ci r s T h e s e c t i s .

r e c r u i t e d f r o m t h e B r a h ma n K s h a t r iy a Ra j p u t J at a nd G u ,
j a r c a st e s , , ,

bu t n e v e r f r o m t h o s e o f me n i a l r a n k i A s a r ul e chil dr e n a r e i n i t i ate d .
.

o me of
c m p d b k c ll d h B ad B f
’ ’

D a d i i o o s e a o o a e t e i i a n i o v e r s e s s
, ,

whi ch ar e r e ci t e d by h i s f o ll o w e r s a f te r t h e i r abln t ion s e ve r y m o r ni n g ,

.

In t h e e v e n i n g ar ti i s p e r f or me d t o i t b y ligh t i n g l am p s a n d r e c i ti n g
p a ssa g e s f r o m i t § D adii f or b a d e ido l a t r y b ui l t n o t e mpl e s “a n d
.
’

, ,

t a ugh t th e u n i t y o f G o d In s a l ut a t i o n h i s v o t a r i e s use t h e w o r d S a t
.

R am th e T r ue G o d Bu t i n s pi te o f D adii s d e n un ci at i on o f i do l atr y
” ’
’

,
.
, ,

h i s h a i r h i s tu m bd ( cup ) ch o ld (g o w n ) a n d kh a r s a n (sa n d a l s ) ar e
, ,

r e ligi o us ly pr e se r v e d i n h i s c a v e (g up h a) a t S ambh ar fll

B e for e a gum a dmit s a di s ci pl e t h e pr iv a t i o ns a n d di ffic ul t i e s o f j og

a r e i mp r e s se d u p on h i m a n d h e i s w a r n e d th a t h e w ill h a v e to
,

r e m a i n c e lib at e liv e o n a l ms a b s ta in fr om fl e sh a n d s ti mu l an t s an d
, , ,

u p h o l d t h e ch a r a c t e r o f h i s o r d e r In t h e p r e s e n c e o f a ll th e s adh us .

t h e y a r d s h a ve s o ff t h e di s cipl e s Ch oti (s c a lp l o ck ) a n d c ov e r s h i s h e a d
’
-

w i t h t h e kap ali (s k ul l ca
p) hich D H a ls o iv
’

w a-
d ii w o re e i s g en a

kwr ta o f bh a gw a (o ch r e ) c o l o u r a n d t au gh t t h e g um m a n tr a w hi ch h e
,
.

-
,

m us t n o t r e v e al Th e r i te co n cl u de s w i t h t h e di s t r i bu t i o n o f: s w e e t s
. .

O n a g ur u 3 d e at h th e u su al Hi n d u r it e s ar e o b se r v e d an d o n t h e ,

i 7 th da y a f e a st i s giv e n t o t h e s ci dh as A fi n e t o mb i s s om e t i me s .

e r e c t e d o ut s id e t h e dam i n m e m o r y o f t h e de c e a s e d i f h e w as w e a l t hy
, , .

A l t h o u gh th e D adii p a n t h i s p r o p e r a r e c e lib a t e b o t h me n a n d w o m e n
’

a r e a d mi tt e d i n t o th e c ommun it y an d a gr e a t m a n y h a v e t a k e n to ,

m a r r i a ge w i t h out c e a s i n g t o be D adii p an t h i s Th e s e f o r m t h e bas ta r

’
.

dh ar i o r se c ul a r gr o u p w hich s h o uld p r o b a bl y b e r e g a r d e d a s a ,

se p a a t e c a s te
r M a ny o f t h e m a r e me r ch a n t s e sp e ci a lly i n g r ai n a n d
.
, ,

w e al thy .

T h e U t t r adh i h a e a v
a t R at h i a i n Hi s s ar S e e e ow . bl .

1 0 f t h e s e 5 2 di sci p e s , R ai j ab , G h a r i l D as a n d S u n da r D as w e r e t h e ch i e f b
R a i j ab .

w a s a Mu h amm a da n i t i s sai d t h a t Muh am m a da n s w h o f o o w Badii a r e ca e d U t t r adh i i n ll ll

co n t r a di s t i n ct i o n t o t h e Hi n du D adup a n t h i s w h o ar e ca e d Nagi But t h e N ag i i s ll .

l l l
c e ar y t h e Nag s a r e ady de s cr i e d, an d U t t r adh i ca n o n y me a n b n o rt h e r n l .

b
T h e s e COn d, G h ar i D as , co mno s e d m a n y h y m n s , s t i p op u ar amo n g Hi n dus , bu t h i s ll l
ll l
f o o w e r s a r e s a i d t o b e m o s t y Ch a mar s Wh o cut t h e h ai r s h or t a n d W e ar co tton qui t ing ,
l
bl
.

S un de r D as co mp ose d t h e S n ky d, a w or k r e s e m i n g th e S i k h G r a n t h ,

IBut s e e t h e f o r e g oi n g f o o t n o te T h e f o o w e r s of G h a r i D as a t a n y r at e , e u de. ll b . l
Gh amar a, a n d Mr Ma c ag a n a d ds t h at m a n y a dh e r e n t s o f t h e S e ct ar e f oun d a m o n g t h e
. l
lo w e r ca st e s .

A cco r di n g t o Wi s o n t h e w o r s h i p i s a ddr e s s e d t o R ama, t h e de i t

l l b
y n e g a t i ve y de s cr i e d
i n t h e V e dan t a t h e o o g y l .

b l
No w t e m p les ar e ui t by h i s f o ow e r s w h o s a y t h a t t h e y w o r sh i p ll
t h e oo k i n th e m b
M
,

M b
.

1] r . a c ag an a dds l In fa ct , t h e doctr i ne o f D adii i s s o m e t i m e s de s cr i e d as

p a n t h e i st i c I .
g v
t i s co n t a i n e d i n s e e r al w or k s i n t h e Bh as h a t on ue w h i c h a r e s aid t o

fuclude m a n y o f t h e say i n g s of K a i r b ’

Accoun t s o f t h e ya r d an d h i s f o ow e r s ar e
.
i en ll g
v
i n th e J e nni
 Dadd —Ddgi . 21 7

D AD WAL — Th e . Rajp ut c anl to which cie n t rul in g family of

b e l on gs th e an

D a t a r p ur , but s a id to t a k e i ts n a me fr om D ad a i n Ka n g ra o n t h e
H o s hi a r p ur bo r d e r T h e . Ra n as of Bi t Manas w al or t a bl e l an d of th e ,

Po sli iar ur

tl t
i l6
p S i w alik s w e r e
ra e t .
D a d w al Rajpu ts an d th e cla n s till h o ld s ,

T h e D a dw als ar e foun d i n th e n e igh bo ur h oo d of D ata r p ur , th e se a t

o f t h e i r f o r m e r so v e r e ig n t y , a n d o n t h e s o ut h - w e s t f a ce o f t h e S i w aliks

i n Ho sh i ar pur t a h s il n e a r D h olbah a a n d J a n aur i o r J ank i p u r i, i t s '

a n ci e n t n a m e , w hich is s t ill us e d Ja n a k w a s a n a n ci e n t S ii r a jba us i ’

r ul e r T h e D a d w al a a r e a b r a n ch o f t h e K a t oclr an d do no t in te r mar r y
.

wi t h t h e m o r wi t h t h e G ole r ias o r S ibay as o n th e gr o un d o f a co mmo n

,

d e s c e n t Th e y h av e a n i n t e r e s ti n g l o c al hi s to r y w hich d e scr ib es h o w
.

t h e y w r e s te d t h e tr a c t r o un d D a ta r p ur fr o m a Chabu g r d n z
’

Th e Da dw als h a v e se v e ra l a ls o r famili e s , w h o se n a me s a r e d e r iv e d
f ro m th e ir , s e t tl e m e n t s such as J a n a u r ach
, D h olbahi a , D a tar p u r i s ,
F a t e h pur i a , Bh amn ow ali a K h a n g w ar a ch , N a r ii r i a , R am pur i a , e tc
’

, .

D a t a r p u r i s t h e i r chi e f v ill a g e , b ut th e y h av e n o sy s t e m o f ch h n ta
a n d m a k ri n s (F o r t h e i r .hi s t or
y a n d t h e s e p ts w hich i n te ma r r y w i th
t h e m s e e t h e Hos h i ar p u r G a ze tte e r , 1904, p p 48 .

DU R ANA, an a g r icul t ur a l cla n f o un d i n Shahp ur .

D AGA R , a J at t r ib e , n ume ro us i n D e lhi an d G ur g ao n , an d w i th a s mall

c o l on y i n R o h t a k .

D i d i , D éo s i , ( f ro m dd h
g ,
*
a ble mi sh ; t h e w or d ddgh i is a t e r m b us e of a

a ge n e r i c t e r m f o r a n i mp ur e ca s t e in K ulliiKo li i s
’

i n K ullii ),
’

h a r dly a sy non ym t h o ugh a cc or di ng t o Ibb e tson t h e s e t w o w o r d s

, , , ,

to ge t h e r w i t h a t h i r d Ch a n al are u se d a l mos t indi fl e r e n tly t o d e s c r ib e

, ,

t h e l o w e r cl a ss o f m e n i a l s o f t h e high e s t hill s T h e K oli o f t h e .

p la i n s is e as ily di s t i n g ui sh abl e by h is l o c a li t y f r o m t h e K o li o f
,
th e ,

hill s Th e for me r i s pr o bably n ot hi ng mo r e t h an a Ch amar tr ib e

.

i mmi an t f r om Hin dfistan ; th e l at t e r o f K oli an or igin Th e t w o , .

w o ul a p p e a r to m e e t i n t h e S i w aliks C unn i ngha m b e li e v e d th a t .

th e h il l s o f th e P un j a b w e r e o nc e o cc upi e d by a t r ue K o li a n r ac e
b e l o n gi n g to t h e same gr oup as t h e K o l s of C e n t r al I n di a a n d B e h a r ,

a n d t h a t t h e pr e s e n t Ko li s ar e ve r y p ro b ably t h e i r r e pr e se nta tiv e s .

He p o i n t s o ut t h a t dd th e K ol ian for w ate r i s st ill use d for many

, ,

o f t h e sm all e r s t r e a ms o f th e Si m l a hill s a nd t h a t t h e r e i s a li n e of ,

ib
tr e s o f K li
o a n o r igi n e x t e n di n g f r o m J a b b a lp u r a t l eas t a s f a r as

A llahabad a l l o f w hich u s e m a n y id e n t ic a l w o r d s i n t h e ir v o c a b ul a r ie s
,
h v c m m di t i f h r e di t a r y c ct i o n w i t h w o r k
an d t
o o n r a o n o a n e o n n e
a e a
l r h e id e n t ifi es wi t h K uli n da
’

i n g i n ir o n T h e n a m .e o f K u lii h o w e v e , , ,

*But acco ding to t h e l rt e Mr A A n d e o na T h e p

.
o p u l
.
ar exp l n ati on o f th e w o d
rs a r

v
D é g i i s th at i t i s de i e d f r om ,
da g c tt lre b e au e th e y d ra g a
a w ay th e,
car cc s s es o f
s dead a

l l
catt e an d a so eat th e fl e sh
I
f a m n s ay s h e i .
K o l i t h e n aa K an e t
tu rn r u n d n
s a ,
s o o

d d h i ng h e do es t h e
h m
i a n d as k s hi m w h e th er h e r ado es no t
g ca r ca s s
e s ; a n o n i s s a y ,

K aue t a e g es
ll
h e i s a D a g i an d th e w o u ld e K 0 1 1 c o n s e n t s b T h e r e a re e ry f e w in .
v
h
,

i f b
r o m touch in t h d e ad T h e r e a r e m o re i n S ar a
j b u t t ey

B
e
ll6 th t t n ,

t
o r a a s a .

t;
t e
l m h
.

i h D a 0 11 3, n
’

d t h a t w h e th e r th e y a b s t a i n f r o to u c i ng
i it h e a re ca l e d e t e r g i s or a
e m p i ece
pf
a
m u l t m I t i
eat dri nk and i n
id
t e a e r s s a
e r a r ry q .

m n m w x l
.

h t h e d t h n o t i n a n y
h d n t to u c o y s a e
_
:2; f g
w oe s o

iii? 3
1 1 a a n '
o
d b bl
.

1 a an w h o i s n o t so f as ti d i o u s
T hi s i s a so c ia
.
d i s ti n c t i o n , a n
p
ro a y
l
h i d i d u l w h w i l t t o u h t h e dead l
m l th w l th of t e n w a o n o c .

e e a
also i ndi cate s o r e o r e s s
218 Dagis .

an d t hi nks th at i t h as n o thin g in c
ommon wi t h K ol . K ola, th e
or di nar y n ame f o r any i n h a bi ta nt of K ulld, is a dis ti nc t w or d
f r o m K oli a n d wi th a di sti nc t mean i n g .

t
Th e n ame s K o li , D ag i, a nd Ch an al s e e m to be us e d t o de n ote almos

a ll th e low c a s t e s i n t h e hi l l s I n
. t h e m e di a n r a n g e s ,
s u ch a s t h o s e

of Ka n g ra p r o p e r , th e Koli an d Ch an al ar e o f high er s tatus t h a n

th e D agi , an d n ot v e r y mu ch l o w e r t h a n t h e K an e t a nd G h i r th
or lo w e st c ul tiv at in g c a ste s ; a n d p e r h a ps th e K oli may be sa id to
o cc upy a so m e wh at sup e r i or s i t i on to, a n d th e Ch an al v e r y much
p o

t h e same p os i t i o n a s, th e Ch ama r i n t h e pl a i n s, whil e t h e D ag i

corr esp o n d s mor e n e ar ly w i th t h e Ch i i h ra In K ullfi th e t h r e e w or ds
’

s e e m to be use d a l most i ndifi e r e n tly , a n d t o i n cl ud e n ot o nly t h e

l ow e st ca stes, but a l so me mb e r s of t h ose c aste s w h o h a v e ad o p te d
th e ur suit s of r e sp e c ta bl e a r ti san s T h e i n te r e st i n g q uo t a t ion s f r o m
.

S ir ame s Ly a ll giv e f ull d e t ail s o n t h e s ubj e c t E v e n in Ka n g ra

.

t h e di st i n c t i o n a pp e a r s d oub t ful . S ir J a me s Ly al l quot e s a t r a di t ion

which a ssign s a c ommon o r igin , f r om th e mar r i a g e o f a de mi -god
t o t h e da ugh t e r of a K ullfi d e mon , to t h e K a ne ts a n d D ag i s of

K u llfi, t h e l att e r h a vi n g b e c ome s e p ar a t e o wi n g to t h e i r a n c e st or

w h o ma r r i e d a Tib e ta n w o man , h a vin g t ak e n t o e a t i n g th e fl es h
o f t h e y a k, which , as a sor t of ox, i s sa c r e d to Hi n d us ; a n d
h e t hi n k s t h at th e st or y may p o i n t t o a mix e d M ugh a l an d Hin d u
d e sc e n t f or b ot h c a ste s A ga i n h e w r i te s
. Th e K ol i cl a ss i s
pr e t ty n ume r ous i n Rajgi r i on t h e n or t h e ast sid e o f p ar ga n a -

H ami r p ur lik e th e K an e t i t b e l on g s to t h e c o untr y to th e e a st o f

Kan gra pr op e r Ibe li e v e thi s cl a ss i s t r e at e d a s o ut c ast by oth e r
.

Hi n d us i n R ajgir i , t h ough n ot s o i n Bilaspur a n d o t h e r c o un t r i e s

“
to th e e a st . T h e cl a ss h a s se v e r a l t i me s a t te mp te d to g e t t h e K ato ch
Raj a to r e mo v e th e ban , but t h e n e g o ti at ion s h a ve f a ll e n t h ro ugh
“
b e c ause th e b r ib e o ffe r e d w a s n ot suffi ci e n t A mon g out c ast s th e .

Ch am ar s a r e , a s usual , th e mo st n ume r o us ”
Of p a r g an a Ka n g r a h e
.

“
w r i te s : Th e D agi s h a v e b e e n e n te r e d a s s e c ond -cl a s s G a d di s , but
t h e y p r op e r l y b e l on g t o a di ff e r e nt n a t i on a li ty , a n d b e a r th e s ame
r e lat i o n t o t h e K a n e t s o f B a n gah a l t h a t th e S e i s, B adi s a n d H ali
p , s

(al so cl a ds se as s e c d cl
o n -
as s G ddi s) do to t h e fi r s t cl a ss G a ddi s
a - ”
.

So t h a t i t w o uld a p p e ar th a t D agi s a r e mor e c o mmon in Kan g ra

pr op e r , an d Ko li s t o t h e e a st of th e v all e y ; a n d t h a t t h e l a t t e r a re
ou tc a st w hi le t h e f or me r cl a i m ki n shi p wi t h t h e K a n e t (K an gra .
,

S e ttlemen t R ep or t, 6 7 , p p 6 5 an d b 2 1 1 3 s h o w s t h a t in K u lli i a t
.
’

l e ast th e D agi i s n o t a c a st e ) Hali i s th e n am e g iv e n i n Ch amb a

.
-
,

t o D ag i o r Ch an al ; a n d th e Hali s a r e a lo w c a st e , m uch a bo v e
th e D fimn a an d p e r h ap s a li tt l e a b ov e t h e Ch a ma r , w h o do all so r ts
of me n i a l w o r k a n d a r e v e r y l ar g e ly e mploy e d in t h e fi e ld s Th e y .

will not i n t e r marr y wi t h th e Ch amar S e e a l so K OLI .

.

Th e l at e Mr A A n d e r so n , h o w e v e r , w r o te as t o th e i d e n t i ty o f D agi
. .

I l
’

an d Ch a n al n K a lii p r o e r t h e r e ar e n o Ch a n al s t h
p a t i s , th e r e a r e
,

n on e .
w h o o n b e i n g as k e d t o wh a t cas te t h e y b e l on g wi l l an s w e r t h a t
t h e y a r e Ch an ale
-
bu t th e y will d e s c r ib e t h e ms e lv e s as D agi Ch a n al -
s
or K o l i -
Ch a n al s ,
a n d m e n o f t h e s ame f a mili e s as t h e s e D agi - Ch a al
n s
K li -Ch a n al s will a s o f t e n me r e ly de s c r ib e t e ms e
o r o h lv e s a s D ag i s o r
-

K oli s In K ulhi D agi , Holi , an d Ch an al me an v e r y n e a r ly th e s ame

.
’

t hi n g ,
b u t t h e w or d K 0 1 1 i s m ore c o mmon i n S ar a j and C h a al
n is
220 D aht ma
’
—D alwy d.
'

D ani k a, p of Br ah mans, found in Hi ssar

a gr ou .

D AHIY A—(l) A J at t r ib e foun d o n th e no r t h -e a s t e r n b or d e r o f th e s amp l a

a n d th e a dj oi n i n g p or t i o n o f t h e S o n e pat t ah si l s o f R o h t a k a n d D e lh i .

Th e y cl a i m t o be d e sc e n d e d f r om D a hl a t h e o n ly son o f a Ch au ban ,

Raj p ut n a me d Ma n ik R a i by a Bh ap k a r J at w om a n Th i s is p r ob ably , .

t h e Man ik R a i Ch a u b an w h o f o un d e d H an s i A n o t h e r a cc o un t m a k e s .

t h e ir an c e s to r D h adh i j s on o f H a r i a H ar pal s n o P i t i Raj a

o f r h ,
*
,
.

A not h e r t r a di t i o n d e r iv e s t h e name D a hiya f r om D a dh r ér a a V i ll a g e ,

i n Hi ss ar whic h i t t h us ma k e s t h e s t ar t i n g pl a ce (m kas ) o f th e t r ib e
'

.
,

Th e D a hiya is o n e o f t h e 36 r o y al t r ib e s o f Ra j p ut s wh o s e o r i g i na l ,

h o me w as a b o ut t h e c o nfl ue n c e o f t h e S utl e j w i t h th e I n d us Th e y .

ar e p oss ibly t h e D ah i ae o f A l e x an d e r .

(2) A f a c t io n o pp ose d t o t h e A h filana sa id t o be n ame d a f t er th e

, ,

D a hiya Ja ts Th e se t w o f a c ti on s a r e f oun d i n K ar al a s w e ll a s in D e lhi

. ai
,

T h e A h ii lau a fa c t i o n i s h e a d e d by t h e G h a t w al o r M a la k
’

a n d R h ta k o .

J e ts w h o se h e a d qu a r te r s ar e D h e r k a A h i i lan a i n G o ha n a a n d w h o
’
- - -
, ,

w e r e o w i n g t o t h e ir s u cc e s s f u l o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e R a j p u t s t h e a cc e p t e d
, ,

h e a d s of t h e J ats i n t h e s e p ar t s S om e o n e o f t h e e m pe r o r s c a lle d .

t h e m i n t o ass i s t h im i n c o e r ci n g t h e M an d a ha r Raj u t s a n d t h us t h e
p ,

o ld e n mi t y w a s s t r e n g t h e n e d T h e D a h iya Ja ts g r o w i n g p o w e r f ul .
, ,

b e c a me j e al o u o f t h e sup r e ma cy o f t h e G h a t w als a n d j o i n e d t h e
s

Ma n da h ar s a g a in s t t h e m T h us t h e c o un t r y s id e w a s divi de d i n t o t w o .

f a c t i o n s ; t h e G li jar s a n d T a ga s o f t h e t r a ct t h e J ag lan Ja ts o f th a p a ,

N a ul t h a a n d th e b a t mar Ja ts o f Ro h t a k j o i n i n g t h e D a h iy as a n d t h e
, ,

Hii da Ja ts o f R oh t a k a nd mo s t o f t h e Ja ts o l t h e t r a c t e xc e p t t h e
’

J ag lau j o i ni n g th e A h ii lan a s In t h e Mut i ny di s t ur ba n c e s t o o k l a c e

’

s
p .
, ,

i n t h e Ro h ta k D i s t r i ct be t w e n th e s e t w o f a ct i o n s a n d t h e Ma n da h ar s e
,

o f t h e Na vd a k r a v a g e d t h e A h ii lan a s i n t h e s ou t h o f th e
’

t ra ct The , .

D a hiya i s a l s o ca ll e d t h e J at a n d o cc as i o n a lly t h e M a n d ha r f a ct i o n , a .

l h e J a ts a n d Raj p ut s s e e m i n d p e n de n t ly o f t h e se d i vi s i o n s to
’ ‘
, e
,

c on sid e r e a c h o th e r t r i ba ll y s p e a ki n g a s n a t ur a l e n e mi e s Thi s
, , .

di vi sio n r un s r igh t t h r oug h S o n e pa t a n d mo r e f a i n tly t h r o ugh D e lhi

t a h s il a n d i s s o fi r ml y r o o t e d i n t h e p o p ul a r m i n d t h a t M uh a m ma d an s
,

e v e n cl as s t h e mse lv e s w i t h o n e o r t h e o th e r p a r t y T h us t h e Mu h a m .

m a d a n G ii j a r s o f Pa n ch i G uj r an c al l t h e ms e lv e s D a h i as a n d so do
’

y
a ll t h e n e ig h b o u r i n g vill a g e s .

In D e h i th e e g e nd i s th at Har i a Har p a , e i n g de fe ate d i n at t e by t h e ki n o f D e h i

l l l b b l l
g
l l
took r e fug e i n a one y f or e st w hi ch f r om th e n um er o f i ts t r e e s h e ca e d Ban a uta —n o w b ll
cor r up t d i to B ar a u t a — i n Roh tak T h e r e h e r u e d and h i s s on D h adh i af te r h i m D h ad i l ’

e n
j h j
’
.
.

one day i n h unti ng ch ance d up o n a ce r tai n p ond o r t ank n e ar Po g t h ali i n th e s ame di s tr i

ct
w h e r e th e Mt w ome n h ad come t og e th e r to g e t th e i r dr i n k i ng w ate r J us t t h e n a man
cam e out of th e i ag e e adi ng a v ll l
uff a o ca f w i th a r o e to th e
p b l
p on d t o g i e i t w a te r
.

Th e
-
l v
l
a ni ma e i t h e r f r o m f r ig h t or f r o i c l b v
.

o un de d aw ay f r om th e h an d o f i ts o w n e r
and h e g a e
v b
Ne i g h our s j oin e d i n th e p ur sui t , w h i ch w as n e e i th e le s s un u v
.

ch as e but i n ai n .

s cce s sf u , l
til th e ani ma i n i ts h e adI
l l
O n g fli g h t came acr oss t h e
p ath of a J ei t n i g oi ng a ong w i th w o l
l l
t

h a s o f w a t e r on h e r h e ad S h e q ui e t y p ut o ut h e r f oo t on th e r o e w
g a r r
p h i ch w as t r ai in
g
l
a ong t h e g r ound n a d s to d
o fi r m u de r t h e s t r a in w h i ch t h e i m e tus o f
n
p t h e f ug’ i ti e g a e v v
l
Th e ca f w as caug h t , an d D h adh i j oo k ing on Wi th a dmi r ati on , e came e namg
’

l u o f th e
b m
l
s ta w ar t co me i ne s s o f i ts cap to r l S uch a w i f e h e sai d mus t ne e ds e a r a s t
r ong r ace o f
.
.
, b
b
sons to h e r h us and an d t h at h us and n o t w i th s tan di ng th e f act o f h e r a r
, b
e ady e i ng
, l b
marr i e d h e i ci th Wi th de te r mi ne d to h e hi ms e f By a mi xtur e o f caj o e r
y t h r e ats e mi l . l i
m ak i ng h e o tai ne d 11 1 3 de si r e
— band th e J at ni mar r i e d th e
g i f t-
K s h a tr i p r i ce By h e r n
S a h i a a nd J a ls a v
. ’ ’

h e h ad th r e e s ons D h a dh i j g a e h i s n ame t o th
’

e D ah i y as and
, .

l v
h i s ch i dr e n sp r e ad o e r th e nei g h o uri ng t r acts di i di ng th e country e tw e e n b v b
j
,
‘
lv
Te a s de s ce ndants i e i n R oh tak S ah Ja s p ar t y in R oh t ak an d p ar t y i n 1 2 vil a es
.
'

l l l
d l d
'
d lv g
l
.

of D e lhi w hi e J a i sa s e e e u an t s i e i n R oh tak and i n 16 vil

ag e s i n D elhi .
 D ah ko —D alo .
221
Th e
Ah filan a t radi t i o n t r a c e s t h e i r or igin to Raj u tana Th e i r
p .

a n c e sto r w a s c o mi n g D e lhi -w ar d s w i t h h is b r o th e r s Mom an d S

, om, in
s e a r ch o f a l i v e lih o o d Th e y quar r e ll e d o n th e r o a d a n d h a d a d e a dl y
.

figh t on t h e b a nks o f t h e G ha ta n a ddi Mom a n d som, w h o w e r e o n

.
.

o n e S i d e , kill e d t h e ir ki n sm a n a n d G a me o v e r t o D e lhi t o t h e ki n g h
t e re
w h o r e c e iv e d t h e m w i t h f a v o ur a n d g a v e t h e m l a nd s : t o 86 111 t h e r
t act
a c r o s s t h e G a n g e s wh e r e h is d e s c e n da n t s n o w liv e a s Raj a t s Mom w as
p .

s e n t t o R o h ta k, a n d h e is n o w r e p r e s e n t e d b t h e Ja ts t h e r e a s w e ll
y
a s in Han s i an d J i n d T h e Ro h t a k p a r ty h a d t h e i r h e a d qu a r t e r s a t
. -

A h filan a i n t h at di st r ic t, a n d t h e n c e o n a c co un t o f i n te m a l ua r r e l s
q
t h e y s p r e a d t h e ms e lv e s i n di ff e r e n t di r e c t io n s s o me c o m i n g i n t o th e
,

D e lhi dis tr ic t .

D AHKo , a J at cl an (a gr ic u l t ur al ) f o un d i n Mul tan .

D A HL O Li , a J at cl an (a gr ic ul t u r a l ) f o un d i n Mul t an .

D AHO, a J at cl a n (a g r icu l t ur al ) f oun d i n M ul ta n .

D AHOKA , a Kh ar r a l cl a n (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) f o un d i n M o n tg o me r
y .

D AHON ,
a J at cl an (a g r ic ul tu r a l ) f o un d i n A mr i ts a r .

BAB OND A, a J at cl a n (a gr ic ul t ur al ) foun d in Mul ta n .

D A HR AL A , a J at cl a n (a g r ic ul tura l ) fo un d i n Mul t a n .

D ABR i J A, cl an (a gr ic u l t u r a l ) f o un d in Mul tan

a J at .

D Ai R ,
a J at cl an (a g r ic ul tur a l ) f ou n d i n M ul ta n .

e un d e r B r a h m a n
D AR , D A R AU T D A K O T RA : s e, .

"

D AL , a cl a n (a gr ic ul t ur al ) f o u n d in M ul tan
J at .

D AL AL a J at tr ib e f o u n d i n R oh t a k
,
It cl ai m s Ra t h o r Raj put or igi n a n d its
.
,

t r a di t i o n s say t h a t 28 g e n e r a t io n s a go o n e D h an n a R a o s e ttl e d at
, ,

S ila ut h i a n d m a r ri e d a Ba dg ii jar J at w o m a n o f S a n kh a nl n ea r
’

Ba hadur gar h by w h o m h e h a d f o ur so n s — D i lle D e sa l Man an d

, , ,

S ahi y a * F r om t h e s e s p r a n g t h e f o u r cl an s o f D a le] D e s w é l Man a n d

.
, ,

S e w ag i J é ts w h o do n o t i n t e r m a r y o n e wi t h a n o t h e r
’

,
T h e D a lals a r e
r .

h e r e ditar y e n e mi e s of t h e D a hiya Ja ts .

D aL LNi a J at cl a n (a g r ic ul tu r a l ) f o un d in M ul ta n
,
.

D A L E L a D o g a r cl an (a g r ic ult ur a l ) f o u n d i n A m r i t sar
,
.

D AL E o a s ma ll J at cl a n foun d i n L udhia n a Th e y say t h a t J a gde o h a d fi ve

, ,
.

so n s : D a l e o lle w al Ul a k ( A ul a k ) Malan g h i a n d P a m a r
, ,
No w Raj a , .

Ja il Pa n g a l p ro mi s e d a Bh atn i K a n g a li by n a me 1 0 t i me s a s muc h , ,

l a r ge ss e a s J a gde o g a v e h e r But Ja gd e o cut o ff h i s h e ad Th e . .

Bh atn i h o w e v e r st u ck i t o n a ga i n
, ,
S ti ll e v e r s i n c e t hi s cla n h a s h a d
.
,

s m a l l n e ck s

D A L L AWAL IA t h e ei g h t h o f th e Sikh mi s ts o r c o n fe d e r a ci e s w hich w as

, ,

r e c r u i t e d f r o m Ja ts .

cl g ic l t a l ) f o u nd i n M ulta n
D A L O D
,
A L O t w o i
() t J,
a a n s ( a r u u r .

ll
O r D e a, D e e u , Mi n a n d S e w a w e r e t h e s o n s of K h o k h ar , a Ch aub an Béi p ut w h o
m ar r i e d a J at w i f e , acco r di n g t o t h e J i n d acco un t .

90 r Baw a l i n J i nd .

t eilaug.
222 D amaxi —D ar é gar .

i n th e Si ml a Hill S tate s, who do t ailor s w or k, and

’
D AMAI, a Gur k h a c anl
ar e t h oug h t
ve r y a lo w c a s t e .

D A MM A B m
( ) a t r
,
ib e o f Ja
. t s o r igi n a lly c all e d L ar i mm ig r a n t s f r o m Si n d
, , .

Th e y a ff e c t th e Si n dhi t i tl e of J am a n d cl a i m t o be s up e r i or to ot h e r
Ja ts i n th a t t h e y do not mar ry d a ugh te r s o ut s id e t h e t r ib e but t h e
r ul e i s o f t e n b r o k e n .

Bar man a Raj p ut c la n (a gr ic ul tur a l ) foun d in A mr i tsar

,
.

( o un d i n M ul t a n (i t l
DA N D I (i ) a ,
J at cl a n a g r ic ul tur al
) f ) a s o a S any a s i ,

s ub o r d e r - .

D A ND IA L , an a g r icu l t ur al clan f oun d in Shahp ur .

D A ND IWAL , a J at cl a n , c la i m i n g Ch auh an de s c e n t, which e migr at e d f r o m

D e lhi vi a J a i s almi r t o Sir s a f o un d i n Hi s s a r , a n d a l so i n J i n d S t a t e .

In t h e l at t e r i t a ff e c t s t h e j a th er a a n d j un di an w o r s hip , a nd h as a s i t s
’

si dh a Pir wh o se s h ri ne i s a t Be luw ala, in B r i t i sh le r r i to r y A t th e

' ‘

bir th o f a so n , t h e y offe r to hi s s a madh a pi e c e of gm, 3 r up e e a n d .

so me cl o th which a r e t a k e n by a B r a h ma n .

BAHGARAH, ( g raic u l t ur a l )
J at c lan f o u nd i n M ul ta n
a .

co w p e o pl e : ( z) a s ma ll t r i b e
’
D y
Al G A R IK li t , .
- c o n fi ne d to f o u r vill ages i n ,

Chi t r al an d sa id t o sp e a k a l an g ua ge c ogn a t e w i th Shi n a T h ough .

lon g s i n c e co n v e r t e d t o I sla m th e n ame D a n ga r i k w oul d s e e m to s h o w ,

t h a t t h e y w e r e Hi n d us o r i g i na lly i
( )i a t e r m a ppli e d t o a ll t h e Shi n a
s p e a ki n g pe o pl e o f Chi t r al a n d t h e I n d us Kohi st an g e n e r a ll y ,

b e c ause o f th e p e c uli ar a v e r s i o n o f th e S a m e which i s only s h are d ,

b y t h e D a nga r i k s a n d Kala s h K afi r s for t h e co w a nd d o mes t ic f ow ls , .

Bi ddulp h s Tr i bes of th e Hi n doo K oos h pp 6 4 an d 1 1 3

’
.
, .

D ance an Ar ai u cl an (ag r ic ult ural) fo un d i n A mr i tsar

, .

D anna —se e War g ar a .

DANWA B, Jat cl a n (a gr ic ul t ur al ) f ou n d in Mul ta n

a .

BaoL i a hill c a st e of B dmn a s tat us w h o w o r k f o r g o ld i n s tr e ams i n th e low

,

hill s a b o ut U n a) i n t h e hi gh hill s Ka ng ra ) c alle d S a n soi ,

a n d c o r r e s p on di n g t o t h e Kh i r s w h o a r e t h e go l d w o r k e r s o f t h e p l a i n s
.

Cf daul a da ul a a w a s h e r f o r gold
. , , .

D A BAH, a Do g ar cl an (a g r ic ul tur a l) fo un d in A mr i t sar .

D ARA IN D R EN se e Malléh
, , .

D ABD a t e r m ap p li e d by th e M AIR to t h e t r ib e s of t h e I nd us K o hi s t an w h o
,

liv e o n th e l e f t b an k o f t h at r ive r : Biddulp h s Tr i bes of the Hi n doo

'
’

K oos h p 1 2 , . .

D LRGABE w oo de n b ow l mak e r s se e Chi tr ali

, , .

D ABGH a J at cl an (a g r ic ul t ur al ) f oun d in M ul t a n
, .

DAROL D ABOLi a se p t o f R ajp ut s de s c e n d e d f r om Mian K e l a a so n o f

, ,
,
S an gar Ch an d 1 6 t h R aj a o f K ah li r , .

Ila a
'
r o cm r ca r p e n t e r s i n th e v all e y b e l o w
, Chi tr al an d i n th e G il gi t an d
, ,

In d us vall e y s : se e Chi tr ali .

Dfi g fi e m a m a,k e r o f g un p o wd e r T h i s t e r m an d i t s s no n ms i n cl ude
y y
.

var ious caste s alw ay s Muh ammadans .

 224 Th e Daadp otm s .

D afiD POTaA - Th e se p t to which b e l on g s th e r uli ng f a mily o f B ah aw al p ur

.
.

d i nd
It a ms t o be A
cl i bba ss i * a n s p r a c t ic a lly c o n fi n e d t o B a ha w a lp u r a

t h e n e ighb o ur i n g p o r t i o n s o f M ul t a n , p ar t o f which w a s o n c e i n cl ud e d
i n t h a t S ta t e .

T h e D afi dp o t r a se p t s t r ac e th e i r de s c e n t fr o m M u h a mm a d Kha n I I,
A bba si , 1 0 th i n d e sc e n t f ro m D a ud Kh an I M uh amma d Kha n II h ad .

th r e e s on s
’

(1 ) F i r o z o r Pi r fij Kha n (2) A r ib (o r A r a b ) Kh an a n c e s t or o f th e , ,

A r ba n i s e p t a n d (3) Ye a h Kha n a n c e st or o f t h e Isban i o r Hi sban i s e p t

, ,
.

T h e d e s c e n da n t s o f Pi r fij Kha n ar e k n o w n a s Pi r j ani s F i r o z an i s o r ,

Pir Pir jan is a n d t o t hi s s e p t b e l o n g s t h e f a mily o f t h e Na w ab s o f

B aha w a l pur A s ub s e p t of th e Pi r jan is i s c all e d Sh am a n i f r o m Sh ah
.
-
,

M uh a mm a d Kha n .

T h e A r banis h a v e fiv e sub s e p t s : Mfisani R uk h a n i o r R uk r ani -

, ,

R ahman i J a m br ani a n d Bh in br an i a ll de sc e n d e d f r o m e p o n y ms (M us a
, ,

K h an ,
T h e M as an i h a ve a n offs h oo t c a ll e d K a n da n i Th e .

Isban i s h a v e n o s ub s e pt s - .

A l ar ge n um b er o f sub s e p t s al s o cl a i m t o be D audp o tr a t h ou gh t h e y -

a r e n o t d e s c e n d e d fr o m M uh am ma d Kha n I I Th u s t h e A ch r an i s cl ai m .

d e s c e n t f r om A ch a r a s on of K e h r K e h r w a s b r ot h e r t o th e w if e of
,
.

Ch anni Khan f ath e r o f D a dd K h an I a n d f oun d e d th e K e h r an i se p t,

, ,

which h as se v e n ma i n b r an ch e s
A ch r ani .

H a lan i .

Bakh sh an i .

J a m an i .

Mun dh an i . Th e se five ar e kn ow n f '

c oll e c t iv e ly as P an j -par e .

M a r uf an i .

T a yy i ban i .

A b e r of o th e r s e p ts a l so cl ai m t o be D afidpo tr a but th e i r cl a ims

num ,

a r e o f t e n ob s c ur e di sp ut e d o r cl e ar ly u nt e n abl e S uch ar e th e N oh an i
, .
,

Z or a i a K ar a n i (w h o cl a i m t o be K e h r ani s ) R o n jh a o r R a n fih ja (a s e p t
, ,

o f t h e S amm a s ) a n d Ch a n d r a n i (w h o i n t e r m ar r y wi t h t h e A r ba n i e a n d
,

t h e r e f o r e a r e p r e sum e d t o be A r b an i e ) T h e Wi sr an i IM ulan i .
, ,

Th fimr a § Wi dan i, Kal r a J bun r i Bh a nbh an i H a k r a a n d K a t ball

, l ar e, , ,
-

s p ur i o us D afidp o t ra s .

F or th e or i gin of th i s ti t e s ee th’ e Ba h aw a lp ur G a ze tte er l

j
.

+ p
. ar e i s s a i
.
d t o m e an -f o d
, b ut cf l
th e Pan p ar e among th e Pat hans, a s o the .
-
i l
Panj ao of Multan
p b
- .

le A r a n an d I sh am D aadp o t r a s do n ot r e cog ni s e th e Wi sr ani s Th e f or mer de c ar e l

1 T i .

t h at four f am i li e s of t h e A r a ( q a ) tr i e mi r ate d f r om Wi sar w ah i n S in dh i n th e ti me

b . . b
o f Naw a b
Muh ammad Bah aw a K h an 1 1 l
h e A r as g a e one daugh te r i n mar ri a g e . b v
l l
to Ba aw a Khan, Pi rj ani , a s e cond t o an A r ani f ami y , and a thi r d to an Isb zmi b l
.
’

an d ask e d th e i r s on s ind aw to admi t th e m among th e Dafi dp otr as , so that th e mi ht

-

y g
l vl
be e nti t e d to all th e p ri i eg e s w hi ch th e D afi dp o tr as e n oy e d Thi s w as g r ante d and th ey j
W
.

l udp otr as fr om Wi sh arw ah )

.

l a
fi
we e r c a le d i s r a ni .

i T h e stor y g oe s ti at once uh amm ad Bah aw a Kh an I I Ib e j j sue d t o se i l

dga thg
f
Kl arola w i th h is h e ad sha e d A sh a en h e ad eing g ene r alli ook e d dowt v . v ’
b il
N aw a r e b m ar k e d i n 8 111 t ( wh i ch h e a w ay s S p oke ), h o d i sso them, ‘
l
ook at th at ba d l l
he ad, and so th ey w e re n i ck name d Th umr a Th e y ar e rea y Kh arolas (con e r te d sw e ep e r s)
’ -
. ll v
by caste .
Originall y J at s of low status (the r e i s s til a s e p t of Moh anas w hi ch i s kn own b
y
l
v
thi s nam e ) Th e y gi e th e i r daugh ter s i n marri ag e to anv tri e whi le the D ti fidp otraa
. b
i f r mi ng allian ces
.

ar e parti cularly str ict n o .

 D dadzai —Daw m’ c . 225

F or f ull cc o unt of th e D aii dpo t r a p t s wh ose mod e r n d e ve l op

’

a a se ,
me n t s l l u s t r a t e t h e f o r ma t i o n o f a
i t r ib e by de sce n t affi l ia t io n and ,

fic ti on r e f e r e n c e mus t be m ad e t o t h e Ba haw a lpur G a ze tte er

, .

D Afl DZ A l — T h e F a thali tr ib e wh ich o cc u pi e s th e l e f t b a n k o f t h e Kab ul r iv e r a s

.

f a r do w n a s i t s Ju n c t i on w i t h t h e Ba r a Lik e t h e M o h m an d t h e D afidz ai . ,

ar e de s c e n d e d f r o m D a ul a ty a r s o n o f G h o r a i t h e p r o g e n i tor o f th e , ,

G h or ia K h e l Ba ti d h a d t h r e e s o n s M a n dk a i Mamii r an d Yti s uf
’ ’ ’

.
, , , ,

f r o m w h o m a r e de s ce n d e d t h e m a i n s e c t i o n s o f th e t r ib e Man dk ai .

h a d t h r e e s o n s H u sa i n Ne k a i a n d Bal o o f w h o m onl y t h e fi rst is

, , , ,

r e p r e s e n t e d i n P e s h aw ar N e k a i fl e d i n to Hi n dfi s tan w h il e Bal o s f e w .

,
’

d e s c e n da n t s liv e i n p ar ts of Ti r ah Kal i d i A f ghan i pp 1 6 7, 1 6 8, 17 9, .

- -
, .

1 82 A N p i iii
. . .
,
. .
,
.

D AIIL a J at cl an (a g r ic ul tur al ) fo un d i n A mr i tsar

’

.
,

D A U L A a n A r ai n cl an (a g r ic ul tur a l ) f o un d i n M o n t gome r y
, .

D A U L AT K a ra — O e n o f t h e f o u r g r e a t t r ib e s o f t h e L o ha n i P at ha n s * w h i ch
a b o ut t h e b e gi n n i n g o f th e 1 7 t h c e n tu r y d r o v e t h e Ma r w a ts a n d M i an
Kh e l o ut o f T a n k Th e i r p r i n c ip a l cl a n w as t h e K at ti Kh e l ; a n d un de r
.

h
t e i r chi e f K a t al Kha n t h e D a u l a t Kh e l r ul e d Tan k i n D e r a I sma i l
,
,

Khan a n d w e r e n um e r ou s a n d p o w e r f u l a bo ut th e m iddl e o f t h e 1 8th

,
c e n t ur y Th e y a cc om p an i e d t h e D ur r an i i n t o Hi n dii s t an a n d bro ugh t
’

. ,

b a ck m u ch w e a l th Bu t s i n c e t h a t t i me t h e Bh itann i a nd o t h e r t r ibe s
.

v
ha e e n c r o a c h e d a n d t h e y a r e n o w
,
s m a ll a n d f e e bl e T h e N a w a b of .

Tan k th e p r i n ci pa l ) dgi i dar o f t h e D i s t r i ct i s a K a tt i Kh e l R a ve r ty

'
*
.
,
,

d e s cr ib e d t h e m a s i ldts o r n o ma d s d w e lli n g t o th e n o r t h o f t h e S ule i man

R a n g e f r o m Ba r a li a n t o w n on t h e e a s t t o t h e b or d e r s of G h a z n i o n th e
w e s t al on g t h e ba n k s o f th e G o m a l e a ch cl a n un d e r t h e n om i n al r ul e
,
,

m li k T h gh t h i i n ci a l w e a l th c o n s i s t e d i n fl o cks
o f i ts o w n a o u e r
p r .
p
an d
h d
er s t e h y w e r e e n g a g e d i n t r a d e i m p o r t i n g h o r s e s f r o m P e r sia
,

a n d maj i th a
i n t o Hi n d u s t a n a n d t a ki n g b ac k w i t h t h e m
, p i e c e g oo d s -

an d o t h e r m e r c h a n di s e f o r s a l e i n Kab u l a n d K a n d aha r Th e y u se d to .

a y a s kr o r t i th e t o t h e dy n a s t y a t Kab u l b u t w e re n ot li abl e to ,
p
f ur ni s h t r o o p s .

( g ic u l t u r a l ) f o u n d in M o n t g o m e r y
D AU LEK E a Kh a r r a l cl a n a r .

D anna, a me sse n g er c f . Ba la h ar .

D AU R I, s ee D aw ai i '
.

cl u m b e r i ng s o me 7 00 figh t i n g me n which
D AU TA N NI D OT A NNI a P a th a a n n n , ,

W
, ,

v ll y d h c b t h z i r i h ill s
in h a bi t s t h e w a n e a e a n t e o u n t r y e t w e e n e a

Th i l d c m t iv ly f e r t il e g r o w i n g r ic e
a n d t h e G i i ma l
o a e
’
a r
e r a n s a r e
p ,

W
.

c l Th y o n g o o d t e r m s w i t h t h e a z i r s a n d ar e w e ll
and e e
r a s e a r e .
,

t o do c a r r yi n g o n a p
- r o fi t a b le t r a d e w i t h B o kha ra Th e y b r i n g d ow n .

ch a km d h m s Th e y h a v e t h re e k i r r i s i n B r i t i s h
os t in s as a n c a r .

p , ,
Ka i i ld A b t h i r d of
d i h h i t
t e r r i tor y n e a r Ka t mala
t a o u a
,
n a a n n e r q .

f l k d h v k i i T h e y o w n a b o u t c a m e l s
m k fil
’

e n o r r s
h n
.

t e ar e a a o a a .

Th e y l e a v e t h e i r fl o ck s b e hi n d i n t h e hill s Th e y c ome a nd g o a l on g .

wi th t h e Mi an K h e ls t h o ugh fo r mi n g se p a r a t e c a r a va n s ,
.

— i N
D AWAR I
Livir n g o n t h e f e r t il e a ll uvi um o f t h e T o chi v a l le y
t
n
c l
or

t
t h e r h Wa z r st
i i a D r i s h a ve n c t y o u i
n t h e D a w a r i s o r a u
,
o n e e s s i

ed th at tri be
ll
R ea y o nl y a cl of th Mi mi an e Kh i l ,
th e D 3 i . l at Khe l p r actica lly a bs o r
b
and g av e i ts o w n n ame to i t .
226 d o mi s ep ts .

v at e v e r y str e nuously o r t o mi g r a t e H e n c e t h e y ar e l acki n g i n .

ili y i
m ta r s p r t u i * t r i s i n g a n d h o me st a y i n g a n d a D aw a r i e v e n -
n e n e r
p ,
, ,

wh e n o u tl a w e d wil l n ot r e ma i n aw a y f r om t h e v a ll e y f or mor e t h a n
,

a c ou l e o f y e ar s
p .

Th ei r d e sce nt i s th us giv e n
DA WA R , E PONY M .

Malli z ai .

fi
d N n!

fi
g
0
r o o

a s s a g e s s s s s
m
m fi e m m M S g S m fi m
g: 1 H H
fi
‘3
a g g p s m a a s
5
3 N
8
'

a 3 8
‘

Q E m ui
ca m
m
els

n -
g
2:

Th er e ar e a l so tw o di s c on n e ct e d se c ti o n s M a l a kh a n d A mzon i Th e , .

Id a k s ub se ct i o n al so d oe s n o t cl a i m d e s c e nt f r o m e i t h e r o f t h e m a i n
-

b r an ch e s T h e M al a kh a r e a m i x e d divi si o n i n cl udi n g t h e M uh a m ma d
.
,

Kh e l Id a k Kh e l Pa i Kh e l D ih g a n s L a n d Boy a an d G h a zl a m a i
, , , , .

Th e l a t te r se pt i n cl u de s t h r e e o r f u r S ayyid h o u se s wh i ch cl a i m o

d e sc e n t f r o m D a n gar sahib Th e D ih g a n s a r e q ui te a di s t i n c t s e p t .
,

c o m i n g f r o m A f gha n i s t a n T h e o r i g i n o f t h e M a l a kh i s th e c o mmo n
.

A f gha n s to r y o f a f o un dli n g S o m e D ur r an i s a b a n d on e d a boy i n a .

bo x a n d a s D an g ar Pi r fo un d h i m h e b r o u gh t h i m u p c all i n g h i m
, ,

M ala kh b e c a us e h e w a s go o d l oo ki n g -
.

T h e A m z on i c o m p r i s e t h e f oll o w i n g s e p ts z— Chi t o n U mar z ai K ur v i , ,

K all a R a gh z i K a ll a U r m ur K a i la A h m a d Kh e l A li Kh e l Fa t h Kh e l ,
, , , , ,

Ba i Kh e l Kh a t t i K alle Kh a r r i K a ll a a n d A gh z a n K a ll a
, , .

A mz o u th e a n c e s to r o f t h e s e s e p t s i s s a id t o h a v e b e e n a Sh a mm a i
, ,

K h o s t w al w h o m i x e d w i t h t h e D aw a r i s But th e F a t h Kh e l a nd Ba l .

Kh e l a r e k n o w n t o be Wa z i r s a n d t h e U r m ur K a lla a r e by or igi n ,

U r m ur s o f Ka n ig ur a m .

Th e D a r p a Kh e l con s i s t o f D ar p a K h e ls Pa n a k z a i an d Kh o zi a n d o f , ,
t h e s e t h e Pa n a k z ai s a r e Mo mi t Kh e l D aw a r i s w hil e t h e K h o z is a r e
A kh un ds A s r e g a r d s D a r p a Kh e l hi m s e l f i t i s s a id t h a t h e w as a
.
.

K h o s t w a l but o t h e r s sa y t h a t h e w a s a D um o f T a n i s
, .

T h e Id a k s ub s e c t i o n i s c om p o s e d o f t h r e e
-
di fl e r e n t s e p ts ’
,
Ta r i t a s M a di r a a n d M a ll e K h e ls w h o a gr e e d t o se tt l e i n on e vill a g e
, , ,

on t h e I
;

d day w h e n ce t h e v ill a g e w a s n a m e d Id a k
, T h e Ma lli Kh e l .

a r e T ur i s t h e Ta r i t a s a r e Kh a r ot i s
, w hil e t h e Ma di r as ar e K a t t i K h e ls , .

The Isor i d to be K h a t tak s Of t h e H a s s u Kh e l t h e Shi n ki

ar e s t a t e .

,
Kh e l a r e t h e o ff sp r i n g o f a b a by fo un d n e a r th e S hi n ki K O t a l o r p a ss
Th e Mo s akk i s ar e s a id t o be B an g a s h H a id a r R b e ls
.

U r muz an d .

But t o t h i s r u e t h e Ma a k h f o r m a n
l l e xce p t i o n , b ei much li ke t h e Wa zi r s l
it
ng
, p as t o r a ,
mg
i r at or y an d n o t k e e pi n g t h e i r w om e n l
s e c ude d.
228 d mm a rr i a
g e .

p ar en ts ar e a gr e e d th at t h e i r son a n d daugh te r r e sp e c t ive ly ar e s ui te d , ,

a n d sh all be ma r r i e d a da y i s fix e d a n d t h e b r id e g r o o m s ki n s m e n g o
’
,

t o t h e b r i de s g uar di a n s h o us e t aki n g w i t h t h e m s h e e p r ic e a n d
’ ’
,
’
R s 30 Kab uli wi th W hich t o f e a s t t h e b r id e s r e l a t iv e s a n d f r i e n ds
.
.

Th e mar r i a g e c o n tr a c t i s t h e n r a t ifi e d t h e t w o y o un g p e opl e a r e ,

f o r mally b e t r o t h e d an d t h e p r ic e t o be p a i d by t h e b r id e gr oom f r t h e
,
o
’
br id e i s fix e d Th e b r id e s g ua r di an s m ay a s k a n y p r ic e t h e y lik e a s
.
,

t h e r e i s n o fix e d s c al e o f p r ic e s in D a w a r a n d u n l e s s t h e g ua r di a n s a r e ,

a me n a bl e a n d r e mi t a p or ti o n o f th e mon e y d e m an de d t h e s u m d e man d e d ,

by th e m fo r t h e gi r l m ust be paid Th e p r ic e t h us pa id i s ta k e n by th e .

gir l s guar di a n w h o i s of c o urs e h e r f a t h e r i f aliv e —i f n o t h e r b r o t h e r

’
, , ,

a n d if sh e h a s n o b r o t h e r t h e n by t h e r e l a t i o n w h o i s by c us t o m h e r
,
*
w ar ts . T h e gu ar di an h o w e v e r so m e t i m e s giv e s a por t i o n o f t h e p r ic e
, ,

t o t h e gi r l t o fi t h e r s e l f o u t w i t h o r n a me n t s e t c S o me f e w y e a r s a g o a ,
.

d e te r m i n e d e ff o r t w a s ma de by t h e ma li ks an d mu lla h s o f L o w e r D ew ar
to h a v e t h e p r ic e of gi r l s in D a w a r fix e d a t R s 200 f o r a vi r gi n a n d .

R s 1 00 f or a widow
. Thi s t h e y di d b e c a u se t h e y t h o u gh t t h a t man y
.

D aw a r i s w e r e pr e v e n t e d f ro m m ar r yi n g o wi n g t o t h e hi g h p r ic e s de ~

ma n de d by guar di a n s w hi ch s o me t i m e s r a n up to R s
, a n d mo r e .
,

a n d sh o w e d a t e n d e n cy t o i n c r e a se r a t h e r t h a n d e c r e a s e T h e maj o r i ty .

o f t h e ma lt ks w e r e i n f a v o ur o f t h e r o o s al a n d a s a t e st c a s e h
'

p p t e ,

mu lla hs a t te m pt e d l a s t y e ar t o e nf o r ce t h e n e w c us t o m o n t h e o cc a s i o n
o f t h e m a r r i a ge o f th e s i s t e r of t h e chi e f m a li k o f T a p p i P ublic .

o pi n i on h o w e v e r w as t o o s tr on g for th e r e f o r me r s a n d a s e r i o u s r i o t
, ,

w a s o n ly p r e v e n t e d by t h e i n t e r v e n t i o n o f t h e a ut h o r i t i e s T h e usua l .

r e f e r e nce t o t h e P o li tic a l O fli ce r o n t h e s u bj e c t w a s of c ou r s e me t , ,

wi th t h e r e ply t h at a l t h o ugh h e w a s gl a d t o h e a r of th e p r o p o s a l y e t
, ,

h e c o uld n ot a n d w o u ld n o t i n t e r f e r e i n w h a t w a s a p ur e ly d o me s t ic
u t i n f o r t h e D aw a r i s t h e m s e l v e s t o s e t t l e Th s ubj e ct w t h
q e s o e a s e n .

a ll o w e d to d r o p a n d n o w a s b e for e e v e r y on e ca n ut w h at f a n cy
, p ,

pr ic e s t h e y lik e o n t h e i r gi r l s Th e h u sb a n d h a s n o cl a i m on t h e
.

gi r l unt il t hi s c e r e mon y (kn o w n l o cally a s lasni w ai or cl a spi n g o f h ands)

h as b e e n p e r f or me d .

Th e x t c e r e mon y i s th a t fof m ka k con summat i on

’

ne which i s th e of

th e mar r i a ge .

In D aw a r an d Wa z i r i s t an b oy s an d
gi r l s a r e b e tr o th e d a t t h e a ge s
o f 8 a n d 6 r e sp e c t iv e l y a n d t h e ma r r i a g e i s c o n su mm a t e d a t t h e i r
,

m a j o r i ty S h o uld t h e h us b and die a f te r t h e la s n i w a i a n d b e f or e t h e

.

n i ka h t h e gi r l b e c o m e s th e p r op e r ty o f h i s h e i r s a n d o n e o f t h e m ca n
, ,

e i t h e r ma r r y h e r o r t h e y ca n giv e h e r i n m a r r i a g e e l s e w h e r e p r o vid e d ,

th a t s h e i s giv e n t o a m e mb e r o f th e s ame t r ibe a n d villa ge a n d t h a t

t h e p ar e n t s 0 0 n s e n t If t h e p ar e n t s do n ot c on s e n t t h e n t h e y can
.
,

buy th e gi r l b a ck a gai n by r e t ur ni n g a ll th e mo n e y r e c e iv e d f or
h e r a n d a r e t h e n f r e e t o ma r r y h e r t o wh om t h e y pl e a se
, Si mi .

lar ly a w id o w i s ma r r i e d by o n e o f t h e d e c e a se d s h e i r s or t h e y ’

,
may a r r an g e a mar r i a g e f or h e r e l s e w h e r e S h e m ust h o w e v e r .
, ,
be s upp o r te d by th e m u n til sh e mar r i e s a g ai n o t h e r w i s e sh e i s ,

f r e e t o ma r r y a s sh e ch o o se s, an d th e y a r e n o t e n t i tl e d t o e x ac t mon e y

v
No mon e y i s g i e n t o t h e mo t h e r o f t h e g ir l , e xce p t w hen sh e is a w ido w h as and

b e e n t ur ne d o ut by h e r at e h us a n d s h l
e i rs
, b ’
and h as l
a on e b or n e t h e co st of t h e
g i r l
’
s u p r ibng i ng .
 Cus tom i n D aw ar . 229

f or h e r As th e
b r i de gr oo m ar e much of an a g e but
l b r id e
a ru e and
.

,
o cc a s i o n a lly
h e r e as e l s e wh e r e
s o m e a g e d D a v id t a k e s h i s A bi sh a g to
h i s bos m e s e a r e n o t a s a r ul e h a y m r r i ag e s
o Th .

pp a T h e e x e n se s of
p
dd i n g i n Wa z i r i s t a n a r e f a i r l y h e a v y A w e a l t hy m an W i ll s p e n d
.
.

a we
.

a s mu c
h as R s or e y n Rs .
Kab uli A n o r di n a r y w e ll to do
e . .
- -

ma n s p e n ds s om e R s 5 00 a n d a o R 2 0 0 Kab u li T h
p o r o n e .
s e re . .

ar e n o r e s t r i ct i o n s o n i n t e r m a r r i a g e b e t w
e en D aw a r i s a n d Wa z i r s .

T h e y i i i t e i m a r r f r e e ly a n d t h e m a j o r i t o f t h e bigg r a m i k
y y , e D w a r a l s
h a v e a Wa z i r w i f e a n d t h e Wa z i r m a li ks li v i n g i n D a w a r h a v e
,

g e n e r a l l y a t l e a s t o n e D a w a r i w i f e A s a r ule D aw a r is do n o t giv e .

t h e i r d a ugh t e r s t o t h o s e l ivi n g f a r a w a
y w h i ch i s pr o b a bly du e m o s t l y ,
t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h o s e l i vi n g f a r o ff do n o t co me a n d a s k f o r t h e m bu t
,

c on t e n t t h e m s e lv e s w i t h som e t hi n g n e a r e r h om e Th e Mull a h .

Po w m dah w h o liv e s a t K a mju r a m h a s a D a w a r i w i f e o f t h e vill a ge o f '

Ida k but t hi s i s a n e x ce pt i o n a n d r ob a bl due t o th e f a c t t h a t be

,
p y ,
f o r e o ur o cc up a t i on a n d h i s r i se t o p o w e r h e u s e d t o liv e d ur i n g t h e
,
s ix mon t h s o f t h e c o ld s e a s o n i n i d ak Th e r e is n o law or c ust o m .

r e g a r d i n g ma r r i a g e .

Inh emta n ce r —T h e
'

.
di nar y M uh ammad an l a w s h ol d good
or i n D aw ar
Wi th re g ar d to i n h e r i t an c e .

Cusr oms s v L A W IN D i w ii a .

G e ne r a l . Wi t h
- re g a i n s t t h e h uma n body th e
ga r d to o ff e n ce s a ,

ge n e r al p r i n ci p l e of t h e cus t o m a r y p e n a l la w i n D a w ar m a y be sa id
t o be t h a t o f a n d a t o o t h f o r a tom b r mu r d e r
”
a n e e fo r a n e e
y y ,
F o .

t h e p e n a l ty i s d a t h ; f o r b o dily i n j u r y b o dily i nj ur y o f a s i mil ar

e
,

na t ur e N e v e r th e l e s s th e D a w a r i t h o ugh lik e e v e r y o t h e r P a tha ri h a s

.
, ,

h i s p r i ce w h e r e b y h i s w o u n de d b o dy o s id e m a y be sa lv e d
,
an d for
r

mo s t o ffe n c e s a fi xe d s um i s l a i d d o w n by p ay i n g w hi ch t h e o ff e n d e r
may s a t i s f y t h e w r a t h o f t h e p a r t y o fl e n de d Th e a m o u n t a c t ually .

a i d h w v d d l l t h t r e n g t h a n d i n fl u e n ce o f th e
p , o e e r e p e n s a ,r
g ye o n e s

o p po i n ~
ar ti e s th e w e a k e r u s ua lly h a vi n g t o g o t o t h e w a ll b e i n g
g p , ,

me r cil e s s ly fl e e ce d i f th e o ff e n di n g p a r t y a n d h a vi n g t o be c o n t e n t ,

wi t h li t t l e o r n o t h i n g i t off e n d e d A s a g e n e r a l r ul e f o r pu r p o s e s of .
,

c a lcul a ti n g co mp n sa t io n a w o ma n i s co n s i d e r e d a s e qua l t o h a l f a
e

man a n d a Hi n du i s e q u a l t o a w o m a n
,
Child r e n o v e r t w o y e a r s .

old a r e c o n s id e r e d m e n or w o m e n a cc o r di n g t o s e x fo r p ur p o s e s , ,

0f a s s e s si n g c o mp e ns a t i on C us t oma r y la w i n D a w a r o n ly t a k e s .

Co g n i s a n c e o f t h e a c t ua l d e e d a c co m p li s h e d a n d n o t t h e i n te n t i o n

of t h e o ff e n d e r ; fo r i n s t a n ce t h e r e i s n o s u ch t h i n g ,
i n D a w ar ,

a s a tte m te d mur d e r I f t h e man is me r e l y w o u n d e d i n t h e a t t e m p t

p .

c omp e n sa ti o n is on ly p a i d f o r t h e h u r t a c tua l ly c a use d A gai n t h e r e .

i s n o s uch t h i n g a s l e t t i n g a m a n o ff b c u
e a s e h e k ll d
i e a n o th e r

ma n a ccid e n ta lly Ac cid e nt o r n o a ccid e n t t h e m a n i s d e a d a n d t h e

.
,

p e n al ty mus t be p a id e i t h e r i n c a sh o r ki n d Th e r i gh t o f s e l f d e f e n c e
.
-

i s r e c o gn i s e d b ut i n n o c a se d o e s i t e x t e n d t t h k ll g e r m a

n 1;
,
o e i i n o r p
n e nt m ai mi n g o f t h e e r son a gai n s t w h o m i t i s e x e d t v
r c i s e n o e e
p ,

m s at i

p
k
h e be a t t e mp ti n g t o c ommi t m ur d e r Sh o uld h e be ll d
g
e n
i e c o . p
must be p a i d t o h i s ki n s a n d i t p e r m a n e n t l y m a i m ed t o h i m s e .

h l h
, '

R e v e n g e i s i f p os sibl e t ak e n o n th e a ct ua l o ff e n d e r (ba d t d a r ) w i e e
, ,
d f t r bu
liv e s .But a f te r h i s de a t h h i s b r o th e r i n h e r i t s t h e f e d u a n a e
y .

th e mur er e r s t e r e r s
d o h h i ’
I f h e l ea v e n o s u ch.
r e l a t i v e s ,
h i s s e c t i o n is
2 30 Cr i mi n a l L aw i n D aw ar .

res p on s ibl e i f th e i n j ur e d p a r ty b e l o n g s t o an oth e r se ction I f th e

,
.

o ff e n d e d p ar ty kill a r e l at i o n o f t h e a c t ua l ba di dtir whil e h e i s s t ill a l i v e , ,

R s 1 00 m u s t be p aid a s c om p e n sa t i o n
.
If t h e o ff e n d e r a n d h i s b r o t h e r s
.

die w i t h o u t r e v e n ge h a vi n g b e e n t a k e n a n d t h e i n h e r i t a n c e f a l l s t o a
,

r e l a t i o n t h a t r e l a t i o n ca n i f h e w i s h e s t o e s c a p e t h e f e ud r e n o un c e t h e
, , ,

h e ri t a ge w i t h t h e f e ud a t t ach e d t i t o .

T h e t e n d e n cy a m on g t h e D aw ar i s a s amo n g t h e We z i r e i s t o e x a c t t h e
bl o o d p e n a l ty b u t i f a ma n i s a f r a id h e ca n g e t t h e V ill a g e e ld e r s a n d
, ,

o a n d kill a s h e e p b e fo r e t h e h o u s e o f t h e o ffe n d e d p a r t y (a c e r e
g
mo ny k n o w n a s n an ow a tt a n d h a v e t h e c o mp e n sa t i o n a s s es se d an d
’

t h e ca s e s e t tl e d i n t h a t w a y .

Mu r de r —ln D a w a r a s f a r a s th e c on se que n c e s o f t h e d e e d a r e
s
,

c on c e r n e d t h e r e i s n o di ff e r e n c e b e t w e e n m ur d e r a n d t h e a ccid e n t al
,

k illi n g of a m a n o r w o ma n T h e p e n al ty i s t h e s am e i n e i th e r ca se
. .

T h e p u n i s h m e n t i s d e a t h a t t h e h a nd s o f t h e m u r d e r e d m a n s r e l a t i o n s
’
,

o r i f t h e y c an n o t i n flic t i t t h e mse lv e s at t h e h an d s o f a s sa s s i n s
,
h ir e d
by t h e m .

A m ur d e r ca n h o w e v e r b e c o mp o un d e d o n th e i n te r v e n t i o n o f t h e
, ,

vil la g e j ar g a by t h e p a y m e n t o f a sum v ar yi n g fr om R s to .

Rs . in c a sh In s o me ca s e s a w o ma n i s giv e n i n m a r r i a g e t o a
.

r e l a t iv e o f t h e mu r d e r e d m a n by t h e m u r d e r e r i n w h i ch c a s e t h e p r ic e ,

of t h e w o m an i s a g r e e d u p o n b e t w e e n t h e p ar t i e s a n d d e d uc t e d f r o m
th e a m oun t o f co m p e n sat i o n t o be p a id If b o t h o f t h e p a r t i e s do n o t
.

c o mpo un d t h e o ff e n ce w illi n gly b ut o n e i s f o r c e d t o do so by t h e

,

o th e r ,
o r b ot h a r e f or c e d t o do so by t h e vill a g e o r tr ib a l j i r g a t h e n ,

c o m p e n s a t i o n i s o n l y p a i d i n c a s h T h e a m o un t o f c o m p e n s a t i o n p a i d
.

f o r a w o ma n i s i n a ll c a se s h a l f t h a t o f a ma n a n d t h e a mo u n t p a id ,

f o r t h e m ur d e r o f a Hi n du i s t h e s a m e a s t h a t f o r a w o m a n Th e r e a r e .

f o ur e x c e p t i o n s t o t h e la w t h a t t h e de at h o r h ur t o f a ma n o r w o m a n
m us t b e a v e n ge d by t h e r e l a t i o n s e i t h e r by t a k in g a lif e o r by t a ki n g
,

m on e y i n c o m p e n s a t i o n T h e e xc e p t i o n s a r e
.

If a m a n i s a ccid e n t a ll y kill e d o r h ur t i n a n a n da s a (t h e n ame

”

giv e n t o th e l o c a l d a n c e a t t h e i d) u n l e s s i t ca n b e p r ov
e d t h at t h e m a n w h o kill e d t h e o t h e r h a d a f e u d o r a ny
gr u dge a g a i n s t t h e d e c e a s e d .

m If n e h e a ccid e n ta lly h u r t o r kill e d i n th e s t o n e th r o w i n g

( ) a n y o -

w hich s o m e ti me s a cc o m p a n i e s a w e ddi n g p r o vid e d a lw a y s

t h a t t h e r e i s n o g r u dg e or f e u d .

i i i A e gg i i i g m a t ch i f a r id e r w a r n th e b s t a n d e r s t h a t
( ) t a te n t
p
-
y
h i s h o r se i s un m a n a ge a bl e n o cl a i m li e s a g a i n s t h i m i f
,

a n y o n e i s i n j ur e d .

i If a ma t? c u t t i n g w o o d f r o m a t r e e w a r n p e o pl e s i t t i n g un d e r
( )ii
t h e tr ee h e i s n o t r e s p o n sibl e f o r a n a ccid e n t t h a t ma
,
y y
o c c ur f r o m f a lli n g b r a n ch e s .

If a p e r so n is
i n j ur e d by a r un a w ay h orse o r o th e r a n i mal th e anima l ,

i s u s ua lly giv e n i n c o mp e n s at i o n Th e b ur d e n o f p r o o f o f a n i n j ur y
.

y
b e i n g a ccid e nt al i s on t h e p a r ty w h o i n flic ts i t A co u n cil o f e ld e r s i s .

s u m m o n e d a t h i s e x e n se
p a n d i f h e ca n s at i sf y t h e
, m t h a t i t r e a lly w a s
an a ccid e n t t h,
e y a s se s s th e c o m p e n sat i on a s t h e y t hi n k fit A ll f e ud s .

d d whil e th e p ar ti e s a re o ut wi t h a t r i b l
ar e s us
p e n e a las hka r or ch i h a
g .
232 Th e d i Pa thdns .

man) th e w o man al on e can be kill e d a n d t h e man s foot cut o ff, an d

’
a

i t t h e m a n i s kill e d h a l f t h e co mpe n sa t i o n f o r h i s m ur d e r must be

p a id .
Thi s is the i n va r i a bl e l in
ru e th e M al a kh i ldqa .

F or man m ay be
ra e th e a nd f o r a n a s sa ul t wi th i n t e nt t o kil le d
p ,

o ut r a g e a w o m an s
’
m o de s ty h e ma y be kill e d a n d h al f c o m p e n s at ion
a id , r h i s f o o t m ay b e cut o ff F or h o use t r e s p a s s i n o r d e r to
p o .

c o mmi t a d ul t e r y th e m a n s n o s e or e a r may b e cu t o ff , a n d i f t h e h us
’

b an d s u s pe c ts h is wi fe of b e i n g a c o n s e n t i n g p a r ty, h e may kill h e r .

Th e p e n al ty f or e op e m e n t o r a
l bd uc ti o n i s d e a t h o r R s Sh ould .

a wo ma n g o w r on g an d b e co me a ba d ch ar a c t e r t h e h u s b a n d m ay cut

o ff h e r n os e a n d div or c e her . Sh ould sh e t h e n m ar r y a g a in h e i s

e nt i tl e d t o no c o mp e n sat i o n .

Offe n ces a ga i n s t p r op e r ty —Th e p un i sh m e nt s f o r b ur gl a r y , r o bb e r y

.

a n d t h e f t a r e a ll m u c h t h e sa m e T h e a mo u n t s to l e n, w i t h c om p e n sa .

t i o n f o r t h e d a m a g e d o n e an d th e e xp e n se s o f t h e s ui t a r e r e c o v e r e d ,
pl u s a V ill a ge fi n e o f R s 40 t o R s 200 a cc or di n g t o t h e o ffe n d e r s
*
.
’
.

m e an s If n o d ama ge i s d on e an d n o p r op e r t y st ol e n, o nly th e vill a g e

.

fi n e i s r e cove r e d .

Am ara —In c a se s o f a r son th e r i sk e r i s r e f e r r e d t o t h e vill a g e yi r g a

which , i f th e o ff e n c e i s p r o v e d , r e ali s e s a vill a ge fi n e o f f r o m R s 1 00 .

to R s 200 . C om pe n sa t i o n i s a l so r e al i se d a n d p a id t o t h e o ff e n d e d
.

p a r ty 1 S h ou ld l o s s o f lif e r e sul t f r o m th e fir e , t h e p e n a l ty f o r m ur d e r
.
’

w h o p e r i sh e s i n t h e fl a m e s , i s e x a c t e d i n a dd i t i o n , f o r e v e r y p e r so n .

Cu t ti n g f o cr a s — C o m p e n s a ti o n f o r d a m a g e d on e i s p a id a s w e ll
th e
p .
,

as a fi n e o f R s 5 if th e o ff e n ce i s c o m mi t te d b n igh t an d R s 2
.
y , .

or R s 3 i f t h e o ffe n ce
.
i s c o m mi tte d by day .

D AWI, a tr ib e Gh o r g a s h t P a tha n s , d e sc e n d e d fr om D a w a i , son o f D a na i,

of

an d so a ki n t o t h e K AK A R, N é gh a r a n d P a r n i T h e D awi l iv e i n t h e .

t r a ct h e ld by th e l a s t n a m e d , o c cup yi n g S a n ga r o r S a n g M a n dali , a n d -

t h e Z ar gh un D a r r a o r
’
gr e e n v a ll e y D a w a i h a d t w o s o n s, D o ma r a h .

a n d Ho m a r a h a n d a do p t e d t h r e e m or e , v i a , K h w a r da i , Z a ma r a n d

S ama r , a c co r di n g t o t h e mos t a u th e n tic a cc o un t, but o th e r t r a di t i on s

o mi t t h e t w o l a s t n a me d T h e s t o r y g o e s t h a t D a w a i e s p o u se d th e
-
.

w id o w o f a S a y y i d o f Kh u j a n d , a n d a d o pt e d h e r s o n by h i m His .

n a m e w a s H a sa n , bu t i n h i s y o u th h e w a s n o to r i o u s as a r o b b e r ( h a l
g ) .

He r e pe n t e d , h o we v e r , o f h is mi s d e e d s a n d b e c a m e t h e di s ci p l e of a
s a i n t o f Mul ta n , ma r r i e d a P a tha n w i f e an d h a d f o ur s o n s , M u s a , A li,
Sik an d ar a n d B al i l , w h os e de s c e n d a n t s a r e k n o w n a s H a sa n i or K h ii n di ’

r o t e c te d ), a c o r r u p ti o n p r o b a bl y o f K h u a n di H i b i g
( l i t .
p j Th e a s a n , e n .

o f S a y y id bl oo d d w e l l a m o n g o th e r t r ib e s a s t h e i r s p i r i t u a l g uid e a n d
,
S h a ikh H a s a n D aw i Io n e o f t h e mo s t fa mo us o f t h e m, a tt a ch e d hi m se l f
t o t h e Sh a ikh ul— lsla ni Ba h a ul H a qq w a u d D i n Z a k ar i a
- -

§ o f M
-
u l t a-
n,
- -

a n d w a s b ur i e d a t a s p o t b e t w e e n T ul a n d S a i n b ar His t o mb i s s t ill a .
.

l a c e o f p ilg r i ma g e a n d t a l e s o f h i s p o w er o f t h gh t di g
p o u r e a n are
-

s t ill t o l d A n o t h e r D a w i s a i nt w a s S h a i kh N e k n am , a n d a t hi r d
.

In t h e Ma la k h zldqa t h e fi n e i s R s 6 0 a n d i n D a n g e r K h e R s 1 00
'

. l
1"
I n t h e M l
a a k h zld q a dou e co mp e ns ati on i s
p aid bl .
, ,

I N o t t o be conf us e d w i t h llasan D aw i , t h e p r og e ni tor o f t h e t r i

e b
l
S a i n t o f Mu t an ”w h o ( i e d i n 1 26 5 6 a t t h e a g e o f 1 00
.

The
l He w a s di sci p16 of
-

-K émi l S h ah a bm d- D i n
,

o n o f A h ti - Hi f z U mar -n a S
’

th e S h a i k h -
ul , , s , ah ar w a r di. -
 D dya —D esw dli . 288

Sh aikh Hap Abu I sha q w h o w as acc o un t e d a n A fgha n b e cause h i s ,

mo t h e r w as a n A fgha n He w as a c o n t e mp or ar y of S ul t an Sh e r Shah .

a nd dw e l t a t K a i t h a l .

D AY A a s y n o n y m f o r Machhi i n M ul ta n f e m do : s o c all e d be c aus e w ome n

,
( , .

o f t h e Machhi c as t e a ct a s w e t n ur se s C V a i de hd
) f -
. . .

D AY AL a Raj p ut cla n (a gr ic ul t ur a l ) fo un d i n A mr i ts ar
, .

D E DHA R , a G uj a r cl an (agr ic ul tur a l) f o un d i n A mr i tsa r .

D E HG AN, D IHQ AN , D IHQ AN , a n I r a n i a n (Taj ik) t r ib e (o r r a th e r cl ass as th e

,
w o r d me an s h u sb a n d man w hich i s r e r e s e n t e d b
) p y th e S HAL MANI S o f th e '

P e s h a w a r v a ll e y R a v e r ty s ay s t h a t t h e Ch a ghan Sa r a i v all e y o n th e
.
-

w e s t s id e o f t h e Chi tr al r iv e r a l so co n t a i n s s e ve r a l la r ge D ih gan villa g e s

w h ich o w e a l l e gi a n c e t o t h e S a y i d s o f K ii na
’

y r .

D EHIA , o ne of th e p r i n ci pal cl a n s of t h e J ate in K ar n al It . h as it s h ead

q uar t e r s a t L u d h ia n a a n d o r igi n a lly c ame f r om Roh t ak . Pr obably th e
sa me as D a bi a .

D EE R , M uh a mma d a n K amb oh cl an (a gr ic ul t ur al ) found i n Mon tgomer y

a .

D Eo , A t i tl e o f s e v e r a l an ci e n t r uli n g f a mili e s us e d as a n affi x lik e , ,

Ch a n d or Sin gh It w as t h us use d by t h e old dy na sty o f J ammu
. .

A t r ib e of J ate which is p r a c t ic a lly c o n fi n e d to th e S ialko t

di s tr ic t wh e r e t h e y r e gar d S a nk a tr a a s on e o f t h e ir a n c e s to r s a nd ha ve a .

high l y r e v e r e d s p o t d e dic a te d to h im i n t h e t o w n of t h a t n a me in , ,

t a h si l Z a f a r wal T h e y cl a i m a ve r y a n ci e n t o r igi n but n ot Raj put

.
, .

Th e i r a n c e st o r i s s a i d to be M ahaj w h o c a me f r om t h e S a ki j u n g l e i n ,

Hi n dii s t an Of h i s fi ve so n s S o h al K o m D e w a l A ul a kh an d D eo th e t w o
.
, , , , ,

l at t e r ga v e t h e i r n ame s t o tw o J at tr ibe s whil e th e o th e r bra n c h e s di s ,

e r se d o v e r G uj r an w ala a n d J h an g But a n o t h e r s to r y r e fe r s t h e m to Raja

p . .

J ag de o a S fir aj ban si Raj p ut T h e y h a v e th e s a me mar r ia ge c e r e m o n y

,
.

a s t h e Sahi an d a l s o u s e t h e g o at s bl oo d i n a s i mil a m ann e r i n h onour

’ r

of t h e i r an c e sto r s a n d h a v e s e v e r a l v e r y p e c uli a r c u s to ms
,
T h e y w i ll .

n o t i n te r ma r r y w i t h t h e Man J ats w i t h w h o m t h e y h a v e so me an c e str al ,

c on n e c t i on A l so foun d in A mr i tsa r
. .

D EO ANIA a J at tr ib e fo und i n Sialko t; a n d a pp ar e n tly di st i nc t f r o m t h e D ec

,
.

D EO R A, K an e t s de s c e n de d f ro m a son o f Te gh Ch an d
a se t o f t hi r d son of
p ’
,

Ra j a K ah n Ch a n d o f K a h lii r .

D Eow i N ii a n a gr i cul t ur a l cl a n f oun d i n Shahp ur

i i
,
.

J cl g ic l r al ) fo un d i n M ult a
D ER i J A , a at a n (a r u tu n .

D it si (i ) o f th e co un tr y f d c t y (ii ) f th l i O o se d t o
,
r e s o u n r
,
o .
e p a n s
,
as
pp ,

l
“

J cl g c r al )
p a h dr i o f t h e h i ll s : ,
c f p 28 7 3 ( i n ) .
a a t a n ( a r i u t u .

f o u n d i n M u l t an Cf D e swal i . . .

D E S WAL c
me n o f t h e o u t n r y a J e t t r ib e s p r u n g f r o m ,
t’
h e s a m e s to ck as
,
,

t h e D a lal T he y a r e mo s t n u m o
.
e r u s i n R o h kt a G u r g a o n a n d K al
ar n
, ,
.

In M e w a r a n d A j me r Mu a l ma n R aj p u t s a r
,
e c ll
a e d D e ssw al a n d ar e
,

h a r d ly r e co gni se d as Raj puts .

D ssw AL é a t e r r i to r i a l t e r m s o me t i me s a ppli e d t o c e r tai n J at t r ib

o os e
,
e s a s pp d
to Pa ch h amw ala .

D ESWSLi , o pp osed to Bag ri , g m .

234 D ew a—D h amdn .

D EWA, a t i t l e giv e n i n S i r mfir t o K a n e t f am ili e s w h ich p e r f o r m p r i e s tly d u t i e s

i n t h e de o ta s t e m p le s
’
A D e wa w ill g e n e r a lly ma r r y in a D e w a fa mily .

an d a N e gi in a N e gi f a m i l y T h e D e w a s r a n k b e l o w t h e B h a te a n d .

a b o v e t h e D e t h i s, a n d a r e i n t i m a t e ly c o n n e ct e d w i t h t h e de o ta s w h o m
th e y se rve : e g t h e t e m p l e o f Ma h et s u m u s t be c lo s e d f o r :20 d a y s i f
’

. .
,

t h e r e is a i r t o r d
b h e a t h i n t h e D e w a ’
s f a m —
ily s e e t h e S i mm t r G a ze t tee r ,
’

— 44 C K
pp 4 2 .
f ar a n . . .

hi s de s ig n a ti on i n th e Si ml a Hill s ap pe a r s t o be din w dn
T h e f or m o f t .

D E WA L a J at cl a n (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) f o u n d i n A mr i t s a r
, .

D E WAL A a J at cl a n (ag r ic ul tur a l ) f ou n d i n M ul ta n

,
.

D E W A R a J at cl an (a gr ic ul t u r al
, ) f o u n d i n M u l t an .

D HA BA D A BHA D HA Bi D IBHA sy n s o f D h o b i gru

, , , , .
, .

D HABBA a Kh a tr i sub divi s i on

,
-
.

B HA D A H a tr ib e o f J ats fo un d i n K a p ur th a l a w hi t h e r i t m ig r a t e d f r o m D e lhi
, , ,
.

P HAD Hi , D mi p i
m usici an s in g e r or
p
,
a n e g y r i st ;
a f r d h ci d,
a ki n d of
, .

t a b or In th e D e r ajat, h o w e v e r , t h e D h adi o nl y ch a n t s a n d n e v e r , i t
.

i s s a i d, p l a y s o n a n y i n s t r um e n t h e i s a l so sa id n ot to i n t e r ma r r y w i t h
t h e Dum I n M ult an h e i s a p a n e gy r i s t , i f gi v e n a l ms ; i f n o t , h e c ur se s
. .

D HAK AR, cl an (a gr ic ul tur a l ) f o un d i n A mr i tsar

a G uj a r .

D HAK K AR a M a h t am cl a n (a gr i cu l t ur a l ) f o un d i n M o n t g o m e r y
,
.

D HAK K Ii an a g r ic ul t u r a l cl a n fo un d i n S h ah p u r a n d M on t g o m er y
,
Cl a sse d .

b o t h a s Raj pu t an d J at in t h e l a t t e r di st r i ct .

D HAK O CB I a s u b c a s te o f B r a h m a n s i n t h e lllllS o f H a z a r a w h ich a ll o w s

,
-

w id o w r e m a r r i a g e It d o e s n o t i n t e r m a r r y or e a t w i t h t h e P a li a r i a t h e
.
,

o th e r s ub c a s t e o f Br a h ma n s i n t h e s e hill s
-
.

A A a c a s t e r o f m e t al s
D H L ,
.

D HAL AN, a sm a ll J at cl an f o un d i n Ba w a l (Nabh a S t at e ) Th e y d e r iv e

.

th e ir igin or f r o m Raj a D h a l , a T un w a r r ul e r of H a sti n a p ur w h o ,

l ost c a st e by m ar r y i n g a for e ig n w i f e .

D HAL i a J at cl an (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) fo u n d i n A mr i t sar
, .

D BAL I a tr ib e o f M uh a mm a d a n J a ts f o un d in G uj r a t w h e r e i t s fo un d e r a
, , ,
,
Bh a tti Raj put o b t a i n e d a g r a n t o f l a n d f r o m A kb a r i n e xch an ge for a
,
i

fi n e s hi e l d dh a l w hich h e p o s se s se d , , .

D HAL i WAL se e D har i w al , .

D HA L O N a J at cl a n ( a g r i cul t ur a l ) f ou n d i n A m r i t sa r
, .

D HA MAL I a cl a ss o f M uh a m ma d a n f a q zr s Jalal i ) f r dh a mdl l e api n g a nd

'

, . .
,
w h i r li n g .

D g Amf m, an en doga mo us
c p at ion al s ub ca st e o f th e Lohar T ar khan oc u -
-
’
c a s te s f r dh a upci to bl o w
,
t h e b e ll o w s
.
‘
T h e D h a ma n a r e bla ck .

s m i th s as o
ppo se d to t h e Kh a t ti 0 1 c a r p e n t e r s ub c a s t e ‘ ‘ ’
,
The -

D h am an i s by f a r th e l ar g e s t gr o up a mo n g t h e l ar k h an s a n ' ‘

d f or ms
a t r ue s ub ca s te i n S i r sa i n H o s hia r p ur ( i n w hich di s t r i ct
-
t h e D h a man s ,

a n d Kh atti s w ill n ot e a t o r s mok e t o ge t h e r ) an d

p r ob ably t h r ou h o ut g
as f ar
th e e as t e r n di str ic ts n or th a s G uj r an wal a T h e t fman s
, .

i n cl ude th e Hi n du S U THARS q v , . .
236 t
i
w mal —D haun h c a k .

D HAR i WZi L —Th e D ha r i wal , D han i o r D hal i wal , (or , i n K a r n al, Ph or ) J ate, for
.

t h e n ame i s S p e l t i n all t h r e e w ay s, ar e sa id t o b e Bh a tti Rajp ut s, a n d

to t a k e t h e i r n a me f r o m t h e i r pl a c e o f o r igi n D h ar an a g ar Th e y sa y t h a t .

*
b
Ak a r mar r e i d h
t e d gh o f th e i r chi e f , Mih r Mi t h a l Th e y a r e ‘ ‘

a u t e r .

f o un d chi e fl y o n t h e Upp e r S utl e j a n d i n t h e f e r ti l e di s t r i ct t o t h e w e s t ,

'

th e i r h e a d qua r te r s b e i n g th e n o r t h w e s t e r n c or n e r o f t h e Mal w a o r
- -
,

L u dhian a F e r o z e p ur a n d t h e a dj o i n i n g p ar ts o f P a tial a Mr B r an d r e t h
, ,
. .

de s c r ib e s t h e m a s s pl e n did c ul t iv a t o r s a n d th e mo s t p e ace f u l a n d co n ,

t e n t e d p o r t i o n o f t h e p o p ul a t i o n o f t h e t r a c t A kb a r c o n f e r r e d t h e .

t i tl e o f Mian o n Mih r M i tha a n d g a v e h i m 1 20 v ill a g e s r o u n d D h a u l a

‘

Kan g a ri i n j a g Zr T h e D ha r iwal h a v e u n d oub t e dly b e e n s e ttl e d i n

/
.

t h a t p ar t f r om a n e a r ly p e r i o d a n d t h e s o u t h e a s t a n gl e o f th e M o g a ,
-

t a h s i l i s s till c a ll e d t h e D hal i w al tap p a Mi th a s d e s c e n da n t s a r e st ill .

’

c all e d M i a n b ut t h e y a r e s a id n o t t o h a v e b e e n c o n v e r t e d to I s la m
,

t h o u gh f o r s e v e r a l g e n e r a t i o n s t h e i r l e a d e r s b o r e di s t i n c t ly Muh a m
ma d an n a me s H ow e ve r thi s ma y b e Mih r Mi th a i s n o w t h e i r s i dh
.

'

w i t h a s h r i n e a t L a lla w ala i n P a tial a an d o n t h e 2n d s udz o f e a c h ,

mon t h s w e e t e n e d b r e a d an d milk a r e o ffe r e d to it In S ial k o t h o w e v e r .

, ,

t h e i r S i dh i s c a ll e d Bh o i a n d h i s se at i s said to b e a t J an e r § F a t ta .

T h e D har iwal a r e divid e d i n to t w o g ro up s U dh i o r O di an d Mon i ,

o r M ti n i (w h o a lon e ar e s a id to be f oll o w e r s o f Mih r

’

Mi t h a i n G uj r a n
wal a )
D HAR KHZiN a sy n on y m o f T a r khan (gran) th r ou gh o ut th e S o u th We s t P un j a b
,
-
.

I n J h an g t h e y a r e a ll M uh a mma d a n s a n d h a v e A w an , Bh ar mi , Bh a tti ,
D h adh i G ilo t ar , J a n j ii h an , K a r i, Kh okh a r , S a h ar a r S ah te a n d Sial
’

, ,

se
p t s . l a t t e r wh e n th e fi r s t t on s ur e of a child i s p e r f o r me d c oo k
The ,
bh a s a r ze o r c a k e s e a ch c o nt a i n i n g
’

s e as o f w h e a t fl o u r
, a n d of t h e se -
,
th e e ld e s t of th e f a mily e a t s o n e t h e s e c o n d i s iv e n i n a l m s a n d th e
g ,

t hir d i s e at e n by th e gi r l s o f t h e fa m ily .

D HA R IIK RA , gr oup p r a c t ic all y a sub c a ste o f B r ah man s f oun d i n G ur gaon

a ,
-
,
,
w h o h a v e b e c o m e o u t ca s t e s b e c a us e t h e d t d t
-
h t m f i do w
y a o
p e e cu s o o w
r e ma r r i ag e ” T h e n a m e ma .
y be d e r iv e d f r o m dh ar e l a c on c ubi ne o r ,

dh ar e ma mar r i a ge o f a wid o w
, Th e y a r e G a u r s .
.

D si ,
HA a J at cl an (a gr ic ul tur a l ) f o un d i n A mr i tsar .

D HAU L , an agr ic ul tur al cl an fo un d i n Sh ahp ur ,

a n d, as M uh ammad an J ags,
in Mont gome r y .

DHAU LK A, an a gr ic ul t ur a l cl an f o un d i n Shah p ur .

D HAU is (BHAWAN), a K h a t r i g ot, se e P . D ic ty .

,
p . 304 .

D HAU NCHAK , one o f t h e p r i n ci p al cl a n s o f t h e J ats i n K a r n al wi th it s h e ad

,

q ua r te r s a t Bi n jh a ul I nt e rmar r i e s i n R o h t a k
. .

t
a
A s he r dow e r 1 00 g h umaos o f an d w e r e g i e n h er a t K ang ar and th i B 1and w as tr an
l s
v
fer r e d to D e hi and k e p t as’ th e ur i a g r oun d o f th e Mug h a e mp e r or s
l b l l
.

1 M i h r o r M a h r , c h i
e
f , a n d Mi t h
‘
a a n a m e u n k ’
n o w n t o A k ba r s h i s
t or i a n s
,

1 D h a u a, l
th e
‘
w h i te h ouse o r p a a ce l
K ang ar i s i n Pat i a a te r r i to r t
y o t h.
e s outh-
eas t
l
Mca n
of 1
J b
a ne r i s des cr i e d by Cunmngh ai n , Arch S ur ve
y R ep or ts X I V , 6 7 —6 9 .
.

Pu nj ab Cu s toma r y L a w , II, p 1 32 . ,
 D h angr i —D hi llm z .
287
D HAU GR I, se e D n oo ni .

D HAWNA, Raj p ut cl an (a g r i cul ur al ) fo un d in Mon t gom e r y

a
t .

D E E D, a t r ib e o f Ja ts f o un d i n M u l t a n
wh e r e t h e y s e ttl e d i n , Ak ba r ’
s ti me .

D a ni) , li t a c r o w
. a l e a th e r w o r k e r -
.

D HEDH, D u r an, D HE n, (s e e bove ) A y n o ny m f o r

a . s Ch a mar . Th e te r m i s ,
h ow e
ve r us e d f or a ny
‘
lo w f e llt lw t hou h e s pe ma lly pp l i e d t o a
a
a

Ch a mar . In t he Pu n j a b t h e D h e dh i s no t a s e
p ar a te ca s te ,
as i t is in
B om b ay a n d t he C e n tr a l P r o vi n c e s .

D HE NDYE ,
a G uj ar cl a n ( g
a r ic ul t ur a l ) f o un d i n A mr i ts a r .

D E ER , a t r ibe of
Ja ts cl a i mi ng S o l a r Raj put o r i n t h r o u h i t s 0 on m '

Kg lan a ur En d t h eiice
a n d h is d e s c e n da n t H a r al w h o s e tt l e d n
y
p e ar it
g r at e d i n to Sialk ot .

D HEsi a J at cl an (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) f o un d i n A m r i tsar
, .

D HID BA a n A r ai u cl a n (a g r i cu l t u r a l ) fo un d in M o nt g o me r y
, .

D E ID U ANA a cl an o f th e Sial s
, .

D Hi L A a n a g r ic ul tur a l cl an fo un d i n Shah pur

, .

D D — Th é) *
is on e o f
HIL L o N ,
HIL L HO N Dhill on
l a r g e s t a n d mo s t w id e ly dis the
t r ib ute d J at t r ib e s i n t h e P u n j a b e s pe ci all y i n t h e Sik h D i s t r ic ts , .

Th e i r h e a d q uar t e r s w ould a p pe a r to be G uj r a n w al a a n d A mr i tsa r but

-

t h e y a r e f o u n d i n l a r ge n umb e r s a l o n g t h e w h o l e co ur se o f t h e S u tl e j
f r om F e ro z e p u r u p w a r d s a n d u n de r t h e hill s to t h e e a s t o f th o s e t w o
,

D is tr ic ts T h e n um b e r s r e t u r n e d f o r t h e D e lhi D i s t r i ct a r e c u r i o us l
y
.

la r g e a nd i t is do ub t fu l w h e th e r t h e y r e a ll y r e fe r t o t h e sa me t r ib e
, ,
.

Lik e t h e G o r ay a t h e y cl a i m t o be S a r o h a Raj p ut s by o r igi n a n d t o ,

h a v e c o me f r o m Si r s a If t hi s be t r ue t h e y h a v e p r ob a bly mo v e d up
.

t h e S ut l e j a n d t h e n s p r e a d a l o n g w e s t w ar d s u n d e r t h e hill s
, But .

a n ot h e r s t o r y m a k e s t h e m de s c e n d a n t s o f a S ur a b a n s i Raj ut d
j p n a m e
L u w h o liv e d a t K h ar mor i n t h e Mal w a a n d h e ld so me o ffi ce a t t h e ,

D e lhi c o ur t Th e y a r e s a id t o b e divide d i n to t h r e e g r e at s e c ti o n s th e
.
,

Baj S aj an d san ds
,
.

A n o t h e r p e di gr e e i s a s s ign e d t h e m i n A mr i t sa r It mak e s l u (L oh .
i

S a i n) s on o f Raj a K a r n t h us ,

S U R AJ ( S un) .

I
Kar n, b orn at K ar n Bas in Bulan dshah r .

Ch atar S ain. Ch andar S ai n .

bi r t h is d e sc r ib e d i n th e l e g e n d th at R aj a K a un ta l h ad a
K e rn
’
s

d a u gh t e r K un t i by n ame w h o w a s m a r r i e d to R aj a Pan dav War ,

.

bha sha Nikki t au g h t h e r a m a n t r a by w h i ch sh e co uld b r i n g t h e s un

un d e r h e r i n fl u e n c e an d by i t s po w e r s h e b o r e K a r n w h o b e ca me Ra j a
o f H a s ti n a p ur Wh n Pan d a y r e n o u n c e d h is ki n g d o m a ft e r t h e b a t tl e
. e

a t K fi r fich h e t a r a n d R aja K a r n h a d b e e n kill e d i n t h e ba t t l e D li i llo n ,

‘l
'
F olk ty mol ogy conne cts th e
-e n am e w i t h dh i lla , l a zy .
’
It i s a sol s ai d to be de r i v e d
f ro m a word meani ng g entl e
' ‘
.
 D hi n ds a —Bhi m k e.

l e ft H a sti nap ur an d s e ttle d in Wan g ar n e ar Bh a ti n d a wh e r e h is . ,

d e sc e n d an ts liv e d fo r 10 g e n e r a t i on s K a r n i s sa id to h a v e a te mpl e a t .

A m b on th e G a n g e s W h e r e h e i s w o r s hip pe d o n th e Ch e t cha n da s
,
In .

S i alko t th e D hill u j a th e r a is D a ud Shah an d h e is r e v e r e d a t w e ddi n gs ,

.

The Bh an gi mi s t of t h e Sikh s w a s f oun d e d by a D hill o n Si r da r ,

G a n da Si n g h In A mr i t s ar t h e D hill o n do n o t m a r r y w i t h t h e Bal
.

b e c a u se o n c e a mi r ds i of t h e D h illon s w a s in di ffic ul t i e s i n a Bal vill a g e ,

a n d t h e y r e f u s e d t o h e l p h im s o t h e D hi llo n s o f t h e Ma n jh a do n o t e v e n
,

d r in k w a t e r fr o m a B a l s h an ds ; n or w ill t h e m i r ds is o f th e D hillon
’

i n te r ma r r y w i t h th os e o f th e Bal In Lu dhiana at D h ill o n vill ag e t h e r e .

i s a s h r i n e o f t h e t r ib a l j a th e r a w h o i s c a ll e d Babaj i G u r i s o ffe r e d to
,
.

h i m a t w e ddi n g s an d h e i s w or s hipp e d a t t h e D i w ali B r a h man s t a k in g ,

t h e o ff e r i n g s .

D HIND S A a J at t r ibe which w ould a pp e ar to be c on fi ne d to A mbal a L udh ia na

, , ,

a n d t h e a dj o i n i n g p o r t i o n o f P a tial a Th e y cl ai m t o be d e s c e n d e d f r om
.

S a r o h a Rajp uts In J i n d t h e ir Si dh i s Baba Har n am D as a B a i r agi o f

.
,

th e 1 7 t h c e n tur y w h o se sh r i n e i s a t Kh a r ial i n K a r n al
,
Offe r i n g s a r e .

ma d e to i t a t w e ddi n g s In Sialk o t t h e D hi n d sa a l so r e v e r e a s a ti s t om b
’
. . .

D Hi NG a n a g r ic ul t ur a l clan f ou n d i n Shahp ur
,
.

D a i NW R D Bi MA
A ,
R — Th e w or d D hi
. n w a r i s un d o ub e dly
t a v ia o J
a r n t f B i N WA R *
,

wh i l e t h e t e r m D hi mar i s a c o r r upti o n of i t w i t h p o ss i bl y i n t h e P un j a b , , ,

a pu n n i n g a ll usi o n t o t h e c u st o m de s cr ib e d b e lo w T h e D h i n w a r i s .

c on fi n e d i n th e P un j a b t o t h e tr a c t s r o un d D e lhi w h e r e th e w or d i s a l s o ,

li d t o an p r s o n o f d a r k c o mp l e xi o n T h e D h i n w a r s ar e divid d
a
pp e y e e .

i n to t w o g r o up s o n e o f w hich m ak e s b a sk e t s a n d c a r r i e s p dlkzs w or k s
’

, ,

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th e conque re d ands among th e K h ashi s l .

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w h o w e r e t h e n s ubj e c t t o t h e S u l t a n o f S w a t an d s u bd ue d o r e x p e ll e d , ,

e x t e r m i n a te d o r a b sor b e d th e t h e r t r i b e s w hich h e ld t h e v a ll e y
o Th u s .

t h e y o e e u pi e d t h e e a s t e r n p ar t o f Baja ur a n d t h e i r t e r r i t o r y e xt e n d e d ,

f r o m th e d e r iv e r t o t h e Kala p a n i a n d t h e hi ll s o f S w a t The .

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‘

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r a v a ll e y T e K h a l i l s n e v e r a g a i n o b t a i n e d a f o o t i n g i n Baj a u r
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.

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.
,

t h e j e a l ous y o f M a lik A h ma d w h o f o r m e d a g r e a t Kh a s hi c on fe de r a cy
, ,

i n cl udi n g v a r i o us V a s sa l s o f t h e Y ii s uf z a i a n d M a n d a r In a g e a t
’

. r

b a t t l e fou gh t in t h e G u zar R ii d b e t w e e n K a t l an g a n d Sh ahba z g a r hi

’

, ,

t h e Ili la z ék s w e r e d e fe a te d w i t h g r e a t l o s s b ut i n t h e p ur s u i t A h ma d s
’
,

s on Kha n K a j u chi v a l r o u sl y a ll o w e d t h e D il a z ak w o m e n t o e sca e a c r o s s

p
t h e I n d us He s ub s e que n tly r e ce i v e d t h e h a n d o f t h e d a u gh t e r o f
.

t h e D il a z ak chi e f an d t h e p oli t i ca l d o w n fal l o f t h e D il a z ak w a s

,

th e r e by s e a l e d A s go o d subj e c ts of Bab a r t h e y w e r e o b n o xi o u s to
.

Mi r z a Kamr a n a n d t hi s d o ub tl e ss a cc o u n t s f o r t h e f a ilur e o f a ll t h e i r
,

a t te mpt s t o r e tr i e v e t h e i r p os i t i o n s i n c e t h e w e r e o n l y fi n a ll y o v e r c ome
y ,

a f te r m u c h s e v e r e figh t i n g In a lli a n c e w i t h Ka m r an t h e K h a l i l s
.

s o u gh t t o d e s p o il th e D ila z ak s o f t h e i r r e m a i n i n g l a n d s a n d by 1 5 34 ,

t h e y h a d o b t a i n e d p o s s e s s i o n o f t h e co u n t r y f r o m D hak a t o A t to ck ,

t o g e t h e r w it h t h e Khyb e r a n d K a r a ppa p a s s e s .

D i ND i R p o s s e s se d o f t h e F a i t h : a t e r m a pp l i e d t o a Ch ii h r a Ch a m ar
‘ ’ ’

i , ,

or an
y o th e r lo w ca s t e c o n v e r t t o Is l am Be tte r cl a s s c on v e r ts a r e
-
.

c all e d Na u m u sli m S h e ikh o r so me w h at co n t ci n p t i i o usly S h e ikh r a Cf

, ,
. .

K h o Jah .

D IRMAN, ( a co r r u p t io n of A bd ur -
ra h i n an) a n A f g ha n se pt of t h e K HAG IA N It r ib e
. .

ll ll
Th e K h a i s h ad quar re e d w i th th e oth e r tr i e s of th e t ar i a Kh e and q ui tte d tli b l
nor th e rn Q andahar te r r i tor y t o occup y th e L ash ur e a e y i n Baj aur, some t i me p r e vi ously e v ll
 44 D odai m
p oga r .

Bh ag wan Si ng h Sonkhla w h o w as ki ll e d, an d i n h i s me mor y a sh r i ne at K h ar zi li w as

’

e re cte d A t re aty now defi ne d th e J asw al and D od te r r i to r i es

. U nde r Mi an G ul a S i ng h . b ,

r e g e nt dur i n
g A ch a l Ch aud s mi nor i ty Nadi r Sh ah i s s ai d to h a e vi si te d t h e tr act and
‘

, v
or de r e d a mas sacre of th e Bas al i p e op l e , but th e R ana o tai n e d f rom h i m a g r an t o f Bath r i , b
th e n a J asw al V i ll age R a na J h ag ar Ch and h ow e ve r e sp ouse d th e J asw als cause , w h e n
'

. , ,

th e y w e r e atta cke d by S ans ar Ch and of K ang i a i n 1 t 04 A D and r e p ul s e d h i m On . . , ,

i
‘
v
i t S i ng h s i n asi on of t h e Mén asw é l p l ate au th e R ana w as confi r me d i n h i s p oss e ss i ons , ,

su b j e ct to a con ti ng e nt o f 1 5 h or s e . l
T h e r u e of i nh e r i tance w as p r i mog e ni tur e , mi ti gat e d by
a sy s t e m of l op pin g off v ill ag e s as h e i s f or y oung e r s ons
,
m a n y o f w h os e d e s ce nd a n t s s til l
ho d i l v ll age s ,
t hus r e duci ng th e S i z e of th e e s tate .

T h e D o ds a r e a so l f o un d as a M uh amm ad a n J at; cl a n (a g r ic ul tur a l )

in M on tgome r y .

D OD A I, on i mp or ta n t BAL OCH tr ib e but n ot n ow fo un d un de r t h a t

ce an
,

n a me It s mo s t i mp or ta n t r e p r e se n ta t iv e s a r e t h e Mir r an i of D e r a s
.

G ha z i a n d I s mail Kha n a n d J h an g a n d th e mo st i mp or tan t cl a n s , ,

o f t h e G ur cha n i .

D OD Hi , a G a ddi milk ma n , i n G uj r at .

D OD I, a Jat cl an (a gr ic ul tur a l ) f o un d in M ul ta n .

D OGA R, f e m D og a r n i —Th e D o g ar s o f t h e P un j a b a r e f o un d i n t h e up p e r
. .

v a ll e y of th e S ut l e j a nd B e ats a b o v e t h e l o w e r b or d e r o f t h e L a h o r e
di s tr i ct, a n d h a v e a l s o s pr e a d w e st w a r ds a l on g t h e foo t o f th e hill s i n to
Sialk o t Th e r e a r e a l so c on sid e r a bl e c ol o n i e s o f t h e m i n Hi s s ar a n d
.

K a r n al lh e D og a r s o f F e r oz e p u r ) w h e r e t h e y h o ld t h e r iv e r s i d e
' ‘

a l m o st e xcl us iv e l y f r o m 20 mil e s b e l ow t o 20 m i l e s a b o v e t h e h e a d
uar te r s o f t h a t D i s t r ic t, w e r e t h us d e s c r ib e d by Mr B r a n d r e t h
q .

In my F e r oz e p u r i ldga I h a v e a l r e a dy a ll ud e d t o t h e
a ccou nt of t he
D o g ar s w h o ar e s up p o s e d o be c on v e e d Ch ha
,
t r t a u n
*
Rajp u ts f r o m th e
n e ighb our h oo d o f D e lh i Th e y m igr a t e d fi r s t t o t h e n e i ghb o ur h ood o f.

Pak P a t ta n w h e n c e t h e y sp r e a d g r a d u ally a l on g t h e b an k s o f t h e
,

S utl e j a n d e n te r e d th e F e r o z e p ur di st r ic t a b o ut 1 00 y e a r s a g o
,
Th e .

F e r o z e p ur D o g a r s a r e a ll de sce n d e d f r om a c omm on a n c e st o r n a me d
B a hl ol but t h e y a r e call e d M a h u D og a r s f r om M a h u t h e gr an d f a t h e r
, ,

o f B a hl o l B a hl o l h a d th r e e so n s i B a mb u L an g a r a n d S a m mu T h e
.
,
L
,
.

D og a r e of F e r o ze p ur an d Mulla n w al a a r e t h e d e s c e n d a n t s o f B a mb u
t h o se o f Khai t h e d e s ce n d a n t s o f L a n g ar t h e d e s ce n da n t s o f S a mmu
liv e in t h e K a s ur te r r i tor y Th e r e a r e ma n y o t h e r s ub c a s te s o f t h e .
-

D ogar e i n ot h e r di st r ic t s a l on g t h e b a n k s o f t h e S ut l e j a s th e Pa r ch a ts , ,

th e T o p ur a s t h e Cli Op ur a s e t c T h e Cli Op ur a D og a r s o cc up y Ma m do t I
. ,
. .

F e r o z e p ur D og a r s c o n sid e r t h e mse l ve s s u p e r i or i n r a n k a n d d e sc e n t t o
F ranci s (F e r o z ep u r G a z e tt e e r , pp 1 5 1 6 ) g i e s a f u a ccoun t of t h e D O ar
g .
-
v ll
h i s tor y i n th at D i s ti i ct and on p 5 6 h e say s th at th e D og ar clai m to be Punmi i as We ag .
’

,
ll
b b
Ch auh zi n , and a i e p r o a ly a s e cti o n o f t h e g r e at Bh at t i t u be an d c o se y a lli e d t o th e l l
N A i PAL T h e Man t i adi ti on s say th at th e D og a i s ar e de sce n de d f i om L i i i nr a
. j f ox w h o , )
l i ke Nai p al w as o n e o f R an a Bli uti s 2 + son s l h e y th r ust aS i de th e Wat i us to th e w e s t
‘ '

, .

an d t h e Nai p als to th e e as t a1 ( 1 p i o Lably s u due d th e Mé ch h i s Mallfnh s an d o th e r i nfe r i or

, b ,

b
t r i e s as s umi ng t h e p os i ti on o i scci al s up e i i Oi s i ath e r th a n th at of actua culti va tOi s , an d
. l
ta n da r
s h e e t i ng t h e ti t e o f l .

r anci s ( F e r o zep m a m m o" 56 ) EIV BS a di ffe r e n t a ccoun t He s ay s th at Milllll h ad

TF P
'

.
, ,

tw o son s S ali to l ( w hose de sce n dant s i ve o n th e K as t i r S i de o f th e S ut e j ) an d Bah o l ’

l l l .

l l
F rom Bah o s p r ang f our r anch e s , K ll d mh l, Ph ai maki , U llaki a n d K andai kib l li e Ph ai mah .
' ‘

l ll v
h o d K h ai and W i not g i e daug h t e r s to oth er bi anch e s w h i ch th ey consi de r i nfe r i o r , .

Infanti c1 de w as f or ni Ci ly common among s t th e m .

ms say s th e s e cti o ns mos tly e es te n in M amdo t ar e th e Mattar l l

i F r an ' , Ch hi ni , R upa ,
D handi and K h a mma, as W811 as th e ChOp ra,
 Th e Dogar s .
245

the h e r su b c a st e s
ot -
ey are v e ry a r ti cul a r t o wh o m th e giv
Th p y
.
. e
h e i r d a ugh t e r s i n m a r r i a g e t o u
t
.

h gh t h e y t a k e w iv e s f r om a ll th e o t h e r
f a mi l i e s A t o n e t i m e i n f a n t i cid e i s s a id t o h a v e r e v a il e d a
.

p mo n g
t h e m but 1 do no t t h i n k t h e r e i s mu ch t r a c e o f i t a t th e r s n
p e e t da y .

S i r H e n r y L a w r e n c e w h o k n e w t h e D o a r s w e ll w r i t e s o f t h e m
g
,
,
th a t ‘
t h e y a r e t a ll h a n dsome a n d si n e w y a n d a r e r e ma r ka bl e f or
, , ,
li a V i n g a l mo s t W i t h o ut e x ce t i o n l a r g e a c ui li n e n o s e s
.

, p q , t h e y ar e
f a n ci f ul a n d V i o l e n t a n d t e n a ci o us o f w h a t t h e y c o n sid e r t lfe i r r i h t s
,
g
t h o ugh su s c e p t i bl e t o ki n d n e s s
a pp e a r t o h a v e b e e n a l w a s t r o ubl e s o me s ubj e ct s
an d n o t w an t i n g i n co ur a g e
,

a n d to o fo n d o f t h e i r
; t h e
y
y ,

o w n f r e e mo d e o f li f e t o w illi n gl
y t a k e s e r vic e a s so ldi e r s Th e J e w i s h .

f a c e wh i ch i s f o un d a m o n g t h e D o g a r s a n d i n w hi ch th e r e s e mbl e
.

y ,

t h e A f ghan s i s v e r y r e m a r k a bl e a n d ma k e s i t p r o b abl e t h a t t h e r e i s
, ,

v e r y l i t t l e Ch a u ban bl oo d i n t h e i r v e i n s n o t wi t h s t a n di n g t h e fon d n e s s ,

w i t h w hich th e y a t t e m p t t o t r a c e t h e i r c o n n e ct i on w i t h th a t a n ci e n t
f ami l y o f Raq ts Lik e t h e G uj ar s an d N a ip als t h e y ar e gr e a t t hi e v e s
.

a n d p r e f e r p a s t ur i n g c at t l e to c u l t iv a t i n g Th e i r f a v o ur i te c r i me is .

c a t t l e s te ali n g Th e r e a r e h o w e v e r s o me r e s p e c t a bl e p e r so n s a mo n g
-
.
,

t h e m e sp e ci a lly in t h e F e r o z e p ur i la qa
,
~
It i s o n l y w i thi n th e l a s t f e w .

y e ar s t h a t t h e p r i nci p a l D o ga r a h a v e b e g un to w e ar a n y co ve r i n g fo r
t h e h e ad f o r me r ly t h e w h o l e p o p ul a t i o n a s i s t h e c a s e w i th t h e p o ore r ,

cl a s se s s t ill w e r e t h e i r l o n g h a i r ove r t h e i r s h o uld e r s w i t h o ut a n

, y
c o v e r i n g e i t h e r of sh e e t o r t ur b a n Not wi t h s tan d n g t h e di ff e r e n ce o f . i

li s i o n o ni y h o w e v e r t h e D ogar e r e se r v e e vid e n t t r a c e s o f s o me
p y g , p ,

co n n e c t i o n w i th t h e Hi n d us i n m o s t o f t h e i r f a mil y c usto m s i n ,

which t h e y r e se mbl e t h e Hi n d us much mor e th a n t h e o r tho do x

’
M uh a mm ad an s .

Mr P ur s e r w r o te th a t t h e y a r e divid e d i n to t w o tr ib e s o ne o f which
.
,

cl a i m s t o be Ch a uha n a n d t h e o th e r Pun w ar R j p u t s a n d h e n ot e d
a
,

t h e i r a ll e g e d a dv e n t f r o m Pak P a t ta n b u t n o t t h e i r p r e vi o us mig r a ,

t i o n f r om D e lhi If t h e y e v e r did mo v e fr o m D e lhi to t h e M o n t gome r y

.

di s t r ic t i t ca n h ar dly h a v e b e e n si n c e th e G h a g g a r c e a se d to f e rt ili z e
,

t h e i n t e r v e n i n g c o u nt r y a n d t h e da t e o f t h e m igr a ti o n mus t h a v e b e e n
,

a t le a s t s o me c e n t u r i e s b a ck a n d th e D o a r s o f Hi s sar ca me t o th ose
g
p ar ts f r o m th e P un j a b p r o b a bly f r o m t h e S u tle j a c r os s th e Si r sa
,

di s t r ic t Th e D o gar s o f L ah o r e a n d F e r uz e p ur ar e e sse nt ially a

.

r iv e r s i de t r ib e b e i n g f o
,
u n d o n l y o n t h e r iv e r b a n k s : t h e y b e ar t h e

v e r y w o r s t r e p u ta t i on a n d a p p e ar fr o m t h e p a ssa g e q u o te d a b o v e to
,

h av e r e t a i n e d till l a te ly so me a t l e a s t of t h e h a bi t s o f a w ild t r ib e .

Th e i r o r igin w a s p r ob a bly i n t h e S utl e j v a ll e y Th e y a p p e a r t o h a ve .

e n te r e d th e F er o ze p ur di s t r ic t a b o u t 1 7 6 0 A D a n d d u r i n g t h e n e x t
. .
,

y
f o r t y e ar s t o a e p h v o s se s s e d t h e m s e l v e s o f a v e r y c o n s id e r a bl e p o r t i o n

o f th e d s t c i r i t w hil e t h e i r t u r b u l e n c e r e n d e e d t h e m a l m o s t i n d e
p e n rd
,

e nt of t h e Si k h G o v e i n m e n t I n 1 8 0 8 w e r e c o.g n i s e d t h e D o ar
g
S ta t e o f F e r o z e p u r a n d t o o k i t u n d e r o u r p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t R a n j i t
,

Si n gh but i t l a pse d i n 1 835 .

Th e Raj p ut o igi f t h D g i s o b a bly v e r y d o u b t f u l a n d i s

r n o e o a r s p r ,

ly d i d by t e h i Raj u t n e ighb o u r s t h o u gh S i r D e n z i l
s t r e nuo u s en e r
p ,

Ibb e ts o n b e lie v e d th a t D o ga r o r p e r h a p s D o gh a r ,
*
i s use d i n so me ,

w ate r p o ts, on e carr i e d of th e o th e r T h e d is soft In D og ar

D ogh ar mean s tw o on top . .

i t i s h ar d .
246 D og li — D oh li .

p a r ts o f th e d e n ote o ne of m ix e d bl ood A n o th e r d e r iva t ion

Pr ovi n c e to .

o f t h e n a m e i s dogh g ar o r m ilk ma n
*
Th e D og a r s se e m to be o r igin a lly .

a p a s to r a l r a t h e r t h a n a n a g r i cul t ur a l t r ib e a n d s t ill t o r e t a i n a s tr o n g ,
’
l i ki n g fo r ca t tl e w h e th e r t h e i r o w n o r o t h e r p e o pl e s Th e y a r e o ft e n
,
.

cla ss e d w i t h G uj a r s w h o m t h e y m uch r e s e mbl e i n t h e i r h a bi t s In

,
.

K a r n al L ah o r e a n d F e r o z e p ur th e y a r e n ot or i o us c a tt l e t h i e v e s but
,
-
,

f ur t h e r n o r t h t h e y s e e m to h a v e s e tt l e d d o w n a n d b e c o m e p e a c e f ul
h u sb a n d me n Th e y a r e n o t g o od c ul ti v a t o r s Th e i r so ci a l st a n di n g
. .

s e e m s t o be a b o u t t h a t o f a lo w cl a ss Raj p ut b ut i n Si r s a t h e y r a n k a s -
,

a g o o d a g r ic u l t u r a l c a s te o f e ua l s t a n di n g w i t h t h e Wa ttii s
’

q , Th ey ar e .

r a c ti cally a ll Mu sa lm an s b u t i K ar n al t h i w o m n s t ill w e ar th e
p n e r e,

Hi n d u pe tti coa t a nd i n mar r i a ge th e m o th e r s got i s e xcl u de d In ’

.

J ull u n d ur t h e y m a r r y l a te a n d a r e s a id t o h a v e m a r r i a g e son gs ,

u n i n t e lligibl e t o o t h e r t r ib e s So me o f th e l a r ge st Do g a r cl a n s a r e .

th e M a t ta r Chi na T a gr a Mah u a n d Ch o k r a
, , ,
.

A cc o r di n g t o a n a cc o un t o b ta i n e d f r om K a p u r t h a l a th e D o g ar s w e r e
o r igi n a lly s e t t l e d a t L a khiwal n e a r w hich w a s f o u gh t a b a t t l e b e tw e e n
,

t h e M a n j a n d Bh a tti Raj p ut s th e D og a r s s idi n g w i t h t h e l a t te r ,

Th e .

M a n j w e r e h o w e v e r vi ctor i o u s a n d e x p e l l e d t h e D o g a r s f r o m L a khi w al
, , ,

bu t f o r g e n e r a t i o n s n o D o g a r w o uld dr i n k f r o m t h e h an d s o f a M a n j .

Th e D g s t in K i r t h l — ’

D a s a l f r o m L a khi w al : f o un d e d
o a r e p s a p i a a a r e z ,

D asa l w hi ch w as de st r o y e d by t h e Sik h s w h o h a d b e e n pl u n d e r e d by ,

th e D og a r s i n t h e i r fligh t f r om A h m a d Sh a h A bd al i Baj w a o r R a t r a , ,

f r om S un ar u Bipal Na i na h M a t t a r A s a r all f r o m L a khi w al

, , ,
.

Ot h e r g ots a r e t h e S i dhi Ba nch D ar e Chb a n e Kh ame Ma bh i Mah ii

’

, , , , , , ,

D a dii d D h a n d i G ug D h e r T o t e K e l li P a d e S a n a p i J a kh r a K a t w al
, , , , ,
i
, , , , ,

Ohh oh a r Ch Op r i G h a n g i W a li Wi sa r Kh a r i S omb a r Ils a r J o h de

, , , , , , , , ,

K o t o r dal G o s a l S a u r a i D h a ur ai a n d G am lo a d
, , ,
.

In M on tgom e r y th e D o g ar Khiw a M a h u a n d Mi t t ar r a n k a s t h r e e -
,
- -

a g r ic ul t ur a l Raj p ut cla n s .

D OG L I A te r m li d t o th e o ff s r i n g o f a Raj ut ma n by a G a ddi w o ma n
p p e a p
-
.
p
i n Ka n gr a Cf D og a la a mo n gr e l
. .
(T h e d i s so f t)
, . .

D O G BA a t e r m a pp li e d t o a ny i nh a bi ta n t o f t h e D ug a r ales T w h a te v e r h i s
,

c a st e but m o r e e sp e ci a ll y t o t h e Hi n du Raj pu ts o f t h a t r e g i on B r a h
, .

man s a l so a r e i n cl u d e d i n t h e t e r m a s a r e It ath is a n d l h a k k ur s (a s ,
' ‘

Raj p ut s) but n o t G h i r th s o r K a n e t s i
,

A ccbr di n g t o D r e w (J a m mu a n d K as h mi r Te r r i tor i es pp 4 3 e t s e q ) , . .

t h e r e a r e t w o la k e s n e ar J a m mu th e S a r e i n S a r a n d Man S a r a n d t h e , ,

co un t r y b e t w e e n t h e m w a s ca ll e d i n S a n s k r i t D r i g ar h de s h o r t h e
c o u n tr y b e t w e e n t h e t w o h o ll o w s T hi s w a s cor r u p t e d i n t o D ug ar .
.

D r e w divid e s t h e D e gr a s o f t h e J a m mu hill s i n t o B r a h m a n s Pa ut s
jp ,
i cl di g h M i a n s a n d w o r ki n g Raj ut s K
( n u n t e
p ) h a tr i s T h ak a r s J itts , , , ,
Ba n y as a n d (p t t y h k ) Nai s J i ti r s (car r i e r s) D h iy ar s
’

e s o e rs
p e e
p , ,

s ni e lt e r s ) Me g h s a n d D i i i n s
,
’

(i r o n -
,
.

D OB L I a d r umm e r (pl a y e r o n do t) i n G ii jr zi t
’ ’
.
,

In Hi ssai th e D og ar s h av e a v ag u e tr adi ti on th at th e y me fr om th e h i ll ll e d D og ar i n
‘

ca ca
J ammu .

T D e s h e re do e s not ap p e ar to mean l
p ai n, but Si mp y t r act
’
l .

Ha n d-books f or th e Indi a n A r my
'

1 8% Bi ng lcy s Bog wa s ( Clas s ,

248 D r i sh a k—D r n gp a .

D ai S U AK , ar e th e mo s t s c at t e r e d o f all t h e B A L O CH tuman s of D e r a G ha z i K h an ,
man y o f t h e i r v ill age s l y i n g a mon g a J at p o p ul a t ion o n t h e b a n k o f t h e
In du ~ a n d thi s fa ct r e nd e r s t h e tt t ma n l e ss p o w e r f ul t h an i t sh ou l d be
f r o m i t s n u m be r s Th e y h old n o po r ti o n o f t h e hill s , a n d a r e p r a c t ic a lly
.

c o n fi n e d to t h e G ha z i di st r i c t, lyi n g sc a t t e r e d a b o ut b e t w e e n t h e
Pi t n k P a s s o n t h e n o r t h a n d S o r i Pa s s o n t h e so ut h T h e t r ib e .

b e l o n g s t o t h e Ri n d s e cti on ; b u t cl a i ms de s ce n t f r o m Ho t , s o n o f
J alal Khan It s s e c ti o n s a r e t h e Ki r i n an i, Mi ng w an i, G ulpadh ,
.

S a r g ai i i , A r ban i , J i s tkan i a n d Is a n ani , t h e chi e f b e l on gi n g t o t h e

fi r s t o f t h e se Th e i r h e a d quar te r s a r e a t A s n i cl o se t o Raj a n p ur
.
-
.

Th e y a r e s aid t o h av e d e s c e n d e d i nt o th e pl ai n s a f te r th e M a z ar i , o r
t o w a r d s t h e e n d o f th e 1 7 th c e ntur y .

D RU G PA, r e d- ca p( t se e b e l o w ) A B u ddhi s t o r d e r
b u Lik e i t s s i ste r o r d e r
.
-
.

t h e NING MA PA , f r o m wh o m t h e y a pp e a r t o be di s t i n c t , t h e D r ug pa w a s
f ou n d e d a b o ut 7 5 0 A D by Pa da ms a m b h a va , w h o i s k n o w n i n Lah ul a s
.
.

Pa da m s a mbh a v a v i s i t e d M a n di , G a n o t a r a
’

G ur ii o r G ur ii R i n p o ch e
‘ ’ ’

.
,

Lah ul , K a s h mi r an d b oth th e Ba n g ah a ls , b ut di e d i n G r e a t Tib e t * On e .

o f h i s g r e a t d o c tr i n e s w a s ca ll e d S p i t i Y o g a , a n d h e ma y h a v e de v e l o p e d

i t i n S pi t i A so r c e r e r an d e x o r ci s t , h e h e l p e d t o d e g r a de t h e f a i t h by t h e
,

mo st d e b a se d T a n tr a i sni , but h e m e r i ts a d m i r a t i o n a s a g r e a t t r a v e ll e r .

T h e n am e D r ug pa p o s sibly m e an s, a cc o r di n g t o Mr F r a n ck e , t h e .

Bh ut i a or d e r , t h e T ib e t a n f or Bh utan b e i n g D r uk y ii l o r D r u gyul a n d for

’
a Bh ut i a D r ugp a T h e Bh ut a n ch ur ch i s g o v e r n e d by a v e r y g r e a t
.

La ma , w h o i s a l mo st a Po p e i n h i ms e lf t In S p i t i h is t i tl e i s giv e n a s .
‘

D o r j i Ch an g but in L adakh h e i s k n o w n a s N
, N amgi al .

T h e Bh u tan La ma a pp e a r s t o r ul e t h e f oll o w i n g r e li gi o us h o use s i n

We st e r n Tib e t
(i ) D a r ip h ug an d ix
( ) G an p h u g ,
(ii) Z at ulph u g i n t h e h o ly cir ( ) x G e sa r a n d S u mor in th e
c u i t o f K a il as , D a b a dzon g A cc or di n g t o
.

(iii ) J ak hy e b i n T ak e Ma n a a S i t i m an e a ( r e a ch e r
p p p )
s a r o w ar , h i s li e u te n a n t i n Tib e t i s
(iv ) K h oja r n ath , k n o w n a s t h e G an g r i
v
( ) R u n g kh un g an d D ur in dz i n , o r G y alsh ok p a t
(vi ) D o in th e
.
U pp er K ar nal i a n d h i s i n fl ue nc e i s w id e ly

He
.

ri ve r , s pr e a d . is or s h ou ld
(v i i ) G ar r dz ong n e ar G a r tok , be a pp o i n t e d f o r a t e r m o f
,

( )
V i n I ti .
t h r e e y e ar s .

In Lah ul th e r e a r e t w o di s ti n c t e c ts o f t h e D r u a s
gp s

l T h e Z h un g D r ug p as (Middl e Bli u t e a s) o r K a r iu t a T a n tr ai sts )

g p (
.
.

Th i s se c t h a s 3 L ah ula c omm un i t i e s all c on n e c te d w i t h th e p a r e n t co m

m un i t y a t He mi s : o n ly o n e L ah u la h o u s e b o a s t s a n a bb o t khr i a )
( p ,

[p r on o u n c e d th r i a
p ] and he is a
pp o i nt e d b
y t h e a bb o t o f He mi s Th e .

h e a d mo n a ste r y i s a t D e ch e n Ch o sko r n e a r L h a ss a .

Padamsambh av a w as an Indi an monk w h o b e came a g r e at f r i e n d of th e T i b e ta n e m e r or

p
Kh r i si ng bte b t s au ( p r o n Tr e sh ing de t s am) w h o e x t e n de d h i s e m ir e f r o m t h e Ch i ne se
p ,

f r onti e r t o G i gi t l .

‘ ‘

b i
l Sh e r r i ng de scr i e s t h e cur i o us I} r a t on a dmi n i s t r a t i on w h i ch r u e s o n e o f th e m o s t l
b l
sacr e d re g i on s of T i e t i nde p e n de n t y a n d s o me ti me s i n de fi an ce o f t h e L h as s a aut h o r i
ti e s o
We ste r n Ti be t , p 27 8
i D e s h ok . ap oomi ng t o S h e rr ing , Op Ci t and the K ang r D on j an o f t h e G aze tt e e r of
. ,

. ,

t h e Kang ra D i str i ct, Par t II .

 D ubi r '
—D im
i .
249
But th e Z h un D r ug pa s a ck n ow le d e th e
FHii
g s uze r a i nt of th e O e .
l
D a l a i La ma o f B h u t a n , a n d i n D e
c e mb e r 1 909 t h ey a bbo t O en s
S ko s li o k S ta g Ts a n g R a s Ch e n a ss e
p d bh r o ug h K U ll u t o *
a t te n d th e
Bh u t a n D a l a i La ma s c o ur t ’

2 Hln n dr ug p a L o dr ugp a (t h e S o uth e r n Bh u t e a s Th e r e

p r o n o u n ce d
)
.
,

are no le ss tha n tw e l v e
.

h s e s o f t h i s o r d e r A ll a r e s ubo r di n a t e t o
o u
.

S a g n a (p r o n l ak n a ) i n L a dak h a n d t h a t h ous e a ga i n is s ub o r di n a t e t o
’ ‘
t .

Bh utan T h e a bb o t o f S t a gn a a p p o in t s t h e a bb o t o f t h e a nci e n t h o u se
.

o f G ur u G h un tal o r G a n dh o la
w hi ch w as f o un d e d by G ur i i R in poch e ’

hi ms e l f, a n d t h e G a n dh o la a bb o t a p p o m ts t h e o th e r L a h ula a bb o t s of
t h e o rd e r He s e n d s a n a n n ua l t r ib ut e o f R s 30 to G an g r i D ur i ndz in
.
.

t h r o u h t h e a bb o t o f S t a g n a Th e D r ug pa s o f L ah ii l t h us k e e u t h e i r ’

g p p
.

c on n e c t i o n W i t h Bh u ta n Or de r s a p p o i n ti n g o r r e lie vi n g a n a bbo t a r e
.

s u p o s e d t o be ig e d i n B h u ta n, an d w he n
p s n t h e r i t ua l d a n ci n g a t
K r a e li i s (Tas h i ) D o n g lt se (a t Ky e l o n g ) w a s r e vi s e d a b r o t h e r w a s s n
e t
t o Bh u tan t o l e a r n t h e p r o p e r s te p s , i n s t e a d o f t o t h e much l e s s di s t n t
a
D r ug pa m o n a s t e r y a t He mis in L adakh * .

Lik e t h e Nin g i nap a s t h e D r ug pa s ar e di sti n g ui s h e d fo r t h e i r lo w

m o r a l s t a n d a r d a n d d e gr a de d s upe r s t i ti o n s w hich a r e li ttl e b e tt e r
t h an d e vil w o r s hi p T h e b r e t h r e n a r e all o w e d t o ma r r y a n d th e i r
-
.

(buzh a n o r
‘ ’
child r e n nak e d b oy s
) le t th e i r h ai r g r o w t ill th e y
e n t e r th e c o mm un i t y .

D U BfR , a w e igh ma n ,
in M uz aff ar g ar h .

D U HL AR , an a g r ic ul tur al cl a n f o un d i n Shahp ur .

D U K PA, Lo D U K PA, th e B uddhi st se c t t o w hich a ll th e mon k s in L ah i i l and

’
-

th e m o n k s o f t h e Pi n mo n ast e r y i n S p i t i b e l o n g It s p e c uli a r i ty i s t h a t .

n o v o w o f c e lib a cy i s r e q ui r e d o f , or o b se r v e d by , i ts me mb e r s , who
mar r y a n d h a ve t h e i r w iv e s livi n g w i t h t h e m i n t h e mon as te r i e s Th e .

se c t w e a r s r e d g a r m e n t s a n d i s s ubj e c t t o t h e D h ar ma Ra j a o f Bh uta n ,

i n w hich c o un t r y i t is m os t n ume r ousl y r e p r e s e n t e d T h e Ny ing ma i s .

t h e su b div i si o ii o f t h e D uk p a s e c t t o w hich t h e mon k s of Pi n a n d

-

th e f am ili e s f r o m w hich t h e y a r e d ra w n b e l o n g T h e w or d me r e ly .

m e a n s an ci e n t , a n d t h e y a p p e ar t o h a v e n o di s t i n g ui shi n g d o c t r i n e s
’
.

l h m s t h e Ny i m a p a s e c t o f 25 2 o f C e n s us R e p o r t ,
( pp
A a r e n t y t e s a e a

But s e e D r ug pa an d N i ngm a p a f r om Mr F r a n ck e s a cc o un t s
’
.

o f t h o se o r d e r s .

m
’
’

D i i M, o r l e s s c or r e ctly
D o w f e m D ii m n i ,
d i m D ii r a A
.
c c o r di n g t o Ibb e ts on
. .

t h e D ii i n i s to e
’
b c a r e f u lly di s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m t h e D e m o r D o m r a , th e

D m i n th e
e xe c t
il l
u i o ne
H
r a

hia
n d
p
c o r
p s e b u
Ka
r n e r

g
o f Hi
B
n d u
t
s

i
t a n

Ch
,
- w h
m
o

b
i s

t
c

h
a lle

D m
u

a
n A

ll d
d
r ur a n d
h s of n r a u n a a e u n i s c a e
os .

H ill S S i m l l i k b a mbo o l
’

D am a n d i n t h e t a t e s a b o u t a i e s a w o r e r i n . .

w i th h
c di
A co r n t o g Ib be t so n th e D a m o f t h e
p l a i n s i s id e n t
ic a l t e

Mi R ii s i , t h e l a t te r b e i n g t h e Muh a mmad ,
.

a n A r a bc i n a m e f o r t h e H d i n u

and I n di a n B ii m Bu t t h o u gh t h e .
D ii i n s m a y o v l p
e r a t h e M i r a si s

It:
It i s n o t h o e e r c rt
w e a i n th a v
t a ll D r u gp a s a
i
re s u j e ct to B h ut an R a ms a y g i ve s a
b ,

l lude s t h S t n3
O
, ,
h ag
n) w hi
e
s e p arate s e ct ca le d Hlon duk p a ( H 10 m e a n i ng B h ut a c i n o -

N
.

ho u s e It w as f o un de d h e s a y ,s i n t h e 1 5 t h c e n t u r y b y (
bl
,

of We s te r n Ti be t, L ah or e , 1 890 , p 83 P o s s i y th e r e w
.
as a
.
r

th e l o th ce ntur y
‘

m of be e
.

M S m h P b i D i
'
D m n i i s sai d to a s pe r :

TI n ay a g s un
j a e t y u .
250 d —D fim d n .

a nd be i n ommon
c p a r l a n c e c o n f us e d wi t h t h e m t h e y a ppe a r t o be
i
n
, ,

s o me p ar t s o f t h e P u n j a b a t l e a s t di s ti n c t f r o m t h e m a n d t h e Mi r aS i s , ,

ar e b e y o n d a ll qu e st i o n i n e x tr ic a bly f us e d w i t h t h e Bh ats In .

G ur ga o n th e D li m i s s a d to be id e n tic a l W i t h t h e K a n ch an a n d t o b e
’
i ,

a Mi r a s i w h o p l ay s t h e t a blet o r s a r a n gi f or p r o s t i t u t e s w h o a r e of t e n ,

Mi r a s i gi r l s S uch D ii m s a r e a l so c all e d bh a r w a (p i mp) o r s uf a r da t

.
.

D ii i n w o m e n a s w e ll a s m e n p ly thi s t r a d e Bu t a n o t h e r a cc o un t f r o m
’
.

t h e same D i s t r ic t say s t h a t t h e D ii m is t h e mi r ci si o f t h e Mi r as i s and

’

th at h e g e t s h i s a l ms fr o m t h e m e n i a l c a st e s s uch a s t h e Jh i w a r , ,

D a k a u t Ko li C h a m ar B h a n gi J ulah a a n d D h an a k
, , ,
In L a h o r e to o ,
.

th e y a r e d e s c r ib e d a s q ui t e b e y o n d t h e M i r a s i p a l e a s t h e t r ue Mi r as i s ,

will n o t in t e r mar r y w i t h t h e m n o r w ill p r o s t i t u t e s a s s o ci a t e w i t h t h e m . ,

t h o u gh lik e t h e Bh a n ds * t h e y s i n g a n d p l a y fo r t h e m w h e n t h e y d a n c e
. ,

o r s i n g p r o f e s s i o n a ll
y I n fa c t t h e y r a n k . b e l o w th e Ch uh r a S o t oo .

i n L udh i a n a t h e y a r e di s t i n c t tr am a n d l o w e r t h a n t h e Mi r a s i .

In D e r a G ha z i Kha n t h e D ii m o r L a n ga a r e s a i d t o be a n o cc u p a

t i o n al g r o u p o f t h e Mi R As i s a n d t o be t h e mi r ds z o f t h e B al o ch t u b e s
'

.
,

In o t h e r w o r d s t h e y a r e id e n tic a l w i t h t h e D o m o r D o mb w h o s e n a me ,

m e an s min s tr e l in B a l o ch i .

D IIMNii .
—Th eD umn a , c a ll e d a l so D om ra a n d e v e n D ii rn i n Ch a mb a , i s t h e ,
’

Ch ii h i a o f t h e h i ll s pr o p e r , a n d i s a l so fo u n d i n l a r ge n um b e r s i n t h e
’

s ub mo n t a n e
-
t r a c t s of Ka n g ra , H o s hia r p u r a n d G ur da s p ur Lik e t h e .

Ch ii h r a o f th e p l a i n s h e i s s om e thi n g m o r e t h a n a s ca v e n g e r ; b u t
’

w h e r e a s t h e Ch ii h r a w o vk s c h i e fly i n g r a s s , t h e D u mn a a dd s to t h i s
’

o cc up a t i o n t h e t r a d e o f w o r ki n g i n b a m b o o , a m a t e r i a l n o t a v a il a bl e

t o t h e Ch ii h r a He m a k e s si e v e s, w i n n o w i n g p an s f a n s , m a t t i n g , g r a s s
’

.
,

r o e a n d s t r i n g, a n d g e n e r a ll y a ll t h e v e s s e l s , b a s k e t s , s c r e e n s , f u r n i t ur e
p
a n d o t h e r a r t icl e s w hi ch a r e o r di n a r ily m a d e o f b a mb o o Wh e n h e co n .

fi n e s hi mse lf t o t hi s sor t o f w o r k a n d g iv e s u p s c a v e n g e r i n g, h e a pp e ar s
t o be c a ll e d Bh an jr a , a t a n y r a t e i n t h e l o w e r hill s , a n d o cc a si o n a l l y
S a r i al l h e D umn a a p p e a r s h a r dly e ve r to b e c o m e M u salma n o r Sikh ,
' ‘

a n d i s cl a s s e d a s Hi n d u, t h o ugh b e i n g a n o u t ca s t h e i s n o t a ll o w e d
t o dra w w a t e r fr o m w e ll s u s e d by t h e or di n a r y Hi n d u p o p u l a t i o n .

T h e D umn a i s o ft e n
c a ll e d D um in ot h e p a r t s of I ndi a a s i n Ch am b a ; r
,

a n d i s r e g a r de d by Hi n d us a s t h e ty pe o f un cl e a n n e s s Y e t h e s e e ms .
-

o n c e t o h a v e e nj oy e d a s a se p a r a t e a b o r igi n a l r a c e s om e o w e r and
p
i mp o r ta n ce F ur t h e r i n fo r ma t i o n r e g a r di n g h i m w ill be foun d i n
.

S h e r r i n g (I 4 00) a n d Elli ott (I

,
He i s S i r D e n z il Ibb e tson con , ,

s i de r e d q ui t e di s t i n c t f r o m t h e D u m M i r a s i
,
-
.

D ri MNii , a low p e r c a st e a l so c alle d Bh a n jr a i n t h e hill s an d i n G ur da s

sw e e , ,

p ur J ull u n d u r
,
a n d H o s hia r u r
p T h e y m a k e ch i ks b a s k e ts e tc of .
,
, .
,

b a mb o o an d do m n i a l s e r vi c A p p a r e n t l y t h e t e r m is a g e n e r ic O n e
e e .
‘

i n clu di n g Ba r w i la Ba t w als D aoli s a n d S a n so is Bu t i n L a h or e w h e r e

i s
, , .

,
t h e D um n a i s a l s o f o un d h e i de s cr ib e d s di s t i n ct f r o m t h e B a t w al
,
s a
,

a nd as Hi n d u w h o is y e t n o t a ll o w e d t o d r aw w a te r f r o m Hi n d u w e ll s
a
.

S om e o f t h e D ii mn as w i ll e a t f r om a Muh a mm a da u s h a n d s Th e i r
’
’

cl a n s a r e K a lo tr a Ma n g ln Pa r g at D r e h e a n d L alo tr a T h e w o r d i s
.

, , , .

p r oba bl y o nly a v a r i an t o f D um .

T h e D om r ank s e ow th e Bh and a so bl Th e atte r ar e ski e d i n bh a n ddr a r acti se of

p l . l ll
w h i ch th e B i i m i s i g nor an t
’

It consi sts i n a sor i ng all th e w ate r i n a ar e ath and

.

g b b l b
j
e e cti ng i t th roug h th e e a s , nos tr i s or mouth
r l .
 25 3

F AIZ U L L APe R i A , t h e six t h of th e Sikh mi s ls or c o n f e d e r a ci e s ,

which w as
r e c r ui te d f i c m Ja ts .

F A Q AR T ADA RI, a J et cl a n (a g r ic u l tu r a l ) f o u n d in M ul ta n .

F AQ i R, l F U Q A R A, a n i e n di r a n t
(A r a bi c) l h e t e r m f a gzr c o mp r e
' ‘
’

p .
.

b e ds a t l e a s t t w o ; It n o t t h r e e , v e r y d i ff e r e n t cl a s se s e xcl us iv e o f th e
n ,
r e l i g i o u s o r de r s p ur e a n d s i mpl e Ma n y o f th e se a r e o f t h e high e s t
.
.

r e s e c t ab i l i t y ; t h e m e m b e r s a r e g e n e r a lly co ll e c te d i n mo na ste r i e s o r
p
s h r i n e s w h e r e t h e y l i v e q ui c t p e a ce f ul li v e s k e e p i n g o p e n h o use t o
.
,

t r a v e ll e r s ,
tr a i n i n g th e i r n e o p h y t e s a n d e x e r ci s i n g a w h o l e s o me in fl u
,

e n ce u o n t h e p e o p l e o f t h e n e i ghb o ur h o o d S uch a r e ma ny a t l e as t
p .

of t h e BA IR AG IS a n d G OS AINS S o m e o f t h e o r d e r s do n o t k e e u
p p
.

r e g u l ar m o n a s t e r i e s b u t tr a i e l a b o u t b e g g i n g a n d vi s it i n t h e i
g
.
, r
d i s ci pl e s ; t h o ug h e v e n h e r e t h e y g e n e r ally h a v e p e r man e n t h e a d
“

ua r t e r s i n so me V i ll a g e o r a t s o m e s h r i n e o r t e m pl e wh e r e o n e o f t h e i r
q ,

o r d e r o ff i ci a t e s . S o t o o t h e m o n a st e r i a l e r d e s t r a v e l a b o ut a mon g i

t h e i r d i s ci p l e s a n d c o ll e c t t h e o ff e r i n g s up o n w hich t h e y pa r t ly s ub si s t .

Th e r e is a n i m me n s e n umbe r o f t h e s e me n w h o se i n fl ue n c e i s a l mo st
wh oll y f o r g o o d S ome f e w o f t h e o r d e r s a r e p r ofe ss e dly ce liba te
.
,

t h o u gh e v e n a m o n g th e m t h e r ul e i s s e ld o m s tr ic t ly o b se r v e d ; but mos t
o f t h e Hi n d u o r de r s a r e divid e d i n to t h e S a ny o g i a n d V iy og i s e c t i ons

o f w hi ch t h e l a t t e r o n ly ta k e s vo w s o f c e lib a c y while amo n g t h e M usa l ,

man o r de r s c e li ba cy i s s e ld om e v e n p r of e s s e d S uch h o w e ve r a s liv e

.
, ,

i n m o n a s t e r i e s a r e g e ne r a lly i f n o t a l w ay s c e lib a t e , , Th e p r o fe sse d

.

a s c e t i cs a r e c a ll e d S adh s i f Hi n d u a n d P i r s i f Mus a lmé n , T h e Hin d us .

a t a n y r a te h a v e t h e i r n e o p h y t e s w h o a r e u n d e r g o i n g p r o b at io n b e fo r e

a d mi s s i on i n t o t h e o r d e r a n d t h e s e me n a r e c a l l e d ch e la Bu t b e s id e s
, .

t h e se b o t h H i n d u a n d M us alm a n a s c e tic s h a v e t h e i r di s ci p l es k n o w n ,

r e s e c t iv e ly s e w a k a n d m u r zd a n d t h e s e l a t t e r b e l o n g t o t h e o r d e r
'

as
p ,

a s mu ch a s do t h e i r s pi r i tu a l g uid e s ; th a t i s to s ay a K ay a th cl e r k
,

m ay be a B A IR AG I o r a P a t h a n s oldi e r a CHIS BT I i f t h e y h av e c ommi t t e d ,

t h e i r S p i r i t u a l di r e c t i o n r e s p e c t iv e ly to a B a i r agi g um a n d Chi s h t i p i r .

But t h e M u h a mm a d a n Chi s h t i lik t h e Hi n d u Ba i r agi o r G os ai n m ay

,
e
,

i n t i m e f o r m a l m o s t a di s t i n c t ca st e M a n y o f t h e m e mbe r s of t h e se
.

or d e r s a r e p i o u s ,
r e s
p e c t a bl e m e n w h os e i n fl ue n c e i s w h o lly f o r good .

B u t t hi s i s f a r f r o m b e i n g t h e ca s e w i th a ll th e o r de r s M a n y o f t h e m .

t i u ly o fl i g a t e d e b a u c h e r s w h o w a n d e r a b o u t t h e c o u n t ry
a r e n o o r o s
p r ,

d ci g m x t t i n g a l m s b t h e t h r t o f c u r s e s a n d r e ly i ng
s e u n w o e n e ,
o r
y e a ,

o n t h e i r s a i n tly ch a r a ct e r f o r p r o te ct i on S t ill e v e n t h e s e me n a re .

me m b e r s o f a n o r d e r w hich t h e y h a v e d e lib e r a t e ly e n t e r e d a n d h av e ,

igh h i l h ich t h b B t v l g p r ti o n o f
s o me t t t t t u
w e e r a e r y a r e o
r o e e y a .

c
t h e la s s w h o a r e i n c l u d e d u n d e r t h e n a m e F a
q i r a r e ig n o r a n t m e n o f
lo w a s tc w i th u t c u a i n t a n c e wi t h e v e n t h e g e n e r a l o u t li n e s o f
e ,
o a n y a q
l g t h f t ill l w i t h t h i l t n e t s o f a ny p ar ti
the re i i o n e y p r o e s s s ,
e ss e s
p e c a e

cula r s e t c w b
ho o r r o w t h e g a r b o f t h e r e g u l a r or d e r s a n d w a nd e r
,

b c y li i g t h l m f t h d l u f t n h a r dl y
a o ut th e ou n t r v n o n e a s o e cr e u o s o e ,

k n o w i n g th e n a m e s o f t h e o r de r s t o w hi ch t h e e x te r n a l s ig ns th e y w e a r
l h h b l g S h m m b g t t c s ;
w ou d S o w t e m t o e o n u
. c e n a r e e r e e
g a r s n o a s c e
i ,

h i b l l B i d t h c p t i o n s
an d t e r n u m e r s a r e u n f o r t u n a t e y ar g e e s e s
. e o c u a

d e sc r ib e d above th e F a qi r cl a ss g e n e r ally h v
,
a e i n t h e i r h d he
a n s t
25 4 F a qi r mi s ki n — F zr d
'

c us tody p e t ty s h r i n e s t h e me n i a l s e r vic e o f vill a ge t e mp le s a n d

of ,

mo s qu e s t h e g ua r di an ship o f c e me t e r ie s a n d s i mil ar se m i r e ligi o us

, ,
-

o ffi ce s F o r t h e s e s e r vi ce s t h e y o f t e n r e c e iv e s ma ll g r an t s of l a n d
.

f r o m t h e vill a g e by c ul t iv a t i ng which t h e y s uppl e m e n t t h e a l m s a n d

,

o ff e r i n s t h e y r e ce iv e
g .

T h e sub j e c t o f t h e r e ligi ou s or d e r s o f t h e Hi n d us i s o ne o f t h e gr e a t e s t
c o mp l e xi ty t h e c r o ss d i vi s i o n s b e t w e e n a n d t h e di ff e r e n t m e a n i n g s o f
-
, ,

w or d s a s J OG I S A Ni ii s x a n d S AD H a r e e n dl e s s S ee a l s o Bh a r a i
'

s u ch , .
,

Ch ajj up a n th i D ad up a n t hi J o gi S an iasi Uda si e t c e tc

, , , , , .

F A Qi R Mi S K i N s ee un d e r Chi tr ali
, .

F A Q RAK H, a J at l
c an (a g r ic ul tu r a l ) f ou n d i n M ul ta n .

F A R Uk A , an a g r ic ul t ur a l cla n f o u n d i n Sh a h ur
p .

F AT TIAN A , on e o f th e p r i n cip a l b r an ch e s of the S i al s of Jh an g .

F E R OZ K E , a Kh a r r a l cl a n (a gr ic ul tur a l ) f o un d in M o n t g o me r y .

F IRD fisIAN, a se ct o r or der of th e S li ms ,

f o un d e d by Sh a ikh Na j m ud-D i n
-

Fi r dii s
’

.
25 6 Th e Hi ll G a ddze
'

but i nKar nal wh e r e t h e y ar e most n ume r o us t h e y h av e s e tt l e d d o w n

, ,

a s c ul tiv a t o r s a n d o w n s e ve r a l v ill a g e s t h o ugh t h e y a r e o h u b an d

p or s ,

me n (2,
) T h e Hi d u G a dd i s o f Ch a m b a
n a n d Ka n g r a a r e h ill m en .

L ike t h e K a n e ts M e o s a n d o th e r c o n ge r i e s o f t r i b e s t h e y a e co m
,
r

p o s e d o f M V e l a l e le n n n ts I n dig e no us t o th e B r a h m a ur w i zar a t o f t h e
‘
.

C h a mb a S ta t e t h e y h a v e sp r e a d s o u th w a r d a c r o s s t h e D h a ul a D ha r i n to
t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t o f Ka n g r a P r o e r and t h ey giv e t h i r n am e t o t h e
p ,
e

G a d e r an a t r a c t o f m o unt a i no us co un t r y w i th ill —
, d e fi n e d b un da r i e s . i

gn
i g o n b oth s id e s o f t h e D h aul a i lh a r a n d th e i r S p e e ch i s c all e d ,

a ii .

In C h amb a th e y n um b e r so ul s bu t th e s e fi g ur e s do n o t i n cl ud e ,

t h e B r a h ma n a n d Raj p u t s e ct i o n s w hich r e t ur n t h e ms e lv e s un d e r t h e i r
c as te n a me s T h e ma j or i ty a r e K h a t r i s
. .

T h e G a dd i s a r e divid e d i n to f o ur cl a ss s : (i ) Br a h m a n (Lt l K h a t r i s s
,
’

and R a h r e g ul a r ly e a r t h e s a cr e d th r e a d (i i T h a k r e and
q t s w o w i
) u ,

R a thi s w h o a s a r ul e do n ot w e a r i t a n d (i v ) a me n i a l o r d e p e n d a n t
, , ,

cl ass c o mpr i s i n g K o li s R ih ar a j L ha r s Badh i s r i pi s a n d H al i s

,
6
,
s o
, , ,

t o w h o m t h e t i t l e o f G a dd i i s i n c o r r e c tly a p p li e d by o u tsid e r s a s i n h a bi t
a n ts o f t h e G a d e r a n t h o ugh th e t r ue G a dd i s do n o t ack no w l edge t h e m
,

a s G a dd i s a t a ll .

E a ch c la s s i s di v id e d in to n um e r o us g otr a s o r e x o g a mo us s e c ti o n s ,

but th e cl a s s e s th e m s e lv e s ar e n o t s tr i ct l y s p e a ki n g e x o g a mo us T h us , , .

t h e J h i i n fi n got a r of th e K h a tr i s i n t e r m a r r i e s w i th give s d a ugh t e r s

’

t o ) t h e B r ahm a n s ; a n d t h e B r a h ma n s o f K uk ti r e g ul a r l y i n t r m a r r y e

W i t h t h e o t h e r gr o u p s Si mil a r ly th e j a n e o w e ar i n g f a mili e s do n o t
.
-

o bj e ct lo i n t e r m ar r i a g e w i t h t h o se w hich do no t w e a r i t nd a r e e ve n ,
a

s a id t o giv e th e m d a u gh t e r s ( me n i al s o f c o ur s e

In b r i e f G a dd i soci e ty i s o r ga n i s e d on th e R ajp ii t hyper g a mous

,

sy st e m .

Th e G a ddi s h a v e t r a di t i o ns w hich a sc r ib e t h e i r o r igi n t o i mmigr a t i o n

f r om th e pl a i n s Th u s t h e Ch a u b an Raj pu t s a n d B r a h m a n G a d d i s
.

a cc o mp a n i e d R aj a A j i a V a r ma t o C h a m b a i n 85 0 7 0 A D w hil e t h e -
. .
,

Ch n r ah an Bar kha n P a kh r o Ch ile di Ma ng lu a n d K u n d a il Rajp ut s

, , , ,

a n d t h e K h a t r i s a r e said t o h a v e fl e d t o i t s hill s t o e s ca p e A ur a n z e b s
’

g
p e r se c ut ion s Th e s e tr adi t i o n s a r e n o t i r r e c on cil abl e w i t h t h e s t o r y t h a t
.

Br a h ma ur t h e a n ci e nt Br a h m a p ur a i s t h e h o me o f t h e G a ddi s
, foi ,

do u b t l e s s t h e n u cl e u s o f t h e i r c on fe de r a t i o n h d i t s s e at s i n t h e D h a u l a a

D h a r i n w h ich r a n ge Hi n d u s h a v e f r o m t i m e t o t i me s o u gh t a n a syl um
,

fr o m w ar a n d p e r se c ut io n i n t h e p l ai n s .

Th e B r a h man Raj put Kh a tr i ,T h ak ur a n d Ra thi se c t i o n s a lik e

, ,

p r e s e r ve t h e Br a h mi nic a l go tr a of t h e i r o r igi n a l t r ib e Bu t t h e s e .

otr as a r e n o w s u b divid e d i n t o c oun tl e s s a le o r s e p t s w hich

-
ar e
g a
p pa
r e n tly a l s o s t y l e d g o tr o s T h u s a m o n g th e Br ah m an s w e fi nd th e Bh a e
.

t
f rom t h e Bh a t tiy at w i zar a t o f Ch a m b a a n d G h n n g a i n t u (g h rm g h a , ,

d umb ) b o t h a le o f t h e K a u n dal go tr a T h e Br a h ma n s e p t n a m e s
,
. -

di s cl o s e n o n e o f t h o s e fo un d a mo n g t h e s ar s ut B r ah m a n s o f t h e P un j a b
A malls cast e o r g r oup o f me ni a s , l e mp l o
ye d as na vv i es . S e e f oo t note On p ag e 25 9
be 10 W
i st nct o n 1 8 now made b l
.

d d t t d th t d e tw e e n f ami i e s w hi ch do
i i n and th o s e
i
a o
1
'
It s n e e s a e
i ,

d t w t h e j an e o but i n f o l ni e r t i me s th e R aj as us e d t o conf e r th e
w h i ch o n o ea r ga n e o on
t
,

f en ts and s e r i ce s — v
and so some of th em w e ar i t to thi s da
R athi s i n r e u r n o r p r e s y ,
 G a ddi a1 n a mes .
25 7

p l a in s, c om pl e te ly do th e G a ddi B r a h ma n s s e e m to h a v e b e c o me
so
i de n t i fi e d W i t h t h e G a ddi s s te m M a n y o f t h e o le b e a r o bvi o u s
y .

n i ck n a ni e s -
s uch Ch adh u cr o s s l e gg e d ; D un dii on e h a n d
as
’
-
, ,
-
u ,
ed 3l T a nj u a n d
'

c a t s e y e d 31 Bh a n g r e ti i s qui n t e r ; ’
'
’
-
,
Ch ut an h r u d e b a uch e e ; G h u n a i n o n e w h o s p e a k s t h r o u gh h i s n o s e
,
31]
Mar an t fi o n e w h o fl e d t o t h e p l a i n s t o e s ca p e
,

ch o l e r a m a r t ; J i r g h du mb 3H Na n sa in a d o pt e d by a mi n i o r g r a n d
, ,
'
'

,
m o t he r ; S a si o n e w h o l i v e d w i t h h i s m o th e r i n la w L i tk ar l ame ; I
,
I - -
.
,
Ti mar e tfi s qui n t e r 3 Cli u p e t i i r e t ic e n t
’

, , .

Oth e r n am e s d e n o t e o cc up a t io n s n o t by a n m e an s B r ah mi n ic al y
.

S un dh e ta s e ll e r o f a ssa fce ti da (s u n dh a ) 3 P a l ih a n : s h a r e n e r B ar d a n
,
p
a r ch e r 31 W
,
S éh dh r an tu on c e a s ci h o r w e a l th y m a n w h o b e c a me ba n k ,

r up t (dh a r a n ta ; S i a i n i i
)
’

p t e n a n t o f a Si p i m e n i a l ; R a n e tu a Ran a s ,
’
,
t e n a n t ; A dh k ar u a p h y s i ci a n w h o l e f t h i s
p a,t ie n t s u n c u r e d ( i
c dh h a l l ,

Ica r u de e r ) 3S a u n o li i
’

p se ll e r o f s a m tf a n i se e d ; L a n gh e f e r r ma n ;
, ,
y , ,

Jo gi ; L a de a t r a de r t o L a dakli 3 K h u t li lu kn th se ll e r ; J h u nn u
, ,
-
,
idl e r Ph ai i g tai n d e al e r i n p h a m b w o o l , , .

T o te mi sm d o e s n o t e xi s t un l e s s G ua r e te b or n i n a gu a r o r cow s h e d , ,
’

,
’

and S un h un u, i r o ni o n e w h o h ad a s unmi t r e e i n f r o n t o f h i s h ouse ,

c o uld b e r e ga r d e d a s t o te mi s tic se c t ion s .

In K a n g r a o n e g o t— Pa un k h n ii — i s sa id t o p r o vid e p u r ohi te fo r all th e

’

o th e r B r a h ma n G a ddi s T h e B r a h ma n s i n Kan g r a , i t i s sa i d, i n te r .

ma r r y wi th t h e J h ii n fi g o t o f t h e G a ddi K h a tr i s .

A mo n g th eRaj p ut s w e fi nd th e Or di an ill wi sh e r s l ll Ba nya n ‘ ‘ ' '

-
, ,

s u I I I a n d Mi s a n i o se d
’
i nte rs a ll a ls o f t h e B a ch a r o ta r
q p g n 3
-
g ,

K ur r alu b r o w n h a i r e d Ha nd D i n r an bl ack { HM } a le o f t h e D e w a l
’
-
, , , ,

a nd U t ta m go ta r s r e s p e c t iv e ly V e r y do u b t f u l i n s ta n ce s o f t o t e mi s m a r e .

Ph ag a n b r an ( p h a k) e a t e r (Bh a r d w aj ) 3Kh udd u e a t e r of pa r ch e d ’

,

ma i z e (S u nk h y al) 3G h o k n u s h o o te r o f do v e s — gh u g ( D e w al )3Rikha n ,

tu b e a r kill e r (A t a r ) 3 Ch a k e r ur v e y o r o f ch i ko r to t h e Raj a s
p
-
, ,

(A m b a k )3 K a da n so w e r o f k a d u o r p u m p ki n s (B l
,
i ar d w aj) 3 P ak li ru

b ir d sh o ot or (Bisis t pal)
-
.

A f e w a ls r e f e r to o cc up a ti on s Ch ar u f r ch ar h e a dme n (Bh a r ,
.
,

d uar i ) 3 G ar h a i g u k ee pe r o f a s tr on gh o l d ga r h (A t a r ) 3 B a id u
, ,
’
,

‘
p h y s ici a n ( K o n d a l )3 M a k r at u b o x e r G h i n
g a i n s e ll er o f ,
’
,

hi
’

g .

O th e r sg a i n a r e f a nci f ul : Th a r r o tu f r o m a n a n ce s tor w h o t h r e a t
a ,

e n e d t o d r a g h i s a d v e r sa r y b e fo r e t h e th a r a o r co u t a t Ch a mb a ; r

D a k i y an f ro m o n e w h o us e d t o d a n ce w i t h ddki n B ali w o m e n } o r
, , ,

u n c o mp li m e n t a r y e g Kh o l u g r e e dy 3 J li ur jan i dl e R o h a i la n o i sy ;
,
. .
, , , ,

J hi bi an ma d ; Ch u t r a i ny a de ,
b a u ch e e ; M u k li r an s t a m m e r e r ; G u l r a n
, , ,

l
li a r ; J uar i a r ; K u h a i n ta h ch b k 3
,
u n a c K a n
g r u s c o ld ; J h i rru
,
-
, ,

Fr . ch u dda , b utt o cks : c f . ch adh a, F r t h a n s q ui n t . , .

s e de n tar y ,
‘
l
a s o an a l n a me llil F r p a ln d to s h ar p cn
.
, .

Wt F r ba n , ar ro w
.

Fr . d n n dd , o ne w h o h as l os t a h and .
.

Fr . t a n d ci , cat s e y e d
’
- F r j h li ) mi to i d e or to me di t ate
, ,
l .

vl
,

o r da , e i
Fr . bh i n g r a , s q ui nt .
f f F r . .

ll F r . ch u t , de auch e e b , I I F r fi rm a s q ui nt , , .

1TF r g mm a , s p e aki n F r m um s no ut
g th r oug h th e n os e . .
. . ,

F a j it a g amb li ng l llll
l F r k e r ra row n . , b .

bl
, .

TTF L fi r m ga r dumb , ,
THHI F r . dw an, ack .

F r la tte, lame .
.
F r m u ka , fi st
. .
25 8 Ga ddi tote ms .

m -m r k e d I K a
t e a se 3 A mla itu, o pi u m e a t e r 3 D h a r a b a r ,
p o ck a n ng-r a .

t h e A gas n i ge t o f Ra j p ut G a dd i s i s s a i d t o b e r e a ll y a n o ff s h oot o f t h e
J a r i al Raj p uts .

A m o n g th e Kh atr i s n o tr ac e e x i s ts o f t h e se c t i o n n a me s c urr e n t i n
,
-

We fi n d o ccup a t i ona l n ame s : S ah n ii s h o p k e e p e r (s dh ) 3

’

th e p l ai n s . ,

Pa dli o tar fi f r om o n e w h o liv e d o n a pl a i n (p a da r ) 3 R us ah r i c oo k ;

, ,

Ch a r h ai n cli mb e r ; Nakle tfi m imic 3 S un dh ii de al e r i n a s s a f oe t id a 3

’

, , ,

Ba ng e t e a phy s ici a n w h o p o w d e r e d z i n c (ban g) 3M o g u, de a l e r i n c or a l 3

,

D h a n ch u f r o n e w h o liv e d wi t h h is fl o ck s (dh a n ) 3 Pa n ja r u, w o o l
, .

c o mb e r 3 G h a r ati w at e r mill e r w i t h t w o i n e x plic abl e n a me s 3 Dr udh a i n

,
-
,

o n e w h o r e co v e r s s tol e n mill e t f r o m m o u s e s h o l e s 3a n d D r uh r u o n e w h o ,

s o r e c ov e r s w a l n ut s
— f r dr udh dr u h r i a mo n s e s h o l e . O t h e r Kh a t r i ’
, ,

a le (so c all e d gate ) i n Ka n g r a a r e : Bh u n d a

- Bh ak h u B a da n Bh a t e lu , , , ,

Bili a n Bi h an tfi Ch adlu Ch a l e di Ch a pe tu Ch u g a i n u D a g r an G a lo ti
, , , , , , , ,

K o r ar u J h ur a i n Ph at u Ma g le t u R a hl u sal n u S un dh u T ar g a in
, , , , , , , ,

T h a k le q T h o s ar u a n d T h a kr u
, No n e o f t h e s e n ame s a r e f o u n d a m o n g
,
.

t h e K h a tr i s o f t h e p l a i n s a s B ar n e s a pp e ar s to h a v e b e e n i nf o r me d ,
.

But j us t a s a mon g t h e B r a h ma n s o f th e h ill s e g i n Ch a mb a w e fi n d , . .

,

t h e a n ci e n t go tm s b r o k e n up i n to c o un tl e s s a le s o to o a mo n g t h e G a ddi ,

K h a t r i s i t m ay w e ll be t h a t t h e o ld s ub divi s i on s h a ve b e e n f o r g o tte n -

a m o n g t h e c r o wd o f a l n a m e s O th e r a ls f o un d i n Ch a m b a f o ll o w . .

T r a c e s o f to te mi s m ca n h ar dly be s a id to e xi s t i n G o h a i n a kill e r o f a ,

l i zar d (goh )3 B e r s s i n o n e w h o f e t ch e d be t r e e s for h i s fl o ck s 3 P o tu

,
r
,
’
o n e w h o a t e sh e e p s e n tr a il s (p o ta ) 3 T h a p li a g o n e wh o a t e w h e a t c a k e s ,
-

t h
( p ) a la ; S a r w a n pl a n t e r of a cyp re s s
, (P e r s s ar d I ) 3 P h a k o lu, o ne .

’
w h o w a s p o or a n d a te p h a k h us k s , .

On e o r t w o c u r i o u s n a m e s a r e z— S an g li i ca r r i e r o f a sac r e d ch a i n
’

l S p a m k o f o ff e r i n gs sa n 3 Man n e su b e gg a r
( s a n g )
a 3 e n l n a e r
( i)
, g , .

M e r e n ick n a me s a r e K als a i n K al e tu a nd K a la r i bl a ck 3 L a te ti , ,
’
,

l am e ; P g h i n a le t u c ppl d K iar i, l b li n d ; G h usugt b ox e r Ta t a ng r u §

r i e *
, ,
‘ ‘

a n d K a ch i n g a r d u mb ,
.

Am o n g th e Ra th i s t h e a le w ould se e m i n a f e w c a se s t o be r e a lly
t o t e mi s tic : M r alo t a r b or n un de r a mur al tr e e t h e u lmus Wa lli
‘ ’
a
, ,

ch i n a
a S in ur i b o r n w h il e i t w a s sn owi n g 3 S alba i n u
. ,
‘
b or n w hil e ’
,
‘

’
l o c ust s w e r e a t K ug t i ; Rau te b o r n u nd e r a m i o r si lv e r fi r ; ,
‘ ’

J o t ai n b o r n in th e S u r a i pa ss fot
, , .

M o s t o f th e n a me s a r e h o w e v e r m e r e ly n ick n a me s e g , J a muh an , . .
,

cl um sy (j a m) 3T a n é n d e a f ; D h a g e ta c r a g s m a n ; D a p h e r l a z y e t c
, , , , .

S om e a r e d e r iv e d f r om e ve n ts 6 g Ha r oka r s a id t o me a n o n e o s tr a , . .
, ,

ci s e d f o r s l ayi n g a b r o t h e r by hi s bl o o d k i n (h a r b o ne ) -
, .

R l igi o u s n a me s a l s o o cc ur : J a p a in t u f r o m 7 a? r e p e ti t i o n F a q i r
0

e , ) ,

b e gg a r ; J o gi an f r om a yogi a n c e s t o r , , .

O cc u pa t i o n a l n a me s a r e : Ph a kr u m a k e r o f c o m b s f o r cl e a n i n g w o o l , ,

G h ( o y a l ) g roo m G h ule t u w r e s tl e r ; B l j
i é t e tu
” p r te r G ah i
o r u r
;
'

o ; r , , ,

A p l i n e g r a z i e r ; A d a p c oll e c t o r o f bl a n k e t s (ddp ) i n w hich p a r t o f t h e

i ,

re v e n u e w a s
p a id ; L u ne sar s al t d e a l e r
; K ah n g h e r u t r a d e r i n c o mb s
,
-

h a P l h e r fil o f s ickl e s
k g )
u s e n
( a n 3 a n a r
p , .

Fr
p hi n
. g o la , cri p
p le .

1 F
'
r k a ma , i nd
’

bl .

m
.

F s , fist
I r gu . .
260 Gaddi Weddi ngs .

t o t h e m ig r ato r y li fe so man y o f t h e m l e a d In th e i r mann e r s th e y ar e .

f r an k an d o p e n , de f e r e n t i a l t o t h e i r s up e r i o r s a n d y e t ma n ly a n d dignifi e d .

Th e y d e ligh t i n f e s ti v e g a t h e r i n g s , a n d a r e f on d o f s i n gi n g a nd da n ci n g
t h e l a t t e r i n a s ty l e p e cu li a r t o t h e m se lv e s Th e i r w o me n a r e pl e as i n g .

a n d c o m e ly , a n d h a v e th e r e p ut a ti o n o f b e i n g a l s o m od e st a n d ch a s te .

Th e G a ddi s a r e a se mi p a s to r a l an d s e m i a g r ic ul t ur a l t r ib e , a n d o w n l a r g e
- -

fl ock s o f s h e e p a n d g o a t s , wh ich a r e t h e i r ch i e f s our c e o f w e a l th Wi t h .

t h e m t h e y g o f a r a fi e ld , t h e s u mm e r s b e i n g s p e n t i n t h e high e r
mo un ta i n s o f Pan g i a n d Lah ul an d t h e wi n te r s i n t h e low h ill s bo r
d e r i n g o n t h e pl a i n s T h i s d u ty th e m a l e me m b e r s o f t h e f a mily ta k e
.

in t ur n , t h e o t h e r s r e m a i n i n g a t h o m e t o t e n d t h e ca tt le a n d l o o k a f t e r
th e f a r m w o r k M a n y o f t h e m o w n l a n d o n b o t h s i de s o f t h e D h a ul a
.

D ha r , a n d r e a p th e w i n t e r c r op i n Ka n g r a , r e t ur n i n g i n s p r i n g t o cut
t h e s u m me r c r o p i n B r ah ma u r O n t h e w h o l e th e y a r e be t t e r s h e p
.

h e r ds t h a n f a r m e r s , an d pe r h a p s f o r t hi s r e a s o n t h e y a r e t h e m o st
r o s p e r o u s a g r i cu l t ur a l cl a s s i n t h e S ta t e T h e y e a r l y e x o d us to K a n g ra
p .

t a k e s pl a ce i n O c t o b e r a n d No v e m b e r , a n d t h e r e t u r n j o u r n e y i n A pr il
a n d Ma \ V i t h a pp e a r a n c e o f ca n d o u r a n d s i m lici ty , t h e G a dd i s
y . a n p
h a v e th e r e p ut a t i on o f b e i n g go o d a t maki n g a b ar g a i n ; h e n c e th e
s a i n g i n t h e hill s
y
G a ddi mtt r bh o la ,
D e n da tap to ma n gda ch o la .

T h e G a ddi i s a s i m pl e f r i e n d,
He o ffe r s h i s cap, a n d a s k s a c o a t in e xch a n g e .

T h e G a ddi w e ddi n g c u s t om s m e r i t s p e ci a l n o t i ce .

In b e tr o th a l t h e b oy s p ar e nt s o r g u a r di a n s s e n d t h e i r p a r ohi t t o
’

n e g ot i a t e f o r a gi r l a b ou t w h o m t h e y h a v e i n fo r ma t i o n a n d h e b r i n g s ,

b a ck h e r p ar e n t s r e p ly If i t i s f a v ou r a bl e t h e b oy s p ar e n ts s e n d
’
.
’

t w o o r m o r e r e s p e c tabl e me n t o t h e gi r l s h o m e to c o m p l e te t h e bar
’

e n if i t i s c li n ch e d o f th e oy s f a m il y
’
g a i.n Th t wo b , g o w i th the
ur oh i t t o p e r fo r m t h e c e r e m o n y 1 f t h e b e t r o t h a l i s dh a r ma
p .
p una
t h e b r i de s f a th e r
’
t hi s c o n s i st s i n givin g t h e p a r oh i t a b un ch
of dr u b g r a s s w i t h f o u r c o pp e r c o i n s o r m o r e i f t h e y pl e a se , ,

to be h an d e d o v e r to t h e boy s f a th e r i n t o k e n t h a t t h e a llia n c e
’

i s a cc e p te d Th e p ur ohi t h a n d s o v e r th e dr a b an d t h e c o i n s a r e
.
,

r e t u r n e d t o th e a r o h i t w i t h a r u p e e a dde d by th e b o y s fa t h e r T h e n igh t
’

p '
.

i s s p e n t a t t h e b r id e s h o u s e a n d a f te r a m e a l h e r f a t h e r giv e s t h e b o y s
,
’

f a t h e r 8 c o pp e r c oi n s a n d t h e se h e p l a c e s in a v e s s e l a s a p e r qu i s i t e t o
t h e s e r v a n t w h o cl e a n s i t In a be t r o t h a l by e xch a n g e (to la ) t h e fi r s t
.

O b s e r v a n c e s a r e th e s a m e b ut w h e n a ll g o t o fi n a ll y c o m l e t e t h e a lli a n c e a
, p
i n d s t o n e a n d s i l w i th 3o r 5 r o r i s o f g m} s u dr i bi h a n a n d r o li oln 96 a r e
g r
p y , ,

l a ce d b e f o r e t h e p a r t y a n d t h e n t h e a r o h i t pl a ce s s u c i ri bi h a n a n d
p p p ,

r o li y dn i n t h e s ki r t o f h i s s h e e t a n d p u t s t h e m o n t h e s i l B e for e ta ppi ng .

t h e m o n t h e s i l w i t h t h e g r i n d s to n e h e r e c e iv e s 4 a n n a s f r o m th e b oy s ’

f a t h e r a n d me n t i on s t h e n a m e s o f t h e bo y a n d gi r l w h o s e a lli a n c e i s t o b e
f o r m e d a n d t h e n t a p s t h e m A f t e r t h i s th e s up dr i e tc a r e pl a c e d i n a
,
.
, .
,

v e s s e l w i th t h e b a ll s o f gm; b r o k e n u p a n d di s t r ib ut e d to t h o s e p r e se n t
, ,
’
a f t e r th e gi r l s f a t h e r h as t ak e n a bi t T h e e ld e r m e m b e r s o f t h e i r l s ’
g
.

f a mily do n o t t a k e a ny a s i t w ould be c on t r ar y t o c us to m T h e b oy s f a t h e r
’
.

p ut s R e 1 4 in th i s v e ss e l a n d thi s i s ma d e o v e r to th e b r id e s p a r e n ts
.
-
:
’

Bali y an r ed co our l for marking th e ti ka on th e for eh e ad : bili a n, c or i ander ,

 G a ddi Weddings .
26 1

who g e t j e w ell e r y t o th at amo un t mad e f o r h e r Af te r t hi s th e b r id e .

a p p e a r s b e fo r e t h e b o y s f a t h e r a n d h e giv s h
’
e er a r u ee
p T h e r e st o f .

t h e c e r e mo n y i s e x a ct ly a s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e b ut i n t h i s ca s
.

e t h e co i n s
put
,

i n th e v e ss e l co m e o u t o f t h e b o
y s f a t h e r s po ck e t T h e c e r e mo ny i n t h e
’ ’
.

e r f o r m e d i n e x a c t ly t h e s a m e w a
o

o t h e r h o us e 1 8 h gh
p y t o u n o t o n t h e sa me ,
da y fo r t h e sa k e o f c o n v e n i e n c e A p r o p i t i o us d a t e i s no t fix e d but a
.
,
l ucky day i s d e s i r abl e an d T ue sd ay F r i da y a n d S at ur d a y a r e c ons id er e d
, ,

un l ucky .

A f t e r h a vi n g t h d a t e f o r t h e w e ddi n g fi x e d by a
e p a r o hi t t w o m e n
a r e se n t t o t h e g i r l s
p pe o l e W i t h a se e o f
: Q M t o ri o t if y t h e m o f th e d ate ,
a nd i f h e y a p pr o v e o f i t m e s s e n g e r s f r o m b o t h s id e s g o t o th e p a r o h i t
an d g e
t h i m t o Wl lt e i lle la kh n o te r t
u
‘
F o r thi s h e is p a id 8 Ch a mb a co i n s
.

o r 4 a n n a s i n c as h r i c e a n d s o m e r e d ta e A t t h e w e ddi n g i t se l f
, p
t h e s a mh ur a t r i te i s fi r s t p e r f o r m e d by w o r s hi p p i n g G a n p a ti kum bh an d ,

t h e n i n e p l an e t s a n d th e n t h e u p dm (a m i xt u r e o f t ur m e r i c fl o u r a n d s
,

o il) p ur i fi e d by ma n tr a s i s r ubb e d o n t h e bo Th bl ck ll
y r e e a w o o en .

t h re a ds a r e a l s o t i e d r o u n d h i s r igh t w r i s t t o p r o te ct h i m f r o m t h e e vil
ey e . He i s t h e n t a k e n o u t i nto t h e c o u r t y a r d by h i s mo th e r wi t h p a r t -
,

o f h e r r ed s h e e t th r o w n o v e r h i s h e a d t o ba t h e A t th e b a t h t h e bl a ck
, .

t h r e a d i s t or n O E a n d h e i s le d ba ck by h i s m o th e r N e x t h e must u p .

s e t a r: e a r t h e n lid c on t a i n i n g b u r n i n g ch a r c o a l a n d m u s ta r d l a ce d at
, p
th e e n t r an c e to th e w o r s hi p p i n g pl a c e a n d t h i s m us t be th r o w n a w a y ,

s o a s to r e mo v e a n y e vil i nfl u e n c e w hich h e m a y h a v e c o ntr a c te d i n t h e

c o ur t y ar d Th e p ur oh i t t h e n t i e s n i n e r e d c o t to n t h r e a d s r o un d t h e
- .

b oy s r i gh t w r i st an d g iv e s h im g h i a n d ga r t o t ast e T h e s e w r i s tl e t s
’
’ .
.

a r e ca ll e d kun g a n a T hi s i s p r e c e d e d by t h e te l s a n d c e r e mo ny A ga i n
.
-
.

G a n p a t i B r a h ma V i s h n u ku m bh di a 1 a n d t h e n i n e p l a n e t s ar e w or
'

, , , ,

sh i p p e d a n d t h e n a h a g o a t is s a c r ific e d t o t h e p l a ne ts by t h e
,
bo y i t s ,

bl o o d b e i n g sp r i n kl e d o n t h e s ci n dor i (ba g a r g r a s s r o p e ) a n d m unj mdla

a r i n g of ba ga r ) T h e s dn dor i i s t h e n s r e a d r o un d t h e r o om a l o n g t h e
( .
p
c o r n ic e a n d t h e b r i de gr o o m ma d e to do n a w hi te dh o ti o r s h e e t r oun d
h i s l o i n s t o pu t fl o ur m a n dr a s (j og i s e a r r i n g s ) i n h i s e a r s sli ng a s a t ch e l
’
-
, ,

o v e r h i s s h o uld e r t ie a bl a ck w o o ll e n r o p e r o un d h is ch e s t s a n d c ov e r h i s
,

b ut tock s w i th a n a n i ma l s s ki n s uspe n d a f un a mi (bo w f o r c a r di n g w ool )

’
,

to t h e bl a ck r o p e a n d t a k e a t i m b a r s t i c k i n h i s r ig h t h an d wi t h a

B r ah m i n ic a l t h r e a d t i e d r o un d h is r igh t th um b Thi s d r e ss i s a ss ume d so .

h
t at h e m a y a pp e a r a r e g u l a r
j go i (a s c e t i c ) A f t r t h i s t h e p r e s idi
.
n g e

i
r e st a s k s h i m ; why h a s
‘
t t h o u b e c o m e a
j go i H i s a n s w e r 18 t o
‘

p
v i r t h e r i n t e r r o g a t e d by th e
’
re e c i e t h e B r a h m i n ic a l c o r d Th e n h e . s f u

i
r e st as t o w h a t k i n d o f c o r d h e r e q u i r e s i e o n e o f c o
p p e r b r a ss s ilv e r ,
p , . .
, , ,

g o ld o r c o t t on a n d h e a sk s fo r th e l a tte r T h e p r i e s t t h e n s e n d s h i m to
, ,
.

b a th e a t B a d r i Na r a i n T r ilok Na t h a n d M an i M a h e sh a a n d t h e s e sup
,
-
,

p o se d b a th s ar e t ak e n i n t u r n by dippi n g h is h an d s an d f e e t i n an d ,

i
o u r n g so m e w a te r o n h i s f a e c f m v l u t d f o t h e p u r p o s e
p
r o a e s s e p r e a
y ,
r

d h bl i h p t d d b fi r st o f
i n t h e oo r w a y - A f te r t e s e
. a u t o n s t e r e e n e
f g
o t e g s ,

m f
h i s r e l a t i o n s an d th e n a t t h e h o us e a n d h y giv t e e h, ii r me a n s In o nc u
a
p i e c e o b r e a d
a nd p r o m i s e h i m c a t t l e g o a t s e t c a c c o r di n g t o t h e c l .

, ,

i p i k wh h i h d v h m l f t o y d t era
m
t
s o n t h e r e s t a s s h i e t e r h e w s e s to e o e i se

ll fi ll h d f f i ce a n d p each v l
d
p
i n u o
Ku m b h A s m a p i tc h e r e d w i t h w a t e r ,
s p ace o er a a
l
d
.

k t ( nt
l v bl I sh i p p e d t e 0
l l
.

x i
r a f e w ad e s o f dr a b ar e p u t i n to i t t i s w o r e a c y
e a es o i n c and
.

h d f 1
1 D ia A s
.
m al ea r t h e n l
a m p w i th a ur n in l
g W i ck i s p ac ebd o e r a an u 0
l v
hi e d l ik e th e oth er s
w or s p p .
26 2 G addi Weddings .

( w o r ldly b u si n e ss) o r m a t e r a (a n a s c e tic l i f e ) a n d h e in v ari a bly an s w e r s

t o j etter a a n d t h e n t h e p r i e s t ma k e s h i m t a k e o ff h is j ogi s cl o th e s
’ ’

, ,

r e ce ivi n g 4 a n n a s a s h i s f e e f o r t hi s T h e c a t t l e e tc whic h t h e r e l a .
, .
,

t i o n s p r o mi s e d t o t h e b oy g o t o h i m a n d n o t t o t h e p r i e s t .

Thi s o v e r t h e boy i s m a d e t o s i t o n a wick e r b a s k e t o r a sh e e p -s ki n

, ,

ba g f or c a r r yi n g g r ai n (c a ll e d kh a lr u ) a n d a d a gg e r i s pl a c e d o n t h e ,

m u nj mdlci a b o ve h is h e a d
" Th e n th e p e o pl e p o ur o i l o v e r hi s h e a d
.
,

w i t h a f e w bl a de s o f g r a s s (dr a b) t a k e n f r om a v e s s e l c o n ta i n i n g o il ,

a n d h e ld by h i s m o t h e r s b r o t h e r o r i n h i s a b s e n c e by h e r s i s t e r A ft e r
’
.

t hi s t h e b r id e gr o o m fi t s a n a r r o w t o t h e f a n a n i (bo w ) a n d s h o o t s i t a t
t h e h e a d o f t h e d e a d g o a t w h i ch i s pl a c e d o v e r t h e n i n e p l a n e t s th e r e by ,

r e t e n di n g t o sl a y t h e m T h e r i t e o f t a s t i n g g m; a n d g h i by t h e bo y
p .

e n d s t hi s c e r e m o n y Th e b r id e g r o o m i s t h e n dr e s s e d
. He w e a r s a '
.

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’

, ,

w i t h gu lba da n s u th a n a n d a j a u ll t h r o w n o v e r th e s h o uld e r s Th e
‘

p r e se n t (s uh i g p a ra r i ) i
i s t-
h e n a r r a ng e d It c o n s i s t s o f a k h a r bd s 1 .
,

lu ci n ch e r i g h a g i u § n a u dor i u ng i fil k ci n g z m a n i ndr 3
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T om s of g uij d a t e s g r a p e s a l mon d s r ic e a n d 7 lzi ch i s a nd t h e s e

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c a r r i e d by t h e p a r oh i t to th e b r id e s h o us e wi th th e p r o c e s s i on T h e , .

b oy i s t h e n v e il e d w i t h a p u r ifi e d v e il (s e h r a ) by hi s mo t h e r s b r o t h e r
’
,

h i s b r o t h e r s wi fe p uts a n t i mo n y o n h i s e y e s a n d h is s i st e r f a n s h i m
’
.
,

A f t e r t hi s t h e boy g e t s u p a n d t h e a r t i is t h e n w a v e d t h r ic e f r o m r igh t
'

t o l e f t o v e r h i s h e a d by th e p a r oh i t a n d h i s m o t h e r t h r o w s t h r e e r o u n d ,

ca k e s (lfi ch i s ) o n t h r e e s i de s o f h im T h e a r t i m u s t be san c tifi e d by

’

m a n tr a s b e f o r e be i n g u s e d a t th e d o o r A f t e r t hi s t h e b o y s f a t h e r ’
.

giv e s h i m th e ta mbo l (p r e s e n t ) o f R e 1 a n d 4 c op pe r c o i n s th e l at te r .
, ,
’
b e i n g t h e p a r oh i t s f e e T h e b o y t h e n ge t s i n t o a do li i n t h e c our t
’

a r d a n d h i s mo t h e r gi v e s h i m h e r b r e a s t t o s u ck T h e
p a l k i i s t h en
y
.

c a r r i e d by f o ur b e ar e r s t o t h e e n t r a n c e b e n e a t h t h e w oo ll e n pa r r o ts c a ll ,

e d tor a n w hic h t h e bo y h i s m o t h e r a n d t h e p a r oh i t w o r s h i p a n d t h e n
, , ,

t h e b e a r r s p r e s e n t t h e boy w i t h a ku m bh fi l l e d w i t h w a t e r a n d h e p ut s a
e

c o pp e r co i n i n i t Th e b r id al p r o ce ssi on c o n s i s t i n g o f t h e ma l e m e m
.
,

b e r s o f th e h o use an d f r i e n d s dr e s se d i n t h e i r b e s t cl o th e s an d p r e c e d e d
,

by t o m t oms g o e s t o t h e b r id e s h o us e On a r r i v a l th e boy w i t h h i s
-
,
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.

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fo ll o w e r s i s p u t up i n a h ou se o t h e r t h a n t h e gi r l s o r c a m p s o u t i n t h e ,

h e bo y s fa th e r o r u n cl e w i th o n e o r t w o mor e t h e n t a k e s a
’
o e n ai r
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.
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b a s k e t f ull o f r o un d c ak e s t o t h e b r id e s p a r e n t s t hi s i s c a l l e d
T h e y r e t ur n f r o m t h e
’
ba tp ar ta n a . br i de s h o us e a f t e r e a t i n g ,

s o m e th i n g an d p ut t i n g 4 c o p pe r c o i n s i n t h e pl a te a n d r e j o i n t h e ,

p r o c e s s i on Thi s o bs e r va n co i s call e d u t h
.
j p ii t T w o r e s
p e c t a bl e m en .

t o th e b r id e s p a r o h i t t o s e t tl e t h e amo un t h e
’
a r e al so d e p u te d w ill ,

t a k e f o r p e r f or m i n g t h e r i t e s a t t h e la ga n a n d t h e n r e j o i n th e c a mp , .

’
T h e b o y s p ur o h i t t h e n p r o c e e d s t o t h e b i i de s h o use t o d e liv e r t h e
’

ba r s uh i i i (b r i de s ) d r e s s t o h e r T h e bar r uhi c o n si s ts o f a whi te

’
.

s h e e t (dup a t ta ) ludi i ch e r i g h a g a r a n a n dor i u n g i ka n g i (c omb ) (a r t icl e s

, , , , , ,

ll
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dr e s s l .

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,
l u dn ch e r i , th e br ide s dr e s s l i

l l
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ll T h e n a u - dor i o r
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9 am is ar e r e d cor ds four on e i th er s i de at t h e ack of th e h e ad, . b
pla i t e d In to th e h a v
i r an d co n e r g i ng i nto a n in th th i ck don t wh i ch h an s dow n t
g h e ack
’

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.

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.

as l
Ch w a i t i s an anti mo n y h o de r for th e ey e s, w or n o n th e ack of th e h e ad .

t w il be observed that the bai s ah i consi sts of th e same ai ti cle s as th e suh dg-p afdr i ,
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no w p e r for me d by h
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law Th en .

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,
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d i a a n d th e
’

n i ne pl a n e ts a r e

w o r sh i pe d
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A f t e r t hi s o n e e n d o f th e gi r l s s h e e t i s h e ld o u t by h e r
p .

b r o th e r a nd o n t h i s r e d ti kka i s s p r i n kl e d t h r ic e b y t h e b oy Si mi .

la r ly t h e b o y s w a i s t b an d is h e l d o u t a n d a n o i n te d by t h e gi r l
’
- T h e g i rl .

t h e n h old s u p h e r h a n d s ; a n d i n to t h e m 4 c o p pe r co i n s, a w a l nu t , dr a b,
fl o w e r s , t i l a n d r ic e a r e t h r o w n by th e p r i e s t a n d t h e n t h e boy i s ma d e
’
t o lay h is h a n ds o v e r h e r s T h e p r i e st t h e n t a k e s p a r t o f t h e b r id e s s h e e t
.

an d w r a s bo th a i r s o f h a n d s i n i t by r u n n i n g a t a p e (dor i ) r o un d i t
p p .

gi r l s f a th e r t h e n p e r for m s t h e ka n i d da n (givi n g t h e gi r l
’ '

Th e -

m
’
a w ay i h h m c l i n t h e gi r l s a u la
) w t t e r
p pe e r a n t r a s A t i t s o n c us o .

(mo t h e r s b r o t h e r ) t o uch e s h e r w r a p p e r w i t h a c opp e r c o i n a n d i t i s

’

t h e n un k n o tt e d t h e t hi n g s in t h e gi r l s h a n d s b e i n g t a k e n by t h e
’
,

b o y a n d g i v e n t o th e p a r o h i t Th e g m; a n d g h i i s t h e n t a s t e d a n d .

t hi s c o n cl ud e s t h e c e r mo n y c a ll e d la g a n T h e gi r l n o w r e t i r e s b ut
e .
,

t h e bo y r e m a i n s to o t h r ou gh an o th e r r i t e ca ll e d th e m a n i h dr § A f t er
g .

do i n g t h e (i r ti o v e r t h e b r id e g r oo m t h e t a p e wi t h t h e b e t e l nu t i s t h e n ,

on th e r e u i r e d t o pi e r c e t h e n u t w i t h
’
ut b le ft t d h i
p o y s o e a n e s q
h is d a gge r Thi s d on e t h e p r i e s t tak e s t h e t a p e u p a n d t h r o w s i t o v e r
.
,

th e b o y s h e a d p a ss e s i t d o w n t o h i s h e e l s a nd un d e r h i s s o l e s a n d
’
, ,

t h e n ti e s i t r o un d t h e p a g oj i T h e boy i s t h e n d r a w n by t h e m a n i h dr .

by h i s m o th e r i n la w a n d le d i n s id e t h e h o u s e t o t h e kri m de o ” T h e
- -
.

gi r l i s a l so b r ough t t h e r e by h e r b r o t h e r a n d dr e s s e d i n t h e ba r s zi h i
cl o t h e s an d p l a c e d by t h e bo y s s id e b e f or e t h e p ic t ur e Fi n a lly t h e ’
.

r e ma i n i n g 7 do r zs o f t h e ba r s zch i a r e h a n de d o v e r t o t h e boy by t h e
' ’

gi r l s m am i (mo t h e r s s i s t e r ) h e p l a c e s t h e m o n t h e b r id e s h e a d a n d
’ ’ ’

t h e n h e r h a i r i s co mb e d a n d a r r a n ge d w i t h t h e s e do r i s by h e r m e nu?
a n d th e fo ll o wi n g s on g i s s un g
S A R G U ND HI S ON G .

K a n gor i ba i th i s i r kh o li , h or
K a n bai th a p i th g h er i ,

G am a ba i th i s i r kh o li , h o r
Isa r bai th a p i th g h e r i .

Wh o i s t h at b e autif ul gi l s i tti n g wi th r her h a i r di sh e ve ll e d

Wh o
i tt i n g wi t h h is b a ck t ur n e d
is s

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, ,

I s ar (Shiv a ) i s s i t ti n g wi t h h i s b a ck t ur n e d .

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l b
on a h e ap o f r i ce I v
t i s gi e n a co p p e r ce i n G anp at i e i ng th us i n o ke d t o ke e p o ff mi sh ap s,
.
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b v
T b
Br ah ma s e lfi g y i s made o f a f e w
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dr a b w h i ch ar e t ur ne d do w n t w i ce , t h e ,

e nds e i ng fixe d i n co w dung and p ace d i n a g r e e n cup

-
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as b
e i ng th e Cr e at or o f th e un i e r s e v .

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Clo w n once f r om th e ce nt r e i n h i s cas e V i sh nu i s w ors h i p p e d as e i ng th e r s t Cause and
. b fi
th e Pr o te ctor o f th e un i e r s e v .

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Ma n i h a r — Ni ne w a nuts (th e n ine p ane ts) ar e p ut on r i ce and w or sh i p p e d and th e i r l
bl v
e s s i ng i n ok e d T h e r e must be a s e p a r ate h andf u o f r i ce f o r e ach of th e w a nu ts
. l l .
A
b or e d co p p e r coi n a b l
e te nut and a co t to n ( to r t ( t h r e e cor ds a o ut
, s p an s ong )— all th e s e b l
t og e th e r are ca e d ll
m a n i h z
c r — but t h e ce r e mony i s p e r f o r me d by t a ki ng th e boy o ut to th e
’

do o r w ay and th e r e h e take s o ut 11 1 8 dag g er f r o m t h e w ai s t and touch e s th e co i n w i th i ts

p o i n t, p r e te ndi ng t o h e r e i t l h e s tr i ng i s t he n p ass e d t h r o ug h t h e o r e d coi n and
.
‘

p ut i n b
a m i n i (g r ai n me asur e ) and th e n th e m u n i lui r i s sancti fie d and ti e d r o und th e oy s h e ad b '
.

dre s s y b h i s m o t h e r -i h -l aw at th e gate w ay af ter th e am .

ll A pi cture .
 G addi We ddi ngs .

A f te r thi s t h e o
’
b y j a ul (s h o uld e r b an d ) a n d th e br id e s kha r vds
s -
’

(s h e e t ) a r e k n o t te d t o ge t h e r a nd t h e b r id e is c a r r i e d by h e r ma te r na l
un cl e (m a u la t o t h e c a n o y w h r
) p e e t h e w e ddi n g i s t o b e c e l e b r a t e d .

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p ,
W i t h w o o l l e n cl o t h s f a ci n g e as t T h e b r id e g ro o m s i t s t o t h e r igh t o f
, .

t h e b r id e a n d i n f ro n t o f t h e s a c r e d fi r e h oma o r h a va n b id
(
’
) T h e r e s .

f a th e r t h e n w a sh e s t h e c o u l e s f e e t a f t e r which G a n a ti Na va ir a h ’

p ; p g , ,

B r a h ma V i s h n u K ui n bh S a t Ri s hi Ch a ur Ve di Oh a u r di s a (t h e fo ur
, , , , ,
-

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) a n d Ch a ur up de s (t h e f o ur e l e me n t s ) a r e w o r s hi p p e d i n due
-

o r der t o w ar d o ff m i s h a p s
, Thi s i s f oll o w e d by pl a ci n g f r i e d b a r l e y
.

1 11 a ch h a
j ( s i e ve ) w hich i s b r ou gh t t o t h e ba i d Fi r s t t h e b r id e g r oo m .
,

t a k e s a h a n d f ul o f t hi s g r a i n a n d ut s i t o n t h r e e di ff e r e n t s o t s w hil e
p p ,
t h e b r id e s b r o t h e r k e e s w i i n g i t a w a
’

p p y w i t h h i s r igh t h a n d a s f as t a s
i t i s p ut d o w n This i s r e pe a te d b ut t h e s e con d t i m e t h e b r id e s
.
,
’

b r o th e r p ut s t h e g r a i n d o w n a n d t h e b r id e g r oo m w i pe s i t a w ay Thi s .

i s c a ll e d k h zla * kh e dn i a n d i s d on e t o b r e a k t h e tie o f r e l a t i o n s hi p if ,

a n y e xi st s b e t w e e n t h e c o n t r a c t i n g p a r t i e s A f te r t hi s khi la kh e dm
’

, .

’
th e b oy s f a t h e r p u ts 4 a nn a s i n to t h e chh aj i a n d t h e b r id e s b r o th e r ’
‘

t ak e s o ff t h e r e d pi e c e which h e h as w o r n o n h i s h e a d d ur i n g t h e ce r e
mo ny a n d p ut s i t i n t h e ch haj t o o It i s t h e n r e mo v e d a n d t h e 4 a n n as .

a r e cl a i m e d by t h e b o y s b r o t h e r i n la w
’ ’
Th e n t h e b r id e s b r ot h e r s - -
.
’

w ife c o m e s a n d g r i n d s t u r m e r ic (h a lda r ) o n t h e s i l a n d s pr i n kl e s i t W e t
o n t h e fe e t o f t h e a ir t h r e e t i me s o n e a ch S h e r e c e iv e s 4 t a ka s i e
p , .
,
. .
,

1 6 c o pp e r co i n s f o r p e r f o r m i n g t hi s r i t e
,
Th e n t h e co u p l e a r e m ade .

t o s t a n d u p a n d w a lk r o un d t h e s a c r e d fi r e fo ur t i m e s f r o m r igh t t o
l e f t T h e b r i de g ro o m k e e p s h is r igh t h a n d o n t h e b r id e s b ack a ll t h e
.
’

whil e A f te r e a ch t u r n t h e y a r e mad e t o h a l t n e a r th e b as k e ts a n d
.

t h e i r f e e t a r e w o r s hi p p e d by t h r o w i n g t i l dr a b m ilk a n d r e d co l o ur
, , , , ,
’
e tc . by t h e b r id e s f a t h e r a n d a t t h e e n d th e b r id e s b r o th e r Wo r s hi ps
,
’
,

t h e c o u pl e s f e e t in t h e s a me w a y T h e se fo ur r o u nd s a r e ca ll e d
’
.

ch dr la i a n d c o ns t i t u te t h e bi n di n g r i t e i n th e w e d di n g A t t h e ch i lci i
'

.
r r
,

t w o w o me n s i n g t h e f o l l o wi n g s o n g
CHA R L A I S ONG .

Pa h li a ldj é r i a p h i r de ka da r e ’
,

D iij i a ldj ar i a p h i r de ls a r G a ur aj a ,
Tr ii i a ldj dr i a a nj a n dh r i r lcii ,
.

Ch a uth i a laij dr i a a nj a n tor i n a ks a .

fi r st r o un d of t h e la t g o b a ch e l o rs
In t h e ,

s e c on d r o un d o f t h e ldi g o I s h w a r a nd G a ura j a
In th e .

In th e t hi r d r o un d t h e y le t t h e a nj a n i d r a g o n t h e g r oun d
-

In t h e f o ur t h r o u n d t h e da lh a (b r i d e g r o o m) b r o k e i t a n d
r a n a w ay .

T h e b r id e a n d br id e g r o o m n o w ch a n g e s e a ts a n d s it fa cin g e a ch
othe r T h e b r id e t h e n h ld s u p h e r ba n i s a nd i n t h e m a g r e e n l e a f
.
o

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by th e pr i e s t Th e b r id e g r oo m c o v e r s t h e br id e s h a n ds W i t h h i s h a n d s
'

no t s th e m n f m h b i d t ’
’

h
a nd t e n t h e
p i
r e s t un k a i h a r r o t e o y s
p a g r a n p u s

Pe rch e d g rai n 1 W i nn o w i ng fa n
’
.

l ul de r and
.

f l t h d h h
I In th e mi r ri ag e ce re n ) 1 y t h e b y w a i rs t l o c o r o un lS s o ‘

a o n g s l p
l l 1 8 t h t h t d t e th e r w h e n the y
th e g ir a kh a r vci s (co o ure d s h e e t) o ve r h ar 11 31 3 e s e a r e i e og .

do th e ch ar i ot and the knot Wh ich fas te ns th e m t o g e th e r i s c a ll e d a n y an .

266 G a ddi Weddi ngs .

it on h a n d s Th e b r i d e s fa th e r t h e n ta k e s ti l dr a b r ic e fl o w e r s
th e i r .
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a n d c o p e r c o i n s a n d th e s a n ka la i s p e r f or m e d t o th e r e ci ta t i o n o f
p p
ma n tr a s . A f te r t hi s h e pl a c e s 4 c o p p e r c o i ns an d a r up e e i n t h e v e s s e l
c on tai n i n g w a t e r t u r me r ic m il k an d c ur d an d s p r i n kl e s t h e m ix t ur e
, ,

n a or givi n g o f d o w r y h
o n t h e ba i d (ca n o y )
p Thi s i s c a ll e d s d
.
jp d T e
’
.

’
b r id e s mot h e r s b r o t h e r t h e n c ome s a n d tou ch e s t h e b o y s an d gi r l s
’ ’

h a n d s w i t h a e ar o f r ic e a n d a c op p e r coi n a n d t h e n t h e y a r e r e l e a s e d th e , ,

ma n i h dr b e i n g giv e n t o t h e gi r l t o b e p ut r oun d h e r n e ck T h e r i ce .

a nd coi n r e la t i o n s a n d
’
o t o t h e pr ie st A f t t h i a ll t h e gi r l s o t h e r
g e r s .

f r i e n d s giv e h e r r e se n t s e i t h e r i n c as h o r i n ki nd a cc o r di n g t o t h e i r
p , ,

s o ci a l o s i t i on i b p ' ‘
t t h d ivid d t h u s — T o t h e b r id e s
’

p .e s e r e s e n s a r e e n e
’
a n d b r id e g r o o m s d k i ar r i e r s 4
’
a r o h i ts 2 a n n a s n ch t o t h e b r id e s
p l c -
p e
to t h e b r id e g r o o m s t h e s a m e ; a n d to t h e c ar p e n t e r (bddh i ) w h o
’
a nn as

e r e c t s th e t e m l e a n d t h e a i d 4 a n n a s a l so : t o t h e
’

p c a n o p (y b ) b r id e s

m us ici a n s 2 a n n a s a n d t o t h e b r id e g r oom s 4 a nn a s A f te r t hi s t h e ’
.

’
br id e s p ur ohi t co un ts t h e t hi n g s r e c e iv e d i n d o w r y r e c e i vi n g f o r t hi s 8 ,

co p pe r co i ns w i t h f o u r mor e a s de h l (d oor w a y ) f or a c t i n g a s th e fa mily

,
-

p r i e st O. f t h e r e s i d u e a f o u r t h g o e s t o t h e b r id e a n d a t e n t h of t h e r e
ma i n de r i s a p p r o p r i a t e d by h e r p r i e s t Th e b a l a n c e w i t h th e c an o py i s
.

t h e n giv e n by t h e b r id e s f a t h e r a s s a n ka la t o t h e b oy s f a t h e r a n d f o r ms
' ’ ’

p
p a r t o f t h e p ar a ph e r n a li a A f t e r t hi s
. t h e g o tr a c h a r m a n t r as ar e r e ad -

a n d f r i e d r i ce i s t h r o w n t o w a r d s t h e c ouple by bot h th e p r i e s t s E a c h .

ge t s 4 a nn a s f o r r e a di n g t h e gotr a ch dr Thi s i s f o ll o w e d b y ma k i n g - .

t h e f a t h e r s o f t h e c o upl e s i t un d e r th e ca n o py a n d a bl a d e o f dr a b i s p ut ,

by t h e b r id e s p r i e st i n t o t h e gi r l s f a t h e r s h a n ds
’
He h old s i t b e t w e e n
’ ’
.

t h e t i p s of h i s mi ddl e fi n g e r s a t on e e n d t h e o t h e r e n d b e i n g s i mil a r ly ,

a s ma t ka n i a
’
h e ld by t h e b o y s fa t h e r T h e b r id e s f a t h e r t h e n s ay s
.
’
,

ta s ma t go tr a me a n i n g
”
, o ur g ir l
p a ss e s t o yo ur
g ot T h e e n d s o f th e .
”

bl a d e a r e t h e n r e v e r se d a nd th e b oy s f at h e r say s : ta s ma t ka n i a a s ma t ’
,
”
g o tr a , m e an i ng y o ur
g i r l h a s c o me i n t o o ur
g o t A t t h e c o n cl us i o n .
”

t h e b r id e g o o m co me s to t h e e n d o f t h e c a n o py w h e r e h e r e c e iv e s r u lci r
r

(sa l ut ation w i th a pr e se n t) f r om h i s m ot h e r in la w a n d th e o t h e r e ld e r ly - -

w ome n of t h e b r id e s hou s e T h e mo th e r i n la w giv e s a r up e e i n c a sh

’
.
- -

a n d 4 c o pp e r c o i n s th e o t h e r s o n ly c o p e r co i n s a n d w i t h o ut r e c e ivi n g
, p ,

t hi s gi ft f r om th e w o me n i t i s n ot e t i qu e t t e f or h i m t o a p p e a r b e f o r e
th em Th e bo y t o uc h e s t h e b r i de s m o t h e r s f e e t i n to k e n of h e r givi n g ’ ’
.

h i m t hi s p r ivil e g e T h e c e r e mo n i e s a t t h e b r id e s a r e n o w o v e r a n d t h e ’
.

b r ide i s t a k e n i n t h e p ri lki w i th a ll th e p a r a p h e r na li a, f oll ow e d by t h e

,

b r ide gr oom h i s f o ll ow e r s a n d f r i e n d s t o h i s h o us e
, , .

S o n g s un g o n th e br i de s a r r iva l a t t h e b r id e g r oo m s h o us e’ ’

S ci (p i ch a i k) a u n de j o dda r de —j an de j o bh a li mdr - -

Ha lla r e j i n de j o moch a r m dr — bh a le bh a le ada r

- -
.

R e ce iv e th e c o me wi th t h e b r id e ) w it h c o ur te sy
s oi h o se w h o
a n d o n t h e i r d e p a r t u r e giv e t h e m a g oo d t h r a s hi n g .

G iv e t o t hi s h a lla r (b a s ta r d )a s h o e boa t in g , t hi s is g o o d tr e a t me n t ~

f o r h im
”
.

On a r r iv a l at th e d o or -
w ay th e f oll o wi n g so n g is s un g
A T HL A I S ONG ,

Ham ki t p uyn a ka n gor i a i ,

Ha m kn p uyn a G am a a i ,

Ham I
cu p ai de
p ut r i p h a l mangde .
26 8 G addi D eath Customs .

’
t i me s h an d i n h a n d , or wi th th e b r id e s sh e e t t i e d t o th e b oy s gi r dl e
’
.

’
It i s a dmi s s ibl e i n ca s e s wh e r e a gi r l s p ar e n ts h a v e c o n s e n te d to h e r
b e t r o th a l but r e fuse t o c a r r y ou t t h e mar r i a g e , a n d i s s o me t i me s d o n e
fo r cibly by t h e b r id e g r o o m o r i n c a s e s in whi ch a gi r l e l op e s wi th h e r
l o v e r N o p r i e s t or r e l at iv e n e e d atte n d it
. .

Wid ow i s p e r mi t te d , e xc e p t a mon g t h e B r a h man s

r e mar r i a g e T he .

r i t e i s ca ll e d g uda m o r j h a nj ar dr a a n d a l so ch o li dor i a n d i s s o l e mni s e d

’
-

t h us — T h c p ai r a r e ma d e to si t d o w n by t h e di w a a n d k um bh , w i t h
s o me dh ii p b ur n i n g Th e y w o r shi p b o t h t h e se o bj e c ts , t h e n t h e b r id e
.

g r o o m pl a c e s a do r i (t ap e ) o n th e w id o w s h e a d a n d a n o th e r w o man
’

c o mb s h e r h e a d a n d bi n d s h e r h a i r w i th t h e t a p e Af t e r t h i s t h e b r id e .

m l c s a n o se r i n g ( bdli i ) i n t h e w o ma n s h a n d a n d s h e p u t s i t on
’
g r o o p a e -
.

T h i s is t h e bi n din g p o r ti o n o f t h e c e r e mo n y A f e as t i s giv e n to g ue st s .

a n d r e l a tio ns a n d s o n g s a r e s un g If n o p r i e s t p r e s id e s a t t h e c e r e mo ny
.

th e k umbh , e tc , w or shi p i s di sp e n s e d wi th , b ut t h e t a p e a n d r i n g c e r e
.

m on y i s g o n e t h r o ug h a n d t h e g ue s t s , e tc , f e a s te d A w i do w use d t o . .

be c o mp e ll e d t o m a r r y h e r h usb a n d s e ld e r o r y oun g e r b r ot h e r , b ut th e
’

c ustom i s n o l o ng e r e n f o r c e d by th e S ta t e .

D iv o r c e i s p e r mi tte d by mut u al c on se n t ,
bu t t h e r e i s no S p e ci a l f o r m .

A di v o r cee may r e ma r r y .

S on s ,
w wi fe mar r i e d f or th e fi r s t t i me o r by a widow o r
h ether by a ,

di vor cee r e mar r i e d succ e e d b ut ill e gi t i ma te son s do n o t un l e s s th e y

, , ,

a r e a d o p te d i n d e f a ul t o f l e gi t i ma te s o ns o r h e i r s T h e e ld e s t so n g e ts .

a n e xt ra sh a r e c all e d j a i th a n d bu t h e h a s p e r con tr a t o p ay a p r o p o r
, ,

t io n a te ly l a r ge r s h ar e o f a n y d e b t s A mo n g t h e s o n s th e p r o p e r ty i s .

o t h e r w i s e di v id e d m un da va n d i e e uall y e xc e p t i n Ka n g ra Wh e r e th e
q ,
. .
, , ,

ch u n da va n d r ul e p r e v a il s a mo n g t h a t s ma l l p a r t o f t h e t r ib e s w hich o r i ,
-
i

i n ally c a m e f r o m t h e s o ut h e r n s id e o f t h e u p e r Ravi i n Ch a mb a *
g p .

T h e G a dd i s a l so h a v e t h e cu st s m wh e re b y a wid o w s ch ild (ch a uka n dh u)

’

b or n a t a n y t i me a f t e r h e r h usb a n d s d e at h s ucc e e d s to h i s p r o p e r ty ’

r o vid e d t h at th e wid o w h a s co n t i n ue d to li v e i n h i s h o us e a n d h a s
p ,

w or n a r e d dor i (ta p e ) i n t h e n a me o f h i s ch u la (o v e n) o r da r dt (a xe ) .

C as e s h a v e e v e n o cc ur r e d i n w hich t h e w idow h a s r e t a i n e d h e r l a te
h u sb a n d s p r o p e r ty w i th o u t c o mp lyi n g wi th t h e s e c o ndi t i on s th o ugh
’
,

th e G a dd is c on si d e r h e r r igh ts di s p u t a bl e .

G a dd i s b ur n t h e i r d e a d L e p e r s a nd t hos e w h o di e o f luh a r a ki n d
.
,

o f t y h us a r e fi r s t b u r i e d bu t t h e i r c r p se s a r e xh m d f t t h
p , o , e u e a e r ree
m o n t h s a n d b ur n t T h e c e r e mon i e s p e r f o r me d a r e t h e s a m e a s fo r t h os e
.

w h o ar e bur nt T h e b od y i s p l a c e d o n t h e f un e r a l r w i t h t h h d
py e e e a
.

o f t h e d e c e a se d to th e n o r t h a n d a llt h e j e w e ll e r n d t h b l k t which
y, a e a n e ,
i s t h r o w n o v e r i t wh e n o n t h e bi e r a r e t a k e n o fi a n d th e b o dy b ur n t , .

A co p p e r c o i n i s p l a c e d by th e p y r e a s t h e t a x o f th e l a n d o n w h i ch f
t h e b o dy i s b u r n t Fi r e i s fi r s t a p pli e d to th e py r e u n d e r t h e h e a d by
.

t h e n e a r e s t r e l a t iv e a n d t h e o t h e r go tr i s (bl o o d r e l at i on s
) T h e p a r ohi t .

j oi n s t h e r e l at i o n s i n t hi s o b s e r v a n c e b ut n o c e r e mon i e s a r e ob s e r ve d , .

T h e li g h t i s a p pl i e d a ft e r go i n g r o u n d t h e p y r e on ce f ro m l e ft t o r igh t .

On t h e 1 0 th da y a f t e r t he d e m s e t h e da sp i n di c e r e m o n y i s p e r fo r me d
i

Si r J B Ly a s Ka ng r a S e tt e me nt R e p or t
ll l
'

7 4, quote d i n P C L II
p 1 83
.
. ,

t In a usion to th e i de a th at th e Muh ammadans o w n th e w orld, Ili nd s the sk

.

ll
.

h
. .

and
h w s la d
n mu st n t
'
b e u d u l e s p ai d f or
y
t h at t e o ner o se n s .
 Gddd/i Be li ef s .
26 9

which i s s p r e a d to r e ce i ve t h e m o ur n e r s On t h e 1 2t h
day a t n i g h t a .

h e g o a t i s s acr i fi ce d i n t h e d e c e a se d s n
-
Thi s go a t i s gi v e n to t h e
’
, ,
a me .

a r ohi t Ne x t mo r n i n g fi v e
p .

p i n de (b a l ls o f r i ce ) or o n e sap i n di a r e
a a i n o ff e r e
g d to t h e d e ce a se d by t h e chi e f m o ur n e r t o t h e r e ci t a t i on of
ma n tr a s by t h e a r o h i t
,

p Th e cl o th e s u t e n S i ls c a s h e tc a r e giv e n t o
.
, , ,
hi m
.
,
On t h e 1 4 t h da y t h e d e c e a s e d s r e l a t i o n s o n t h e w i fe s id c ’ ’
o me
.

s e
t o t h e h o use i n th e mo r n i n g a n d giv e b r o t h e r h o od A
a f e a s t to th e .

g a t i s k i ll e d f o r t hi s f e a s t a n d t h e mo u r n i n g ce a s s fr o m thi s day A t
o
: .

t h e e n d o f t h e t hi r d mo n t h o bl a t i o n s a r e a g i
a n o ff e r e d t o t h e c
de e as e d
a n d t h e o cc a s i o n i s s i g n a l i se d b
y a f e a s t t o t h e b r o t h e r h oo d A ll t h e .

o ff e r i n s ma e i n t
g d hi s c e r e m on y g o t o t h e p a r ohi t w h o p r e s i de s o ve r i t
Si m il a r c e r e mo ni e s a r e g o n e th r o ugh a t t h e e n d o f t h e si xt h mon th an d
.

t h e le t a nd
4 t h y e ar s .

If b ur i e d t h e b o dy i s l a i d fl a t i n t h e g r a v e w i t h th e b ack
o n t h e g r o un d a n d t h e p a l ms o f bo th h a n d s folde d o n t h e ch e s t T h e .

h e a d is k e p t to t h e s t a r (n or th ) Chil d r e n a n d f e ma l e s ar e b ur i e d i n
.

t h e s a me w a y Wh e n b u n t t h e a sh e s a r e c o ll e c t e d , t o g e t h e r w i t h
.
r

t h e s e v e n b on e s o f t h e fi n g e r , k ne e a nd a n kl e j o i n t s o n t h e da
, y th e
c o r p s e i s b ur nt T h e y a r e br o ugh t to t h e h o use in a p i e c e o f ma sr u
.
.

a n d k e p t f o r t e n d a y s i n t h e cl o t h e s i n w hi ch t h e d e c ea s e d b r e a th e d
h is l a s t a n d in t h e r o o m i n wh ich h e e x p i r e d A f te r th e da s p i ndi .

t h e y a r e w ash e d i n h o n e y , milk, cl ar ifi e d b ut te r , co w dun

g a n d bi lp a tr i
s e e d a n d t h e n dr i e d a n d d e o s i t e d i n a s ma ll w o o d e n bo x w r ap e d i n
p , p
t h e pi e c e o f m a s r u a n d b u r i e d i n a r e c e s s ma d e i n th e w al l o f t h e
h o u se , wi t h a c o a t i n g o f ba r l e y a n d m u s ta r d o v e r i t Th e y s h o uld be .

t a k e n t o H a r d w a r t o be t h r o w n i n to t h e G a n ge s a s s o on as t h e family
h a s c oll e c t e d s u ffi ci e n t f un ds f o r t h e j o ur n e y , a n d a t mos t wi thi n four
y e ar s .

T he re lig io n of th e
G a dd i s p r e s e n ts so me i n te r e s ti n g f ea ture s As .

w e h a v e s e e n th e G add i s a r e by p r e fe r e n c e S h a i vas , t b u t th e i r w o rs hi p
'

i s ca th olic t o a d e g r e e Th us o n S un d a y s a n d T h n i s da y s Nags an d
.

Sidh a a r e w o r s h i pp e d , o n S un d ay s a l o ne K ailun g , D avi s o n Tue s day s,

’
a n d o n Th ur s d a y s Bi r s .

T o t h e Nag s , a h r i o r b e e s t i n g s , mal e kid s o r l a mb s , a n d ar e (t h e

fi r s t fr u i t s o f a ll c r o p s), i n c e n se a n d s ma ll c a k e s a r e o ff e r e d ; a n d t o
-

t e S
h i dh s a s a ck ,
a s t ick o f r o s e -
w oo d, a cr ut ch , s a n d a l s a n d r o t o r

t hick br e a d .

T o t h e D av i s ar e o ff e r e d v e r mili o n , hi ndli (b r o w mar k ), s a lu

’

-
( a red

e h ada ),
r d o r a ( w a i s t -r o p e
),
e m (a c o a r s e s i r i t ), a n d a g oa t
p .

T o th e Bi r s a he -
g oa t ,
a ch o la o r thick ll e n c oa t
w oo , a w a i st b a n d , a

hi te co nic a l ca p (ch uka n ni tom) a n d fi ne Bi r t e n ume n

h b r e ad K a i lu
’

w .
,

i s o n ly w o r shi pp e d by w o me n
.

o f a b o r t io n ,
K a i lu n g i s a b ag a n d .
,

t h e f a t h e r o f a ll t h e Nag s He i s w or s hipp e d a s i s Sh i v a u n d e r t h e
. , ,

Th e l
c oth in w h i ch th e co r p se is w r ap p e d .

G a dd i ch ar da bh e ddn fl
i r e cks
Oudai a di n d i dup a .
i nce n se ( to S h e ),
G a ddi j o di n da bh e ddn
Gaddi n j o di n di r wp a .
27 o G addi godli ngs .

for m of th e dar dt or s ickl e whic h i s al way s car r i e d by a Gadd i ,

wh e n sh e ph e r di n g h i s fl o ck s Th e n t h e r e i s th e w or shi p o f a a ta r s
. .

A n a a ta r i s t h e s pi r it o f a p e r so n w h o h a s di e d childl e s s a n d c a us e s
s ick n e ss To p r o p i t i a te t hi s spi r i t th e s ick p e r so n d on s cl o t h e s which
. ,

a r e ma d e fo r h i m w i t h a s ilv e r i m a g e of th e d e c e a se d a n d h e t h e n ,

w o r ship s th e a u tar id o l (wh ich i s a l w ay s s e t up n e ar a

T h e cl o t h e s an d i ma g e a r e w or n i n t o k e n o f t h e de c e a s e d .

A n ta r s a r e s a id to h a v e b e e n a d mi t t e d i n to t h e c a te g o r y o f t h e d e i t i e s
o w i n g to t h e i r e vil i n fl ue n c e s o n m e n a n d w o m e n Th e y a r e p r Opi ti .

a te d a l s o o n t h e A maw a s a n d Pur a n mas h i d a y s .

A n ta r s a l so a p pe a r i n d r e a m s a n d w a r n p e o pl e t h a t th e y w ill c ar r y
t h e m o ff t o t h e n e x t w o r ld T o s c a r e a w a y t h e gh os t i n s uch a c a se
.

a ma n w ji la i s p e r fo r me d 4 ba li s o ff e r i n g s o f g h u ng a n i dn (b o il e d ma i ze )
j i , , ,

n e t t l e b a t h s a n d b r a n b r e a d b e i ng o ff e r e d f o u r t i me s by n igh t
,
.

But t h e se do n o t e xh a u st t h e li st o f b e l i e f s B a t ct t i s t h e S pr i te o f
’

.
,

s p r i n g s r iv e r s a n d w e ll s a n d kh i ch e r i so dd e n ,I n di a n c or n 3b a ll s of ,
, ,

s uhdt (mo ss ) 3 o f a s h e s 3 m e a s ur e s o f w a te r a p um p k i n o r a fl o ur
, , ,

s h e e p a r e o ffe r e d t o h i m .

T o j og in i s o r r o ck s p i r i ts 3 c o l o ur e d g r a i ns o f r ic e 5 s w e e t c a k e s a
, , ,

l oa f a fl ou r l amp w i t h a r e d w ick 3 ki n d s of fl o w e r s 3 p i e c e s o f dh up
,
-
, , ,

a n d a sh e g o at ar e o d s t e d w i t h p r a y e r s
.
- d sh a n i s a n d ba n ds a ts .

w o uld se e m t o be th e s ame a s j o g i n i s Ch un gn i s t h e d e mo n f o un d .

o n w a l n ut a n d mu lb e r r y t r e e s a n d un d e r t h e ka r a n gor a s h r ub He i s .

w o r s h ip p e d w i t h a c o co a n ut a ch u h or a (h a n dl e o f a p l o u gh ) a l mo n d s
-
, , ,

g r a pe s milk a n d a l o a f o f 5 p a os w i t h h i s e ffi gy i n fl our (a b a s k e t o n
,

h i s b ac k ) a f ou r c o r n e r e d l a mp o f fl o u r o n th e b r ea d a n d a p i e c e o f
,
-
,

dh u p .

G i t nga th e di s e a s e spi r i t o f c o w s i s p r o p i ti a t e d by s e tt i n g a sid e a

,
-
,

ta w a o f b r e a d i n h i s n a me u n til t h e fi n a l o fi e r i n g s ca n be m a d e .

Th e n a p ie c e o f i r o n s o m e thi n g lik e a h o ck e y sti ck i s ma d e a n d t h e

,
-
, ,

d e i ty t a k e n i n t o t h e c at t l e sh e d w h e r e h e i s w o r s hi p p e d by t h e sa c r e d
-

fi r e o n a Th u r s da y A h e go a t i s kill e d a n d a f e w dr 0 ps o f t h e bl o o d
.
-

s pr i n kl e d o n t h e i r o n A t th e sa m e ti m e c a k e s a r e o ffe r e d a n d s om e
.

e a t e n by on e m e m b e r o f th e h o us e h o ld but n o t by m or e t h a n on e or ,

t h e s c o ur ge w ill n o t ab ate a n d t h e r e s t a r e b ur i e d i n th e e ar th
, E ve r y .

f o u r t h y e ar t hi s d e i ty i s w o r shi p p e d a ft e t h e s ame f a s hi o n K a il u i s r
.
,

i t se e ms p e c uli ar t o t h e G a ddi s o r a t l e as t to Ch a mb a
, Ea r ly i n , .

p r e gn an cy th e w o ma n p ut s a si de 4 ch a t ti s (t h e c o p p e r c o i n o f Ch amb a) ,

w i t h h e r n e ckla c e i n t h e n am e o f K ail u T w o o r t h r e e m o n t h s a f te r .

d e liv e r y th e p a r oh i t w i t h t h e w o man w o r s hi p s th e d e mon by p utt i n g

, ,

u p a l a r ge s t o n e u n d e r a w a l n u t o r k a i n th t r e e which i s sa n ctifi e d by ,

r e ci t i ng c e r ta i n ma n tr a s a n d t h e n w o r shi pp e d A wh i t e go at (which .

may h a v e a bl a ck h e ad ) i s t h e n o ff e r e d up t o t h e de mon by makin g a n ,

i n ci si on in i t s r igh t e a r a n d s p r i n kli n g th e bl oo d o v e r a l on g cl oth 2} ,

2

y a r d s w id e b y 9 0 1 1 2 y ar d s l on g a n d ch akli s a n d s ome b r e a d ar e a l so
'

o ff e r e d t o t h e d e mo n .

Fi n a lly t h e w o man ta ste s a pi e c e of ga r a nd pl a c e s i t on th e cl o th ,

,

whic h sh e th e n w e ar s un ti l i t i s wo r n o ut wh e n a n e w on e is mad e an d ,

a:
Wh en fi r st set up th e i dol i s w or sh i pp ed w i th pray e r s and th e s acr i fi ce of ali e g oat or -

sh eep . D ha zn n
‘

and t hi cke are a so l p l aced b efor e i t and th en e ate n by th e

‘

ai i i a r s r e ati ves l .
 272 G a dha —G adz m
'
.

G A D HA h e ph e r d c o wh e r d a l so c all e d r a w dnr i i n Pe shaw a r

s ,
.

G AD HI a te r m o f c o n t e mp t s a id t o be a ppli e d by N ih an g s (A kal i s ) t o t h o se
,

w h o s mo k e .

G A D HIOK a t r ib e s ma ll i n n umb e r s bu t i n t e l lig e n t a nd e n te r p r i s i ng foun d i n

, , ,

a f e w v ill a g e s o f t h e Ce n t r a l S a l t R an g e Th e i r tr a di ti on s a s se r t .

t h a t t h e i r a n c e s t o r M ah ta U h a n du R a i c a me f r o m M a t h r a to D e l h i a n d
e n t e r e d t h e M ug h a l s e r vic e u nd e r Bab ar w h o e m pl o y e d h i m wi t h Raj a ,

Ma l J a n j fi a t o d r a i n t h e e a st e r n D h an n i t r a c t i n th e S al t R a n g e .

G h a r k a K ass a r a n d Sid h a r M an ha s a f t e r w a r d s a id e d t h e m t o c o l o n i s e
th e t r a c t a n d Bab a r g r an t e d Oh a n dii R a i a p e r c e n t a g e i n t h e r e v e n ue o f
’

t h e D h a n n i a n d o t h e r t r a c ts i n t h e S a l t R a n g e Humay ii n g r a nte d
’

K al i o r Kalik D as so n o f Ch an di i R ai a s a n a d (da t e d 1 5 5 4) o f
’

, ,

ta n kas f o r t h e i mp r o ve m e n t o f t h e K a lni n t r a c t a n d t h e f a m ily a l s o

’

r e ce i v e d s a n a ds f r o m A kb a r a n d A ur a n g z e b In t h e l a t te r s r e ign o n e
’
.

b r a n ch o f t h e tr ib e w a s c on v e r te d t o I sl am b ut mos t o f i ts m e mb e r s ,

a r e s t il l Hi n d us G a dh i ok i s s a id t o be a c or r up t i o n o f g a ddi h o k
.
-
,

o n i ts a n c e s to r s h a vi n g p r e s e n t e d 31
g a d di s a t a h u ka z (th e a n n o u n c e
me n t o f t h e p r e se n t s b r o ug h t a t a w e ddi n g ) T h e G a dhio k us ua lly .

m a r r y a mo n g t h e m se lv e s bu t som e i n t e r ma r r y w i t h K h a tr i s o f t h e
,

Bar i g ro u p t ho ugh n e v e r w i t h Bun jah i s i n n e i th e r c a s e i s w ido w

,
.

ma r r i a g e a l lo w e d T h e i r B r a h ma n s a r e o f t h e N a ul i g ot a n d a t a
.

b oy s mu nn a n o r h e a d sh a vi n g t h e f a th e r o r h e a d o f t h e f a mi ly hi ms e l f
'
-

d e c ap i tate s a go a t w i t h a s w o r d a n d giv e s th e h e a d f e e t a n d s ki n to t h e ,

Na ule p o r oki ts o f t h e t r ib e t h o ug h t h e y do n o t e a t fl e s h a n d o th e r
,

B r ah ma n s w o ul d n o t t o uch s ucli o ff e r i n g s T h e s ki n e tc a r e s old .

, .

A s i m i l a r o b se r v a n c e i s i n v o g ue a t t h e j a ne o i n v e s t i t ur e G a dli i o ks .

e a t fl e s h a t W Oddn S a usa g e c o n t r a r y t o l o c a l Hi n d u c u s t o m
, At .

t h e m u n n a n o f a fi r s t b o r n s o n t h e c us t om f o un d a mo n g s om e o t h e r
-

K ha t r i a i s f o ll o w e d a n d t h e mot h e r fl e e s t o th e h o u se o f a n e ighbo ur
w h o pl a y s t h e p a r t o f h e r p a r e n ts He r h usb a n d w o uld b r i n g h e r b a ck
.

a ga i n a n d r e m a r r y h e r by t h e da kdj a o r
,
se c on d w e ddin g w hi ch co s t s
a b o ut h a l f a s m uch a s t h e fi r s t G a dhi o k s a v oid touchi n g w e i g hi n g
.

s cale s d a t l e ast in t h e or y a n d a l so u s ur y bu t o n e or t w o f a mili e s n o t

‘

, , ,

a d mi tt e d t o be d e s c e n d a n t s o f Kal i D as o r t r ue G a dh i o k s h a v e n o s uch ,

s c r upl e No G a dh io k w ill w a sh se t o ut o n a j our n e y o r b e gi n a n e w

.
,

t a s k o n a Th ur sd ya — t h e day on w hich t h e i r a n c e s t o r l e ft h i s or igi n al

h o me Hi n d u G a dh io k s e a t a n d d r i n k wi th K h at r i s M uh amma d a ns
.

wi t h an y M uh amma da n s av e a Mo ch i o r M us alli Th e l at te r s tyl e t h e m .

s e lv e s Sh a i k h : whil e th e Hi n d us g e n e r a lly u s e t h e t i t l e o f M a hta but ,

t h e f a m ily o f D a l w al i s s t yl e d D i w a n M ul r aj o n e o f i t s m e mb e r s h a vin g
, ,

b e e n g o v e r n or o f H a z ar a u n d e r t h e S ikh s Th e s a m ri dh o f Kal i D an
. .

i s a co ns p ic uo us o bj e ct a t K all a r K a ha r T h e G a dh i o k s h a v e ma n y .

ha bi ts a pp ar e n tl y i n a d o w n c o un t r y di al e c t a n d n e w cl a i m R aq t
,
-
,

o r igi n o r s t a t u s bu t t h e y a r e p r o b a bly o f K h a t r i
, e xt r a c t i o n a s t h e i r
i n te r ma r r i a g e w i th t h a t c a s t e sh o w s .

G ri e f a Ba l o c h cla n (a g r ic ul tu r a l ) fo un d i n Shah p ur s e e a l so un d e r G a r r i
, .

G AD I i N o r J a d un a s th e y a r e c a ll e d i n di ff e r e n tly
, , ar e a t r ib e o f ,
P a tha n s fo un d i n Ha z a r a a n d i n A t t o ck T h e y cl ai m d e s c e n t f r o m .

a:
Th i s s a na d contai ns a r e fe r e nce to th e Bag li -
i S afa
-
e stab l i sh e d at Ka ll ar Kah ér by
Ba b ar and me ntione d i n 111 3 M r o nan s .

Im
t p lyi ng t h at re tai l t rade i s consi de red de rog ator y .
 Oadw dr—Gdgr a h .
273
S a r h an g , r e at -
gr a nd son of G h ur g h ush t tw o o f wh o se so ns fl e d th e y
a g , ,
sa o f a bl oo d f e ud t o t h e mo un ta i ns o f Ch a ch a n d H
y b e c a us e
,
a za r a
It i s al most c e r ta i n th a t t h e J a dii n ar e n o t o f I n d i
.
’

a n or i g i n t h o ugh i t
h as b e e n s ugge st e d t h a t i n t h e i r n a me is r
p e se r v e d t h e n ame o f Jadu
or
Y ai du t h e f o und e r o f t h e Raj p u t Yadri ba n s i dy n as ty ma n y o f
,
’

,
wh os e de sc e n d a n ts m ig r a te d f r o m G uze r a t so me y e ar s b e for e
Ch i r st a n d w e re a f te r w a r d s s up o s e d t o be f
,
p o un d i n t h e hill s of Ké bul
a nd
Ka n dah a r Th e y occ up y a ll t h e so uth e as te r n por t i o n o f t h e
. -

t e r r i to r y be t w e e n t h e P e s ha w a r a n d H a za r b
a o r d e r s a n d t h e s o uth e r n ,
s l o p e s o f M a hab a n h a vi n g b e e n a ss ig n e d t h e i r p r e se n t l a n d s i n th e '

eas te r n S a ui a a f te r M a lik A h m a d a n d t h e K a s hi c i
h e f s o f t h e A f gha n s h a d
de f ea te d t h e D il a zak A n d w h e n Ja ha n g i r fi n a ll c r ush e d t h e D il az ak
y
.
,
t h e y s pr e a d up t h e D o r v all e
y a s high a s A bb o ttabad Ea r l y i n t h e .

1 8t h c e n tur y o n t h e e x ul s i o n o f t h e K a r lu h T ur k s by S a iy i d J a lal
p ,
g
Babs t h e y a pp r o p r i at e d t h e c o un tr y a b o ut D h a mta ur a n d a b o ut a
.

h u n d r e d y e a r s l at e r t h e y too k th e Ba g r a t r a c t f r o m t h e f e w r e ma i n i n g
D il a z ak w h o h e l d i t w hil e sh o r t l y b e fo r e t h e Sikh s t o o k t h e co un tr
,
y
t h e i r Has sa z a i cl an de p r iv e d t h e Ka r r al o f a
p o r t i o n o f th e N i la n v a ll e v .

Th e y a r e divid e d i n to t h r e e ma i n cl a ns Sala r Ma n s fi r a n d H a ss an z ai , , , ,

o f w hich t h e l a st i s n o t r e p r e se n t e d a mo n g t h e t r a n s I n d us J a dri n a n d
’
-

h a s lost a ll c on n e c t i o n w i t h t h e p a r e n t t r ib e h a v i n g e v e n f o r go t te n ,

i ts o ld Pa s h tu l a n g ua g e B e ll e w ma d e t h e m a G a kkh a r cl a n b ut
.
,
t hi s a pp e a r s t o be qui te i n c o r r e c t T h e t r ue Pa tha n s o f H a z a r a c a l l
.

t h e m m ldtar o r me r c e n a r i e s f r o m t h e P a s h t u e q uiv a l e n t fo r la kba n o r

,

on e w h o g i r d s h i s l o i ns In H a z a r a a Sala r o cc upy th e R aj o i a pl a i n ;
”
.

t h e M a n sur ar e f o un d i n Ma n g al a n d i n a n d r o un d N aw a n sh a h r ; w hil e
t h e Has sa nza i u r e s id e i n D h a mt a u r a n d t h e a dj a c e n t vill a g e s a n d i n ,

t h e M a n ga l a n d B a gr a t r a c t s T h e t w o f o r m e r tr ib e s k e e p up a s li g h t
.

c o n n e c t io n w i th t h e P a tha ns t o t h e w e s t o f th e I n d us a n d a fe w ca n ,

s t ill s p e a k P a s h t u A f t e r t h e y h a d o b tai n e d a fo o t i n g to t h e e a s t o f
.

t h e I n d us i n H a z a r a t h e s e th r e e t r ib e s e l e c te d a H a ss a n za i o f D h a mta u r
, ,

t o t h e Ma i n s hip a n d h i s s o n s u cc ee d e d h i m but t h e ch i e f shi p i s n o w

-
, ,

i n a b e y a nce t h o ugh t h e f a m ily i s s t ill l o o k e d u p t o

,
In t hi s p a rt t h e .

D ur r é n i r ul e w a s q ui te n o mi n a l a n d t h e J a dii n s o f H a z a r a o n l y pa id
’

t h e m a h o r s e , a fa lc n o r t w o a nd a s m a ll s u m o f mo n e y a s t r i b ut e
o .

G AD w I i R a J at cl a n (ag r ic ul t ur a l ) fo u n d i n M ul t a n
,
.

g cl g r ic ul tu ral ) f o un d i n A mr i t s a r
G A G, a D ar oa n (a .

G AG f a,D o ga r cl a n (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) fo un d i n A mr i t s a r .

G XG RA , a sma ll ca st e , fo r t h e mos t p a r t M us s a l m a n , a n d chi e fly fo un d

i n t h e c e n tr a l di s tr ic t s Th e y w a n de r a b o ut c a t chi n g a n d e a ti n g
.

ve r m i n , b ut t h e i r h e r e di t a r y o cc u
p a t i o n i s t h a t o f c a tchi ng k e e i ng,
p ,

a n d a pp lyi n g l e e ch e s ; a n d t h e y a r e o f t e n c a ll e d J u ke r a , f r o m j on k, a
‘
l e e ch ’
Th e y a l so ma k e m a t t i n g a n d g e n e r a lly w o r k i n g r a s s a n d
.

s t r a w , a n d i n s o m e pa r t s t h e co a r s e s a cki n g u s e d f o r b a g s f o r p a ck
a n i m a l s a n d s i m il a r p p u r o s e s i s s a id t o b e m a de a l mo s t e n t i r e l
y by
i l h m
'

h
t em The M
.
h
u am m a da n G a g r a s i n a r r y by n
t
o Th e y s e e t o .

l fi c
f u l so me s o r t o f f un t o n s t e i w d di g d d t f n
s
a n s a n a r e s a i o r e c e i v e e e o
,

t h o s e o cc a s i o n s It i s sa i d t h a t t h e y w o r s hi p Bai l
.
s Shah , the Ch uh ra
u ru A l s o c a ll e d G ag r i o r G e g r i a n d J o k h ar u
g
.
.

f i t
G AGRAH, a J et cl a n (a g r ic ul tu r a l ) o u n d n M u l a n .
 Ga gr e l- G akkh a r .

G AG R EL, a Muh a mma dan NA! c on v e r t e d f r o m Hi nd ui sm, in K ar nal .

G ri m , s e e un d e r G hai .

i
G A KK HA B a n m por ta nt M u a mm a
h d a n t r ib e f o u nd i n J h e lum Raw a l , ,
,

pi n di a n d H a za r a R e g ar d i ng t h e G ak kh a r s l n t h e fir s t n a me d d i s tme t
.
- -

Mr W S Ta lb ot w r i te s. .

Th e G akkh a rs t h o ugh n o t n ume r ic ally i mp o r t an t a r e i n o t h e r r e sp e c ts

, ,

o n e o f t h e mo st r o mi n e n t t r ib e s i n t h e Jh e l e m di st r ic t a n d i n so c i l
p a ,

p os i t i o n a mo n g s t t he Musa lman s of th e t r a c t s h a r e w i t h t h e J a n j ua
t h e h o n o ur o f t h e fi r s t pl a c e i n p o p ul ar e s t i m a t i on i n d e e d t h e y s e e m t o
r a n k a li ttl e h igh e r t h a n e v e n t h e J a n j ii as Th e y a r e a l m ost e n t i r e ly .

co n fi n e d i n thi s di s t r i ct to th e J h e lum t a h s il w h e r e th e y h o ld t h e b ul k ,

o f t h e K h u dda r ci r cl e wi th a goo d m an y vill a ge s i n t h e M a idan : e l se

,

w h e r e t h e y a r e f o un d i n a n n u mb e r s o n ly i n t h e Raw alpi ndi a nd

y
H a z a r a di st r ic t s .

O r i gi n —Of th e hi stor y a n d o r igi n o f t hi s t r ib e much h a s b e e n w r i tt e n

th e e ar li e s t su gg e s t i o n
G e n er a l Co ur t ,that
t h at t h of
e n a me of t h e
,

G akk h a r s p o i n t s t o t h e i r d e sc e n t f r o m t h e G r e e k s, h a s n o t f o un d
l at e r su ppor t e r s t h o ugh i t h a s n o w b e e n a do p t e d a n d i mp r o v e d up o n by
s o me o f t h e p r e s e n t r e r e se n t a t iv e s o f t h e t r ib e w h o cl a i m d e s ce n t f ro m
p ,

A l e xa nd e r hi mse l f Mr A B ra n d re t h a d o pt e d t h e l o c a l tr a di t i o n , t h a t
. .

t h e G ak kh a r s c a me f r om P e r s i a t h r o ugh K a sh mi r , w hic h i s s till t h e

’

cl a i m o f th e m aj o r i ty o f t h e G ak kh a r s t h e m se lv e s T h e vi e w s o f .

G e n e r a l C un n i n gh a m a r e s e t fo r th a t l e n g t h i n h i s A r ch ae o l o gic al
S ur v e y R e p or ts, II , p p 22 to 33, t o w h ich t h e c u r i o us must be .

r e f e r r e d f o r t h e d e ta i le d r e a s o n s o n which h e b a s e s h is c on cl us i o n , t h a t

t h e G ak k h a rs r e p r e se n t t h e s a v a g e G ar a r ida e
g of D i o ny s i us th e
G e og r a p h e r , (w h o w r o te p ro b a bly i n t h e 4 th C e n t ur y A an d .

a r e d e s ce n d a n t s o f th e g r e a t Y ue ch i Sc y t hi a n s, w h o e n te r e d I n di a f r o m

t h e N o r t h We s t i n t h e e a r ly c e n t ur i e s o f t h e
-
C h r i s ti a n e r a S i r .

D e n zil I bb e t so n 1 n o t ic e s w i t h a ppr o v a l Mr Th o mso n s c o mme n t I

‘ ’
.

o n C un n i n gh a m s t h e o r y th o ugh t h e T ur an i a n o r igi n o f t h e G a k kh a rs
’

i s highly p r ob a bl e , y e t t h e r e s t o f th e t h e o r y i s m e r e ly a p l a u s ibl e
s ur mi se O n t h e W h ol e t h e r e s e e ms to be li t tl e us e i n go i n g b e y o n d th e
.

s ob e r n a r r a t iv e o f F e r ish ta , w h o r e p r e s e n t s t h e G ak k h a r s a s a b ra ve

an d s a v a g e r a c e , l ivi n g m o st ly i n t h e hill s wi t h l i t tl e or n o r e ligi o n , a n d

m uch giv e n t o p oly an d r y a n d i n f a nt ici d e

A s a l r e a dy i n dic a te d , th e s t o ry o f mos t o f th e G ak k h a r s i s t h a t t h e y a r e
d e sc e n de d f r om K a i g oh a r o r K aig w ar S ha h o f t h e K a i an i § f a mily o nc e ,

r e ig ni n g i n I s pa h a n t h a t t h e y co n que r e d K a s h m i r a n d Tib e t , a n d r ule d

t h o s e co un tr i e s f o r ma n y g e n e ra t i o n s , bu t w e r e e ve n t u a lly d r iv e n b a ck t o
Kab ul w h e n c e t h e y e n t e r e d t h e P u nj a b i n c om p a n y w i th M a h mud
G h a z n a v i e a r ly i n t h e 1 1 th C e n t ur y : t hi s s to r y i s r e j e c te d by Ibb e t so n ,

J he l um S e tt l e me n t R e p o r t ,
48 .

T b
Pu n j a Ce n s us R e p o r t , 1 881 , 46 3 .

3; 5 7 ,
J h e u m S l
e t t e m e n t R e p or t l .

bl b
It i s n o t p o s s i e t o o t ai n s a t i sf a ct or y i n f or mat i o n r eg a r di n g t h i s w o r d T h e ci ty o f .

l
K ay an w a s t h e ca p i t a o f K ai K a y us K a l K n bad a n d K a i K h as r u ; a n d s o m e s a y t h a t t h e
, ,

ll
G a k k h a l s ca t h e m se e s K a y an i
‘

lv
e cau s e t h e b l
y c a i m de s ce n t f r o m t h e se t h r e e k i ng s .

O t h e r s s a y t h a t t h e M ug h a s p re pe r
pl
a n d e s e ci a , ll
y t h e Ch ug h a t t ns a n d Q i zi lbash e s a r e ,

ll lv
K ay ani s ; a n d t h a t t h e G a k k h a i s ca t h e m se e s K a nan i or Ca n aa n i te s e ca u se t h e y c a i m b l
de s ce n t f r o m J a COb a n d J ose p h WI 10 lv
i e d i n Ca n aa n , an d t h at i t i s t h i s w or d w h i ch h as
be e n mi sr e ad K ay an i .
276 The G akkhar clans .

t h rough out th e di s tr ic t Mr Th o mson w r ote o f th e m : Physic ally t he

.
’
.
‘

G akkh a rs ar e n o t a l ar g e -li m b e d r a c e , but t h e y a r e c o m p a c t , s i n e w y ,

a n d vig o r ous Th e y ma k e c api ta l sol di e r s, a n d i t h a s be e n sta t e d o n
.

oo d a ut h i ty t h a t t h e y a re t h e b e s t ligh t c a v a l r y i n Upp er I n di a
g or .

Th e y ar e o f t e n p r o u d a n d se l f r e s pe c ti n g, a n d so me ti me s e xc e e di ngly
-

A ll t h i s doe s t h e m n o mo r e t h a n j us t ic e a n d to an
’
w e ll man n e r e d
-
.
y
o n e w h o k n o w s th e m w e ll , t h e s tat e me n t t h at a s l at e a s t h e 1 3th
c e ntur y t h e y w e r e wild b ar b ar i an s , wi th o ut r e li g i on or mor ali ty , i s i n
i tse l f almo st i nc r e dibl e Raja J ah an dad Kha n se e ms to h a v e succ e e d e d
.

i n t r aci n g t h e lib e l to i ts o r igi n h e sh o w s a ls o th a t t h e y h a v e

s ome t i me s b e e n c o nf us e d wi t h t h e K h okh ar s but i t c a n n o t be s ai d t h a t
h is a r g u me n t s i n f a v o ur o f t h e i r P e r sia n or igi n a r e v e r y c o n vi n ci ng
i n th e ma t te r o f th e assa ss i na ti o n o f Sh a hab ud-di n G h or i , th e h i s -

t e r i a n n w h o s t a t e t h a t h e w as kill e d by th e G a kkh a r s a t D h a mi a k in
t hi s di s tr ic t a r e supp o r t e d by a s tr on g l oc a l t r a di t i o n .

Cla ns an d Man di s —T h e . pli t i nto many b r an ch e s o f

G ak k h a r s h a v e s ,

w h ich th e most i m p o r ta n t i n t hi s di s t r ic t a r e t h e A dm al t h e I sk a n dr al ,

a n d t h e Bu g ial w h o o cc upy m o st o f t h e
, K h u dda r ci r cl e a s ma ll e r

cl a n n a me d F i r o z al h o l d a f e w v illa g e s cl o se t o Jh e l um an d a s til l
s m a ll e r b r a n ch t h e T uli al (wh ich i s li t t l e e s te e m e d a n d wi th which t h e
, ,

o t h e r cl a n s do n o t i n t e r m ar r y ) h a s fo ur o r fi v e e st a t e s o n t h e r iv e r n e ar
,

D i na . T h e cl an n a me s a r e i n all c a se s d e r i v e d f r o m t h o se o f th e com
-

mon a n c e st or s : t h e p r i n cip al se a ts o r mot h e r vill ag e s o f e a ch b r a n ch ar e

c all e d Ma udi e of w h ic h t h e r e a r e six ge n e r ally r e c o g ni s e d i n th e J h e l um
,

di str ic t : S ul ta n p ur (A d mal ) L e h r i a n d B ak r al a (I sk a n dr al) D o me li ,

P a dh r i a n d Bar ag o w ah (Bug ial) B h e th a n d S a lih al f or me r ly fl o ur is h

, ,

i ng ma n di s o f t h e Bug ial ar e n o w de c a y e d , .

G h a na i an — R e g ar di n g t h e ch ar a c t e r o f t h e G akk h a rs th e r e is n ot
m uch t o a dd t o w h a t h a s a lr e a dy b ee n s a id pr i de o f r a c e i s v e r y s t ro n g
i n t h e m a n d t h o u gh t h e y m a k e g oo d soldi e r s t h e y a r e bad f ar me r s
, ,

a n d wh e r e t h e y h a v e n o t f a ll e n b a ck o n G o v e r n me n t se r vic e t he y a r e ,

a l mo st a lw a y s i n a mo s t un p r o s pe i o n s c o n di t i o n b e i ng much w a nt i n g ,

i n i n d ust r y a n d t h r i f t : th e i r mo s t un pl e a s i n g ch a r a c t e r i st ic i s t h e i r i n
t e n s e j e a l o u s y o f o n e a n o th e r which l e a d s t o bi tt e r f e uds a n d s o me
, ,

t i me s t o m ur d e r .

Hi s tor y —Th e fi r st se t tl e m e n t o f th e tr ib e i n th i s di str ict i s ge ne r ally

a d mi tt e d to b e A b r iam i n S ul t an p ur un d e r t h e L e h r i hill s t h e n c e
,

t h e y s p r e a d o v e r t h e K h uddar s o ut h w a r d s to w ar d s t h e r ive r a n d a s
, ,

f a r a s L a n di P a t t i t o t h e w e s t b e i n g c o n s t a n t ly o ppo s e d by th e J a n uas
, j
w h o w e r e a l mo s t i n v a r i a bly de f e at e d a n d e j e c te d i n h i s fi r s t i n va s io n
o f I n di a Bab a r t o o k t h e p a r t o f th e J a n i i as t h e m d e fea t e d
j
’
a n d wi t h ,

Ha ti Kha n th e g r e a t G akkh a r chi e f of Ph ar w al a but i n a subseque n t

, ,

i n v a s i o n ma d e f r i e n ds w i t h t h e G nkkh a r s an d p r o c ur e d f ro m t h e m a n
a u xili ar y fo r c e Wh e n Bab a r s s o n Humay ii n w a s i n A D 1 5 4 2
.
’
,
’

, . .

o u s te d by Sh e r Shah th e p r i n cip a l G a kkh a r chi e f s t oo k t h e S id e o f t h e

,

e xil e : t o b r idl e th e i r p r id e Sh e r S h ah b uil t th e h u ge f o r t of R o h t a s ,

a bo u t t e n mil e s f r o m Jh e l um a n d i n t h e c o ns ta n t w a r f ar e t h a t f oll o w e d

t h e G a kkh ar c oun tr y w as t e r r i bly h ar r ie d but t h e t r i b e w as n e v e r s ub ,

due d a n d e n Hu may ii n s r e tur n t o p o w e r b e g an t o g row po w e r f ul

’
’
, .

se e also 3" a mi d " t h e ” di m Ant i quar yi 1 907 ‘

T he Kh ok kat e and th e G akkhal8
Pun j ab Hi story
i

iii by H , A 3036 ’
,
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t-
a Gan da
p ?
ur 27 7

Th e i r s ubse
que nt hi st or y un til th e r i se o f
-
S ul tan M uqa r r a b Kh an ,
a b o ut 1 7 40 A D , chi e fl y co nc e r n s o th e r di s tr ic ts h e w as a n A d mal
. .

ch i e f o f t h e R a w a lpi n di di s t r i ct a n d cl a i me d to r ul e t h e w ho l e o f t h e
;
t r a c t fr o m A t to ck t o t h e Ch e n ab t h e D o me li Bu ials h o w e v e r did no t
g
a ck n o w l e dg e h is
p r e t e n si o n s , a n d o n h i s de f e at by t h e S ikh s a t G uj r a t ,
t h e y a t o n ce r e be ll e d, c a t u r e d M u a r r a b Kha n a n d mur d e r e d h im Th e
p q .

u s ua l i n t e r n eci n e f e u ds t h e n a r o se a n d t h e di ff e re n t cla n s t e ll i n t ur n
,

an e a s y p r e y t o th e Sikh s, t h o u h t h e e a st e r n hill ma n is w e r e n e v e r
g d
t h o r o ughl y s ubd ue d , a n d w e r e i n c o ns t a n t r e be llio n un t il t h e be gi n n i ng
o f t h e B r i t i s h r ul e : i n 1 849 t h e G a kk h a s n e a r ly a ll t o o k t h e l o s i n
r g .

s id e , a nd t h e re fo r e f o r fe i t e d much o f t h e i r p o ss e s s i o n s a n d dig n i t i e s ,
f a l li n g o n e vi l d a y s f r o m w h i ch t h e y h a v e o n ly e x t r ic a t ed t h e ms e lv e s
,

by t h e r e a di ne s s w i th which t h e y h a v e s i n c e tak e n e mpl oy me nt und e r

In H a z a r a th e G a k k h a r s h a v e h a d a s till mor e ch e que r e d his t o r y .

D e s c e n de d f r o m F a te h K ha n , f o un d e r o f Kha np ur to w h om t h e hill s o f ,

K h a n p ur a s w e ll a s th o s e o f th e K arr al a n d D h ii nd w e r e e nt r us te d by
’

h is g r a n d fa t h e r S ul ta n S a r a n g Kh a n a b ou t t h e e n d o f t h e 1 6 th c e n t ur y ,

t h e G h a kka r s c o uld n o t k e e p t h e K ar r al a n d D h li n d t r ib e s u nde r co nt r o l

’

d ur i n g t h e d e cli n e o f t h e M ugh a l dy n asty U n de r D ur r an i r ul e h o w .

e ve r t h e y w e r e giv e n c h arg e o f t h e l o w e r p a r ts o f H a za r a th e i r chi e f ,

S ul t a n Jafar K h an b e i n g fa mou s fo r h is up r igh tne ss But Si r dar H a r i .

S i n gh d r o v e t h e m f ro m t h e i r l a n ds a n d t h e y w e r e n o t r e i ns t a t e d t ill
w h e n t h e y r e c o v e r e d a l mo s t t h e wh o l e o f t h e Kha np u r t r a c t .

G AJ IA a n a g r ic ul tur a l cl a n f o un d i n Shahp ur
, .

G A L a J at cl a n (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) f ou n d i n A mr i ts a r a n d M ul t a n
, .

G A L BaHa a n a g r ic ul tura l cl a n f o un d i n Shah p u r

, .

G A LHAR a Jat cl a n (a g r ic ul t ur al ) f o un d i n M ul t a n
, .

G ALWAT RA H, a J at( ic ul t ur al ) f o un d i n M ul tan

g r c anl a .

G A N DA PU R A Pa tha n tr ib e o f U s h t a r an i ( S a iy id ) e x tr a c t io n B e s id e s th e .

o r igi n a l s t o c k t h e y i n cl ud e by a ffi li a ti o n s o me o ff s h o o t s o f t h e S hi r a n i ,

t h e Mfis h e z a i s e c t i o n of t h e G h ur gh ush t i Pa tha n s a n d th e li an i z a i s e c ,

t io n o f t h e Y i i s uf z a i t r ib e
’

Th e y h old t h e w h o l e o f th e n o r th w e s t e r n
.
-

p ar t o f t r a n s-I n d us D e ra I s ma i l e a s t o f Tan k a n d so uth o f t h e N i la K oh

r i dg e o f th e S a l t Ra n g e c o mp r i s i n g a n a r e a o f 46 0 s qua r e mil e s a b ut ti n g
, ,

o n t h e S u la i man s to t h e w e s t a n d th e t o w n o f K ulachi i s t h e i r h e ad
'

ua r t e r s Th e y w e r e o r igi n a lly a p oo r p a w zn da h a n d p a s to ra l t r ibe

q .
,

b ut t h e y no w c ul t iv a t e m o r e l ar ge ly t h an a n y o t h e r D e r a I s ma i l Pa tha n s .

Th e y r e ach e d t h e h e igh t o f t h e i r p ro sp e r i ty a bout t h e middl e o f t h e

1 8th c e n t ur y but l os t t h e i r e as t e r n po s se ssi on s so me se v e n t y y e a r s l a te r
, ,

th e y b e i n g c on fi s c at e d by N a w ah M uh a mma d Kh an t h e S addo z a i ,

gov e r n o r of L e iah Th e y s till e n g a ge i n t h e p a w in da h t r a ffic Th e y

.
'
.

a r e l a wl e ss b r ut a l an d un civili se d a n d th e i r h e re di tar y Kh an h as but

,

li tt l e po w e r Mr S t G eo r ge T uck e r th us d esc r ib e d t h e i r se c ti o ns
. . .

Th e G a nd a ur s pr ofe s s t o be all d e s c n d e d e f r o m o n e o r t w o o r igi l

n a

m m t
.

a n c e st o r s b ut t e r e i s no d o ub t a s i n o s t s i i l a r c as e s t h a o t h e r
,
, ,

i l be f o und i n Mr Br an dr e t h s
F ur t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n l '
J h e lu m de tt le m R e p or t, 1 86 5
nt
w .
e e m mon ;
M d P b G
§ 57 v
5 5 T m ’
S l m R t 1 883 an i n u n
; a o
55 5 t o 8 8 r h o so n s . e t t e e n t e p or , ,

S elect ions, New S er ie s, No X X III, 1 887 , .

 27 8 G andhi G angush ci ht
'

tr ib e s a nd f a mili e s h av e b e e n a ssoci ate d wi th th e m f r om ti me to t i me ,

w h o all cl a i m n o w t o b e o f t h e o r igi n a l s t o ck Th e y a r e divi d e d i n to
.

si x m a i n divi si o n s o r n a lla he M o s t o f t h e s e n a lla h e h a v e a

s i n l e g e n e r ic n a me , c o v e r i n g a ll t h e me n o f t h a t n a lla h but t h e r e a r e
g
a l s o j o i n t n a lla h s i n which t w o a l t o g e t h e r di s t i n c t s e c t ion s a r e c ombi n e d,
,

e a ch h a vi n g a g e n e r i c n a me of i ts o wn T h e h e r e di ta r y chi e fs h i p
.

r e s t e d a t fi r s t w i t h t h e B r a h i mz a i n a lla h , bu t th e Br a h i m z a is h avi n g
b e e n v e r y m uch w e a k e n e d by l o ss e s in a figh t a g a i n s t t h e Bab a r s , t h e
chi e fs hi p w a s t r a n s fe r r e d s ome 200 y e a r s a g o t o t h e H a mr a n z a i w h o ,

h a v e r e t a i n e d i t e v e r s i n c e A zad Khan w a s t h e fi r s t H a m r a n za i Kha n

. .

It w a s i n h is t i me t h a t t h e G a n da p ur s s e i ze d T a k w a r a f r om t h e
D r i skh e ls K ulachi w a s s o on a f te r w a r ds s e t t l e d by f ugi tive B a l o ch
.

f r om D e r a F a te h K h a n , f r om w h om i t o b t a i n e d i ts n a me Th e se .

e v e n t ually r e t ur n e d t o t h e i r o w n c oun t r y , an d K ulachi b e c a m e t h e h e a d

”
t o w n o f t h e G a n d a p ur a .

G AN DHI, a Jat t r ib e which ,

se e ms to be chi e fl y f o un d in th e s am e tr a c t wi th
th e Mang at .

“
G AND HfL a, f e m H, a lo w v a g r a n t t r ib e , s aid by E lli o tt t o be
,
-A a fe w de gre e s

mo r e r e s p e c tabl e th an t h e Baw ar i a s , t h o ugh i n t h e P un j a b t h e i r p os i

”

t i on s a r e p e r h a p s r e v e r s e d T h e y w a n d e r a b out b a r e h e a d e d a n d b a r e
.
-

f o ote d , b e g , w o r k i n gr a s s a n d st r a w , c a t ch qua il s , cl e a n a n d sh ar p e n
k n iv e s an d s w or d s , cut w o o d , a n d ge n e r a lly do odd j ob s Th e y a r e s a i d .

t o e a t t o r t o i s e s an d v e r m i n Th e y a l s o k e e p d on k e y s , an d e v e n e n g ag e
.
.

i n tr a d e i n a sma l l w a y It i s sa id t h at i n s o m e p ar t s t h e y l e a d a bo ut
.

p e r f or mi n g b e a r s b ut t hi s i s do ub tf ul Th e y h a v e c ur i o us t r adi t i o ns
.

w hich ar e r e p o r t e d f r o m di s ta n t p a r ts o f th e P r o vi n c e , r e ga r di n g a k i n g .

dom w hi ch th e t r ib e on c e p o ss e s se d , a n d which t h e y s e e m i n cli n e d t o

pl a c e b e y o n d th e I n d us Th e y s a y t h e y a r e un d e r a v o w n o t t o w e ar
.

s h o e s o r t ur b an s t ill t h e i r p o s se s s i on s a r e r e s t o r e d to t h e m .

G AND U a sma l l J at cl an f o un d in J i n d
,
It h a s ba k h ads a t Madp ur a n d at
.
,

t h e s e i t w or s hi ps i ts j e rke r a s a t w e ddi n g s a n d on th e D iwali .

G AN Df o ne w h o e x tr a c t s a n d s e ll s ot to (f i r wh e r e a s th e a tdr ma k e s a r a
, ) , h
’

no t f tr .

G AND IA , a t r ib e of Ja ts fo un d in D e r a G ha z i K h an Lik e th e Cha n di a B a l och

.

th ey p re se nt o ffe r i n g s t o t h e d e s c e n d a n ts o f Sha mj i t h o ugh M uh a m m d

, a .

a n s , an d a r e a l s o c a ll e d R a n g R a n gi a S e e un d e r G osai n a n d Chh abih

. .

wal a .

G ang , a t r ib e which , lik e th e M und s , i s ge n e r a lly r e ck o n e d a s A w an, t h o ugh

t h e l e a d e r s o f t h e a d mi t t e dly A wa n s do n o t a ll o w t h e cl a i m It i s s ur . .

r o u nd e d by A w a ns o n a ll s id e s a n d may be a n a ffi l i a te d cl a n
(se e J h e lum
G a ze t te er , 1 904, p .

G ANGAH, a cl an (a gr ic ul tur al ) fo un d in M ul ta n
J at .

G a ne o a n A r ai u cl an (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) f o un d i n M o n t g o me r y
, .

G ANG U S BAH i — A Sikh se c t f o un d e d by G a ng li t r G an g adas

.
, a
’

B as i ,
Kh at r i o f G arh s h an k a r Sik h hi st or y r e l a t e s t h a t h e pr e s e n t e d f o ur
pic e w e igh t o f g a r — allh is W o r ldly w e a lt h —to h is G u r u A rn a i das a nd
.

He fo u n d e d a s h r i n e a t D a un
,

w a s se n t to p r e a ch i n t h e hill c o un t r y .

n e a r Kh a r a r an d hi s g r e at g r an dso n J o w ahi r Si n g h f o un de d o n e o f s till

-
, , ,

r e at e r f ame a t K h at k ar K a la n i n J ull u n dur M ah i Bh ag at o f

g .

0i th e that : among the

. Meos .
280 r Gar a lwci l—Gathdnah
‘

i n G ur g a on c all th e mse lve s G aur S h a ikh s but ar e s t y l e d Gaga by th e i r

n e i h bour s , a nd a p r o v e r b sa y s
g
K he t me nj ci rd gdn w me n Gar d,
A s c oars e gr a ss t e n d s to s p r e a d i n th e fi e ld , so a G a ra tr i e s to
”
co n v e r t h i s f e ll ow s .

In Ka r n al t h e d e s c e n d an t o f a R j p ut by a a
wido w (of h is ow n o r

a ny o t h e r c a s t e ) ma r r i e d by k a r e w a is c a ll e d G aga . .

G ARAL WAL , a J at cl an (a g r ic ultur a l ) fo un d i n Mu l t an .

G s anuzr, a br a n ch o f th e H usa i ni S an t os a l s o c all e d B ag h dadi Th e y

, .

on ce o w ne d a l ar ge par t o f th e S a r a i Sidh u t a h s il o f M ul t an T h e .

Z ai di s o ff s h o o t of th e G ar de z i s ( S ee T h e f
'

a re an . R aces o th e
N .
-
W . P of In di a, V o l I , p
. . .

G e ne t, an ( i c ul t ur a l ) fo und in A m r i t sa r
A r a i u cl a n
g r a .

G AREWAL a n i mp or ta n t J at t r ib e i n L udh i a n a, wh ich cl a i ms to be o f aci d

,

o r g e n t l e s t a t us Hi n d u G a r e wal a r e a l s o fo un d i n M ont g ome r y

. .

G A R E a B aloch cl an (a g r ic ul tu r a l ) f oun d i n M o n t go me r y .

G A RB A B a J at cla n (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) fo u nd i n M ul t a n
, .

G AR w a n o n P a tha n t r ib e which w i t h t h e To r w als h o ld s t h e Swa t K o h i s ta n

,
-
.

T h e G ar h w i s s p e a k a l a ng uag e o f t h e i r o w n c al le d G ar h w i S e e un d e r .

Tor w al .

G ARNO, a n A r ai u c la u (a g r icul tur al ) fo un d in A mr i ts a r .

Gosai u, or G adi , a s mall cl ass of mil k me n an d c ul tivat or s in K ar n al ,

k n ow n
as G a ddi i n D e l h i .

G Ans f, a lo w c a s te o f s tr o lli n g a c to r s a n d mo un te b a n k s , m o stl y H i n d u

w h o h a ve t h e i r h e a d -qua r te r s i n J am mu but a r e n o t i n fr e q u e n t ly f o un d
in t h e Bajw at, o r pl ai n c o un tr y u n de r t h e J a m mu hill s, i n S ialk o t .

A cc o r di n g t o S i r D un l o p S mi t h t h e G ar r i s ar e p e r h a p s h a r dly a c to r s
mo un t e b an k s , but r ath e r w a n d e r i n g m i n str e ls lik e th e Mi r asi s ,
’
or

o n ly t h e y do n o t k e e p t o on e p la c e lik e t h e l at t e r Th e y st r oll abo ut .

i n v e r y s ma l l h a n d s a n d do n o t vi si t t h e P unj a b p r o p e r Th e y g e ne r .

a lly vi s i t t h e R a j p ut vill a g e s i n th e Sia lk o t a n d Z a fi a r w al t a h s il s a b o ut

t h e t i me o f t h e kh a r if h a r v e s t , v e r y r a r e ly a t th e r a bi Th e y s ay .

t h e y a r e Hi nd us, but t h e i r s t a n di n g i s lo w a n d t h e i r r e ligio us b e lie fs

lh e y i nv ar i a bly h a v e a z ith e r - lik e i n st r um e n t c a ll e d a ki ng
'
'
a r e h a zy . .

Th e y s pe a k th e D o g a r di a l e c t, which t h e J ats do n ot un d e r st a n d , a n d
t h e ir s o n gs ge n e r a lly r e l a t e t o a r e a t a n c e s t r e s s , t h e r e ci tal o f wh ose
hi st o r y is s aid t o h a v e a w onde r f u e ff e c t o n t h e w om e n T h e y o c cas io n g .

a lly da n c e to t h e i r o w n s i ngi n g Th e y ar e n o t a t all, c r i mi n a l , a nd .

th e i r w o me n a r e f a i r ly r e s p e c ta bl e Th e y ma r r y wi t hi n t h e tr ib e o nly . .

Gn ‘
,
a M uh ammad a n J at c l a n (a g r ic ul tu r al) fo un d in M on t gom e r y .

G ATA B, a J at cl an (a gr ic ul t ur a l ) f o un d i n M ul ta n .

G A T HW AL A ( f r o m ga th a ,
a b ur d e n ) A J a t t r ib e , o n c e c a r r i e r s by tr ade .
.

It h o ld s 1 0 vill a g e s i n t a h s i l J i n d , w hi t h e r t h e y mig r a t e d f r o m
H ala n a, a vill a g e i n th e G oha na tah s il o f R oh ta k T h e y h av e Ba ir ag is .

as th e i r j at her a e .

Gu n m a n, a G uj ar cl an ( g r
a ic ul t ura l ) f o und in A mr i tsa r .
 G aur —G a ur w dh . 281
G AU R, v i a r an t o f
Q a Gab r , un b e lie v e r a mo n g t h e Ba l o ch
a v r o r ’
T he
G a ur ga v e t h e m n ame t o t h e t o w n o f a r
.

G u am ( D a me s Pop u la r Poe tr
’

y
o
f th e Ba loch es, p Cf al so G iba r i a n d G a b r .
.
.

G A U 3, 3 g r oup of th e
B r a h m a ns co n fi n e d a l mos t e n t i r e ly t o t h e e as t e r n
. ,

di st r i c ts t h e Pu n j a b Hi ma l ay a s a n d th e s ub mo n tane a s fa r w e s t a s
, -

G q at T h e G a u rs a r e g e n e r a ll y di vid e d i n to t w o cl a s s
e s a dh o r p ur e
.

G a ur s a n d g a tta s w h o a r e o f i ll e gi ti m a t e d s
,

, e ce nt In t h e D e lhi .

t r r i t or y t h e l at te r cl a s s a r s t o b e c a ll e d D HA R
e pp e a U K s A o r D o hla
g In
S i r m fi r S t a te t h e a dh G a ur s a r e s a id no t t o in t e r m
.

a r
y w i t h-
t h e g a tt r
T h e a dh G au r s a r e t h e m s e lv e s s ub di v d e d i n to ch at
-
s;
’

a n d ka li ka n th i
-
i

d e or ,
‘
w e ar e r s o f whi te a n d black r o s r i e s a divi s i o n w hi ch i s a
’
,

d b dly se c t a r i a n T r a n s G i r i i n t hi s S ta te t h e h igh e st s e c ti on o f
un o u te .
-

t h e B r a h ma n s ( a n d a
pp ar e n tly G a u r s ) i s t h e Pa bu ch w hi ch do e s n o t
i nte r mar r y w i th t h e Bha te t h o ugh i t s me mb e r s may e a t f o o d c oo k e d
by Bha t gi r l s y e t m a y n o t e a t i t i f c o o ke d by a Pa buch On t h e
, .

o t h e r h a n d a Pa buch ma
y n o t e a t fo o d c o o k e d b y a g ir l o f h is o w n
s e c t i o n i f s h e h a s b e e n m a r r i e d t o a Bha Th e Pa buch r e f r a i n f r o m
t .

killi n g a n y a n i ma l a n d f r o m e a t i n g fl e s h .

Th e G a ur s ar e d ivid e d i n t o 36 s asa n e * o r s c t i o ns w hi ch a e a r to e
pp
be e x o ga mo u s a n d e ve r y Br a h m a n g r o u p s i m i l a r l divid e d a s a r e t h e
,
y ,

D AK A U TS m ay be ta k e n t o be o f G a ur o r igin It i s n o t a t all i mpr ob a bl e

, .

t h at t h e K h a ndt w ti l B ra h m ans a r e a l s o a b r a n ch o f t h e G a u s 1
'

r .

The T A G AS of Ka r n al
c e r t a i n l y G a urs w h o h a v e ta k e n t o c ul tiva are

t i on a n d s o ap p ar e ntl y a r e t h e c r i mi n a l Tagu s a l so
, .

T h e G a ur s o f Hi s s a r s ay t h e y c a me o r igi n a lly f r om B e n g al
,
but mo r e p r o b a bly t h e y c a me a s p a r e / t i ts o r f a mi l
y p r i es t s o f t h e v a r io us
i mmigr a n t t r ib e s a mo n g w ho m t h e y a r e s e t tle d i A s e l s e w h e r e t h e y
a r e f e d o n th e 1 3 th da y a f te r d e at h but w i l l n o t t a k e o ff e r i n gs o f bl a ck ,

c o l o ur (kdlti ddn ) n o r th o s e m a d e a t e cli p se s (g m /m kci dri n o r o n a

,

S a tur d a y T h e y will h o w e v e r a cc e p t o ff e r i n g s n ot o n ly f r o m a g r icul

.

t ur a l t r ib e s but a l s o f r o m K h at i s K u mh ar s L o ha r s Néi s B i a us ’

g , , , ,
a i

a n d J o gi s t h o u g h n o t f r o m Ch ii h r as o r Ch a m a r s
’

, T h e g r e a t m aj o r i t y .

o f t h e m h a v e lik e t h e sar s ut a d o p t e d a g r ic ul t u r e a n d a r e n o t di r e c t l
, y ,

e ng a g e d i n r e ligio us f un c t i o n s T h e G a u r i s h e ld i n p e culi a r l y lo w .

e s t i ma t i on by t h e p e o pl e a p a r t f r o m h is r e ligi o us s t a tu s S e e a lso
, .

G a utam .

G AU BWAH —(Ga ur ai pp or y n o n y m
G a ul a i
i n G u r ga o n —
) a a e ar s to be a s

t e r m a ppli e d g e n e r a ll y to a ny Raj p u t s w h o h a v e l o s t r an k by p r acti s in g ,

ka r ew a § In D e l h i h o w e v e r t h e y f o r m a di s ti nc t cl an a n d t ho ugh b o t h
.
,

t h e y a nd t h e Ch a ub an p e r mit w id o w r e ma r r i a g e t h e y a r e l o o k e d u po n ,

a s a s e p a r a t e t r ib e T h e y a r e d e s c r ib e d a s n o i sy a n d qua r r e l some but

.
,

Th e te r m s ds a n me ans ori gi na lly a g r an t of l an d and i s s ti l l us e d in t h at se n se i n Ch am b a

( G a z et te er p , . and i n Man di
T h e p r oce ss by Wt h t h e te r m s s a n
( G a z e t te e r , p . d
came to me an a se cti on of a cas te i s o scur e Th e Br ah mi ni ca g o tr a s a r e of co ur s e s i b . l t ll
p r e s e r e vd by th e G aur an d ap p e ar t o cro s s di i de th e s as a n s Bo th s as a n e and g o f r a s a r e -
v .

f ur th e r s ub di ide d in to count e ss a ls v l
T h us th e G a ur s ub t ri e ( cat or j at ) con tai ns an
’
.
-
b
ll
a t ca e d I ndaur i a f r o m Indaur w h o a re by g ot r a t i r adw aj and p a r o h t ts o f th e L o han
,
‘ ’

J et s.
v
T h e ag ue ne ss o f th e Br ah mans i n G urgaon as to th ei r a le and g ate i s h o w e e r
.

v
as toni sh ing : G ur g aon S e tt le m e n t R e p 1 87 2 83, p 32 -
. . .
,

1 H ls s ar G a z e t t e er 1 904 , p 7 8 , .

Of th e note on p 810 i nf r a w h e r e i t 18 p o inte d out th at G udaz z Thanesar

. .
.

0i G ard . .
 G un i auk —
Ge la kp d .

stur d y i n b uild an d c la n n i s h c in dis p os i i

t o n - in o nt r a s t to t h e Ch auban .

,
ga h y c fi d l wh lly t t h P lw l t h i l a
In G ur on t e a r e o n n e a most o o e a a a s

f e w a re M u ah mm a d a n s b u t t h e m a j o r i t y a r e Hi
,
n d u s .

g p f B h m i f w ll a g e s i n G u r ga o n
G AU T AM(A ) a zti t o r r o u o r a a n s o w n n g a e V i ,

wh e r e t h e y ar e r e p r e se n te d by a s i n gl e g ot t h e Mai t h al w hi ch h a s
,

, ,

Th e Ga t m p t k b l w t h G u r f o r t h e l a t t er
5 2 a le u .
a a p e a r s o r a n e o e a ,

il
w l s mo e k f m t h a m h u a a s a G a u r b u t i n s m o ki n g w ith a
r o e s e
gq ,

Ch a i W ll m v t h m t h i c d u h i s h n d i n
G a ut am o r au r s a i r e o e e o u p e e a n s e a

d G a urs t ill d k i m G u t m s b r a s s v e s s e l b u t n o t ’
it s s t e a o o . w r i n r e a a a ,

f r o m h i s e ar t e h n w a r e w h e r e a s t h e y sa y a
,
G a u t a m w ill
,
d r i n k f r o m a
,

But t h e G a u ta m s d e n y t hi s
’
G au r s .
.

G a A l t ic l w ig t p so n f e m
G A WAR s e e w r s o a r u s a c o n a n n o r a n e r .

,
.
, ,

Punj dbi D i e ty p 37 5 .
,
. .

G W
A A R IA a s m a ll ,
J a tg o t f r o m g a i c o w ) f o u n d i n t a h s il J i n
,
d ,
.

G A WAS I a G uj a r cl a n (a gr ic ul tur a l ) f o un d i n A m r i t sa r
,
.

G ri mm D h obi : .

Z
G A DA R a J a g,
c l a n (a g r ic u l t u r a l ) f o u n d i n M u l t a n .

G A ZZ I a M u h a m m a d a n J a t cl a n (a g r ic u l t u r a l ) f o u n d i n M o n t g o m e r y .

G E DR I see un d e r G id r i
,
.

G ri e f a G u j a r cl a n ( a g r ic u l t u r a l ) f o u n d i n A m r i t s a r .

f i o n t g o me r y
G E B L A N a n A r a,
i n cl a n ( a g r ic u l t u r a l ) o u n d n M .

1 J a cl ( g i l t l ) f d i M l t a ( 2 ) A cl
G EL A N ( ) ,
a t n a r c u u r a a o u n n u n ; an r ai u an

g ic ul t ur a l ) f o u n d i n A mr i t sa r
( a r .

s t o r d e r f o un d e d a b o ut A D
’
G E L U K P A vi r tu o,
u s
‘
o n e s a B u ddhi , 1 4 20 by . .

T son kh ap a t h e fi r s t G r a n d La ma o f G a hlda n a n d n o w f o un d c h i e fly i n
, ,

Tib e t w h e r e b ot h t h e D a l a i a n d Ta shi Lama s b e l o n g to i t T h e mo n k s

,
.

a r e b o u n d t o c e liba cy a n d c e r t a i n ly r e f r a i n ,
f r o m ma r r i a ge t h o ugh i n ,

t h e y e ar s o f t h e i r n o vi t i at e t h e y a r e s a i d t o b e by no me a n s i mma c ul a t e .

Th e i r o ut w ar d mar k i s a y e ll ow ca p .

Th e f o un d e r T s o n k h a p a b e l on g e d t o a s ch o ol o f r e f o r me r s o f wh o m
Br om s to n (p r o n T o mt e n ) is t h e b e s t k n o w n (ci r c . Br o ms to n .

liv e d i n th e Ki mo n a s t e r y a n d t h e t r a di ti o n o f h i s r e s id e n c e t h e r e
w a s p r e se r v e d till t h e t i me o f C s oma de K o e r o e s a b o ut 1 820 bu t , ,

i t w a s l o s t d u r i n g t h e D o g r a W a r i n 1 8 4 2 Mr F r a n cke t hi n k s th at . .

de K oe r oe s r igh t ly i d e n t ifi e d Ki w i th t h e ce l e b r a te d H o n s o f R va sg e n g s
r o ms t o n s n a me i
’

(p r o n R a reu )
g .
B . s p r e se r v e d i n B r o in s t o n ch u -

T t on ch u) a n d Br o ms t o n sn a t h e s t r e am a n d r o ck o f Br o m s t on ’
( w -
o ,

n e a r Ki He a p p a r e n t ly f ou nd e d t h e K a d e mp a s e c t i n th e Rar e n
mon a ste r y a n d e i t h e r t h e r e o r a t Ki T s on k h ap a s tu die d h i s w o r k sg
.

a nd i n a ug u r a t e d a n e w r e fo r ma t i o n His o bj e c t w as t o r e s to r e th e .

a n ci e n t B uddhi s t f a i t h a n d p ur i fy i t f r om Ta n t r a i s m Hi s b r e th r e n .

w e r e t o be c e lib a t e s a n d use n o wi ne He e v e n a tte mp te d t o r e sto r e .

th r i e s t ly g a r b o f t h e a n ci e n t I n d o B ud dhi s t ch ur ch a n d t o t h is
-
e
p
d y a t h e G e lu k p a n o vic e s (y e t sh ul
) w e ar n o t hi n g bu t
y e l l o w a t le a f

i o ba bl
.

in Spi
d
t i
s
b u

o
t
f
La
t h
m
e
ai
w
s m
h o
a

l e
s u

c
s

o
u
m
a l p r o v e d t oo s t r o n g a n d t h o u h

m u n i ty w a s y e ll o w t h e dis tiIicti ve co lon ;

p )
o
D
'

t h e r e s

Tsongkh apa e l iminated th e r g i i t ti

’

th e S ansk ri t Ta ntm f r om th e K a i fil Wh r
g e eas th e
‘

l l acce pt i t
.

H ingmai pa sti .
284 G han ghr a —Ghatw al .

G HA NG HRA , Hi n d u K ambo h cl an (a gr ic ul tur al ) f o un d in M ont gome r y

a .

G HANIER E a K h ar r a l cl a n (a gr ic u l tur al ) fo un d i n M o nt g ome r y

,
.

G HAIi zi Mf a th a t ch e r a ma k e r o f la t t ic e w o r k T h e G h a r ami s f o r m a smal l

’

.
, ,

c ast e pr o b ably di s t i n c t f r o m t h e J h i n w ar s a n d w o r k i n gr a ss e t c
,
.
, , .

G a m ers a mill e r al s o G HU ijt

, ,

G HAR HA NA an a g r ic ul tur a l cl an f oun d i n Shahp ur

,
.

G HAR IALA a mo uld e r ,

.

G HAR IAL KA) f e m A R on e wh o se b usi n e s s i t i s t o st r ik e th e h o ur o n a

,
.
-
,

g o n g (g h a ma l) .

G BA R S Hi N i n Pa sh t o o r igi n ally Kh a r s i n a tr ib e o f S ayyid s a ffi l ia t e d to th e

.
,

Mi an as bu t r e s id e n t a mo n g t h e U h t ar an a S h i r an i s lt s p r oge ni tor
. s .
,

s ur n a me d th e G h a r s hi n * b e l o n g e d t o t h e s a me fa m ily a s t h e S a y yi d s ,

o f U h a n d i t f u r n i sh e d m o r e t h a n o n e s a i n t t o
c
,
t h e A fgha n s M a lik .

Yar Pa r a n a c o n t e m p o r a r y o f G l ia ud di n B a l ba n w a s a G h a r s h i n
,
i s - .

, , ,

an i o th r s
t ar e fou n d n e a r K a n d a ha r a mo n g t h e Kak a r a n d M6 35
e ,

K h e l l a n n i Pa t h an s a n d i n Uch a n d o t h e r pl a c e s i n B a haw a l pu r
’
.

G HARW AL a t r ib e o f Raj p u t s f ou n d i n t h e up pe r p a r t o f K a h ii t a i n Raw a l

, , ,

i n di Th e y cl a i m d e s c e n t f r o m o n e Pi r Kala a so n of Raj a M a ll an ce s
p .

( ,

t o r o f t h e J an j ii as ) He mar r i e d K a h o Ra n i w h e n h e c a m e t o t h ose
’

hill s a n d n a m e d t h e i laga i n w hich h e s e t t l e d K ah r ii a f t e r h e r H e n c e

,
’

h i s d e s c e n d an t s w e r e c all e d K ah r w al o r G h ar w al T h e t r ib e i s n ume r .

o u s a n d i mpo r t a n t livi n g i n a p ic tur e squ e c o unt r y Th e D ulal i s a

, .

b r an ch of t hi s t r ib e .

G HAsf f e m AR : a l s o gh assi a gr ass c utt e r i n M ul ta n ; th e te r m i s a l s o

,
.
-
,
-
,

u se d i n t h e hill s C f g h a si ar a f e m i a n a gr a ss c ut te r N e i th e r
. .
, .
-
,
-
,
-
.

a p p e a r t o f o r m di s t i n c t c a s t e s .

G HATT I E a M uh a m ma da n J at cl a n (a gr ic ul t ur a l) f oun d i n M on t g o me r y
, .

G HA r w i L o n e o f t h e J at t r ib e s o f t h e S o ut h E a st P unj a b
'
i
,
Th e y t r ac e th e i r -
.

o r igi n f r om G a r h G h a z n i a n d pl a c e t h a t ci ty i n t h e D e cc a n a n d n o t i n ,

A f gh an i st an Th e y cl a i m d e sc e n t f r om S a r oh a Raj put s Th e i r h e a d
.
.

u a r te r s a r e a t A h ulan a i n t h e G o ha n a t a h s il f R h t k d h y
q o o a a n t e ,
o cc u p y t h e c u n t r y b e t w e e n i t a n d th e J umna b e i n g n um e r o u s i n
o
th e ,

n r t h o f D e l h i a n d t o t h e s o u t h o f K a r n al
o A h ulan a i s s a id t o h a v e b e e n .

f o u n d e d 22 ge n e r a t i o n s a g o a n d giv e s i t s n a me t o t h e Ha u lan i a f a ct i o n ,
.

T h e G h a tw al a r e o f t e n c a ll e d m a la k a t i t le t h e y ar e sa id t o h a v e ,

o b ta i n e d a s f ollo w s

In th e o ld d a y s o f Raj p ut a s c e n d a n cy t h e Raj put s w o uld n o t allo w

Ja ts t o c ov e r th e i r h e a ds w i th a t u r b an n or t o w e a r an y r e d cl o t h e s no r ,

t o p u t a c r o w n (m ar ) o n t h e h e a d o f t h e i r b r id e g r oo m or a
j e w e l (n a t) ,
i n th e i r w ome n s n o s e s
’
T h e y a l so u se d t o l e vy s e ig n or i a l r
igh t s fr om
.

vi r gi n b r id e s E v e n t o t h i s day Raj p ut s w ill n o t a ll o w i n fe r i o r c a st e s

.

t o w e a r r e d cl o t h e s O r a m p l e l i n cl o th e s i n t h e i r vill a g e s Th e G h a t o
.

w al s o bt a i n e d s o m e s u c ce s e s o v e r t h e Raj u t s
p ci a lly o v e r t h e
s
p es e

M n d h ar s o f t h e do db n e a r D e o b an a n d M a n g l a u r a n d o v e r t h o se o f
,
a a
,
th e Bag a r n e a r Kala n a u r a n d D ad r i a n d r e mo v e d t h e o b n o xi
o us ,
pro
se Th e n ame
de r i e d f r o m g h a r , a moun tai n and s h i n
is s aid to be v
g r e e n o r f r ui tf u l
b l
e caus e w h i e r e s idin g a out Bor a and Pe sh in t w o S ay y ids at th e b
e que s t o f th e h e r dsme n
’
,

r
, ,

o f th e tr i e s , so i c te d d V
i i i n b l
e aid to tur n th e i r e ak and r u
g g e d hi s i nto g r ass -co e r e d
bl ll v
r ang e s .
 G ha wnr ar —Gh y e e. 285

h ibitio n s Th ey th us a c qui r e d th e t i t l e o f ma la k (maste r ) a n d a r ed

.

t ur b an a s th e i r di s t i n gui s hi n g m ar k
; a n d to t h i s da y a J e t wi th a
red
p g m i s mo st p r o b ably a G h a t w al
’ o

”
a .

Mr
F a n sh a w e s ay s t h a t th e t i tl e i s a m e r e n ick na me c o n fe rr e d
.

by a ma li k o r chi e f ca ll e d R ai 8211 ; y e t i n R o h tak t h e y a ppe a r

g e n e r a ll
y t o b e c a ll e d m a la k r a t h e r t h an h
G ta w al * In J i n d t h e .

G h a twal r e ve r e n c e Ba i r ag i s a s t h e i r a th e r a s I H a r t h e Br a h ma n s
j n is s .

o f D e al a r e t h e i r a r ch i t a t o t hi s da
’

p p y b e c a u se t h e i r a n c e s to r r e s c ue d ,
t h e o n ly s u r vivi n g w o ma n o f t h e t r ib e a f t e r t h e R aj uts o f K a la naur
p ,
h a d bl o w n up a ll t h e r est o f t h e G h a t w als w h o h a d d e fe a t e d t h e m
, .

G HA U N RA R , a se
pt
Raj p ut s of ,
de s c e n d e d fr o m Mi an Baj o k h a r , s on of
S a ug ar Ch an d l 6 t h Raj a o f , K a h lii r
’

G HAZ L fi N i , P a tha n cl a n (a g ric ul t ur a l ) f o un d i n M on tgome r y

a .

G HE BA a tr ib e o f Raj p u t st a t us i n t h e A tto ck di s t r i ct
, T r adi t i o n ma k e s t h e .

G h e ba Sial a n d T i w a n a d e sc e nd a n ts o f G b e o S a i n o a n d T e n o t h e t hr ee
, , ,

s o n s o f Rai Sh a n k a r Puh w ar l T h e Sial a n d Ti w an a a p p e a r to a dmi t ‘ '

t h e r e l a t i o n shi p a n d i t i s n o t a t a ll i m p o ss i bl e t h a t t hi s g r o u o f Raj ut
,
p p
t r ib e s m ay be o f Pun w ar o r igi n Th e G h e b a ar e sa id to h a v e c o me t o .

t h e P un j a b so me t i me a f t e r t h e Sial a n d T i w a na a nd to h a v e se tt l e d i n ,

t h e w ild hill y c o un t r y o f F a t a hj a n g a n d Pi n dig h e b in A tt o ck H er e .

t h e y h e ld t h e i r o w n a g ai n s t t h e A w a n s G a kk h a r s an d n e ighbo ur i n g , ,

t ib e s t ill R a n j i t Si n gh s u bd ue d t h e m
r T h e J o d r a a r e sa id t o h a v e c ome .

f r o m J ammu o r a cc o r di n g t o a n o th e r st o ry f r o m Hi n d ust a n w h e n c e
, ,

a l s o C o l o n e l C r ac r o f t s a y s t h a t t h e G h e b a t r a di t i o n s t r a c e t h a t t r ib e ,

a n d t o h a v e h e l d t h e i r p r e s e n t t r a c t b e fo r e t h e G h e b a s e t t l e d a l o n g s i de

of t he m 1 Th e y n o w o cc up y th e e a st e r n h a l f o f t h e Pi n dig h e b a n d t h e
.
,

G h e b a t h e w e s t e r n h a l f o f t h e F a ta h j a n g t ah sil i n Raw al p i ndi t h e ,

t w o t r a c t s m a r chi n g w i t h e a ch o th e r T h e G h e b a i s a l s o s a i d t o be in .

r e a l i t y a b r a n ch o f t h e or i g in a l J o d r a tr ib e t h a t q ua r r e ll e d w i th t h e
o th e r s a n d t o o k t h e n a m e o f G h e b a w hi ch t ill th e n h a d b e e n s i mply a
,

t i t l e u s e d i n t h e t r i b e 5 a n d t h e f ac t th a t t h e t o w n o f Pi n dig h e b w a s
buil t a nd i s s till h e ld by t h e J o d r a a n d n o t by t h e G h e b a l e n d s s om e .
,

s up p o r t t o th e s t a t e me n t T h e hi s t o r y o f t h e G h e b a f a mil y i s to ld a t
.

o f S i r L e p e l G r i ffi n s Punj a b Ch i ef s r a cr o f t
’

p a g es 5 38 C ol one l C .

de s c r ib e d t h e G h e b a a s a fi n e h a r d y r ac e o f me n f ull o f fi r e a nd , ,

e n e r g y n o t a ddi ct e d t o cr i me t h o u gh t h e i r r e di n e s s t o r e se n t i n s ul t a
, ,

or i n j ur y r e al o r i ma gi n e d or to j o i n in h a n d t o h an d figh t s fo r
, ,
- -

t h e i r r igh t s i n l a n d a n d t h e i r f e u d s W i th t h e
,
J o d ra a n d A l p i al ar e

n o t o r i o us .

of t h e K h a tr i s
G HEi ,
one w ho s e ll s g i
h a se c t i on .

G HE T A L PA NT E I,
- -
1 A, o n e w ho h as no re i l gio us g u i de ,
a b a d ma n .

G B EY E, a G uj a r cl a n ( a gr ic ul t ur a l ) fo un d i n A mr i ts a r .

T h e r e ar e i n s e e r v al p a t i
r s of
n M o h
Indi a
n g y r a nd i
.
t s n e i g h
e s li e ci ally
o ur h o od t ri es b , b
l
o f lo w c a ss Raj p uts ca
- a wa
t w h o h olle d G h
d o r h e d as s l
i g n
,
m e nt s o f r e l
e n u e o n condi ti o n l v
hi h h h l t wl w o n t t o make l b
o f de f e ndi ng th e g h d s or p ass e s in th e
t h il s by w c t e i u e s e r e

p r ed at o r y i ncu r s i o n s i n to t h e p a i n s e o w l bl .

1
'
A n ame nde d g e ne a ogy i s g i e n t
a p g a el5 29 0 f G r i f vn 3 P a nj a b Ch i ef s fi .

B t C f t l
n ote d th at oth e r t a e s 8 831g 11 t i t h e G h e as t h l
e s a m e o i gi n as th e b .

1: u r acr o a s o

Kh e o ra s , n ow c u l ti va t or s in th e tr a c t .
286 Th e Ghi lzai s .

G HIL Z AI, G HAL Z AI, a t r ib e of t h e M at ti b r an ch o f th e P a than s, an d t ill th e r i se

o f th e D ur r a ni p o w e r , t h e m o s t f a mo us o f a ll t h e A f gha n t r ib e s Th e .

o ffi ci a l S p e lli n g o f t h e n am e i s G h ale j i a t Kab ul a n d K a n d a ha r Th e y

fi r s t r os e i n to n ot ic e i n t h e t i m e o f Mah m ii d G h az n a vi , wh om t h e y
’

a cc om p an i e d i n h is i n v as io n s o f I n di a Not l on g a fte r w a r d s t h e y .

c on qu e r e d th e c b e t w e e n J s lalabad a n d K e lat i G hil za i a n d s p r e ad

tra t - -
,

e a st an d w e s t o v e r th e c o u n t r y t h e y n o w h o l d In t h e b e g i nn i n g o f .

th e 1 8th c e n t ur y t h e y r e v o l te d a g a i n st t h e i r P e r si a n r ul e r s e s t a bli s h e d ,

t h e m se lv e s un d e r Mi r Wa i s a s i n d e p e n d e n t r ul e r s a t K a n d aha r a n d ,

o ve rr an P e r si a Bu t a q ua r te r o f a ce n t ur y l a t e r t h e y w e r e r e d uc e d
.

by Nadi r Shah an d th e i r r ule di sa pp e a r e d t o be s ucc e e d e d n o t l ong

, ,

a f te r by t h a t o f t h e D ur r a n i T h e y ar e o f t h e sa me s t o ck as th e Isa
.

Kh e l an d L o di P a tha n s a s th e f o ll owi n g p e dig r e e tabl e s h ow s

,

Q ai s—
i -A b dur R ash i d or Sh aikh Bait .

l
Bibi Mate
X

S hah Husai n , a S h ansabani T a ik j of G h or .

W
G HA L Z AI . Ib r ah im or L o dai .

Niazi . D ote r a i .
Si a m .

Isa K HE L .

Ismai l .

Sh aikh or F ate kh . Hud . Mar w at.

r
Aso .

Y asi n .

_ _
I i
Y asin or Y Hai dar
’
Kh i z r
’
i i nas . or . Yak ti b .

D au at l .
B assan .

T r a di ti o n d e r iv e s th e n a me G h a lzai fr o m gh a lzoe t h e ‘ illici t (fi r st b or n ) , -

o f B i b i Ma t o by Shah H usa i n w h om s h e a f t e r w a r ds ma r r i e d
’
son ,
He r .

d e s c e n da n ts fi r st d w e l t i n t h e S h i lgh a r t e r r i to r y sou t h o f G h az ni but ,

’
w h e n t h e G h a lz a i b e c a m e n u me r o us t h e y d r o v e th e Niaz i s t o t b
e e a st
,

w a r d a n d th e A n d ar b r a n ch o f th e G hil zai s st i ll h old S h i lgh a r O th e r

,

br a n ch e s ar e th e Ho t a k o r H o t a k i K h a r o ti Na si r o r Na s i r i S uli ma n
.

, ,
’
Khan l a r aki a n d To kli O f t h e s e t h e Kh a r o ti an d Na si r h o w e v e r
‘ ‘
.
,

do n o t a pp e a r t o be tr ue G h il z a i s bu t t o be d e s c e n d a n ts o f o n e o f
,

t h e se v e r a l T ur k t r ib e s l o c ate d o n t h e w e st e r n f r ont i e r s o f t h e G h a z ni
ki ngdom t o w ar d s t h e Afgha ni s ta n by th e T ur k f e ud a t o r ie s un d e r th e
, ,

Sama ni s an d th e T ur k S ul tans of G h azni T h e H ot aki i s th e r o a l

y
.
288 Th e G hir th se
p ts .

Th e G hi r th s ar e said t o be of Raj p u t o r igi n by mi x e d m arr i a g e s or

ill e gi t i ma t e i n t e r c our s e Th e y a r e e ss e n t i ally a g r ic ul t ur al , a n d th”e
.

p r o ve r b say s A s t h e r ic e b e n d s i n t h e e a r t h e G h i r th l i f ts h i s h e a d .

“
Th e i r s o ci a l p o s i ti on i s lo w Y o u can n o m o r e ma k e a sai n t o f a .

a nd t hey
”
G h ir th th an e x pe ct ch a st i ty o f a b u ff al o , pr a c tise w i do w
Yo u c an t ma k e a G h i r th ni a W id ow , a n y mor e t h an y o u
’
m ar r i a g e , f o r
”
ca n t ur n a h ill b u ffa l o i n t o a b ar r e n co w .

F o lk e ty G hi r th f r o m ghi , b e c a us e Shiv ma d e t h e m o ut
mo l o g y d e r iv e s
o f 9M In Ho sli i ar pur G h r t s a e c all e d Bah t i In H i n d us t a n t h e y
*
. i h r .

a r e c a ll e d K ur mi Chan g i s th e P un j abi n ame , a n d G h ir th t h e P a har i

.

w or d .

T h e G h ir th s h av e f e w l a r ge s ub di v i si o n s T h e e igh t l a r g e st ar e t h e -
.

K e n da l, Bha r d w aj , P a tha i i, Chh abr u, li e r u , Ba dial, Ch h o r a , a n d Bh a t tu

-
.

Bli ar dw aj (a B r a h m i n i cal g o t r a ), i s a l s o f o un d a s a n a l am o n g t h e B r a h
ma n s of Ch amb a l Chh abr u i s f ou n d o nly i n H o shia r p ur , a n d Ch h o r a
.
‘ ’

an d Bh a ttu on ly i n Ka n g r a Th e o th e r s o ccu r in b ot h D i s tr ic t s But . .

t h e G h i r th s s ay t h a t t h e y h a v e a l a r ge n u mb e r o f a le o r s e p t s — 36 0 i n
a ll A g r e a t p a r t o f t h e s e a r e n a me d a f t e r v ill a g e s O th e r s a r e
. .

n a me d a f t e r t r a d e s , o cc up a t i o n s e t c e t c A v e ry f e w a r e p o ss ibly . .
, ,

t o te m i st ic i n or igi n .

A mo n g t h e se se p ts o cc ur t h e f o l l owi n g n a me s

A .
— Name s o f i mal s or pl an ts an

1 r é f r ui t o f t h e w ild id j ck l
( ) D h a , ( 4 ) G ar a a , .

fig .
( 5 ) G a do h a r i a ki n d o f bi r d ,
.

(2) G h o r a h or s e (6 ) G ar ii r i a n a ni mal lik e a mall

’
‘
, .
, s
3 f
’
( ) K h u n la a ki n d o bi,
r d p ig . .

B — Na m e s of
. cc up a ti on s o r ni ck n a me s
o a

(l ) S ur a n g iala mi n e r ( 1 0) S a i n i v e g e t abl e s e ll e r
, .
,
-
.

(2) Na n d e n a n dh z du mb ( l l) Hut la s t amm e r e r

’

.
, , , .

( 3) Mor mar pe a fo w l h un t e r , ( 1 2) K h ai i g a r kit i n s t a co ugh

-
.
,
/
, .

(4) J ék h n i i w e igh man ( 1 3) L ah i i ch ar r e d o r b ur n t

’ ’
.
, , .

(5 ) P a n i e r i p a n i ci r d w a te r
, ( 1 4) T e pa b o ugh t f o r a top ci o r 2
, ,

ma n . s e e r s of g r a i n .

( )
6 M a sa n d l o n g h ai r e d
, ( 1 5 ) K umha r p ot t e r -
, .

o be i t s m e a n i ng 6 ) N a u l m o ld
(s a i d t ) ( 1 .
, .

(7 ) L ak r ia w o o d m an , (l7 ) Pa t h r ala f o u n d e d by a l e af .
,

(8) G h o r a j ock e y , s e ll e r
( p a tté l e a f )
.
, .

9
( ) b or n on th e
R th a li or 8r d Bhad o n
’

C — Na me s
. c o l our s of

(1 ) Kala bl ack ,
.
(3) Ni la bl ue , .

(2) K ah r a r e d b r o w n ,
-
.

Bauh ti a ap p e ar s to be a ar i ant of Bah ti v

Possi y , th i s sugg e s ts , Bah ti means si mp y . bl l
p l
ou g h m an .
’

di ng to th e acco unt of th e G hi r th s co mp i e d by th e ate M r A H G unte r , l l

T A c cor th e . .

v b
.

Br ah mi ni cal g otr a s a r e p r e se r e d but e ach comp r i s e s a num e r of a le e g th e K unda g ot ( r a ) ,

l
l l l
.

i nc ude s th e Ch ang , Si a Th e tar and Th o i z dts , th e K onsal g ot i nc ude s th e l

Panih ar i th e Ta] g ot th e Patakii a t, and th e K as a th e K att i
,
’

Th e 90 13, i t i s di sti nct y b , l

s tate d, ar e named af te r common ance stors w h o w er e r i s h i s
‘
.
 Ghir th Obser vances .

D -“ lll Kh er a f o un de d
, by a w o man wh o se child w as bo r n un e r a. d
kh e r tr e e
(2) Ba ny an fi f o un d e d
, by a w o ma n wh ose chil d w as bo r n un der a
ban or oak .
v

(3) D a dda, f o u n d e d by a w o man wh ose child was b or n n e ar a

b a mb oo , a n d l a id o n t h e tr e e .

(4) K h un la, ima l o f some ki n d T h e n ame w a s given to a

an an .

child a s a t o k e n o f aff e c t i on H e n c e h is d e sc e n d an ts ar e .
’

s t i ll c a ll e d by t h e n ame .

(5 ) L adh ar i a f r o m la dh dr a ki n d of tr e e
, , .

(6 ) G h ur l a wild goat s o c all e d b e c ause i ts p r o g e n i to r c r i e d lik e

,

o ne .

(7 ) Kh aj ur a , dat e -p a l m (cf t h e Nagar ko tia B r ah man cl

.
of thi s
n a me
) so - c all e d b e c ause i t s f o un d e r w as bor n un d e r a da te
p a l m .

(8) Kh a tta ,
f r om kh a ttci , a ki n d of tre e : for a s i milar r e a so n .

O t h e r e x og a mo u s s e c ti o n s (ge ts ) ar e B a l ar u , Ban jar a B a rol

, ,
Ch a ko tr a , B h ut, D iel u , B a n ga r i a , J a la r ich , K a th e N a r o t r a Pa n la
, ,
Pan y a n, Pa ny ar i a, Sak re , S i él, Thi mb u, T hi r k u, e tc , a ll o f u n k no w nj ,

d e r iva t i o n .

In t h e Ra j p ut hyp e r g a mo us s y ste m t h e G hi r th d o e s n ot r a n k v e r y
high f o r n o t t ill t h e se v e n th g e n e r at io n ca n h i s da ugh te r be co me a
que e n (S a tw i n p i r ki G h i r th n i ki t
'

Bri m: h oya ti ) w h e r e a s t h e Ra thi s ,

’

d augh te r ca n a t t ai n t o t h a t p os i t i on i n fo ur ge n e r a t io n s a nd e v e n t h e
’
K a n e t s r e a ch e s i t i n fi v e But t h e Raj a s co uld p o mo te a G h i r t h t o
. r

be a Rat hi a s S ir J a m e s Ly a ll r e co r d s (Ka n g r a S e tt R ep
, .
,

Th e fo ll o w i n g a cc o un ts o f t h e G h i r th s o ci a l Ob s e r va n c e s a r e giv e n
t y pic a l of t h e u sa g e s a mo n g a ll th e Hi n d u c a s te s o f t h e Ka n g r a Hill s
and no t as
p e cu lia r ly ch a r a c t e r i s tic o f t h e G h ir t h s Th e y r e se mbl e .

g e n e r a lly t h o se i n vog ue a mo n g t h e G a ddi s o f Ka n g ra but th e l oc a l ,

v ar i a t i on s appe ar t o be e n dl e ss Th e s e a r e d e sc r ib e d i n t he f o o t i i o te s
.
-

to th e te x t b e l o w

In b e tr o t h a l th e f a th e r m o t h e r o r un cl e if a liv e w ill t e ll t h e y o uth

, , ,

to a r ran g e t o m a r r y s u ch a n d s u ch a gi r l If t h e s e a r e n o t aliv e h e .
,

ch o o se s hi mse l f 3o th e r wi se h e r e ma i n s pas s iv e t h r o ugh out th e a r r a n ge

me n ts d i l w h o g oe s h
’

.T h h
h e fat e r t e n fi n d s a go b et w e e n ( r i t b r i t o -t e

gi r l s p a r e n t s a n d m a k e s th e pr o po sa l t o th e m If t h e y a cc e p t a day
’
.
,

is a r r a n g e d f o r t h e c e r e m o n y o f b e t r o t h a l O n t h i s day t h e
i r i t c o n d u cts t h e b o y s f a th e r o r o th e r g ua r d i a n (t h e boy d o e s n o t
' '
’
r i t bc

g o a s a r ul e *
) t o t h e gi r l s h o u s e H e t a k e s Wi th h i m c r e a m
’
.
ri ch in a
, ,

Pr ovi de d th e fath e r h as no in fi rmi ty r e nde r in g t he son s as si stance ne ce ssar y th e 80 11

‘

wi ll no t accomp any h i m He i g e ll ll m th d I f th e y
o
a n o e r g u a r i an
w ne r a y a cco p an y y .

goe s too e s ll o e d to s tay at th e g i r l

.

f h B h m d ‘
l bu e
“

h
fi
h i t n e c a
‘

a w s a r e n ts o u s e i e r a a s
, p
v b l
f # 13
’

o ccasi on f a oura e o th e r w i se h e mus t s tay i n s o m e o t h e r h o u se Th e b o y s r l 1 11

“
.
,

may be on e of th e p ar ty It make s a p oint o f a r r i vi ng

. d u r i n g th e p ar ti c u l ar W 3 0 e j

ar ti cul ar day w h i ch t h e Br ahma n h as f oun d to be D P T O l l1 0 u 3 H e l e a d s t h e w ay i l

]:
°
.

T l
'

l v d e
v th e l uts
oa
ollo w e d by th e fath e r and n e xt r e a ti e Th e oth e r s s ta e nc os ur e .

1 h
.

t
.

lv
t hi n g s ar e p ut do w n and a r up e e i n S i e r and a h a f anna bi t i ncopp e r a r
e 13
1
0 9
1
) y
t
l
e re d
e

3
’
v bl
bo y s fath e r in th e mo e a e sh r ine ( ca e d dn oa de w ) of G a n e ll
s h 0 11 th e h as y
l
p a
of ?
l tt
,

”
cha uka h , At th e same ti me th e g i r s p ar e nts Put dow n a tray l c o n
’
ta i n i n g a i e g
290 G hi r th w e ddi n gs .

cl ay v e ss e l (de h dli ) g r a i n gm: a n d cl o th e s fo r t h e gir l a nd tw o r up e e s , , ,

t w o pi c e i n c a s h (a n d j e w e l s if r ich e n o u gh ) a n d i f a pr ic e f o r t h e ,

gi r l h a s b e e n a g r e e d u p on t h e y t a k e t h a t t oo Wh e n t h e y g e t to t h e ,
.

h o u se t h e y fi n d a gh a r d o f w a t e r a n d a n o il l a mp a n d a v e sse l c o n t a i n -

i n g a li t t l e gm; a n d ghi i n t h e gi r l s p a r e n t s h ou s e a n d h e r p ar e n t s
’ ’
,

w ai t i n g f o r t h e m b ut n o t t h e gi r l h e r s e l f Th e y p ut do w n t h e g r a i n
,
.
,

m d d h i u a d ic e a n d cl o th e s a n d j e w e l s b t h e w a t er in a
g ; a n e r
p e e s n
p , y ,

w ick e r b a s k e t p u t r e a dy f o r t h e m a n d n o o n e s p e a k s a w o r d S q u ar e ,
.

ma t s m a de o f s u g a r c an e s ta lk s a r e p l a ce d fo r t h e d e p u t a t ion Wh e n .

’
t h e y h a v e s e t do w n th e g r a i n e t c t h e b oy s p a r t y bo w w i t h j o i n e d , .
,

h a n d s to t h e l a m p a n d w a t e r v es se l a n d di pp i n g t h e i r fi n ge r s i n t o t h e v

,
’

g ur and
g h i p u t t he m i n t h e i r mo n t h s Th e n t h e b oy s p a r t y sa l a ni .

a n d t h e gi r l s
p ar t
y s a l a m a n d
’
t h e n a ll s i t d o w n f o r t h e fi r st t i m e ,

T h e n t h e g o b e tw e e n t a k e s t h e r upe e s a n d p ic e a n d cl o t h e s t o t h e gi r l
-

w h o i s w i t h t h e w o m e n in a n ot h e r r oo m g iv e s t h e m o n e y to h e r an d ,

ge ts do w n t h e cl o t h e s T h e n t h e ” Zoom c o me s b a ck a n d r e c e ivi n g
,

.
,

t h e gi r l s p r ic e f r o m t h e b o y s f a t h e r
’ ’
’
giv e s i t t o th e gir l s f ath e r ,
.

Th e n th e b o y s f a th e r giv e s p ic e t o th e gi r l s p ar ty s ka mi n s 73 e t h e
’ ’ ’
, . .
,

b a r b e r th e p ur oh i t (f a mil y B r a h m a n ) a n d th e w a t ch ma n Th e b oy s
,
.
’

a i n h i m wi t h m
’
p a r t y s ta y s t i ll n igh t w h e n t h e gi rl s
p a r t y e n t e r t , a e al .

Th e n th e gi r l s mo t h e r c all s i n o t h e r w o m e n o f t h e y illag e a n d t h e y
’
,

s i n g a n d th e bo y s f a t h e r giv e s t h e m p ic e Ne x t day t h e b oy s p ar t y
’ ’
.

h avi n g br e a k fas t e d r e t u r n h o me .

F r o m t hi s t im e u nt il t h e w e ddi n g w hich in t h e ca s e of a vi r gi n is c a ll e d ,
’
bi rth th e b oy s f a t h e r se n d s o n c e a y e a r r i ce o r ma i z e c r e a m gm: a n d
, , ,

clo t h e s f o r t h e gi r l T h e p e r s o n w h o b r i n g s t h e se gi ft s i s e n t e r t a i n e d
.

’
at n igh t by t h e gi r l s p a r e n t s a n d go e s a w a y t h e n e x t da T h d a te
y e .

i b It m a y t a k e p l a c e
’
o f t h e w e ddi n g s a r r a n g e d y t h e gi r l s f a t h e r * .

th e i r ow n . b
Th e oy s f ath e r p uts a h a f anna i n th i s an d taste s th e g ur
’

He p uts a p i ce l .

i n th e lo f t} of w ate r ( go o w t ) e f or e th e s h r i ne , touch e s h i s f or e h e ad and

. b e nds do w n t o b
l
G an esh , th e g i r s Br a h man w or s h i pp i ng all th e ti me i n th e us ua w ay
‘

Th e g i r s moth e r l . l ’

p u ts t h e e w je r y o n t h l
e g i r a nd th e ce r e mony i s o e r l
T h e g i r s p ar e nts t ak e all th e
.
‘
v . l
b l
t h ing s r ou g h t , i nc udi n g th e r up e e an d p i ce , i nto t h e s h r i ne in th e t r ay , o ut of w h i ch t h e
g i rl s
‘

m o t h e r t ak e s t h e m, and no t t h e g i r s f ath e r It i s t h e mo th e r s r i g h t Th e r e i s a l ‘

.
’

f e a s t ne xt mor ni ng and p i ce ar e di str i ute d to t h e p oor , an d a f e w annas to t h e Br ah man , b

th e ( th at of th e g i r s f ami y and th e oca w at ch man
’
l l
f e w p i ce ar e a so gi e n t o th e l l . A l v
g i rl s
‘

S i s te rs i f any , an d h e r o th e r f e ma e r e ati ons l l .

b
T h e o y s f ami y Br ah man s e t t e s th e day l A out 20 day s e for e th e day l
xe d th e b b fi
f ath e r t ake s h i m to th e h ouse o f th e g i r s p ar e nts w h e re th e r e i s a cons u tation e tw e e n l ‘

. l b
h i m and t h e i r Br ah man as t o w h e th e r th e day xe d i s a so ausp i ci ous f or th e f ath e r , fi l
l l
p ate r n a unc e and ro th e r o f th e boy an d g i r r e sp ecti e y b l v l ,

l
Th e g i r s fath e r p uts some r i ce an d ou r and a f e w
'
ade s of dr ub g r ass an d tw o p i ce , bl
and t h e b
oy s f a th e r a s o o ne anna i n co pp e r , i nto a t r ay
’
l T h e s e ar e di i de d by t h e tw o . v
Br ah mans w h o t h r e w out th e g r as s In t h e tr ay th e g i r s mot h e r a s o p uts th e r e d p as te . l ‘

l
f or maki ng th e ti t a on th e f or e h e ad w h i ch i s us e d f o r all r e i gi ous occasi ons, e xce p t t h e s e l
conn e cte d w i th de ath .
’
l
Th e g i r s Bi ah mau p uts th e ti ka on t h e oy s f ath e r s for e h e ad and
’ ’

b
t h e n on th e f o re h e ads of a f e w o f th e y s tande r s Both f ami i e s th e n mak e th e i r p r e p ar a b . l o

t i ons and s ummon th e i r f ri e nds an d r e a ti on s to t h e w e ddi ng l ,

b
O n th e day th e oy s p ar ty w h i ch a w ay s i nc ude s th e Br ah man and th e f ami y
’

,
ar e r , l l l b b
g o e s to t h e g i r s h l
ou s e , t h e boy
‘

e i ng car r i e d i n a p dlki an d m usi ci ans acco m an i n

p by g Th e
b b
.

boy i s dr e sse d i n r e d W i th a f r i n g e of si k tas s e s (S am ) oun d r ound hi s tur an and l l

h ang i ng i n f r ont of h is face He h as e e n w ash e d and dr es se d by th e bar be r e for e
.
b b
st ar ti ng .T h e s e r a a n d a p ai r o f s h o e s a n d a co at ar e gi en h i m b
y th e oy s mate r na
’
v b l
uncle W
h e n th e p ar ty i e ach e s th e g i r s h ous e th e y all w ai t o utsi de unti t h e g i r s
’
l l l ’

Br ah man announce s t h at th e ausp ici ous mome nt ( th e con unction of tw o star s la ga n h as j .

ar r i e d v T h e boy and h i s Br ah man w i th th e ar e r and a f r i end w h o h as th e custo dy of b b

t h e mone y fo r cur re nt e xp e ndi tur e go i nsi de Th e cli a i t ka h w i th th e dr u mde r a i s r e ady Th e .
.

friend p uts a r up e e and h alf anna i n th e sh r i ne wh i e th e Br ah mans mutte r a f e w w or ds l .

292 Ghi r th i n h er i tan ce .

h e r , but non eh e r p e opl e T h e b ri d e an d b r id e g r oom ar e

of h er ot .

b r o ug h t i n to t h e h ouse an d ar e se t b e f r e a lig h te d l a m p a n d gh a r a of o

w at e r t o which t h e y bo w w i t h h an d s j o i n e d Th e y ar e t h e n giv e n g hi .

i e r oo r s m a r r i a e g a r me n ts a r e t ak e n o ff
’
d h b d
’

a n d gt n ; t o e a t a n t e r
g , g i z .

T h e n th e b r id e g r o o m t a k e s t h e b r id e t o h i s mot h e r Th e n th e b r i d e .
,

t h e b ar b e r t h e midwi fe an d t h e p e opl e w h o h a v e c ar r i e d th e b ri d e s
’
,

g i ft s (g iv e n by t h e br id e s p a r e n ts) a n d t h e K ah ar s ar e fe aste d a n d ’
.
,

t h e n e x t day t h e y t a k e t h e b r i de h o me a g a i n If s h e i s n ot o f a g e .
,

sh e sl e e p s w i th h e r m o t h e r i a la w I f sh e h as a t ta i n e d p ub e r ty s h e - -
.
,

s l e e p s i n a s e p a r at e r oo m wi th h e r h us b a n d Th e n t w o or th r e e .

mon t h s l a t e r t h e b r id e g oo m g o e s to h is f a t h e r i n l a w s h ouse an d
’
r - -

b r in g s h e r to h i s f a th er s h o use a g a in (h ei r p h er d) an d s h e r e ma in s ’ ’

,
’
t h e r e u n l e ss t h e gi r l s p ar e n t s s e n d f or h e r a g a i n
, .

Th e r e a din g o f th e ma n ta r s (la g a n ) a n d th e g o i n g r o un d t h e p o l e s
(ghnmdn d) ar e t h e bi n di n g a n d e s s e n ti a l p ar t s o f th e c e r e m o n y S o me .

t i me s w h e n th e gi r l s p a r e nts a r e d e a d t h e p ur ch a se mon e y i s p a id a n d
’
o

t he mar r i ag e c om pl e t e d by t h e o b s e r v a n c e o f t h e s e t w o c e r e mon i e s
a on el .

A b r id e p r ic e i s -
p a id , g ar d i s but i ts a mo un t is not fi xe d . No re

h a d to t h e p ov e r ty or w e a l t h of t h e b r id e g r oo m T h e o ld e r th e gi r l .
,
th e mo r e i s p aid f o r h e r T h e g r ea t e r th e n e c e s s i ty o f t h e b r id e g r o o m
.
,
3e t h e m or e di ffi c ul ty h e e x p e r i e n c e s i n g e t ti n g a w i f e t h e mor e h e
2. .
, ,

mus t pay 6 g if h e i s a wido w e r

, . .
, .

Wido w m ar r i a g e i s
c o mmon In de e d as div or c e o r r ath e r sal e of
re .

wiv e s i s f r e
qu e n t *
b o t h w id o w s a n d div or c ée s r e mar r y Th e y g o .

t h r o ugh t h e s i m pl e c e r e mo n y c all e d j h a n r dr d o r wid o w r e ma r r i a g e

j
whi ch c on s i st s i n th e p r i e st p ut ti n g a r e d cl oa k o v e r e ach p a r ty a n d
k n o t ti n g th e c or n e r s t og e t h e r a s t h e y s it o n a n e wly pl ast e r e d
S p o t (ch a n n ka h ) o u ts id e t h e h us b a n d s h o use
’
T h e p r i e s t t h e n l e a ds .

t h e w ay i n t h e w o m a n a n d t h e m a n f oll o w i n g h i m i n th a t or d
, er .

B o th t h e n do o b e i sa n c e a t t h e small s h r i n e t o G a n es h w i t h i t s o ffe r i n g s
of a lo fé o f w a t e r a n d l a m p (ch i r a h pl a c e d o ut s id e a n d t h c y
g ) e e r e mo n ,
is over B e f or e t h e cl oa k s a r e k n o t t e d a n ose o r n a me n t o f gold giv e n
. -

by t h e h us ban d i s t a k e n by t h e w o m a n f r o m t h e h an d s of t h e b a r b e r s ’

wi fe an d p u t o n Thi s o r n a me nt i s th e c o mmon si g n of mar r ia ge

.
.

Th e G h i r th s g e n e r a lly t hi n k t h e y o un g e r b r ot h e r h as a r igh t
t o
cl ai m t h e e ld e r br o t h e r s wido w , but t h e cl ai m i s n o t e n for c e abl e , n o r
’

a p pa r e n t l y e v e r w a s T h e e ld e r b r o t h e r c a n n o t ma r r t
.

h y g
’ y e o u n er
b h
r o t e r s wid ow, but th e G h ir th s of Pal a mp ur say t h at it i s d on e i n t h e
Kan g r a t ah s il .

G h i r th s f o ll o w t h e
B i n d u la w o f i nh e r i ta n c e , but it i s s a id
. , , a ll
th e s on s i nh e r i t a cc o r d i n g to t h e r ul e of ch i tn dv a n
d d, t e , all th e
'

. . .

s on s by o n e Wi f e g e t a s mu ch a s all t h os e b a n o t h
y e r w if e l But
’ ‘

it vorce i s p ermi tt d t th e p l a u f th e h u b and under no c r c l ns al i

Di e a e s re o s

If a w i fdb d iiii fgfhfiil ii

l
w i fe cl ai m di v or e ag in t h i w i ll
ab du to p ay s th h u b nd th e p i c of h
It i c ll e d h h dm
c a s s
i:. s a c o .

e b t s
(li t use in th e p r e sence of w i tnb
a r ‘
c r e er a r an r
ss s e
an d r ece i v e s a b ll of di v o ce T h er e i s
i ce r mony : Th e y h j d d t ake s l ace w i th
r . no e an r
’
r
p
anoth e r man .

1 T'
h e G addi s w h o l v e south of th e
i Ra i v and ar e ca ll e d Ch anoti l
a so fo ll ow thi s r u el
Th os e of Br ahmaur o b se r v e th e p g l d r ul e i s a
.

a va n d r u e .
’ ’
In oth e r w ords th e
local one .
ch nad dva n i i
 Ghi r th f uner a ls . 293

wh e n th e p r o pe r ty i s divid e d t h e e ld e s t son w ill g e t s ome w e a po n o r a

head of c att l e o r a p l o t o f l a n d w i th th e c o nse nt o f t h e b r o t h e r s i n
, ,

tOk e n o f h i s b e i n g th e h e a d o f t h e f a m ily T h e r e st o f t h e i m mo v e a bl e
.

p r o p e r t y Wi l l be divid e d e u a lly T h a t w h i ch i s g iv e n i n thi s w ay t o

th e e l d e s t b r ot h e r i s c all ed e h nn da
'

.
, ,

j t .

A G h i r t h can ad o pt a n y bo f h i w t ib p e fe r ab ly on e
y o s o n r e r ,

d e s c e nd e d f r o m a n a n c e s to r o f h i s o w n If a ft e r t h e a d op ti o n a son .

be b o r n t o th e a d o p t e r t h e a de p t e d so n w il l r e c e i v e a sh a r e e ual t o
, q .

t h a t o f a n a tu r a l so n If a f t e r th e a d o p t i o n o ff s p r i n g be b o r n f r om
.

a n umb e r o f w iv e s t h e n fi r s t t h e sh a r e o f th e a d o t e d s o n w ill b e se t
, p
a a r t by t h e r ul e o f a ge a n d t h e r e ma i n d e r o f th e p r o p e r t y b e i ng
p p
d i vi de d by ch dn ddua n d ’
.

A t G h i r th f un e r a l s t h e r e i s a lw ay s a n A ch ar B r ah ma n
j W h e n th e .

d e c e ase d i s l a id o n th e p y r e (s a lbi ) t h e Br a h man r e a d s pr ay e r s an d

t h e n t h e h e i r p uts t h e p i n d o r b all s o f r ic e o n t h e f o r e h e a d a n d b r e a st
of t h e d e c e a s e d T h e fi r e i s t h e n ligh t e d
. F o r t e n d a y s a ft e r t h e .

B r ah ma n co m e s a n d r e a d s me n to r s a n d p i n e! i s t h r ow n d o w n t h e kh a d
,

o r r a vi n e d a ily T h e c e r e m o n y o f s r ddh i s p e r fo r me d o u
.

(a ) Th e a n n iv e r s a r i e s o f t h e d e a t h o f t h e fat h e r gr a n d fa t h e r a nd , ,

gr e a t gr a n d fa t h e r a n d t h e i r co ll a t e r a l s a n d a r e th us ob ser v
-

e d — A B r a h ma n (n o t a n A ch ar ) i s c a ll e d i n a n d m a k e s t h e
j
rin t} T h b r v e r th e n
p . e o se pl a c e s r ic e p ic e cl ot h e t c by, , ,
.
,

th e m in d which t h e B r a h ma n ge ts
,
T h e p in e! i s fi nally .

t h r ow n in t o w at e r Th e B r a h man rea d s th e m a n t a r e an d a
.
,

f e a s t i s c e l e br a t e d Thi s is d o n e y ear l y On th e fi r s t a n
. .

n i ve rsa r y (bdr kh i ) a n d th e f ou r t h (c h a n b a r k h ) t h e re i s a

s pe ci a l c e l e b ra t ion w h e n a ll t h e B r a h man s o f t h e vill age

mus t be f e a s te d a n d t h e e n t e r t a i n me n t is c o s tl y
,
.

i n d (n e x t o f k in ) p e r fo rms t h e s e f un e r a l c e r e mon i e s
( )
b T h e s u
pp
- o

a n d c o mm e m o r a t i o n s w h e n t h e r e is n o so n j us t as i f h e ,

w e r e a so n T h e ki r i ai t a k e s p l a c e f o r G h ir t h s 22 d a y s a f te r
.

t h e d e a t h i n a ll c a s e s Th e n b e s id e s t h e b a ll s o f r i ce for
.

e a ch a n c e s t o r o f t h e d e c e a s e d a l a r g e b a ll i s m a d e w hich i s

b r o k e n u p by th e A cli ar j B r ah ma n an d a dde d t o t h e o the r

b a ll s Thi s i s c a lle d sup i n dta
. .

—
(c) W h e n a m a n di e s a vi o l e n t d e a t h t h e r e a r e t w o k i m a s,
o ne i n

b l t
'

th e h e i r s h o u s e
’
a n d a n o t h e r t h e n a r rte n a
,
w hich a k e s ,

l c e a t t h e G a n g e s a t K u r u c h h e t ar ( i n K a m al ) o r at
p a ,

M a t an i n K a s h mi r o r a t th e h o u s e of a n y o f th e fa mi ly
w h o ca n a ff o r d i t Thi s a t M. a ta n a l w a y s ta k e s p la c e i n

h M l L d h t b l t h i
th e mo n t o f a m ae ( o n ) A t t e n a r d n a.
e r e s no

su t n dtd
p .

t ti b li f
It c an n o t be sa id t h at t h e G ir h s h a v h t e a n
y di i c v s n e e e

or sp e ci a l c a s te c ul ts * ff
Th e y a e c : ( )t .
1 J ak h , r e a lly a f o r m o f Sh v i

d l
.

j
’

i n t h e f o r m o f a s t one , o nly wi t h o ut t h e a le r t a n g e n e ra y .

l l i t t
l a c e d am on g b us h e s s is comm o n to H d w g l
n c a e
p T h i .
a n u s o n i .

T h e milch c a t tl e a r e de v o t e d t o p r i l a t cu a r j a k h s a n d o fi e r i n gs

d h i p ic l kk h t h t t l c lv A n
y
j a e
m a e f o r t e m t o t h e r a r t u a r a e w e n e c a e .

th e t h s a nd th e i r de o f ri
rt
M e i n th e D e ccan w h e nce
.

alag h at is to be th e
s ai d la
p ' C
l me and a so t h e i r g od s name
l Aj la p al. a tr e e d
go . 1 3 3130 m e nti one d,
and
(g i ng ) c
od a ,
.

sama th th e : l amp of G osai n ’

.
294 Git/57 th cults .

One may p r e se nt th e ofi e r in g s, an d t h o se w h o liv e n e ar t h e j akh

ta k e i t —in th e c as e of j a khs in th e w ast e th e gw dla w h o h app e ns to be
g r a z i n g c at t l e n e ar .

N E c o ll e c t i on o f h ous e s
( )
2 ag o r s n a k e w or s hi
p v e ry h o u se o r .

h a s i ts r o ugh pl at for m a b o ut t h r e e f e e t high , Wi t h a f e w pill a r s s upp or t

i n g a t h at ch , i n t h e e n cl o s ur e an d c on t a i n i n g a f e w fl a t s to n e s lik e t hin
b r ick s , w i t h r e li e f s o f on e or mo r e s n ak e s cut on t h e m sid e by s id e, h e a d
up w a r d s Thi s mus t be w o r shipp e d , t h e fi r st thi n g i n th e mor n i n g , by
.

e v e r y o n e , by p our i n g a l i t tle w a t e r o v e r t h e s to ne s Fl o w e r s a r e a l so .

to be s e e n o n t h e m a n d on t h e s i mil a r r e li e fs o f a n c e s t o r s w h ich will be

fo un d un d e r t h e s a m e s h e l t e r T ue s day i s t h e S p e ci a l day o f th e w e e k
.

f or t hi s w or ship T h e s p e ci a l y e ar ly w o r s h i p o f t h e s n a k e i s o n t h e 5 t h
.

o f sa w an Na
( gp a n ch mi ) A l l t h e a v a il a bl e . m i lk f o r t h e s e v e n pr e c e d

i n g d ay s i s c o ll e c te d , a n d on th e 5 t h S é w an r ic e i s b o il e d i n i t A .

ch a n ka h i s m a d e i n sid e a n d o u t s id e t h e t h r e s h o ld w i t h t h r e e e fii i e s o f
g
s n a k e s o n e a ch , w hi t e , r e d a n d bl a ck — th e whi te o f fl o u r , t h e red of

cl a y , t h e bl a ck o f ch a r c o a l Th e n f o llo w s t h e u su a l w o r sh ip , fi r s t w i t h
'

’
w at e r , th e n r ic e , t h e n w i th a r e d tcka on th e s n a k e s a n d th e w or s hip p e r s ’
’

o w n f o r e h e a d an d i n c e n s e
,
T h e m ilk i s a f t e r w a r ds di s t r ib ut e d
. I f .

t h e r e a r e w o me n i n t h e h o u s e , t h e y w il l do t h i s w o r s hi p an d n o t t h e
me n . In d e f a u l t o f w o me n , t h e m e n A l s o a t th e t i me o f t h e w or ship .

t w o b o y s a r e m a d e t o w r e st l e a f t e r givi n g t h e m a s m u c h a s t h e y ca n
Ba t of th e t hi ng s o ff e r e d T h e n t h e y a r e d i s mi s s e d wi t h a f e w pic e
. .

Thi s i s a te s t If th e b oy s g o a w a y h a pp y , th e g o d i s p l e a se d i f n o t,
.

h e i s i n c e n se d But t hi s s n a k e wo r ship i s n ot p e c uli a r t o t h e G h i r t h s

‘

. .

(3) Sidh a —T h e Sidh e ar e s h r i n e s to Sidh e c e s e e r s s c at te r e d

'

T he , . .
, ,

o v e r t h e c o un t r y T h e m os t n o te d i s D a w a t Si dh wh o se chi e f s h r i ne
.
,

i s i n t h e Ha m i r pur t ah s il Ei th e r a s mall s h r i n e o r m e r e ly a pill ar

.

i s d e v o t e d t o a r e p r e se n t a t ion i n r e li e f i n s t on e o f t h e f e e t of t h e Sidh
a n d h i s st a ff by th e f e e t or i t m ay be me r e ly un d e r t h e s h a d e o f a t r e e

a n d s ome t im e s v e r y r o u g h ly ou t A sma ll p a i r o f t oy p att e n s a n d a t oy

.

s t a fi ma y al s o be s e e n lyi n g b y t h e r e li e f In s o me c a se s t h e r e i s a .

fi g u r e o f t h e Sidh in t h e sh r i n e Sid h w o r s hi p i s v e r y g e n e r al t h o ug h .
,

a r t ic ul ar m e n m ay ch o os e n o t t o f oll o w i t I t i s n ot c o n fi n e d t o
p .

G hi r th s . T h e Sid h i s w o r s hi p p e d e v e r y m or n i n g lik e t h e ot h e r h o us e
h o ld go d s or a t l e ast o n S u n day Thi s i s t h e S i dh s da y i n th e w e e k .
’
.

Wh e n cr o p s ar e r i p e n i n g th e sh r i n e o f t h e n e a r e s t Sidh i s vi si t e d o n
S un day S i dh s ar e suppo se d t o be s pe ci al p r o t e ctor s o f b oy s G h i r th s
. .

ge n e r a lly w ea r t h e s i n gh e o r s ilv e r o r n am e n t a t th e t h r o a t which i s a

'

m ar k o f d e v o t io n t o a S i dh i n t h e di str ic t b u t t h e G h i r th s sa t h at i t
y ,

d o e s n o t s p e ci a lly a ppe r t ai n t o a Si dh a n d may be w o r n a s a m ar k o f

de voti on t o a n y d e i t y .

G h i r th w o m e n w o r shi p t h e p ip a l t r e e , s o f ar o n ly a s t o p o ur w a te r
o v e r i t o n t h e d e a t h o f a child O n t h e 14t h day o f th e mo on 73e a t .
.
, ,
.

f ul l mo o n , o n l y s w e e t f o o d i s t o be e at e n a n d o n e m u s t sl e e p o n t h e
gr o un d Wh e n t h e mo o n i s se e n w a t e r i s p our e d o ut to i t s tan di n g
.
.

Oc ca s i on ally on e to w h om a B r a h man h a s s ai d t h a t t h e s un i s i n
pp osi t i o n t o h i m w ill s e t a p a r t th e l as t S un da y o f e v e r y mo n h
o t e at ,

s w e e t f o o d o nly sle e p on t h e
, g roun d , an d p our o ut w a te r t o th e s un
e ar ly n e x t mor ni ng
.

.
296 G h or gas h t— Ghor i .

t h e ir l me n t i n t h e i r p r e se nt t r a ct w a s p r o b a bly a n e a r ly one Th e
se tt e .

G h o r e w ah a o f Rah o n w h o a r e s t ill H i n d us w oul d se e m t o h ave im

, ,

mig r at e d mo r e l a te ly t h a n t h e r e s t o f t h e tr ib e as th e y t r a c e t h e i r ,

o r igi n f r o m J a ip ur a n d t h e i r g e n e a l o gi st s st ill liv e i n K o ta a n d B u n d i

,

i n Raj p ut a n a Mr B ar kl e y w a s di s p os e d to p ut t h e G h or e w ah a
. .

c o n qu e st of t h e i r p r e s en t t e r r i t or y a t so me fi ve c e n t ur i e s a g o In th e .

t i m e o f A kb a r t h e i r p os se ssi o n s w o uld s e e m t o h a v e b e e n mor e e x t e n s iv e

t h a n t h e y ar e n o w .

In H o shia r p u r th e G h o r e w ah a h o l d a bdw a nt or g r o u p o f 5 2 v ill a g e s

’

a r o u n d Balach a ur i n t a h sil G a r h sh a n k a r ; n e ar Balach a ur t h e y h a v e

a dh e r e d t o Hi n d ui sm f ur t h e r n o r th i n t h e di r e c ti o n of G a rh sh a n k a r ,
,

t h e y a r e Mus alman s bu t t h e y k e e p Hi n d u B r a h m a n s an d b ar d s t o
, ,

wh om t h e y giv e pr e se n ts a t de a t h s a n d ma r r i ag e s a n d r e ta i n v a r i o us ,

o t h e r Hi n d u c ust o ms .

T h e d e sc e ndan t s o f Ha w ah a f o un d e d 9 ch h a t or p r i n cip a l vill ag e s a n d

*
1 2 m a kdn (t h e l att e r ar e sa id t o b e d e r iv e d fr o m me n o f i n f e r i o r
.

p osit i on t o t h ose w h o f oun d e d chha t ) a n d ar e a l so di vid e d i n to 1 2 ,

mu h i n s n a me d a ft e r 1 2 o f t h e 1 3 so n s o f U tt am T h e G h o r e w ah a a l so
'
.

h a v e ti ka vill a ge s e g Bh a ddi i s t h e t i ka o f th e 1 2 G h o r e w ah a v il l a ge s
, . .
,

r o un d i t A n o t h e r a cc o u nt s a y s t h e G h or e w ah a p r e s e n t e d a r iv e r
.

h or s e (da r ydi g h mj a ) t o t h e r ul e r o f th e c o un tr y a n d o b tai ne d th e

c o un t r y i n ya gzr w h e n c e t h e i r pr e s e n t n a me d
’

T h e ch / za t i n H o s h iar p ur a r e f o u r , e da , G a r h s h a n k a r , P un a m S ar oa, .
,

a n d S i m li , i all i n t ah s il G a rh s h a n k a r , t h e r e mai ning 5 b e i n g in t h e

Jull un d ur di s tr ic t Th e r e a r e t w o ma kdns , S a mu n dr a a n d Bi r a mp ur
.

i n t hi s t a h sil .

Th e G h o r e w ah a Rajp ut s o n ly a v o id mar r i ag e i n t h e i r ow n got an d

wi th a gir l of t h e s a me l oc a li ty (mn hi n ) M uh a mma d a n G h o r e w ah as .

h a ve a f u r t h e r r e st r ic ti o n , i n t h a t th e y will n o t t ak e b r id e s f r om a
vill a g e i n w hich da u gh t e r s a r e giv e n i n ma r r i a g e b ut i n t e r m ar r i a g e
,

wi th i n t h e vill a g e i s n o t f or b i d de n T h e G h o r e w ah a s of G a rh sh a n k a r.

a n d Rah o n a r e sa id t o giv e d a u gh t e r s t o Na r u Raj p ut s Th e s e , a n d t h e .

o t h e r ch h a ts , t a k e b r id e s f r o m, but do n ot giv e d a u gh te r s t o , m a kdn

v ill ag e s .

G s os e asn r , G n e a e s usn r i , o n e o f th e g r e a t b r a n ch e s o f t h e P atha n s

,
d e s ce n d e d f r om I sm ail , sur n a me d G h or g h a sh t, on e o f th e t h r e e s on s
of Q ai s -i
A lo d -ur -
Ra shi d t h e Pa tan
-
i s m ail h a d t hr e e son s D a n a i .
,

h h a d f o u r s o n s , K AK A B, P a n a i (PA N N I NAG HA R a n d D aw a i
[ w o ), (D am n
MAND IJ , a n d Bah a i , th e a n c e st or o f t h e Bahi A fghans o f K a n d ahar Th e
.
’

t r ib e s d e s c e n d e d f r o m D an a i a r e by f a r t h e m o st n u me r o u s a n d i n cl ude
m a n y o f t h e mo s t p o w e r f ul t r i be s o f S o uth E a s te r n A f g ha n i st a n -

,
G h or g a s h t i s s a id t o m e a n
‘
l e ap i n g an d j u mp i n g , ’
l ayi n g a n d
’ p
r ompi n g , a n d t o h a v e b e e n b e st o w e d up o n I s mail a s a n ick nam e .

G HORI, a M ugh al cl a n (agr ic ul t ur a l ) f o un d in A mr i tsar .

F o r t h e se ch ha t a n d m o kri n com p ar e th e ma n di s a n d dh e r zs am e n t h e Ch i bh
t
a ’
r .

R aJpi t s
Av g T
i
I

r i a n t , f r o m K ap u r th ala , s ay s t h a t o nce a h i
o g

l a p p o p o tam us co e r e d a ma r e
‘

he
p g
r o e n y w as p b
r e s e n t e d t o A k a r w h o r o de r o u n d t h e la n d
a f t e r w a r ds 0 0 e r e d b v
.

v ll ll y
i ag e s . He ca s t h i s s p e ar a n d i t f e at S i lanw ali .

I T h e S i m i G l
h or e w ah a do n o t g i e da ug h t e r s to t h o s e o f G v ai bsh a n k ar t h e a tte r
‘
l
b l
e i ng de sce n dan t s o f t h e e de r ( ttka ) r o t h e r , R ii p Ch an d b ’ ,
,
 G h or ta Ghngza t
'

.
297

G HOR IA o r G HWARIL K HEL , t h e t ar i s e t o r b r a n ch o f t h e l a ha n s

’
p t
It c o mpr i s e d fi ve tr ib e s, t h e Moh ma n ds Kh a l i l s D aii dz a is Ch amk n i
.

, , a n ,
a nd Z e r an i It w as th e r i v a l o f t h e Kh a s hi b r a n ch a n d i t s e nmi t
.
‘
y
d r o v e t he l a tte r to a b a n d o n i t s o ld s ea t s r o un d Nushki a n d G ha r a a n d
s e e k r e f ug e i n th e t e r r i to r
y o f t h e G ig ian i P atha n s n e a r Ka bu l Uzb ek .

i n r o ad s h o w e v e r a n d t h e b r e a ki n g u of the T m i dy ’

p i ii r a na s ty of Kho
r as a n d r o v e t h e t a r i a t h e mse lv e s t o t h e n o r t h w ar d t h e D aii dz ai s
’

,
s o li ci t i n l a n ds f r o m t h e K h a s h i s n e a r P e sha w a r w hil e t h e Kh a l i l s a n
g d
Mo h ma n ds o b tai n e d c o n sid e r able p o w e r in t h a t valle y by a lly i n g
,

t h e ms e lv e s w i t h Mir z a Ka mr a n w h o t h e n h e ld K ab ul i n fi e f un de r h i s
b r ot h e r Hum ay ii n Wi t h h i s a i d t h e s e t w o t
’

a r i a cl a n s s ud de n l
y
.

a t t a ck e d t h e D ila zak s a nd w r e st e d f r o m t h e m t h e l an ds t h e y s t ill

h e ld s o ut h o f t h e Kab ul r iv e r a bo ut 1 5 33 34 On K amr an s f a ll
,
-
.
’

ho w e v e r t h e ir p o w e r de cli n e d a n d t h e i r d e fe a t by th e g r e a t Kh as hi
c on f e d e r at ion at Sh a ikh T a p ii r i n 1 5 49 5 0 c r ush e d th e po w e r o f t h e
’
-

t a r i a Kh e l f o r e v e r F o r a cc o un t s o f t h e G h o r ia t r ib e s s e e Kh a l il
.

a n d un d e r P a r a Ch a m
,
e tc .
,
k an ni .

G HOS i , f e m -A N, a c as te o f p e o pl e w h o w o r k as g ra s s c u tte r s a n d s e ll
.
-

m ilk i n th e U ni te d P r o vi n c e s , but t h e n a me a l so a ppe a r s to be a ppli e d

i n disc r i mi n a t e ly t o a ny lo w c a s te Pur bia T h e t e rm i s s a id t o be o n ly
-
.

us e d i n t h e P un j a b f o r a M uh a m ma da n c o wh e r d o r m ilk ma n , w h e th e r

G uj ur , A h i r o r an y o t h e r c a s t e ; b ut t h e r e a r e H i n d u G h o s i s i n D e lhi
w h o a r e g w dla s o r c o w h e r d s b y c alli n g a n d a p p e a r t o be by o r igi n
A hir s It is sa id th a t Hi n d us wil lbuy pur e mil k f r o m a M us a l ma n G h o s i ,
.

but w ill r e j e c t i t if t h e r e i s a ny s us p ici o n o f i t s h a vi n g b e e n w a t e r e d b y

t h e l a t te r , a s t h e y m us t n o t d r i n k w a t e r a t h is h a n d s ! T h e G h o si s
ar e a p u re ly l g ro up
pa s t o r a ,
at an y r at e in th e P un j ab . Th ey ar e ,

h o w e ve r ,
s o me t i m e s b ut ch e r s .

T h e M u h a m m a d a n G h o s i s i n D e lh i a r e c a ll e d G a dd i G h o s i s a n d t h o se -
,

of D e lh i c i t y h a v e a c u r i o u s l e g e n d t h a t t h e y w e r e o n c e i n vi t e d by

m
’

h
t e d i s cipl e s o f a s a in t t o r e s c u e h i m f r o a Ra j a s t y r an ny Thi s .

h did t h u gh o n ly r m e d w i t h s t ick s a n d cl u b s a n d as th e i r r e w ar d
t ey o ,
a ,

i g v h m g w d d h l i h g d ch a ls
'

th e s a n t a e t e o n s a n o s ai d s t o w e a r w t r e e n ,
u

v il f h i m b t t h l t t l g i f hi on S t ill t h e
( e ) s o r t e r w o e n u e ,
a e r a r e n o o n e r n a s .

c i
m e n o n t n u e to w e a r a p a i r o f u n d e r k a r m a o r s hi
- r t s T h e w o m e n d o .
n o t

u s e th e la h g d k u r t a o e t t ic o a t a n d s hi f t lik e o t h e r G h o s i
n a a n . r p
Th e se G h i t ic t ly d g m d w o m a n o f a n y
w o me n u a n a
o s s a r e s r e n o a o s
. ,

i l l t W i t h th e
h
ot e r c as t e k p
e t by a G h os i s d e n i e d a s o ci a l i n e r c o u r s e
.

c a s t e a n d h e r p ar tn e r i s o t di r e ctly i v i d
n n t e t o f e a s t s o r w e dd n gs
i ,
,
h gh h e ca n a t t e n d h
t e m if o t h e r m e m b e r s o f h i s f a m i l y d o so
t ou
.

d h i t d d i
’
t t h y c a m e t o b e
A s t h e s e G h o si e p r o te ct e t e S n s g a a o r s e a e

c a ll e d G a dd i G h o si T h e G a dd i G h o s i s o f Fi r o z abad a r e a l so Muh a m
-
.
-

ma dan s t h o u gh t h e y cl a i m t o be G a d di s f o Ka g r m n r a a n d t h e yc e r t a i n ly ,
,
d and
h a v e n o i n te r c ou r se w i th t h o se o f D e lhi ci y Th y b v p t e o s e r
.
e a r a

a r e g e n e r a lly s tr ic t M o s l e ms .

G Horfi, '
a p oli sh e r or p oun d e r .

Raj p d c d d fr o m M ian S ai n k i , son of S an

g ar
G BOWA L a s e p,
t o f u t s e s e n e ,
’

Ch a n d l6 th Raja o f K a h lii r
,
.

G HU GIAT, t wo ag r ic ul t ur a l cl a n s f o und i n Shah p ur .

G HU G,
 98 G hulam

G HU L AM —Th e se me n ar e f o un d i n t h e P e sha w a r di st r ic t un d e r t h e
.

n a me o f G h ulam k h an a z ad, a n d i n M ul t a n u n d e r t h a t of K h an a z ad
* . .

s i m pl y T h e l a tt e r m ay , h o w e v e r , be a n e r r or f o r
.
Kh an zada h .

T h e P e s h a w a r cl a n s a r e giv e n a s T ur kh el G h u la m, a n d Male k h e l .

T h e y a r e s a id t o be d e s c e n d an t s of c a p t iv e s i n w ar w h o w e r e ma d e
sl a ve s w h e n c e t h e i r n a me T h e y ar e st ill chi e fly e m pl o y e d i n .

d o me stic s e r vi ce , an d a r e g e n e r a lly a tt a ch e d t o th e ir h e r e di tar y ma st e r s ,

t h ou gh so m e o f th e m h ave tak e n to h op k e e p i ng an d o t h e r o cc up at i on s
s .

In Pe sha w a r th e m e n ar e a l so c all e d mr a i a n d t h e w ome n w i n za

’

(c o n c u bi n e ) In B a ha w a lp
. ur t h e G h ul am a r e a sma ll t r ib e sl a v e s o f ,

th e G HAL L U S .

G HU MMAN, G HAMMAN , a t r ib e of J ats , f o un d i n Sialk o t It cl a i ms d e sc e nt fr o m .

Malk i r se c on d i n ,
d e s c e n t f r o m t h e L un a r Rajp u t, Raj a D al i p o f D e lhi .

Fi fth i n d e s c e n t f r om h i m Jodh a h ad t h r e e son s H a r p al Banpal a n d , , ,

S an p al T h e d e sc e n d an t s of t h e t w o for me r a r e t h e Haja uli l Raj pu t s

.
‘ ‘

W hil e S a n pal h a d 22 son s f r om w h o m a r e d e s c e n d e d a s m an y cl a ns

, ,

i n cl udi n g G h umman t h e youn ge st S an pal s w iv e s w e r e of v ari ous c a st e s

, .
’

a n d so h i s child r e n s a n k t o J at s t a t us T h e i r B r a h ma n s ar e Bh ar w aki r s .
,

w h om M u h a m ma d an s a l so co n s ul t G h umm a n cam e f r o m Muki ala o r .

Ma lh ian a i n t h e t im e o f F i r o z S h ah t ook s r vic e i n J a m mu a n d ,

e
,

f o u n d e d t h e p r e s e n t t r ib e A t w e ddi n g s t h e y w o r s hip a n id o l m ad e o f
.

gr a ss a n d s e t w i t hi n a s q ua r e d r a w n i n t h e cor n e r o f t h e h o us e an d ,

c ut t h e g o a t s e a r a n d th e j a n di t w i g lik e t h e sah i Ja ts T h e y a l so
’
.

’
r o pi ti a t e t h e i r a n c e s t or s by p o u r i n g w a t e r o v e r a g o a t s h e a d s o t h a t
p
h e sh a k e s i t o ff Th e y a r e chi e fly f o un d i n Sialk o t t h o ugh t h e y h a ve
.
,

s r e a d s o m e w h a t e s p e ci a lly e a t w a r d s a n d i n t h a t D i s tr ic t t h e y h a v e a
p ,
s ,

Si dh ca ll e d D ul chi In J i n d t h e i r S i dh i s call e d D ad li o r Kala a n d h i s

.
’

s a m adh i s a t Na g r a i n Patial a B e e s t i n g s a r e o ff e r e d t o h i m o n t h e
.

1 1 t h ba de; e v e r y m on t h o fi e r i n s a r e a l so m a de a t w e ddi n g s
g .

G l ANi , fe m A1}I, o n e o s s e s se d of k n owl e dg e e s p e ci ally on e v e r se d in th e

p
-
.
,

tr a di t i on a l i nt e r p r e ta t i o n of t h e Sikh G r a n th .

G lané , a se t o r
p kh e l o f Raj pu t s in t h e Si ml a Hill s . T o i t b e l o n g t h e ch i e f s
of K e t Kha i , K u mha r s a i n , Kh a n e t i, K a r a n ga l a n d D e l a th S a id to b e
.

d e r iv e d f r om G ay a , w h e n c e i t c am e .

A l so a s e p t of B r a h ma n s of s i mil a r o r igi n , f o un d e d by a B r a h ma n
w h o m ar r i e d a Hill B r a h m a n s d a u g h t e r
’
.

Q IBA BI, G i naR I, (B ra w n—

t o R a v e r ty § G ab a r w a s a t o w n i n B6
A cc or di ng .

j a ur an d t h e G i ba r i s w e r e th e r uli n g r a c e i n t h a t t r a c t , sp e a ki n g a di a
l e ct di ff e r e n t f r om t h e o th e r t r ib e s T h e A fgha n hi st o r i a n de s c r i be s t h e.

e o pl e w i t h w h o m t h e A f gha n s fi r s t c a me in c on t a c t i n t h ose p ar ts a s
p
S p e a ki n g t w o di a l e c t s , t h e G i ba r i s po k e n by t h a t t r i b e , an d t h e ,D ar i ,
s o k e n by th e Mu t r aw i a n d Mum i ali
p Th e G i ba r i, w i t h t h e t w o l a st .
“
n a me d t r ib e s , w e r e se pt s o t t h e S HIL MANI S e e a l s o G a b a r e , G a b r an d .

G aur .

Muh am ma d Ha yat K h an i n h i s Ha i y dt i -Af g h ci mf s t a t e s t h a t t h e

-
iz i as h o f K a u Q lb b l
ar e co ll v l y kn
e ct i e ow n l
as G h u am-k h an a, a n d p o s s i bl
y s o me o f t h e G h u am -k h ana zad l
ma y b e z Q i i l ba h
s .

t Baj auli .

B an ot h er account t h ey cut t h e be r i n ste a d o f t h e j a n d

i u t s ay s .

Ta ba t i - Nas i r i , p
-
. b
G a r , fire w or sh i pper , i s a di ff e r ent w or d ,
-

Note s on Afg h ani s tan , 27 8

f p . ,
300 T h e Gi l J ags .

d e s c e n dan t o f Pi r th i pal R a j a o f G a r h Mi th i la an d a War i a R aj p ut

,
,

by a Bh ul ar J at w f e i T h e t r ib e r ose t o s o m e i mp o
.
r t a n c e u n d e r t h e

Sikh s an d t h e hi s to r y of i ts p r i n cip al f amily i s t o l d a t p ag e s 35 2 if

,

o f G r i ffi n s Punj a b Ch i ef s
’
.

Tw o e p dig re e s o f G i l a r e giv e n b e l o w H e h a d 1 2 so n s w h o f o u n d e d .

a s ma n y muh i n s

S obh r ii J aj T a lo ch ar fi K e sar ia Ch h aj J i una, Bah aw a r a, Wa dh a n,

’

, , , , ,

Ch h e li M okh a Raj i an d Sh ahi

, , .

Pe dzgi e e I .

R am Ch andar .

Mar ot .

K asha b
Wi dy a
.

— .

r W
Dh au l . S ur a j . Wanip al .

Har b an .

Ta l och a . R ar di t . K ankar . K ar a .

D ary ah . Th ambar . L o h S ain

Maj ang
.

—
.

T Wani Pal Bach k ar . D i llh c

Mal
.
.

. S ur atia . Ach r aj . Me r kh anl .

K aur Pal . Harp al .

J og an . K amde D h anfch . G oi . Manh ela .

U dasi
Manh aj
.

K an g . R uh a . Pumm . Tanda l . .

N ay an . Ch a h a l
Manh aj
.

. K ar or .

A ula kh . R athi .

Manh aj .

K ar or .

Pir th ip at .

Th e G il s hi p th e i r
p w or s Ch e t C h a n d a s a t Ra j i an a
,
e on ym on th e
i n Me g a h a s a t e mple
t a h si l w h e r e h e ,
He a l so a p p e a r s t o be c a ll e d .

Raj a Pi r a n d t o be sp e ci ally a ffe c t e d by t h e Wa ir s i G il s In J i n d .

t h e i r j a th e r a i s S ur a t R am w h os e s h r i n e i s a t B a j e wal a in P a tial a a n d ,

o ffe r i n g s t o w h ich a r e t a k e n b y Mi r é s i s In F e r o z e p ur th e tr ib e i s sa id to .

a ff e c t S a khi S a r w a r a n d i t s m e n p r e f e r t o b e c all e d D i p a S ar i i p a e tc
’

, , .
,
i n st a d o f D i p Si n gh S ar ti p Si n gh , a n d so on wi t h t h e t i tl e of M i a n
e
,
’

,
’

p r e fix e d A t w e d di n g s t h e y dig e a r t h fr om t h e p on d of S a khi S a r w ar
.

n e a r t h e i r h o me Th e y e s ch e w j h a tka me at bu t will e at i t i f h a lci l lik e

. .
,

M uh a mma da n s Wh e n som e o f t h e t r i be t oo k to e a t i n g th e fl e s h
,

of a n i mal s kill e d i n t h e Sikh f a shi on by j h a tka o n e l ost h i s e y e s , ,

a n ot h e r f ound hi mse l f i n j ail a nd so on so t h e y r e v e r te d t o t h e i r for mer , ,

p ra c tic e .
 G i lan i—G o le r a .
01
Th e lik e t h e He r a n d Si dh u Jats can i n te r mar r y i n th e i r
G i l,
m a t e r n a l g r a n d f a th e r s ot c o n tr a r y to t h e u sua l Hi n d u 1 11 1
’

g , 8 A G il .

b id e g r o om c ut s a b r an ch f r om t h e j a n d t r e e b e f o r e s e tt i n g o u t o n h i s
r

w e dd i n g j our n e y .

G i L ANi , a S ay y id cl a n (a g r ic ult ur a l ) fo un d in A mr i tsa r an d M o n tg ome r y

J i la n i
’

se e .

G IR, a M u h a mma d a n J at cl a n (a g r ic u l tu r al ) fo un d in M o nt go me r y .

G IR WANH, a M uh a mma da n J at cl a n (a gr ic ul t ur a l fo un d i n M o n tg
) o me r y .

In B a ha w a l p ur th e y a r e a l s o c a ll e d G a r w ai i h a n d ar e f o un d a s l d
an
o w n e r s a n d cul tiv a t o r s i n t h e Ba ha w a l u r a n d A h d
m K i r ddr es ,
’

p a
p u r c
Wi t h t h r e e s e p t s, A t t ii , Jal ap a n d K a r e r
’

G IS BK A U R I, B a l o ch tr ib e n o w
a c a t t e r e d i n D e r a I s ma i l Muz afi ar
, f o un d s
,
’

g a r h a n d M o n tg o m e r y a l s o i n Me k r an A p p a r e n t l y de r iv e d f r o m
, .

G i sh k a ur a t o r r e n t i n t h e Bo h e da v a ll e y of Me k r an
, T h e L a s ha r i .

s ub tuma n h as a G i s h k a ur i s e t a n d t h e D o mbki a cl a n o f t h a t n a me
-
p .

In M on t g o me r y th e G is h k a ur i i s li ste d as a n a g r ic u l tur al cl a n .

G O DARA , p r osp e r ous cla n of Ja ts o f t h e S h ibg o t r a gr oup fo un d i n

a , ,

Hi ssar w h e r e i t o w n s l a r g e a r e a s i n Si r sa a n d F at e ha bad t a h sil s Th e y

, .

t r a c e t h e i r d e s c e n t f r om Ni mbuj i w h o fo un d e d a vill a g e n e a r B i ka n e r , ,

a n d s a y t h a t a s t h e y c o uld n o t a g r e e u p on o n e o f t h e i r o w n cl a n a s

Chi e f t a i n t h e y a s k e d t h e Raj a o f J o d h p ur t o giv e t h e m o n e o f hi s

y o un g e r s on s a s t h e i r r ul e r so h e g a v e t h e m B i ka i n w h o s e h o no ur
,

B i ka n e r w a s f o u n d e d T o t hi s day i t i s sa id t h e r aj ti la k i s ma r ke d
.
, ,
-

o n t h e f o r e h e a d o f a n e w Raj a o f Bika ne r by a G o da r a J at a n d n o t by ,

t h e f am ily p r i e s t .

Ge r m f i n A mr i tsar
s, a (
G uj a r
g r ic ul t u r al ) cla n
o un d a .

G OHR a a J at tr ib e f o un d i n J i nd ta h s il
,
Its e p on y m i s . sa id to h a ve b e e n a

T li r Raj p ut
’

G OJ , a J at cl an (a gr ic u l tur a l) fo un d i n M ul ta n .

G OK HA, a. M ah ta m cl an (ag r ic u l tur a l ) f o un d i n M on tg o me r y .

G OL AH , a w e a ve r ,
i n P e sha w a r . The re ar e G ol a g r o up s or cl a sse s a mo ng
th e J s wi ngs ,
K umn é as , N A1 8 an d S uns .

G OL ER A a w hich t r ib e
giv e s i t s n a m e t o t h e t r ac t i n Ra w a l i n di
p so c a ll e d .
,

It i s de s ce n d e d f r o m i t s e p o ny m t h e t hi r d s o n o f Q u t b Shah
,
an d i n ,

Sial k o t h a s f o ur b r a n ch e s G ole r a K ah a mbar a h D an gl a an d M a n ila

, , , .

Go le ra .

Bi n dfi .

D an g l e . Ma nda . Bh ar ah w i n . Samdfih .

K ah am bi r ah .
302 G o ler i a Gor dtah .

A cc o r di n g to C r a c r of t th e G ole r a a r e A wa ns ,
a s ta t e me n t c on fi r me d
by th e i r cl a i m t o de sc e n d f r o m Q ut b Shah .

G OL ER IA , an o fi sh o o t of th eg r e at Raj put cl a n , th e K a toch , b e ar i n g a ter r i

t or i al d e s ign at i o n f r om G o l e r .

G OL IA G a wau A,
or v e r y c ur i ous t r ib e o f J ats only fo un d i n R o h ta k
a ,

an d Ka r nal Th e y d e cl ar e t h a t t h e y w e r e o r i g i n a lly B r a h man s w h o

.
.

l os t c a s te by i n a dv e r te n tly d r i n ki n g li quor pl a c e d o ut s i d e a d i sti ll e r 8

h ouse i n l a r ge v e ss e l s (ge l) T h e l o c a l B r a h ma n s a p p a r e n tly a d mi t t h e
.

t r u t h of t hi s st o r y Th e y n o w i n t e r m a r r y w i th Ja ts b ut n ot Wi th t h e
. ,

D ag a r o r S e l e n ki ; f o r whil e t h e y w e r e B r a h man s th e l a t t e r w e r e t h e i r
cli e n ts whil e wh e n th e y fi r s t l ost ca s t e t h e for me r a l o n e o f all J at t r i b e s
,

w o uld g iv e t h e m t h e i r d augh te r s to w i fe a n d s o h a v e b e e n a d o p t e d a s , .

u a i b t h Th y c m f r om I n d o r e t o R oh ta k s o m e 3 0 g e n e r a ti on s
q s r e e n e e
-
r a .

a
go .

G ONDA L, J at c lan
g ic l l f d Shah M l a n a n d (cl a ss e d a s
a ( r u t u r a )
a o un i n p u r u t , ,

Rajp ut ) i n M o n t g o me r y Th e y h o l d th e u p la n d k n o w n a s th e G on d a l
.

Bar r u n ni n g up t h e ce n t r e of t h e t r a c t b e t w e e n th e Jh e l a m a n d Ch e n ab
.
.

Th e y ar e al so n ume r ou s i n t h e r ive r a i n o n t h e r igh t ba n k of th e f o r me r

r iv e r i n t h e J h e lum di s t r i ct a n d a f e w h a v e s r e a d e a s t w a r d a s f ar a s
, p
t h e Ravi Th e y ar e s ai d t o be Ch a uban Raj p u ts bu t t h e y ar e n ow o f
.
,

J at stat us an d i n t e r mar r y w i th o t h e r J at t r ib e s Phy sic a lly t h e y a r e a fin e .

‘

r a c e o w i ng do u b t l e s s t o t h e f r e e a n d a c t iv e li f e t h e y l e a d a n d t h e q ua n
, ,
.

t i ti e s o f a n i m a l foo d t h e y c on s um e a n d i f w e e xc e p t t h e i r i n o r d i n at e

i n t h e i r e s t i ma
’

p a s s i o n f o r a pp r o p r i a t i n g t h e i r n e ighb o u r s c at t l e w h ich ,

t i o n c a r r i e s w i t h i t n o m o r a l t a i n t t h e y m u s t b e p r o no u n c e d f r e e f r o m
,

V ic e .Th e y say t h e i r an ce st o r c a me f r o m Na ush a h r a ii i t h e s o u th t o Pak

’

t t d w t h n v t d b Baba F ar i d a n d i f t hi s b e s o t h ey
p a a n a n a
, s e r e c o e r e y
p rob a bly o cc u pi e d t h e ir p r e s e n t a b od e s w i thin t h e l a st s ix c e n t ur i e s .

G ON D AL , a M uh amm a d an Ja ts i n G uj r a t w h ich c la ims Ch a u ban

t rib e of

Raj put o r igi n Its e p on y m c ame f r o m t h e D e cc an t o vi s i t th e s h r i n e of

.

B awa Fa r i d a n d Pakp at t an a n d e mb r ac e d I sla m .

G OPAL AK, a J at cl an (a gr ic ul tur al ) foun d in M ul tan .

G OPANG, G OPHANG , o n e o f th e b r o k e n B A L OCH t r ib e s of D e r a G h a z i Khan .

It li e s s c a tt e r e d a l on g t h e I n d us a n d i s a l s o f o un d i n M u z a ff ar gar h
a n d o n t h e L o w e r I n d u s an d S ut l e j i n B a ha w a l ur a n d M ul ta n
p .

G OPA R A I, a t r ib e o f Ja ts , cl a i mi n g S ol ar Rajp ut o r igi n an d d e sc e n t

f r o m i ts e p on y m t h r ou gh Millii w h o m ig r a t e d f r o m A mr i t sar to S ialk o t
’

A l so f oun d i n Mu z a fi a r g a r h a n d M o n t go me r y i n which D i st r ic ts t h e y ar e
cl asse d a s a g r ic ul t ur a l cl a ns .

G o a, a J at cl an (a gr ic ul tu r al ) f ou n d i n M ul ta n .

G ORAE , a J at cl a n (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) f o un d i n A mr i ts a r .

G ORAH, a Jat cl an (agr ic ul tur a l )f oun d i n M ul tan .

G OR ANG, a G ur kha cl an (Ni pale s e ) f oun d i n th e Si ml a Hill S t at e s .

G OR XTAH, a J at; c anl (ag r ic ul t ur al ) fo un d i n Amr i tsar .

304 Th e G osdtns .

VISHNU

iI Ch e las .

Bash i sh t )
S h ak t 1
Par asi t

G or A ch ari

v
G o ind

S h a n kar S w ami J

l
F a dm A ch ar j Pr i bh u f D h ar A ch ar j
( G ur dh a m Ma t ( S i i ng e r i ca e d S i ng r i
‘

ll
i n E a st) Mat i n S outh )

I F l F I J F
Asr a m Par bh at S S a ras w at i
,

Ban A r any a Gi ri ag ar Bh ar a t i Pur i

or or or or
Ban A r an Pa r b at Bh ar t h i

Th e se c or r e s p o n d w i t h t h e t e n p ri de of th e S a n ni asi s a n d th e ,

G o s a i n ma y b e r e gar de d a s a se mi se c u l a r i se d o ff sh o o t o f t h e S a n nias i
-

or d e r. W h e n t h e M uh a mmad an i n v a si o ns b e ga n s ay s o n e a cc o u nt ,

of t h e S an n i as i s m a n y of t h e m fl e d t o t h e hill s o f Ka n g r a a n d Si ml a
,

w h e r e t h e y f or m e d c o l o n i e s In s o me p l a c e s t h e y i n t e r ma r r i e d wi t h
.

B r a h m an s a n d t o o k t o c ul tiv a t i o n g r a d ua lly a ma s s i n g s u ch w e a l t h
,

t h a t t h e hill p e o p l e i n cl udi n g t h e i r Raj a s a n d Ra na s w e r e i n t h e i r

, ,

d e b t a n d t h e y c on t r o ll e d a ll t h e t r a d e b e t w e e n th e hill s a n d t h e pl a i ns .

In t h e i r p r a ct ic e o f us u r y th e y w e r e r a p a ci o us to a n i n c r e d ibl e d e g r e e ,
c h ar gin g 6 0 a n d e v e n 7 2 p e r c e n t a y e a r a n d ma ki n g r e g ul a r .
,

t o ur s i n s ta t e a f t e r e a ch h a r v e s t i n s p r i n g a n d a ut um n t o c o l l e c t t h e i r
, ,

d ue s i n ki n d On c e i n d e b t t o th e G osai ns t h e r e w a s n o e s ca pe f or
.

a d e b t o r a n d th e y pr e a ch e d th e do c tr i n e t h a t t h e r e mo v a l o f a d e b to r s
’
,

n a me f r o m t h e i r b oo k s w a s a n ill o me n t o b ot h p a r t i e s -
T o th e po w e r .

o f c a pi t a l t h e y a dd e d th e i n fl ue n c e o f t h e i r o w n s an ct i ty a n d t h o ugh
t h e G u r kh a i n v a s i o n s b r o k e up t h e i .
do m i n a t i o n t h e y c on t i n ue d to
r

e xh a ust th e r e s o ur ce s o f t h e p e o pl e i n t h e Ou t e r S a r aj t r a c t o f K u ll u

t ill qui t e r e c e n t l y O n th e o th e r h a n d th e G o sai n s o f Ka n g r a w h o

.

a r e p r in ci p ally fo u n d i n N ad a un a nd J a w ala m u kh i w e r e a n e n te r p r i s i ng ,

a n d s a g a c io us co m m u n i ty e n a e d i n w h ol e sa l e tra de Th e y mon o
g g .

oli s e d t h e t r a d e i n o pi um a n d s pe cu l a t e d i n ch a r a s w oo l a n d cl o t h
p , .

Th e i r t r a n s a cti o n s e x t e n de d t o t h e D e cc a n a n d i n d e e d o v e r all I n dia ,

bu t g e n e r a ll y s pe a ki n g t h e y a r e n o w i mp o v e r i sh e d a n d t h e i r b r ick
,

b uil t w a r e h o us e s a t J a w ala muk h i a r e mo s tly i n r u i n s M o st of t h e

o

Ka n g r a G os ai n s a r e of t h e G i ri s ub o r d e r a n d a ffi x gt r t o t h e i r n a m e s
°
- -
, .

In t h e o r y t h e G o s ai n s a r e c e lib a t e , a n d r e c r u i t by a d o p t i n g ch e las
f r om p ur e c a s t e s w h o m ay be w illi n g t o d e dic a t e t h e i r s o n s t o th e m ,
bu t i n p r a c t ic e ma r r i a g e i s u sual Th o se w h o m ar r y a r e s tyl e d
.

g h a r bdr i N
.atur a l s on s do n o t succ e e d un l e s s ad o p t e d as ch e la s '

.
 Gosa l—Guda . 305

Wido w s ar e me r e ly
to ma i n t e n an c e S e c ul a r G osai ns will n o t
ent i tl e d .

pl o ugh , but t h e y do n ot w e ar a n y j a n e o, r e t a i n t h e Ch oti a n d y e t w e a r

8 70 2
1 9 1 d y e d W i t h r ed o ch r e T h e r e ligi o us o r ma tddr i G osai ns fo m .
r

f a t e r n i ti e s a n d, th o ug h t h e y do n o t ma r r , k e e p w o m e n Th
r y e y ar e .

d i vi de d i n to a khci r a s o r s ma ll c o ll e ge s e a ch u n d e r a m a h a nt w h o h as
s u p r me c on tr o l of a ll i t s p r o pe r ty , t h e di sci pl e s b e i n g d e pe n d e n t
e
on hi s
b o u n t y A ma h a n t d s ig n at e s h i s s u cc e ss o r a n d h is s e l e c t i on e
,

i s r a r e ly di
p u t e d b u t i f
s h e d ie w i t h,o u t h a v i n g n a m e d a s u c c e s so r
th e fr a t e r n i t y m e e t s t o ge t h e r a n d w i t h t h e a i d o f o t h e r G osai ns l c ts e e

a ne w ma h a n t A f te r h is i n s t a ll a t i o n t h e l a t e m a h a n t s p r op e r t y i s
.
’

di s tr ib ute d by h i m a s h e t hi n k s ti t a n d t hi s di s t r i b ut io n o r bh a ndoir a , ,

a s i t is c a ll e d i s r ar e l y i mp u g n e d
,
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,

a ce n ot a ph o r s a mddh d e dic a t e d t o M a had e o b e i n g r a i s e d

,
ov e r h im , ,

a s h e i s s u p o s e d a t d e a t h t o be r e un i t e d w i t h t h e g o d I n i t i at i o n
p
-
.

c o n si s ts s i mply i n t h g ur ti s c ut t i n g o ff t h e Ch oti t h e h e a d is th e n
e
’

cl ose s h a v e d a n d t h e gu n ? man tar r e a d .

In Si r sa t h e G o s ai n s f o r m a s e p a r a t e c a s t e or igi n a t i n g i n a ,

sub d i vi s i o n o f t h e S a n n i a
- si s w h ich w a s f o un d e d by Shi mb u A ch ar j .

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'

t r a c t), t ar a th , de r a m, de a n o
'

o m o s t c o mmon l y f o un d i n t hi s
(t h e t w
E a ch o f t h e se s ub o r d e r s i s e n d o g a mo us, i a ,
’

n a th , b y h is gu r t c
'
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.

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a
g r a y n o ar r y a
p j r .

d t b f t h divi d d i t h h a r bdr o r s e c ul a r a n d t h e c e lib a t e

a n o e u r e r e n t o e g
i h 1 m d i d lli g m t, i i i d t h vil l age
w h o ar e e t e r ( ) a
td r ( w h o s e w e n ,
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h o u s e si o n t h e o u t s ki r t s o f t h e vill a g e ), o r ( 3) a b d h d t ,

d
w h o w an e r a o b u t b e gg i n g, b u t m a y n o t b e g f o r m o r e t h a n se v e n h o ur s

pl c c y i h h m i l c t h ll ,
’

a t on e a e T h e a bd h tt t a r
. r w t t e a a e r a o r c o o a n u s e

a n d m ay on ly k
ta e i n a l m s c oo k e d g r a i n w hich t h e y m u s t s oa k i n

b h y e a t it N o r ma y t h y h l t m t h a t h r e e d a y s a t
e fo r e t e a o r e n
w at e r e .
.

pl l
a ce un e ss i t b e a ti r a t h ( pl a c e o f p ilg r i m a g e ) o r d u r i n g t h e r ai ns .

a ny

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w e st s o ut h P j b t h ofp i t f
th e
o S h a m Ji a n d Lalj i
In th e -u n a e r e s s

who a r e K h a t r i s a n d f o u n d l a r g e ly a t L e i a a n d Bh a kk a r are c a ll e d ,

a f h h t e i th e r
Th e K h a t r i s a d A r t
t e s o u w s ar e - e

G o s ai n s .
n r o s o

S i k h l O th G os é i n s ar e
di scipl es (: e w a ks ) of t e s e G h ai e r
‘ ’

o s n s o r s .

t h o s e o f B a d do k e .

V n a s e t or
T h e G os i a n s a p p e a r t o b e c o rr e c t ly cl a s se d a s a a
i s h a
v c
d e m a h a n ts
h d h gh i t h h ill t h e y a ff e c t M a had e o a n ar
r a t e r or e r t o u n e s
,

o f t e mpl e s o f Shi v a .

i J d h s a Sidh B a le a t
G OB AL a s m a ll J a t c l a n w h ich i s f o u n d n i n d a n a , ,
,
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,

d u k h h ff i g m a d e t o h i s s a a
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.

a r a n w e r e o e r
,

G am
ANT B i a r e a d e r o f t h e Sikh G r a n t h a n e x p o u n d e r th e r e o f b u t o
f r . .

GR ,
,

S l a t a h ad It s
o f Ja t s fo u d K apu r t l la S t a t e u t n p ur .

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a
,
l i i n th e M ugh a l ti me s
f m D h
.

t radi ti on a v e r s t h a t i t mig r a t e d r o e

3‘ 135 13k bo th i n
and that Of th e t
T h e gun s o f t h e p ar ts re s i de s at K h ar ak ,
’
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G a ze tte er , 190 4 p 81
Hi s sar B i s sar . ,
. .

Ce nsus R epor t , 1 891 , 6 6 , p 1 27 8

f
-
. .
306 Guger a —Guj ar .

G U GERA, (1 ) one th e p r i nci pa l mach i n e or cl an s of th e Sial s i n Jh ang

of It .

av e i t m t t h e t o w n ship of t h at n ame , on c e th e h e a d - uar t er s o f

g s n a e o q
th e p r e se n t M o nt g ome r y di s t r ic t a n d s t il l of a t ah sil (2) a l so a Kh a rr al
cl a n (agr ic ul tur a l ) f o u n d i n M on tgome r y .

G ri n s, G U J J A R, ,
f e m 1
- ur D i m G U.J A R
.
ET.A, f e m i ,
a n d
. G U J RE r n A ,
f e m -i a .
- '
.

y oung a ar D e r iv a tiv e s a r e G i jr al o r G ujr e h ra, a dw e lli n g-plac e of

.
'

’
G uj ar s a n d G uj r a t , t h e co un tr y o r t r ac t o f th e G uj ar s T h e D i s tr ic t .

o f G uj r a t t a k e s i t s n a m e f r om th e to w n o f G uj r a t , but t h e p r e s e n t t o w n

t h o ug h a mo de r n o n e s t an d s on t h e s i t e o f a n an ci e n t ci ty c a ll e d U dan a g ri ,
t h e e v e r l a s t i n g o r f r a g r a n t t o w n shi p P o p ul a r tr a di t i o n assig ns i ts .

fo un da t i o n t o Raj a Ba ch an Pal , a S ur aj ban s i Raj p u t w h o c a me f r o m t h e

G a n g e t ic D oab , an d a t t r ib ute s i t s r e sto r a t i on t o Ali K h an , a G uj ar ,
d o ubt l e ss th e h i st o r i ca l A la k h an a, Raj a o f G ur j a r a , w h o w a s de f e ated
by S an gkar a V a r ma b e t w e e n 883 a n d 90 1 A D C ap tain M a ck e nz i e , . .

h o w e v e r , r e c or d e d an o th e r t r adi ti on w hic h a ssig n e d t h e r e s t or a tio n o f

G o j r at t o wn to Ra n i G uj r an , wi fe o f B ad r S a i n , s on o f Raj a R i s alfi
o f S i alk o t w h o r e b uil t i t i n S a mb a t 1 7 5 (A D B o t h a cc o un ts . .

a g r e e i n asc r ibi n g t h e r e f o un di n g o f t h e mo d e r n t o w n to t h e t i me
o f A kb a r . A cc o r di n g to S t e i n , Sh a n k ar a V a r ma o f Ka s h mi r , s oon
a ft e r h is a cc e ss i on i n 883 A D , und e r to o k a n e x p e di t i o n t o t h e . .

s o u th a n d so ut h w e s t o f K a sh mi r a n d fi r s t i n v a d e d G uj ar a de sa , a
-

t r a ct c e r t a i n ly id e n t ifi a bl e w i t h t h e mo de r n D i s t r i ct o f G uj r at , which
l i e s b e tw e e n th e Ch e ab a n d Jh e l um
n *
A t a n e a r li e r p e r i o d , i n t h e .

la t t e r p ar t o f th e 6 th ce n t ur y, th e Raj a o f Than e sar , Pr a bak a r a-v ar dh a n a,

h a d a l s o c ar r i e d o n a s ucc e s s f ul cam p a ign a g a i n s t th e Hu n se t t l e me nt s
i n th e n o r t h w e s t P u n j a b a n d t h e cl a n s o f G ur jar a l, s o t h a t i t w ould
’ "
’
-

a p p e ar th a t a b r an ch o f t h e G u r j ar a r a c e w a s fi r mly e s t a bl i s h e d i n t h e

mo de r n G o j r a t b e fo r e 6 00 A D J . .

T h e mo d e r n D i st r ic t o f G ujr i t h o w e v e r , c omp r i se s t h e H e r a t or J at ,

a n d t h e G uj r at o r G uj ar ar g cma
§ l h d ’ ‘

p a r ga n a p e s e
p ga r a n a s us e to .

be divid e d i n t o tapp a s an d t h e tap p a s i n to top s, e a ch top b e i ng un d e r

a ch a u dh r i
'
.

T h e mo d e r n D i str ic t o f M uzaffa r g ar h al so p osse s se s a G uj r a t o n t h e

I n d us, i n t h e r ive r a in which r uns pa rall e l wi t h th e D e r a G haz i K h an
di st r ic t .

THE D IS T RIBU TION or T HE G U J AR S .

Th e p r e se n t di s t r ib uti o n o f th e G uj ar s i n I n di a i s t h us d e s c r ib e d by
S i r A l e x a n d e r Cun n i n gh am
p r e s e n t day th e G uj ar s ar e foun d i n gr e at n umb e r s in e v er y
A t th e
a r t o f t h e Nor t h We s t o f I n di a f r o m t h e I n d us t o t h e G a n g e s a nd
-
p , ,
f r o m t h e H a z ar a mo un t a i n s t o t h e P e n i n sul a o f G uj ar a t Th e y a r e .

s p e ci a lly n u me r o us a l o n g th e ba n k s o f th e U
pp e r J u mn a n e a r J a g adh r i ,

a n d Bur iy a a n d i n th e, S aha r a n pur di s t r ic t which dur i ng t h e l a st ,

c e ntur y w a s a c tu a lly c a ll e d G uj ar a t To th e e ast t h e y o cc upy t h e p e tty .

S te i n , Z u r G e ach i ch te de r t i s co n K abul ( F e st r us s
g R u do lf
an '
vo n R oth , S t ut tg ar t ,
l ‘

S e e a s o S t e i n s R dj dta r a n gi m , p Vol I ,
, .

T V S mi t h E a r ly 31 1 813 of In di a , p 283
. . . , ,

F th e de r i v ati on o f t h e w or d G u r at se e
Dr j Fl
‘

i or e e t s n o te i n J
R A S
m ar atr a t r ak ri t G uj j ar at t a t h e mo
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.

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fi j a s vi ag e ’ G at t
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ll
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to A e r i i n s 112 a r 1
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G U J dl S
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co untr y : a d i st i n c t i on o er ov l
o k e d i n B ad e n -P
ow e s I" di a m ud g e ll ‘

m
1 89 93, p 1 9 C e S e tt R e
§ j £ t G t t r 2 f th
l
-
G u r a z e e e , .
p o f th e G ui r at D i str ictD .
86 ] p 2 .

m H s t i f k now n o r i gi n, but i t a l o o

t o r s o u n p p ear s to be a so called
Th e e r
th e J at star .
308 G uj ar ch ar acte r i s ti cs .

vi n c e s t ill r e ta i n mor e o f t h e i r Hi n d u c u st om s t h an do th e maj ori ty o f

th e i r c o n v e r t e d n e ighb o ur s t h e i r w o me n f o r i n s t a n c e w e a r i n g p e tt i
, , ,

c o a t s i n s t e a d o f dr a w r s (j ust a s t h e y do i n J ul l un d ur a l so } a n d r e d
e
, ,

i n st e a d o f bl ue In J ull u n d ur t h e G uj a r s h o e i s us ua lly o f a p e c uli a r

.

ma ke t h e up p e r l e a t h e r c o v e r i n g l i t t l e of t h e f o ot It i s n o tic e a bl e t h a t
,
.

G uj r at i s t o t h e G uj ar s wh a t Bh a tn e r a n d Bh a ttia n a a r e t o t h e Bh a tti ,

a l a c e t o w hich t h e r e i s a t r a di t i o n a l t e n d e n cy t o r e f e r t h e i r o r i gi n
p
.

Th e G ii ja r i s a fi n e s ta l w a r t f e ll o w o f p r e ci se ly th e s am e p hy s i ca l ,

ty p e a s t h e J at a n d t h e t h e o r y o f a b o r igi n a l d e s ce n t w hich h a s s o m e

t i me s b e e n p o p o u n de d i s t o my mi n d co n cl us iv e ly n e g a t iv e d by h i s
r
,

c a st o f c o un t e n an ce He i s of t h e s a me s o ci a l s t a n di n g a s t h e J at or
. ,

e r h a s s ligh t ly in f e r i o r ; b u t th e t w o e a t a n d d r i n k i n c ommo n wi t h o ut
p p
“ G
an s c r u pl e a n d th e r o v e r b sa y s T h J at G uj a r A h i r a n d ola
y , p e , , ,

a r e a ll f o ur h a il f e ll o w s w e ll m e t But h e i s f ar i n f e r i o r in b o t h .
”

p e r s o n al ch a r a ct e r a n d r e p ute to th e J et He i s l a z y t o a de gr e e an d . ,

a w r e t ch e d c ul t iv a t o r ; h is w o me n t h o ugh n o t s e cl u d e d w ill n o t do , ,

fi e l d w o i k sav e o f t h e ligh t e st ki n d w h il e h i s f o n d n e ss f o r cat t l e

-

e x t e n ds t o t h o s e of o t h e r p e o pl e T h e diff r e n c e b e t w e e n a G uj a r a n d . e

a R aj ut c a t t l e -th i f w a s o n c e e x l a i n e d t o m e t h u s by a J at
p p e T h e

Raj pu t w ill s t e a l y our b uffa l o But h e w ill n o t se n d h i s f a t h e r t o .

h k w w h r e it i s d w ill t i t b a ck f o r R 2 0 an d t h e n
sa
y e n o s e a n g e s .
,

k e e p t h e R s 20 a n d th e b uffa l o t o o T h e G ii ja r w ill
. T h e G uj a r s . .
”

h a v e b e e n t ur b ule n t t h r o ugh out th e hi s t or y o f t h e P un j a b t h e y w e r e ,

a c on s t a n t t h o m i n t h e s i de o f t h e D e lhi e mp e r o r s a n d a r e s t il l e v e r ,

r e a dy t o t ak e a dv a n t a g e o f a n l i n g o f t h e b on ds o f di s ci li n e t o
y oo s e n p
a t ta ck a n d p l un d e r t h e i r n e ig h b o ur s Th e i r ch a r a c te r as e xp r e ss e d i n .

t h e p r o v e r b i a l W i s d m o f t h e c o u n tr y s id e i s n o t a hig h o n e
o A
d e s e r t i s b e t t e r t h a n a G ii j a r w h e r e v e r y o u s e e a G uj ar h i t hi m , .

A ga in T h e do g a n d t h e ca t t w o t h e Ha n g ar a n d t h e G ii jar t w o ,

i t i t w e r e n o t f o r t h e s f o ur o n e migh t sle e p w i t h o n e s d o or o pe n
e
,
’

so T h e do g t h e m o n k e y a n d t h e G i i j a r ch a n g e t h e i r m i n d s a t e v e r y
, ,

ste p an d Wh e n all o t h e r c a st e s a r e d e a d ma k e f r i e n d s wi t h a
G uj r a . A s Mr Ma c n a ch i e r e ma r k s
.
“
T h o ugh t h e G uj ar p o s s e s se s
o

t w o q ua lifi ca t i o n s o f a highl a n d e r a hilly h o m e a n d a c o n s t a n t de s i r e ,

f o r o t h e r p e o pl e s ca t i le h e n e v e r s e e m s t o h a v e h a d t h e l o v e o f
’
,

fi g h t i n g a n d t h e ch a a c t e r f o r ma n ly i n d e p e n de n c e w h ich di s ti n g u i s h e s
r

t hi s cl a s s e l s e w h e r e O n t h e c o n t r a r y h e i s g e n e r a lly a m e a n sn e a k
.

i n g Co w a r dl y f e ll o w ; a nd I do n o t k no w t h a t h e i mp r o v e s much w i t h
,

t h e ma r c h o f civili z a t i o n , t h o u g h o f c o ur s e t h e r e a r e e xc e p t i on s ; m e n
w h o h a v e g iv e n up th e t r a di t i o n s o f t h e t r ib e s o f a r a s t o r e c o g n i z e
t h e a dv an t a g e o f b e i n g h o n e s t— g e n e r al l y
”
.

S uch i s t h e G uj ar o f th e J umn a D i s t r ic t s 1 But f ur t h e r We s t h is .

~

ch a r a c te r w o uld s e e m t o be high e r M aj o r Wa c e d e s cr ib e s t h e G uj a r s .

l
Th i s de scr i p ti o n w o u d a p p e ar to r e q ui r e s o me q ua i cati on T h e G u ar o f K ash mi r lfi .
j
b l
i s de scr i e d as t a l and g a un t h i s f o r e h e ad and h i s ch i n ar e nar r o w , h i s n ose fi n e and
,

l v
s li g h t y cur e d .Th e G i i i ar of t h e U n i t e d Pr o i nce s i s a o e th e me di um h e i h t We made
g , v b v ll
v
an l act i e , h i s f ace ong and o va l l
and h i s f e atur e s fi ne r ath e r th an co ar s e
,
Ci ooke
b
.

de s cri be s h i m as a f ai rly ty p i ca l In do A r y an j J
‘ ’
R A S l907
p 9 8 4 T h
-
e P u n a .
. .
, .

ll b bv
, .

G uj a r mi g h t be w e de scri e d i n th e a o e t e r ms A s comp ar e d w i th th e J at h e h as
b
.

e t te r fe atur e s but i s not of s uch a g oo d ty p e

. .

r J Wi s o n h ow e e r w r ote
l h v ll v l
T s i
'
l e i w ui ar V i a e s i n G ur aon h a e on th e w h o e stood
‘

, ,
g g
th e ate b ad ti me s e tte r th an th ose of a m os t o th e r cas te — e tte r th an t h e J et s , a nd a mo st
l b l b l
as We ll as th e A h i r s O ur G ur non G u ar s are
. e ry i tt e j
g i en to thi e i ng , and Ih a e v l l v v v
rath er a hi gh opi ni on of th em
"
.
 The G uj ar s i n K ci ngr a .
309
of
H az ara a s a s i mpl e all e n d u r i ng r ac e th r i f ty a n d i n d us tr i o us wi t h -
, ,
n o a m i ti o n but t o b e e ft a
b l l o n e i n pe a c e w i t h t h e ir ca ttl e a n d fi e ld s
and m a n y o f t h e m ar e fi n e m e n i n e v e r y w a
y M r Th o m s o n s a y s . .

t h a t t h e G uj a r s o f Jh e l um ar e t h e b
o

e s t f a r m e r s i n t h e Di s t r ic t ( e r h a s
p p
n o t e x ce s s w e
. p r a i s e i n a D i st r ic t h e ld by G a k k h a r s A w a n s a n d , ,
a
R j p u t s ) t h o ug h t h e M a liar o r A r ai u i s a b e tte r ma r k e t g a r d e ne r ;
,

a nd t h a t th e y a r e ui e t a n d i n dus t r i o u s mo r e like a bl e th a n S a l t R a n e
q ( g ) ,
J ets b u t wi t h f e w a t t r a c t iv e ua li t i e s Mr S t e e d ma n g ives a s i mila r
,
q . .

a c c o un t of t h e G uj a r s o f Ra w a l p i n di calli n g t h e m “ e xc e ll e n t c ul ti ,

va to r s S o t h e G uj ar s o f H o s hi ar p u r a r e s a i d t o be “ a u i e t an d
q
.

w e ll b e h a v e d se t
-
In J ullu n dur S i r Ri ch a r d T e m l e d e scr ib e d t h e m
p
.

as h e r e a s e l s e w h e r e of p a s to r a l h a bi t s b ut mor e i n d us t r i o us a n d l e s s ,

p r e d a t o r y h
t a n u s u a l a n d M r
”
B ar kl e y w r i t e s : “
A t p r e s e n t af t e.

,
r

30 y e a r s o f Br i t i s h r ul e t h e y a r e r o b a bly a s li t tl e giv e n t o cr i m e a s
p ,

a ny oth e r l a r ge cl a s s i n t h e a gr i cul t ur al p o pul at i o n It i s st ill .

g e n e r a lly t r ue t h a t t h e y o cc upy t h e mse l v e s m or e w it h gr a zi n g t h a n

wi t h a g r ic ul t ur e ; b u t t hi i s by n o me a n s i n v ar i a bl y t h e c as e s
But
i n F e r o z e p u r a g a i n Mr Br a n dr e t h d e s c r ib e s t h e m a s
.

u n w illi n -

g
.

c ul t iv a t o r a n d g r e a tly a ddi cte d t o t hi e vin g

s
, a n d giv e s i ns t a n c e s o f ,
”

t h e i r c r i m i n a l r o p n si t i e s Th u s i t w o u ld a p e a r t h a t t h e f ur t h e r th e
p e
p .

G uj ar m o v e s f r o m h i s n a t iv e hills th e mo r e h e d e te r i o r a t e s a n d t h e ,

mo r e un pl e a sa n t h e m a k e s hi ms e lf to h is n e i g hb o ur s T h e fo llo w i n g .

de s c r i pt io n o f t h e G uj a r s o f Ka n g r a by Mr B ar ne s i s both g r a phic a n d .

inte r e s ti ng
T h e G uj a r s o f th e h ill s ar e qui t e u nlik e th e ca sts of t h e sa me d as i g
n a t i o n i n t h e pl ai n s Th e r e t h e y a r e k n o w n a s a n idle w o r t h l e ss a n d
.
,

t hi e vi n g r a c e r e j o ici n g i n w a st e a n d e n e mi e s t o c ul t iva t i o n a n d i m
, ,

p r o v e me n t ; b ut a bo v e a n d b e l o w t h e y a r e b o t h addic t e d t o p as to r al
h a bi ts In t h e hill s th G uj a r s a r e e xcl us iv e ly a p a s t or a l t r ib e — th e y
.
e
,

c ul t iv a te s c a r c e l y a t all Th e G a ddi s k e e p fl o ck s o f sh e e p a n d goat s .

,

a n d t h e G uj a r s w e al th c o n s i s t s o f b u ff a l o e s T h e s e p e o p l e liv e i n t h e
’
.

s ki r t s o f t h e f o r e s t s a n d m a i n t ai n t h e i r e x i st e n ce e x cl us iv e l y by t h e
,

s a l e o f t h e m ilk g h i a n d o t h e r p r o du ce o f t h e i r h e r d s
, ,
T h e m en .

g r az e t h e c a t tl e a n d f r e que n tly li e ut f o r w e e k s i n t h e w o o d s t e ndi n g

,
o

t he i r h e r d s T h e w o m e n r p a i r t o t h e m a r k e t s e ve r y m o r n i n g w i t h
.
e

b a sk e ts o n t h e i r h e a d s w i t h li t tl e e a r th e n p o t s fill e d w i t h milk b ut te r
, ,

m il k a n d g hi} e a ch o f t h e se p o ts c o n t a i n i n g t h e p r op o r t i on r e qui r e d
,

f o r a d ay s m e a l D ur in g t h e h o t W e a t h e r t h e G uj a r s u su all y d r iv e
’
.

h i h d t t h g h t h b u ff a l oe s r e j o ic e i n t h e r ich
t e r e r s o e u
pp e r r a n e w e r e e ,

g r a s s w hich t h e r a i n s b r i n g f o r th a nd at t h e sa m e ti me a tt a i n c o n di tio n ,

f r o m t h e t e mp e r a t e cli m a t e a n d t h e i mm u n i ty f r o m v e no mo us fl i e s
which t o r me n t t h e i r e xi st e n ce i n t h e pl a i n s T h G uj ar s a r e a fi n e . e
,

m a n ly r a ce w i t h p e c ul i a r a n d h a n d so me fe a t ur e s h e a r e mild a n d
, T y .

i no ffe n s iv e i n m a n n e r a n d i n th e s e hill s a r e n o t d i s t i n g ui s h e d by t h e
.

b a d p r o e mi ne n c e which a t t a ch e s to t h e i r r a c e i n th e pl a i n s
- Th e y a r e .

v
ne e r k n ow n t o t hi e v e Th e i r w o m e n a r e s
.
u pp o s e d t o b e n o t v e ry

c l
s r up u o us h
T e r i h bi ts o f f r u e n t i n g p u blic m a r k e t s a n d c a r r y i n g
. a e
q
b h i
a o ut t e r s t o c k f or s a e l i i na cc o m p a n i e d b y t h e i r h u b a n d s u n d o u b t e dly s

e x p o s e t h e m t o g r e a t t e m p t a t ion s ; a n d I a m a fr a id t h e i m p u t a t i ons

ro w n
a ga i n st t h e i r ch ar a c te r ar e t o o w e ll f o un d e d T y ll ll g
h e a r e t a w e . ,
-

g t h b f th h i ll
w ome n a n d m ay b e s e e n e v e r y m o rn i g n e n t e r i n e a z a r s o e

i ed
,
W t h t h b k t e m p t
t o w n s r e tur ni n g h o me a b o ut th e a fte r n s
o o n i e i r a e s
,
310 Guj a r or i gi n s .

o f th e i r f o u n d all o v e r t h e D i s tr ic t
tr e a su r e s . T h e G uj ar s ar e . Th e y
a b ou n d a r t i cul a r ly a b o ut J walam uk h i , Ti r a , a n d Nad aun Th e r e
p
.

a s mal l
.

a r e s om e Hi n d u G uj a r s , e s p e ci ally t o w a r d s M an d i b ut t h e y ar e
s e c t co mp a r e d t o t h e Mus a lma ns .

b e e n s ugg e st e d
It h a s c o n t i n ue d S ir D e n z il I bb e t son an d i s I , ,

b e li e v e h e ld by m a n y t h at J ets a n d G uj a r s a n d p e r h a p s A h i r s a l s o ar e
, , ,

all o f o n e e t h n ic s toc k ; a n d t hi s b e c a u s e t h e r e i s a cl os e c om mun i o n

be tw e e n t h e m It may be t h a t t h e y a r e t h e s a me i n t h e i r f a r di st an t
.
-

or i g i n Bu t I t hi n k t h a t t h e y m ust h a v e e i t h e r e n t e r e d I n di a a t d i ffe r
.

e n t t i m e s o r s e t t l e d i n s e p a r a t e p a r t s a n d m y r e a s o n f o r t hi n ki n g so i s ,

p r e ci s e ly b e c a use t h e y e a t a n d s mo k e t o g e t h e r I n t h e c a s e o f J at a n d .

Raj p ut t h e r e a so n f o r difi e r e n tiat ion i s o bvi o us t h e l a t te r b e i n g of ,

high e r r a n k t ha n t h e f o r me r But t h e s o ci al s ta n di n g of J ats G uj ar s .

, ,

a nd Ah i r s b e i n g p r a ct ic a lly id e nti c al I do n o t s e e why t h e y s h o uld ,

e v e r h a v e s e p a r a t e d i f t h e y w e r e on c e t h e s a me It i s h o w e v e r .

p os sibl e th a t th e J ets w e r e t h e c ame l g r a z ie r si a n d p e r h a p s h usb a n d

me n th e Gruj a r s t h e c o wh e r d s o f th e hill s a n d t h e A h i r s th e c o w h e r d s
, ,

o f t h e pl a i n s If t hi s b e s o t h e y a ffo r d a cl a s s ific a t i o n by o cc up a t i o n
.
,

o f t h e y e om a n cl a s s whic h fill s u p t h e g a p b e t w e e n a n d i s a b sol ute ly

,

c ont i n uous w i t h t h e s i mil a r cl a ssific a t i on of t h e c aste s ab o v e t h e m a s

B r a h man s B a n i a s a nd Raj p ut s a n d o f th e c as te s b l ow t h e m as Ta r kh an s
, , ,
e
,
Ch am a r s a n d s o f or t h But w e must k n o w mo r e o f t h e e a r ly dis t ri bu
,
.

t i on o f t h e tr ib e s b e fo r e w e ca n h a v e a ny o pi n i o n o n t h e su bj e c t I h a v e .

n o t ic e d i n t h e e ar ly hi s t o r i an s a c on n e c t io n b e t w e e n t h e mig r a t i o n s a n d

l oc at i on o f G uj a r s a n d Raj puts w hic h h a s s t r uck me a s b e i n g mor e t h an

a ccid e n t a l ; b ut t h e s ubj e c t n e e ds a n i mm e n s e de a l o f w o r k u p on i t
b e f o r e i t can be s a id t o be e v e n r e a dy f or d r a w i n g c o n cl us i o n s * .

T HE I I
O R G N o r r un G U J AR s .

A f ull hi s tor y o f th e an ci e n t G ur j ar as a n d o f t h e r e a t G ur j ar a
g
e mp i r e , t h e e x i s t e n c e o f w hich t h e l a t e Mr A M T J a ck s o n cl a i me d t o . . . .

h a v e e stabli sh e dfi w o uld be b ey o n d t h e s c o p e o f thi s a r t icl e bu t t h e

’ ,
r e a de r s a t t e n t i on m a y be di r e c t e d t o c e r t a i n i n ci de n t s i n t h i
e r h i s to r y
i n t h e P un j a b A cc or di n g t o D r R udol f Ho e r n le t h e T o mar a s (th e
. .

m o d e r n T unw ar Raj p uts) w e r e a cl a n o f t h e G ur j a r a s , a n d i n de e d t h e i r

im p e r i a l o r r uli n g cl an T h e P e h o w a ( P e h oa in t h e Ka r n al di st r i ct
)
.

i n s c r i pt i on r e cor d s o f a To ma r a f amily t h a t i t w a s de s c e n d e d f r o m a
r oij ci , Ja ul a , w h o s e n a m e r e c a ll s t h a t o f t h e Shahi J a v fi vla o r J
a h ula
an d o f t h e m a h c i r i i j a , Tor a m an a Shahi J a uvla o f th e K ur a i n s c r i t i
p on
D r Ho e r n le t hi n k s i t p r o b a b le t h a t t h e K a ch w ah as a n d Pa r i h ar s l ike
.

t h e T o ma r a s , w e r e all cl a n s o r divi s i o n s o f a J av ula t r ib e cla mi n i

d e s c e n t f r o m Tor a man a , ki n g o f th e Whi t e H un s or E h t h alit e s
T
’

p
Mr Bh ai i dar k a r h a s s h o w n th a t th e S olanki s (Ch aula ky a s), P a r ih a a
.

r
a:
M Wi l son note s
r . th at th e G u ar s and t h e Bai u ar tr i e of R
g j j
a p uts ar e o fte n f ound
'

b j
to e th e r ; and sug g e s ts th at th e atter may be to t h e G i i Jars Wh at t h e K h anz a l ’ '

§
th Me o s and w h at mos t R aj p uts ar e to th e at s
dah s ar e to
J .

IS e e h i s n o t e i n J R A S 1 905 , pp 1 6 34 , w h e r e h e i de nti e s t h e G ur a r as w i t h t h e
. .
. . . . .

fi j
G ud ( G n ui s , no w Br ah m an s) an d p o i n t s o ut t h at a cco r d
‘

a as
i ng t o A e rti n i Sa ch au’ s lb ’

Tr a n s i , p 3 t o) G uda = T an e sh a ri
Th e G a ur Br ah man s w e r e a
(
n d i n de e d ar e
.

or oki ts o f
. . ,

j ll p
t h e Hi ndu G u a r s a n d s t i mi ni s te r t o so m e w h o ar e co n e r t s t
o I s a m v l
A S , 1 905 , p p 1 -4 I m
.

I J E t ay f ur t h e r be n ote d t h at t h
e Bar
. .

o r Bad G u u
. .

j
.

j
.

b bl
.

re p ro a y of G u ar de sce nt
.

s p u t s a .
31 2 Th e Guj ar se ct ion s .

th e Ch a pr as say Kh a tr i s by or igi n , a n d th e M odi s, P a th a n s

th e y are .

T h e Chhal a go t cl a im s d e s c e n t f r o m Raj a S o m B a n s , Raja o f G a h r

G ajn i i n t h e D e cc an , a n d i ts a n c e st o r e mb r a c e d I slam a t Rah o n i n
J ullun dur , ma r r i e d a G a n g K a sa n a g i r l a n d so b e c a m e a G uj a r Th e .

K a s a n a d e cl ar e s i t se l f d e sc e n d e d f r o m Raj a K an s, t h e Mfini n f r om Raj a

I n d ar R a i , a n d t h e Pa n dana f r o m Raj a P a n d a Rai . .

The P as wal a s c r ibe t h e i r fou n da t i o n to Waj i h Kalbi a c omp an i on o f ,

th e P r oph e t w h o a c co mp a n i e d A h ut a s
,
r ul e r of Y e m e n wh e n h e , ,

c o n qu e r e d K ash mi r Th e Pa sw al o r igi n ally s e t tl e d i n Sialk ot but h a v e

.

s p r e a d i n t o G ur da s p u r .

T h e Hi n d u Raw a t M a n d a n go t i s f o un d i n th e Ba w a l n i zama t o f
Nabh a . 1 t t r a c e s i ts d e s c e n t t o o n e Ra w a t w h o f e ll i n l o v e w i t h a
da mse l G or s i w h om h e o n ly c a r r i e d o fi a f te r a gr e a t s tr uggl e Hi s
, ,
.

mcs a lli an ce c os t h i m h i s s t a t us a s a Rajp u t a n d h e b e c a me a G uj a r

’

T h e g ot d e r iv e s i ts n a me f r o m h im a n d fr o m th e n um b e r o f h e a d s
( m a n d a n ) w hich f e ll i n t h e s t r u ggle f o r G o r si Thi s g o t i s n ume r o us .

i n J a i p u r w h e r e i t k e e p s i t s w o m e n i n p ar da a n d f o r bid s Wid o w
,

r e ma r r i a g e bu t t hi s i s a ll o w e d in Nabh a
,
F or me r ly th e Ra w a t .

Ma n da n did n o t r o of _t h e i r h ous e s o r p u t pl a n k s t o t h e i r do or w a y s ,

A chi ld s fi r s t t o n s u r e sh o uld be p e r f o rm e d a t
’
t h o ug h t h e y n ow do so .

t h e s h r i n e o f S w a m i Pun D as i n R e w a r i t a h s i l .

T h e Ch o k ar of N abh a, di s ti n c t fr o m t h e Chh o k ar
w h o a pp e a r to b e ,

a r e Hi n d u s a n d t r a c e t h e i r d e sc e n t f r om S a n k a t a Ch a ub an Raj put o f ,

Sa m bh a r i n J a i p u r w h o w as a g r e a t r o bb e r On c e o n th e r o a d h e
, .

f o r cibly e spo use d a b e a ut i f ul gi r l w h ose ki n s m e n c a me t o h e r a i d b ut ,

S an k a t so ugh t h e l p f r o m Be n D e c a n d h e a n d h is c o m r a d e s t o o k t h e
s h a p e s o f bi r d s an d e sca p e d
,
A b ar b e r t o o r a n g a w e ddi n g b e ll i n
.
-

f r o n t o f t h e i r p ur s ue r s a n d t h e y r e so lv e d t o t ur n b a ck
, S o t h e go t o f .

S a n k a t w a s ca ll e d Ch o k ar on e w h o m i s s e s an d i t
, s t ill a ff e c t s Ba n ,
’

D e o h o ldi n g t h e fi r st t on sur e o f i ts child r e n a t h i s s h r i n e i n J a ip u r

, ,

n e v e r b ur ni n g c o t t on s t ick s f o r f ue l a n d o n ly u s i n g c otto n a f t e r fi r st
o ffe r in g it to Ba n D ec .

In Nabh a t h e Bh ar g a r Ch ap r an a D o i K a s an a Kh a r a n a a n d
, , , ,

S a r dha n a G uj a r s a ll v a g ue ly cl a i m Rajp ut or igi n but u n lik e o th e r ,

Hi n du G uj ar s t h e y o n l y a vo i d t h r e e g o ts i n m ar r i a ge p e r mi t t i n g i t i n .
’
t h e mo th e r s f at h e r s go t
’
Th e y S p e ci ally a ff e c t D e vi an d do n o t giv e
.

t h e b e e s ti n g s o f a co w o r b u ffal o t o a n y o n e t ill th e A maw a s wh e n t h e y ,

c o o k r ic e i n th e milk p l a c e i t on a S p o t p l as te r e d w i t h co w d un g a n d
,
-

t h e n giv e i t t o t h e i r ch i ld r e n T h e Bh ar g a r lik e t h e Ra w at M a n d a n
.
, ,

u s e n o doo r s o r r o o f s o f t i mb e r a n d a sc r ib e t hi s t a bu t o t h e f a c t t h a t
,

o n e o f t h e i r w o m e n b e c a me a s a ti a n d a h o us e r a i s e d i n h e r h on our

w a s l e f t i n co mp l e et *
.

T h e M e l u G u j a r s i n Nabh a a r e c o n v e r ts f r om Hi n d ui s m but s till ,

a v o id f o ur o ’s i n mar r i a g e Th y d n o t b uild t w o h e a r t h s cl ose

g e o .

t o ge th e r o r w e ar bl ue cl o t h
, Th e i r w o m e n w e ar gow n s Thi s got
.
.

v l l m ilk l t t h e a n i m a l f a ll ill bu t t h e y ma ll gh i
n e e r se e s s
,
y e , .

T h e e l e me n t s o f th e G uj a r s a r e n o t e a s y t o d e s c r ib e L o c al t r a di .

t i on s a s h a s al r e a dy b e e n s h o w n v ar y a s to t h e o r igi n s of man y cl a n s
, , ,

’9 0 r unroofe d A p p ar e nt y l a h y p aet h r a l sh r i n e i s me an t .
 The Guj a r l me nts
e e .
31 3

b ut th e f o llo w i n g a dd e n d a ma be g n o t e diia s t o t h e cl a n s d e s c e n d e d
y j
f r o m th e v a r i o us Raj p ut r a c e s — Ch a u h a n or igi n is cl a i me d b t h e
y
Bh a l e s ar , s o ns o f Bh a l l u, B a h a r w al , J h andar , K al sia n (i n K a r nal )
’
.

Pa nw a r d e sc e n t is cl a i me d by t h e Ba h lo t Chh ali Ph a m bh r a so n s o f , , ,

Ph a ma r a n d P a ur * : J ad u (Ch a n da r ba n s i ) d e sc e n t by t h e Ch h ck a r (i n
’

K am al ) J a n j ua or igi n by t h e B a r r ah Kh o kh a r ( Ch a n da r ba n s i) by th e
, ,

R a w al (i n K a rmi l ) M a n h as by t h e D hi n d a S o mb a n s i by t h e D h akk ar
, , ,

S ur a jba n s i by t h e S a r a mdn a a n d a by t h e Ch h a man (i n K ar n al )

, .

Folk e tymo l o gy a n d l e g e n d ar y l o r e h a v e b e e n b us i ly e nga ge d i n

-

fi n di n g e x pl a n at io n s o f v ar i o us cl a n n a me s a mon g th e G uj a r s Th us o f .

t h e B a r r a s (a w o r d mea n i n g h cly i t i s s aid th a t t h e i r a n c e sto r

‘
,

F at ih ulla u se d t o b r i n g w a te r f r o m t h e r iv e r a t Mul ta n b a r e f oo t fo r h is ,
’ ’
s p i r i t ua l g uid e s a bl ut i o n s One da y t h e F i r sa w t h a t h i s di s ci p l e s f oot
.

h a d b e e n pi e r c e d w i t h t h o r n s s o h e ga v e h i m h i s s h o e s h ut F a ti h ulla , ,

mad e t h e m i n t o a ca p a s w o r th y to be so w o r n a n d a ga i n h is fe e t w e r e
, ,

i r c d wi t h t h n T h P i se i n g t hi s bl e s se d h im a nd call e d h im
p e e o r s e r . e

B ar r a l .
‘ ‘

T h e Bh a r y ar cl a i m de s c e n t f rom R aja K a r n T h e ch ild r e n of h i s .

de s c e n da n t Raj a D h a l a l w ay s use d t o die a n d h i s ph y sici an s a dvi se d

h im t o f e e d h i s n e x t child o n t h e m ilk o f a s h e w o l f tbh a i r
y )a wh e n c e -
,

th e m B h a a r B u t a e m b r a c e d I s la m i n Bab a r s t i m e a n d s e tt l e d
’
n a e r y .

i n Shah p ur .

Of t h e G a jg a h i s e c t i o n i t i s s a id t h a t W a li t h e i r a n c e s t o r w as a , ,

K h a tan a w h o w or e a gaj ga h o r h or se s silv e r or name n t so h i s de sc e ndan ts ’

,

a r e n o w c a ll e d G a jg ah i .

O f th e K h a t na s o
a
r igi n o n e
’
s t o r y i s t h a t o n e d a y M o r a n d
M o b a n
g ’
,

Raj a Bh c m b k f m h u t i n g a n d a t e o n a t h a t o r be d
s o n s of n
a s a e a c r o n .

hi b ch o f soc a e i l t i t t t h B r a h m a n s o u t c a s t e d t h e m s ay i n g
F or t s r e a q u e e e ,

t h e y h a d be c o me
M u h mm a d a n s s o a t h e y a d o p t e
,
d I s la m a n d w ere

Kh a A n ot e r eh l g d m k t h K h a t é m a s d e s c e n d an ts
n ick n a m e d a t na .
e n a e s e

a l h d t h i d m
o f Ra j a J a s pal a n d t h e Pa d a v
n a s J pa s a e x d de n e s o n
i i o ns

Th a t Jh l u m n d w h e n S u l t a n M a h m u d S a b u k t a g i n
fr o m n e s r o a e a ,

J al ck b d f e a te d an d
i n va d e d Hi n d us ta n a s p me t h ,
i m a t A t t o u t w a s e
,

t L h d t h fl ed
sl a i n Hs si o n A n a n d p a l r u l e d f o r t w o y e
,
a r s u a o r e a n e n

w h om
. ,
Kh d J gd t
o

t a ta n a a n d J a i e o o r a e o c
to Hi n d u t a l vi g w o o n s
n s ,
s n e a ,

C j
,

l d t L h d t u n e d M uh a m m a
d a n O t h e r u a r r
th e fo r me r r u e a a o r e a n r .

M m n ed
’

l d t h
’

cl an s al so cl a im d e s c e n t f r o m A na n dp z a n S u l a n a u
d ,
a ss
g v

j a wh t h y f u d d Shahp u r n ow a
t h e K h a t an a s j g é i r s i n G u r t er e e o n e ,

d e se r t e d m oun d n e a r C h a k D i n a

s h o ot s in th e m i n o r s e c t i o n s ,
s uc

A w an a s, Bh un d ,
a B u k k a n s ,
Th i l
a s,

L o h sar cl ans .

Hi n d u K h a tan a s a r e a l s o foun d i n th e
m
c

t h e r e cl a i m T ur Raj p u t o r i g i n d e r i v g t
,

vill g
a e in J a i u A s f o ll o w e r s o f
a p r .

m e w i t h Po r us
'

t om te d t o co n n e c t h is th e Bars u1ar
'
na

Tgdd
.

te r m lls
mh f
l e 8 H
l e ca
D t ct y l he
o

l in th P a nyd bi
o rd i s t r ace a b e .

l e

j
R a p ut s .
 Guj ar o rgan i zat on. i

th e y a s ta n fr om
b i fl e s h a n d wi n e A t w e d d i n g s t h e J at c e r e m o n i e s.

m f ’
b
a r e o se r v d an d o n t h e d e p aer t u r e o f t h e b r i de g r o o s p a r t y h i s a t h e r

i s b e a t e n by t h e w o me n o f t h e b r id e s f am il y
’
.

p
T h e l o a s ar e e
' ‘
r a lly K h a t a n as a n d w h e n t h e J ti t s a n d G u j a r s w e r e
’
c omp e t i ng f or t h e h on o ur of givi n g th e bigge st c on tri b uti on t o A kb ar s
b
re u ildi n g o f G u j r a t t o w n o n e A d a m a Kh a t a n a p a i d a la k h a n d a
,
,

f p i t t h i m p i l t y m u i g t h e m o n e y i n a
qua r te u
r o r u e e s n o e e r a r e a s r , e a s r n (

tOp a wh e n c e h i s d e s c e n d a n t s a r e s o n a me d
,
.

In H a z a r a t h e Te r us say t h e y a r e r e a lly Ra j pu ts a n d d e s c e n d e d
i h f qi t t h m
f ro m a r aij r w h o w a s so g e n e r o us.t a t wh e n o n ce a a r t o e s i

de m a n de d h i s h e a d h e s t o o p e d s o t ha t th e f a gi r migh t cut i t o ff ,
w hi ch h e did Ha vi n g t h u s p r o v e d h i s g e n e r os i ty
. th e f a
q i r re pl a c e d
h i s h e a d o n h is s h o uld e r s a n d p r a y e d for h i s li fe t o be r e s to r e d to hi m .

T h e cl a n n ame i s d e r iv e d f r om tr e r a s c a r '

,
.

In D e lhic e r t a i n G uj ar cl a n s cl a i m de sc e n t f r o m e pon y m s S uch ar e .

Budhan a d e s c e n d a n t s o f Bh o p al A m lao ta f r o m A m ba pal Bh o tla f r om

, , , ,

Bh a r a n B a lia n fr om Ba n i a p al D h a i dh a f r o m Dip ti pal Ch in o r i f r om

, , ,

Ch h ai n p al; N a n g r i f r o m Na gh p al a n d T an fir f r o m T o up ai A s t o t h e
, , ,
.

A dh an a t r a di ti o n say s t h a t Raj a R am Ch an d o f th e sol a r r a c e h a d t w o

,

s o n s L u an d K u s h
,
Th e l a t t e r w as t h e p r o g e n it o r o f th e K a ch h w ai
.

Raj puts ; whil e L u s s o n G a n w at h a d a s o n n ame d Raj a w h o ma d e a h o m o

’

mar r i a g e a n d w a s n ick n a me d G uj a r He h a d t w o so n s A dh e a n d Sw ab i . .

T h e l a t t e r di e d s on l e ss but A dh e f o un d e d t h e A dh an a cl a n , .

Or g an i za ti on -" It i s
g e n e r a lly a s se r te d th a t t h e r e al (a s li ) or or igi n a l
G uj ar s a r e t h e 2% s e c t io n s G o r s i K a s a na a n d t h e h a l f t r i be Bur g at
, , ,

se ca lle d a s
e
de s ce n d e d f r om a sl a v e m o t h e r *
Ne x t t o t h e s e r an k .

t h e K h a t an a s w h o f o r a l o n g p e r i o d h e ld s w a y i n t h e G uj r a t i n w hich ,

t r a ct h o w e v e r t h e 2g s e c t i o n
. ,
w e r e t h e o r i g i n a l s e t tl e s th e o th e r
s r
,

s e ct i o n s h a vi n g b e c o m e a ffi li at e d t o t h e m i n c o ur se o f t i me t h o u gh ,

n o t n e c e ssa r ily G uj a r s by o r igi n A s a n i n s t a n c e of t h i s pr o c e ss o f

.

a cc r e t i o n t h e G uj a r s p o i n t t o t h e B a rr a s of Has ila n w ala vill a g e i n ,

G uj r at wh ose f o r e b e a r F a t i ull a a J an j u a by bir th w a s de p ut e d by

,
-
, ,

o n e o f t h e s a i n t s o f M ul t an t o c o l o n i s e t h at t r ac t A ll G uj a r s giv e .

da ugh t e r s t o t h e Ba r r a s b ut n e v e r r e c e i v e t h e m i n r e t ur n a n d t h e
, ,

B a r r a s all r a n k a s Midn a s e xc e p t th o se o f c e r t a i n f a m ili e s which h ave

,

f o r f e i t e d t h e i r s an c t i ty a n d a r e d e s ig n a t e d Pi r xl ,
'

’
H a z ar a t h e 2% r e al s e ctio n s do n o t a pp e ar t o be r e c o gn i s e d , but
In
i t i s g e n e r a lly c o n c e d e d t h a t t h e K a th ar ia H A K L A a n d S a r j u s e c t i o ns ,

ar e o f Raj o ut o r igi n t h o ugh t h i s o r igi n i s a l s o cl a i me d by s e v e r a l

,

ot h e r s T r a di t i o n a v e r s t h a t th e K a t h ar ia s on c e r ul e d a l ar g e p a r t o f
.

* In l
D e h i t h e a s li s e ct i o n s a r e s a i d t o b e - Ch e ch i
, N i k adi, G o r s i , a n d K e ggi n g
( t h e h a f ) A l
n d i n K ar n é l t h e
. 2% se ct i o n s a r e sai d t o b e t h e G o r s i , Cbe ch i a n d
l
K a s an a ( th e h a f) But t h e Ch e ch i a r e s a id, i n G uj r é t , t o be b y o r i g i n K h a t anas , so
.

l
th at th e a cco u n t s g e n e r a l y ag r e e i n r e p r e s e n t i ng t h e G o r s i , K a san a a n d K h a t an a a s t h e
3 or i g i n a G u ar lclan s j
S e e ra st o r i e s a r e v l
t o d t o e xp a i n t h e i r p r o -e mi n e n ce
. l l .

f h us i n L udh ian a’ i t i s s a id t h at J ag p a , G o r si , a n d A a y a , K h a t an a , s ucce s s f u y

r
l b ll
j
l e ni s t e d R a a J a g s f a th e r , U da D i p , i n a m o ck ca m p a i g n f o r 3 y e a r s , Wh i e Nan du
.
. l
L ti l, Bar g a t , g a e i n a f t e r a f e w m On t h s — h e n ce h i s c a n w a s ca e d t h e h a f
v l ll l .

II“ t h e J h e lu m G a ze tte e r t h e 1311 31 7 9 3 05 50 ) a r e s ai d t o be de s ce n da nt s o f S h ai k h

Nath a, of t h e Manik h iala f a mi ly , w h o fl e d f r om h i s h ome af te r kil i n a k i ns me n a nd
‘
l g ,

di e d i n t he odour o f s ancti ty .
316 G uj ar Obser van ce s.

or due s ar e p ai d t o b o th th e se f un c ti o n ar i e s at b e tr o th a l a nd th e ot h er
h al f at t h e la g a n, wh e r e as J fits p a y t h e w h ol e a t be t r ot h a l .

A da y b e fo r e t h e w e ddi n g ma dh a w or ship is h e ld th e b e a m
or tw o ,

o f a pl o ugh b e i n g pi t ch e d b e f o r e t h e h o u s e do or wi t h a li t t l e s t ra w t i e d

t o i t s to p A l a r g e e a r t h e n ja r wi t h a s ma l le r o n e f ul l o f w a t e r o n t o p
.

o f i t i s a l s o p l a c e d b e s i de t h e b e am a r e d t h r e a d (ka ldw a ) b e in g ,

f a s t e n e d r o u n d t h e u p p e r m o st p o t Cl e a r l y t hi s i s a f e r t ili t y ch ar m.
,

a nd th e usag e doe s no t i mply t h a t t h e G uj a r s a r e d e v o te d t o ag r icul

t ur e .

In H o shia r p ur th e G uj ar s h av e a c ur i o us c us to m a t w e ddi n gs .

’
M o n e y c a ll e d m udda j i m p a i y a or m a dda a t o n e r up e e p e r so ul i s
, ,

gi v e n by w e ll t o do G uj a r s o n s uch a n o cc a si on t o e v e ry Mir a s i p r e s e nt
- -
,

r e g a r dl e ss o f a g e o r se x a n d a p r e g n a n t Mi r a s a n g e t s t w o
,
r upe e s o ne ,

f or e a c h li f e Wh e n a G uj ar a t a s o n s w e ddi ng giv e s t hi s mo n e y t o t he
.
’

Mi asi s of c e r ta i n s p e ci fi e d G uj a r ge ts i t i s ca ll e d bh dj z a n d o n t h e
'

r
,

w e ddi n g o f a n y boy o f th o s e s p e c i fi e d g ate th e Mi r a si o f t h e G uj ar w h o

j
'

g a v e t h e o r igi n a l bh d t is e n t i tl e d t o a r u p e e A a a r w h o giv es .

mudda j i r up a i y a i s h e ld i n hig h e s t e e m so ci a lly a n d th e Mir as i s s tyl e

h im gh ar bh dn kci dulci o r o n e w h o i s g e n e r ou s e v e n t o t h e child i n th e
‘

’
w om b .

T h e G uj ar s of Na k o d ar t ah s il i n J ul l un dur h a v e th e f o ll o win g c usto m

(call e d p i n dw a ln a ) a t ma r r ia g e s a s ur viv a l o f m a rr i a g e by c a p tur e
, .

T h e y o u n g m e n o f t h e b r id e g r o o m s p a r t y g a llo p r o un d t h e vill a ge
’
' ,
t h o se o f t h e b r id e s p ar t y e n d e a v o ur t o p r e v e n t
’
s o a s t o e n ci r cl e it
t hi s . If a n y o n e o f t h e f or me r s u cc e e d s i n c o mpl e t i n g t h e ci r cl e h e i s ,

gi v e n a pr e s e n t by t h e b r i de s p a r e nt s A n o t h e r c ust om i s fo r t h e
’
.
,

r id e g r o o m s f a m il
’
g i r l s o f t h e b r i de or b y t o t r
y a nd p r e v e n t o n e o f
t h e i r b r o th e r s i n la w f r o m ligh t i n g t h e fi r e o n which f o o d f o r t h e
- -

ma r r i a ge fe a s t i s t o be c o o k e d If h e s u cc e e d s h e i s r e w a r d e d by a
.
,

f m t icl f d Thi c t m i c ll e j h ot ll
d ca bh a t h i “ E
pr e e n t o e r e o e s s s u
s o s a r s s . a o -
.

In G u r da spur th e M uh a mma d a n G uj a r s dat e t h e i r co n v e r s i o n f r om

Hi n d ui m t o t h e t i me o f A u r un gze b Th e y t i ll o b s e r v e Hi n d u r i t e s
s s
,

and n o t h e bi r t h o f a s o n t h e w o me n m a k e a n id o l o f co w d u n g -

(g o var d h a n ) w hich i s w o r shipp e d

,
T h e bi r t h o f a s o n i s a n e xp e n s iv e
.

e v e n t as b e s id e s t h e Q a z i a n d Mi r a s i w h o a r e f e e d t h e child s s i s t e r ’ ’
, ,

a n d p a t e r n a l a u n t g e t cl o th e s a n d a sh e buff a l o o r mo n e y a n d t h e G a ur -
,

B r a h ma n s t ill vi s i t s s o me f a m i l i e s a s a p ur o hi t t o bl e ss t h e chil d s f a t h e r ’

by p l a c i n g da b g r a s s o n h i s h e d A t a w e ddi n g t o o h e o b s e r v e s t hi s
a .

r i t e b u t t h e ch a u ka i s m a d e by a Mi r a s i
,
H e r e i n th e bo y i s se a te d o n a .

b a s k e t b e fo r e h e d o n s h i s w e ddi n g g ar me n t s a n d s e t s o u t f o r t h e b r id e s
,
’

h ou se N G uj a r i s a ll o w e d t o ma r r y i n h i s o w n got b ut t h e Bh a t i a
.
o
,

h a v e g iv e n u p t hi s r e s t r i ct i o n a n d ge n e r a lly Hi n d u c usto ms a r e dyi ng

,

o ut a m n g th e M uh a mm a d a n s e ct i o n s
o .

In G uj r a t t h e c u s t o ms o f t h e M uh a mma d a n G uj a r s a r e i n g e n e r al
s i m il a r t o th o s e o f t h e M u h a m ma da n Ja t s but a f t e r a b i r t h o n t h e ,

dna t ca n da y w h e n t h e m t h e r b a th e s a n d l e a ve s t h e pl a c e o f h e r
,
o

c on fi n e me n t a B r ah man c o me s a n d ma k e s a s qu ar e (ch a uka ) o n w hi ch

,

a di w é m a d e o f am (fl o ur ) i s ligh t e d
,
Big r o ti s to o ar e co ok e d e a ch a .

t p
o a i n w e igh t a n d giv e n t o t h e me n i a l s
, T h e B r ah man a lso g e t s a .

But th is custo m i s not confined to th e G uj ar s . It e xi sts among th e Means al so .

 Guj a/r cults . 317
top a o f dtd . In famili e s h a lw d is c oo k e d as w e ll , bu t i t i s
res p ectabl e
e a t e n o nly by pe r so n s o f t h e s a m e b o ne , 73 e , o f th e s a me go t
”

Ma rr i e d da ugh t e r s c a n n o t e a t t his h a lw d b e c ause t h e y ha ve l e f t t h e

. .
.
.

g t,
o o r s e c t io n If a s on s wi fe is a w a y a t h e r p a r e n t s h o us e h e r s h a r e
.
’ ’

i s s e nt h e r , b ut n on e o f h e r
p ar e n t s f a mily can e a t i t
’
.

Mi lmi i s no t o b se r v e d at a m a r r i a ge by
but t h e y t h e G uj r a t G u j ars ,
o b se r v e t h e da w a , o r
‘
i mi tatio n i ns te a d Be fo r e th e w e ddi n g p r o .

c e s i o n l e v s t e r de g m h o s e , th e Mir a s i o f t h e b r id e s f a mily
s a e h b i r o o
’
s u ’

o e s to s e e w h a t t h e n u mb e r s o f t h e p r o c e s s i o n w il l be a n d s o o n He
g .

g e t s a p r e s e n t a n d r e tur n s , a f t e r w hich th e w e ddi ng p r o c e s s i o n s ta r t s

f o r t h e br id e s h o u se T h e G uj a r s a l s o h a v e a da r r o r cus to i n o f a
’

h
y
.

me n t t o t h e Mir asi s o f p a r t ic ul a r f a m ili e s , b u t i t i s d on e o n ly by t o s e

f amfl ie s , n o t by a ll G uj a r s , w h e r e a s t h e Ja ts h a v e t h e i r r a t h a ch dm
’

which may be d o n e by a n y o n e w h o ch oo s e s T h e da r r h a s a l r e a d y .

b e e n de s c r ib e d S o me t h r e e o r fo ur w e e k s b e fo r e t h e w e ddi n g t h e g a la
.

c e r e mo n y i s a l so o bs e r v e d G a la me a n s a h a n d f ul o f g r a i n w h ic h i s
.

n to th e ch a ki m ll T h la ma r k s t h e c o mm e n c e me n t o f t h
p u t i ( i
) e g a .
e
w e ddi n g a n d i s ce l e b r at e d , af t e r t h e w ome n o f t h e bi r a dr i h av e '

a s s e m bl e d , by g r i n di n g fi ve p a r op zs o f g r a i n a n d p ut t i n g t h e (i ts i nt o
'

a p i t ch e r r o un d w hich ma u li t h r e a d h a s b e e n t i e d A mo n g st Hi n d us .

t hi s m a u li i s fi r s t t i e d n o t o n ly t o t h e p i t ch e r but to t h e ch a kz, p e s tl e
‘

an d m or ta r , ch h aj , e t c , a s w e ll , a n d t h e n t h e ci t é a n d ot h e r ar t i cl e s
.

r e qui r e d f o r t h e w e ddi n g a r e g o t to g e th e r .

As a c a st e th e Hi n d u G uj a r s a p pe a r t o h a ve n o s p e ci a l c ul t s, th o ugh
in G ur ga o n t h e y f e r v e n t ly c e l e b r a t e t h e G o r dh a n f e s t iv a l , bu t i t i s a .

Hin d u, n o t a sp e ci al G uj a r , f ete In Hi ssa r Bh ai r on o r K h e tr p al, a s a

.

vill a ge d e i t y , i s th e i r c h i e f o bj e c t o f w o r sh i p T h e t r a di t i on i s th a t .

he w a s b o r n o f a vi r gi n H i s ch i e f s.h r i n e i s a t A h r or
(n ea r R e w a r i i n
wh m f t h Hi a r G uj a r s t t d a gr e a t f e s t iv a l
Gu r g a o n
) e r e a n
y o e s s a e n

h e ld i n h i s h o n our i ri F e b r u a r y .

Th e M uh a m mad a n G uj a r s of H a za r a h a v e a cu r o us i l e g e n d w hi ch
c ll
re a s th ose o f D r i s, t h e P r o p h e t a n d o f,
H a z r a t G h a u s o f t h e Ch i h lt a n

Q tt * T h i c t r Na n d Mih r t h l t u se d
mou n t a i n n e a r u e a . e r a n e s o e y r e a e
, ,

v
to se r e t h e P r o p h e t a n d o n c e g a v e h i m a dr a u gh t o f w a t e r w hil e a t

m i d t f lfil h v e ry WI l n d N a n d Mih r
pr a y e r T h e P ph
.
r o e t p r o s e o u i s e S l a

k d h i f m igh t h h i m hild so t h e P r o h e t gav e h im

t at h i p
s w e e a r c ren ,
as e
ch i f h t t b t h d d n o t e a t it T h i s o cc u r r e d
a ar m (t a w z ) o r e r o e a u ,
s e i .

h i y i i d h t h P h t g v e N a n d th e f o r t i e t h ch a r m
t r t n n e t me s
o e a
- a n
,
w e n e r
p
I d s h e bo r e m
d
h e ma e h i s w f e a i e t t h e m a l l a t o n c e n . ue c o u r se

r t th e m a ll b a n d M i h r
h i

fo r t y child r e n b ut ,
fi n di n g t h a t h e c o u ld n o t S u
pp o
l
a n d b ui l t a h o u s e
d hi y
t rt n ne o i f t h e m a d r i f t Th e y p r os p e r e d
t u rn e - .

i n to w hi ch t h e y w o uld n ot a d mi t t h e i r un n a t ur a l f a th e r , s o h e o n t h e ,

’
Pr o ph e t s a dvic e s u r r e n d e r e d t o t h e m h i s r e m a i n i ng son al so .

,
c d h y d t b f u d n ot h e r a r t s of
D e s e n an t s o f t e s e f t n
o r s o n s a r e s a i o e o i
p
j b K as mh i b t t i H a i t s l f s a v e a s i m m ig r a nt s
t h e Pun a a n d r u n o n a z ra e ,
.

By o cc u a ti on th e G u ja r s a r e e ss e n t i all y a p a st o r a l r a c e so much so ,
p ’

h
t a t i n t h e G o j r a G u j r a t ) s o m e hi g l k
t n i e s r e g u
li m o s t a s i f f o r a
a r s za
p a i s o
b se r e
v d
d h of a b l
u ffa o t h w o m e n m o u r n i n g f o r t al
on th e e at e ,

Masso n Tra ve ls , LOn don ,

'

Ba loch e s , 1 6 9, a nd s
D a m e s Pop ula r Poe tr y f the p
’
o
See
.

I, p 85
1 844, I . ,
31 8 s igm a 09 Bids ‘
.

h uman b e i ng A s i mil a r c us to m i s n ot e d i n A t to ck
.
which D i str ic t ,
in -

o me n m
w wi h v il d f c pi g v t h d ath
ay o f te n b t
th e e s e e n e e a e s w e e n o e r e e

o f a milch b uff a l o .

In o s h r ur G u a r ome a e
H ia p j w i g t u s t a s w e t n u r s e s a n d -
n r n r e a r e q e

d w e ll e r s i n t o w n s f r e q ue n t l y p ut o ut child r e n to n ur se Wi th t h e m fo r a
y e a r o r mor e i n o r d e r t h a t t h e y m ay g w p r o u s t r o n g S o m e G u j ar s .

ill ll h i w m i t h t w wi t h m ilk a n d r e ga r d
w n o t a ow t e r o e n t o g o n t o e o n s ,

t f m t h e m
h lv p i
t e ms e e s as su e r o r t o t o se w h o h a ll o w t hi s p r a c ic e r e u s g ,

h
t e r i d h
a ug te r s i n m a r r i a g e T h e f
. r e e d o m o f G u j a r w o m e n i n t h i s

e c t h a s giv e n r i s e t o a g e n e r a l id e a t h a t t h e y a r e i mmo r a l
resp
.

j
In dr e s s t h e G u a r s a r e n o t di st i g i h d by m k d e c uli a ri
n u s e a n
y a r e
p
i
t es . l n G ur g a o n i t i s s a id t h a t t h e G u j r i d r e s s e s lik e a K a n Il wh i ch
J
‘
,

r e mi n d s o n e o f t h e p r o v e r b

Z a mi n ba y a k s d l ba nj ar s h a w a d,
G uj a r be y a k n u kta K a nj a r s h a w a d,
b e c o me s w a st e
In o n e y e ar l a n d ,

By o ne do t G uj ar b e c o me s K a nj a r ’ ’

a n d p r o b a bly i s j us t a s n e a r t h e t r ut h In K a r n al t h e w om e n We a v e .

ch a ng e, b ot h fi n e (d h o ta r ) a n d c o a r s e (g i ij h a) o f c o t t o n a n d i t i s u s ually r
, ,

dy e d bl u e o r r e d a n d t h e n p r i nt e d In N abh a t h e y a r e s a id n o t t o
,
.

w e a r g old o r n a m e n ts .

T h e G uj a r s i n B a ha w a l p u r h a v e a h e r e di ta r y r e p r e s e n t ati v e (p ag ban d)
w h o p r e s id e s a t w e ddi n g s a n d f un e r a l s bu t h e e xe r ci s e s n o p o w e r s a n d ,

r e c e i v e s no fe e s .

Th e di al e c t o f t h e G uj a r s i s G uj ar i o r G o j ar i It h a s s tr o ng
a ffi n i t i e s w i th t h e l a n g ua g e o f J a i pu r a n d i s a k i n t o Ra a s t ha n i
j G uj a r i .

i s s p o k e n by t h e Hi ma l a y a n G uj a r s i n cl u di n g t h o s e o f t h e Si w al ik i n
,

H oshia r pur but e l se wh e re t h e G uj a r s g e n e r ally s p e a k t h e d ia l e c ts o f

,

t h e p e o pl e a mo n g s t w h om t h e y d w e ll 1
‘

G GJ A RAT I o r Bia s a r e d e sc r ib e d b y S i r D e n zil I bb e t so n as

, , B r a h ma ns w h o
c a m e fr om G uj a r a t i n Si n dh a r e i n some r e s p e c ts t h e h i gh e s t cl a s s o f
,

a ll B r a h m an s ; t h e y a r e a l w a y s f e d fi r s t ; a n d t h e y bl e s s a G a u r wh e n .

t h e y m e e t h im w hil e t h e y will n o t e a t or di n a r y b r e a d f r o m h i s h an ds
, .

T h e y a r e f e d o n t h e 1 2t h da y a f t e r d e a th a n d t h e G a u r s will n ot e a t ,

o n th e 1 3 th day i f t hi s h a s n o t b e e n d o n e But t h e y t ake i n au s p ici o us .

o ff e r i n g s . T o t h e m a p p e r ta i n e s p e ci a lly t h e Rah u o fi e r in g s ma de a t
a n e cl i p s e Th e y w ill n o t t a k e o i l s e s a m e g o a ts o r g r e e n o r di r ty
.
, , ,

cl oth e s ; but w il l t a k e o ld cl o t h e s if w a sh e d b uff al o e s a n d s a tn dj a , , .

Th e y a l so t a k e a spe cia l o ff e r i n g to Rah u ma de by a sick p e r son w h o ,

p ut s go ld i n g h i l o o k s a t h is f a c e i n it a n d giv e s i t t o a G ii jar ati o r

, ,
’

w h o w e igh s h i ms e l f a g a i n st s a tn a ya a n d m a k e s a n o ffe r i n o f t h e g fa i n g ‘
.

A bu lf alo w hi c h h a s b e e n p o s s sse d by a de vi l to t h a t dz r e e t h a t h e
e o
o
h as got o n t o t h t o p o f a h ous e ( n o di ffi c ul t f e a t i n a vi lla e
) or a
e o
'

fo a l d r o pp e d i n t h e mo n t h o f s a w a n o r a b uff a l o c a l f i n Me h
gi v e n t o th e G uj ar ati a s b e i n g un l ucky No G a u r w ould t a k e th e m
E are
.
,

A t e v e r y li ar V e s t t h e G ii j a r at i t a k e s a s ma ll a ll o w a
’

n c e (s e or i ) o f g r a i n
f r o m t h e t h r e shi n g fl oo r jus t a s d o e s t h e G a u r
”
, T h e divi s i o n s o f t h e .

G fij a r at i ar e d e s c r i be d o n pp 1 40 1 s up r a .
-
.

Ho sh i ar p ur S R . 1 885 , p 54
.
, . .

1
'
Ce n sus R ep or t, In di a, 1 90 3, p 3 .
320 G u la h i r a Gur chan i .

o f th e G r a nth a s a cc o r d e d wi t h h i s o w n vi e w s Th e G u la bd a s i s d o n o t .

f r e q ue n t t h e o r d ai n r y f a i r s b u t h a v e a l a r g e g a t h e r i n g o f ,
t h e i r o w n
,
which l a s ts s ix day s d ur i n g t he Ho li Th e a uth or of th e Panj ci bt ,
.

Di cti o n a r y s a y s t h a t G u l ab D a s i n cli n e d o n t h e wh o l e t o w a r ds

a n th e i s m
p .

G U L A B IR A f e m -i a v a gab on d
,
.
,
.

G U L é M s e e G h ulam
,
.

G U L E R AH, s ee G ol ar a .

G U L HA R I, G U L HAR IA, a se c t i on of t h e Ar o rés , a ma n of t h at se ct i o n ( Punj a bi

,

D i e ty , p 4 1 0 ‘. .

G U MHAR, sec Kum ha r .

G U MR ANi , a cl a n of P a tha n s f o un d i n th e N o w sh e r a t a h s il of P e sh aw a r .

G U NDI-NAWA Z A N, t h e wh i t e p a r ty i n t h e M a r w at p l a i n o f B a nn u s e e d
un e r
S p i n T h e bl a c k o r T o r p a r ty i s k n o w n a s t h e G un di -A b e zar
.
.

G U NJ i A L , an a g r ic u l tur a l cl a n f o un d i n S hahp ur .

G U BZf i ,
a Ja ts w h o w e r e o r igi n a lly Raj p uts T h e y cl a i m t o h ave
t r ib e o f .

a c u i r e d t h e i r l a n d s f r o m N a w ah G ha z i Kha n t o w h o m t h e y p r e s e n t e d
q
a v a l ua bl e h o r s e a n d h e g a v e t h e m a s much l a n d a s t h e y c oul d c o mpa ss
,

i n a day an d a n igh t (Pun

j abi D i e ty p .
, .

G U R AY A s ee G o r ay a
,
.

G U R BU Z , i mp or ta n t Pa tha n t r i be which a cc o mp an i e d t h e WA Z I R i n
an un ,

t h e i r m o v e me n t s an d o n ce o cc upi e d t h e hill s b e t w e e n t h e i r M a h sud

,

a n d D a r v e s h Kh e l b r e th r e n wh e r e t h e y di s p ut e d th e p o s s e s s i o n o f t h e
,

G h a bba r p e a k w i t h t h e Bit a n n i Th e y h a v e n o w r e tur n e d t o t h e i r

.
.

o r igi n a l se a t w e s t o f t h e Kh o s t r a n g e a n d n o r t h o f t h e D a w a r i w h o
,

h o ld t h e t r a n s b o r d e r b an k s o f th e To chi r iv e r
-
.

G U RCHAN I, gan i ze d BAL O C H ti l/man o w n th e Mar i a n d D r agal

a n or ,

hill s a nd t h e i r b o un dar y e x t e n ds f ur th e r i nto th e mo un t ai n s t h a n t h at

,

o f a n y o t h e r o f t h e t r ib e s s ubj e c t t o u s ; w hil e t h e i r t e r r i to r y d oe s n o t

e x t e n d m uch t o th e e a st o f t h e S ulai man s Th e y a r e divid e d i n to e l e v e n .

cl a n s o f w hich t h e chie f a r e th e D ur kan i S h e k an i L a shar i (a sub

, ,

tuman ) Pi t afi J i s a tkan i a n d S a b z a n i
, , T h e l a s t f o ur a r e t r ue Ba l o ch
, .

a n d t h e l ast t h r e e Ri n ds t h e r e m a i n de r o f t h e t r ib e b e i n g s a id t o h a v e
d e s c e n d e d f r o i n G o r ish a g r a n d s o n o f Raj a Bh i m s e n of Ha id ar abad,
,

w h o w a s a d o p t e d by t h e B a l o ch a n d m a r r i e d a m o n g t h e m He i s .

s a id t o h a v e a cc o m pa ni e d Hum ay ii n t o
’

D e lhi a n d o n h i s r e t ur n t o ,

h a ve coll e c t e d a B al o ch f o ll o w i n g a n d e j e c te d th e P a than h old e r s f r om

t h e p r e se n t G ur cha n i h oldi n g s It i s not i mp o ss ibl e t h a t a c on sid e r .

a b le n u m b e r o f t h e L a s ha r i cl a n w h o a r e n o t t o o p r o u d o f t h e i r a ffi li a ,

t i o n to t h e G ur cha n i may h a v e r e t ur n e d t h e mse lv e s a s L a s ha ri s i mply

,

an d s o h a v e b ee n i n cl ud e d i n t h e L a sh a r i tr ib e T h e Wh o l e of t h d .

D ur kan i a n d a b o u t h a l f o f th e L a sha r i l i v e b e y o n d o ur b o r d e r a n d ar e
n o t s ubj e c t t o u s s a v e t h r o ugh t h e i r c on n e c t i o n wi t h th e t r ib e T he .

a:
D ame s accoun t i s di ffer e nt
’
He say s th at th e p r incip a1 ar t f th e i l lbe ls l dal tlle o

g g if
. .

S y ah ph ad/t Dur k ni e ing Bi nds , an d th e Pi tafi, J og é

a b 311 Ch ng a e r obal P
’

ar tly
m
R i nds l
w hi e th e L ash ari s (e xce p t th e G ah ols and Bhands
Lash ar i s ; and the S uh r i ams and Holaw ani s are Bule thi s
)’an d t h e stk a i S ar e J i h
.
 Gur dali —Gatkd . 321

la tte r is th e mo s t t ur b ul e nt o f a ll th e cl an s , a n d th e y an d th e Pitafi
use d t o r iv a l t h e K h o s a t r ib e i n l aw l e s s n e s s o f c o n d uc t Th e y w e r e .

gi v e n f r e s h l a n d s p r i o r t o 1 88! an d g r a d ually s e t t l e d do w n T h e y a r e .

o n ly f o un d i n D e r a G ha zi, a n d h av e t h e i r h e a d qua r t e rs a t Lalg a r h , -

n e ar H ar ra n d , i n t h a t D is tr ic t Th e r e is a l so a G ur cha ni cl an amon g.

th e L un d s of S o r i .

G U R DAL I, a B al o ch cla n (a g r ic ul tur al ) f o un d in M o n tg o me r y .

GU R K E, a n
(ag r ic ul t u r al ) f o un d in M o n t g om e r y
A r a i u cl a n .

G U BK HS — Th e r uli n g a n d mili ta r y r a c e o f Ne pal o nly f o un d i n th e P un j a b

.
,

as me m b e r s o f o u r G ur kh a r e gi m e n ts T h e G ur kh a i n v a s i o n w ill be .

f o u n d d e sc r ib e d i n t h e S i r mi i r G a ze tte e r p p 1 6 — 1 8 t h e S i mla ,
.
,

G a z e tte er , a n d t h e Kan g r a S e t tle men t R ep or t by S ir J a m e s Ly a ll 82 , , ,

b ut i t l e f t p r a ct ic a lly n o t r a c e s o n t h e e t h n ic e l e m e n t s o f t h e P un j a b
Hi ma l a y a s T h e G ur kh a s a r e of m ix d A r y a n a n d M o n goli an bloo d
. e .

A n i n t e r e s t i n g a cc o un t o f t h e m w ill b e f o un d i n H o dgso n s E ss a ys
’
,

a n d t h e i r o r ga n i s a t i o n which i n s o me r e s e c ts
p close ly r e p ro d uc e s
ph e n o me n a f o un d i n t h e Hi n d u c a s te s o f t h e P un j ab is de s c r ib e d in ,

V a n s i t t a r t s w or k
’
.

G U BMA NG A n i n s ig n ific an t cl a s s o f cr i m i n a l s f o un d i n th e Raw alpi n d i

.
-

di st ri c t wh e r e so me o f t h e m a r e r e gi s t e r e d as c r i mi n a l s
,
.

G U R MANI, a B A LOCH t r ib e c
s a t te r e d t h rough D e r a s G ha z i an d I smai l Kha n
a n d Muza fi a r g a r h .

G U BRA o n C HAMAR WA —Th o B r ah ma n s w h o mi n i s te r t o th e Ch a ma r s A h e r i s

.
, ,

a n d o th e r o ut c a s t s Th e y a r e n o t r e c o gn i ze d a s B r ah man s by t h e o t h e r
.

cl as s e s ; an d t ho ugh t h e y w e a r t h e s a c r e d t h r e a d i t i s p e r h a ps p ossibl e
t h a t t h e i r cl a i m t o B r a h ma n o r i gi n i s un f o u n d e d Y e t o n th e wh o l e i t .

se e ms m os t p r o b a bl e t h a t t h e y a r e t r ue B r a h m a n s by d e c e n t b ut h a v e s
,

f a ll e n f r o m t h e i r h ig h p o s i t i o n Th e y a r e o f t e n ca ll e d Ch a ma r w a s u dhs
. .

) f i o me r y
G U RUN ,
a Hi n d u cl a J at
n
( a g r ic u l t u r a l o u n d n M o n t g .

G U RZ AM R o r R e fi n — O n e o f t h e i r r e g u l ar M u h a mmada n o r de r s s a id t o ,

h av e b e e n f o u n d e d by o n e S a yy i d A h m a d K a b i r I t i s s o c a ll e d fr o m .

t h e fa t c t h t i t s a m e m b e r s e x c i t e t h e C O m p S S i O ii o f t h e p u blic by
a

b e a t i n g t h e i r b r e a sts w i t h s tudd e d m a e s (g u r z) Th y a l so c a r r y t
-
.
i

b i ch i n which t h y h a n dl e ew h en r e d h o t a n d k n i v es a n d -

a o ut r on a s ,

da e gg r s a n d n e e dl e s w hi c h t h e
y t h r u s t t h r o u
g h t h e i r fl e sh T h e .

m h ck
a ut h o r of t h e Q é n zi n i I s l i {a - e
- t r l a t i ng t o S eo ut h e r n I n di a
)
giv e s s o m e d e ta il s o f t h e i r po w e r s : t h e y l e v e l blo w s a t t h e i r ba ck s
i h h i d h i h gh h i d t o h e i r ey e s
w t t e r sw o s t rr u s t a S
,p t t r o u t e r S i e s o r i n
t ,

b o t h o f w hich t h e y t a k e o u t a nd p ut in a gai n ; o r o ut o u t th e i t O ng n g r e
,

hich b i g r e l a c e d i n t h e r m o u t h s i r e u n i t e N ay t h e
y e v en
w on e n p ,
.
,
,

v
se e r th e h ea d f r om t h e b o d y a n d gl u e t h e m t o g e t h e r a g a in w ith

sa liv a a n d s
,
o o n a d n a u s e a
,
m .

ll l i m b f t h B h ll t i n o f th e
so me 6 0 s e c o
GU T K A a ,
s m a s e p t ,
s o u s n n u e r o e a ,

d dia v ll g i L h T h y d s ce n da n ts o f
Ja ts f o un i n B a r a a i a e ,
n r e a e oa r e e .

l e n i ck i i a ni e o f G u t ka
i h Sikh J ta h d t
O e G ur b a kh s h
S ng a w e a r n e o
i i ,

i h i t e s m t In
a c o ll e ct i o n o f a ll t h a t i s b a d by h s l V n n ; o ( n s lt g i

b e for e th e B r i t i sh co n qu e s t o f th e P j b : u n a H e o w n c d l i t t l e
l a n d a nd ,

f m
.

ove r ty c o mp e ll e d h i s de s c e n d na t s t o c o n t i n u e h i s c a r e e r o c r i e .

p
322 Gydni h -Gw ar
’
.

G r i m, on e p osse ss i ng divi ne k n o w l e dg e a sag e f r om gydn divine k now

, , ,

l e dge or r e ligi ou s me di t at i on a mon g th e Sikh s a tr adi t i o n a l i nt e r p r e ter

of t h e G r a n th .

G Y AZ HING PA, see Ch ah z a ng .

G WAL A, an o cc upa t i o na l te r m for a Hi nd u c o wh e r d an d s h e ph e r d In th e .

P u nj ab a Hi n d u m ilk man b ut te r m a k e r a n d co w h e r d i s c all e d a g wdlri

,
-

a n d i s ge n e r a lly by c a s t e a n A hi r * ; b ut i f a M uh a mm a da n h e w o ul d ,

T h e A h i r g w dlae o f
'

b e c all e d a g h ost a n d i s o f te n a G uj ar by t r ib e .

t h e P un j a b u se d t o buy milk l ar g e l y o f t h e gh osts f o r b u tt e r m a ki n g -

,

o f w hich t h e y h a d t h e mono p oly Till t h e M uti n y th e gh os ts w e r e

.

s i mply milk s e ll e r s
-
b ut a lt e r i t t h e y t oo k t o b u tt e r ma ki n g a l s o
,
- .

Hi n dus w il l buy milk of a Hi n d u 916 6 16 o r a M uh ammad an gh ost but , ,

n ot o f th el a t te r i f w a t e r h a s b e e n mi x e d w i th t h e m i lk a s t h e w a te r .

w o u ld d e fi le th e m Wh e n g w ci li s p ur ch a s e m ilk o f M uh a mma d an
.
'
t

h os i s t o m a k e b u t t e r th e y a r e s u p o s e d t o s e e t h e co w m i lk e d
g p .

L
G w as fi G WARIA, a n o ma d c ast eHi n d us low i n th e so ci a l sc al e a n d sa id
of , ,

to b e b r o k e n d o w n Banjar a s w h o h a vi n g l ost t h e i r c at tl e an d o th e r
-

p r o p e r t y h av e t a k e n t o w ick e r w o r k a n d l e a d a gip y e xi s t e nc e s But .

o th e r a cc o u nt s ma k e t h e m a n o ffsh o o t o f th e Sa n s i s o r Na ts Th e y .

a l so ma k e s tr ict o r s cr e e n s of r e e d a n d s e t mi ll s to n e s In Hi s s a r .

p o p ular l e g e n d m a k e s t h e m de sc e n da n t s of a Bh i l w o man by a Rajp ut ,

a n d i n t hi s D i s tr i ct t h e y a r e se tt l e d i n Ha n s i a n d Bhi w a n i t a h s i ls ,

e n g a g e d i n o r di na r y l ab o ur a s w e ll a s ma t m a ki n g an d de sc r ib e d
-
,

a s i n t e r m a r r yi n g w i th Ba njar a s Th e y a r e c o n fi ne d to t h e s out h east

.
-

D i s tr ic ts o f t h e P un j a b

F o r th e G w élbans of th e Ah ir s se e unde r Ah i r .
‘
bl
1 Possi y G aw ar , q xv ,
324 Hail—Hai ti .

R
A s aj puts t e h B a k la s cl a i m to b e P a n w ar s a n d d e r iv e th e i r n a m e ,

f r om R aj a Hik o r Hi k da r w h o o v e r r an a ll I n di a a n d W a s k i n g o f ‘ ’

R aj ut a n a R aj a H a r u h o w e ve r h e ld t h e J a t o h D o ab a n d M a t h r a bu t
p . , , ,

Muh a m m a d f G h o r d po s e d 11 18 s o n an d g r n d s o n fo r a i di n g Kh u sr au
o e a

M lik l a s t o f t h e G h a z n i v id s fl U n d e r t he S i kh s t h e H k las a ga i n
a
,
e
‘
a

r o se t o s om e po w e r Th e i r c hi e f Ch a n d u A h ma d Kh a n r e c o ve r e d
.
,

Za m a n Shah A bd ali s g u n s f r o m t h e Jh e l ’
u m f o r R a n j i t Si n gh a n d
r e ce i v e d a g r a n t o f B a r n al i a n d Bhag o w ith Rs a y e ar Hi s , . . .

g r a n dson Mih r A li s id e d wi th th e B r i ti sh a t Ch ilia n wala

, ,
.

HAL ,
a J ats w h ich o n c e h e l d th e t r a c t no w o cc upi e d by th e Lill as
tr ib e o f
i n th e J h e l um Th al but n o w r e duc e d t o a f e w f a mil i e s
,
E x t e ns iv e .

moun d s w e s t o f Lilla vill a ge mar k t h e s i te o f t h e i r a n ci e n t s e t tl e me n t .

H ALAL K HO R a
- p pli e d t o a cte r m
o n v e r t
a e d s w e e p e r Ch u br a o r a n
y o t h e r , ,
,
c
o ut a s t e w h o h a s e m b r a c e d I s la m a n d o n l y e a t s w h a t i s p e r m i s s ibl e

d
un e r i s t la w P r o p e r ly a cc o r d i n
. g t o t h e P a n
j d b t
,
D tct
y , p 4 2 4 h a lal . .
,
’
kh or o ne w h o e a t s c a r r io n
,
.

HAL AWAT , se e Ah law a t .

HAL I ,
th e ki nn er an d dr e sse r o f hid e s a mon g th e G a ddi tr ib e s He al so
s .

ma k e s sh o e s a n d w e a v e s b a sk e t s o f hill b amb o o a n d m a k e s g re e n l e a f ,

pl a t t e r s Occ a s i o n a l ly t h e Bali r e m o v e s n ig h t s o i l T h e Hal i s a r e

. .

t h e mo s t n ume r o u s a n d i m p or t a n t o f t h e me n i a l c a st e s t h r o u gh o ut
Ch a mb a an d a r e c h i e fly e mpl o y e d i n fi e ld l a b o ur e i th e r a s f a r m ,

s e r v a n t s t o t h e high e r ca s t e s o r a s t e n a n t s Th e y a l so w e a v e p a ttu .

o r w o o ll e n s t uff T h e f oll o wi n g i s a l i s t o f t h e Bali g ots f o un d i n

.

K ang ra

Hali s ar e or cl a i m to be e n d o g amo us an d w oul d n o t a t a ny r a te

Th e , ,

give a d a ugh t e r t o a Badi (w h o w a s n o t a Hali) a D h an g r i a R ih é r a , , .

o r a Sip pi M a r r i a g e i s b ot h i n fa n t a n d a d u l t A ma n may e s p ouse

. .

h i s w i fe s s i s t e r
’
S x ual h e e n se b f o r e mar r i a ge i s n o t t o l e r a t e d e v e n
. e e

i n th e ca s e o f a g h a r j u dn tr zt (t h e g h a r j a w a t o r r e sid e n t s o n in l
’

a w of
- -
- -

th e p l a i ns ) Hali s fo llo w th e G a dd i w e d di n g c us to ms T h e p lai t in o f

t h e b r id s h a i r b e fo r e t h e be d r i t e i s d o ne by t h e b r i d e s m o t h e r ga
.
.

’ ’
nd
e

l h a t don e a f te r i t i s d o n e by h e r mo t h e r i n 1a w
' ‘

i s c a ll e d kh r dr u s tr . - .

a n d i s c a ll e d s u h dg a n s tr P o l y g a my i s all o w e d a n d s o i s div or c e
.

A di v o r cée ca n r e mar r y b u t a w id o w may n o t e s p o us e h e r h usb an d s ’

'

e ld e r b r o t h e r W id o w r e m a r r i a ge i s c e l e b r a t e d b
y t h e W o me n s utti n g
’

la i n h e r no s :
.

a n d h e r h us b a n d s pl a ci n g a hé
’
a dor t o n t h e b r id e ,

Y e t th e I
it laklzi s ar e sai d to h a e accomp ani e d Muh ammad of G h or w h e n h
-

v i
i i tiiiii
o n ‘
H r act i n th e mode r n D i s tr i ct of G u r at me a j
.

He rat ( I t h e r a t t nt P
s e
) F r
zr a s i o i th e Haklé s se e I
.

m n dt a n A n t i qu a r
comp d b y , 1 908, p 209
os e y a . .

t App ar e nt y a s e p a r ate caste l . .

 Hanllan Hdndfilt — .
825
HALL AN a M ah tam cl an (ag r ic ul t ur al foun d i n M ont go me r y
,
) .

HAL WAI , a c o n fe ct i o ne r f r h a lw d a s w e e t m e at m a d e o f flo ur h i a nd s u gar

.
g
.
, , .

H A MAN DK E Kh ar r a l cl a n (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) fo un d i n M o n t gome ry
, a
.

M R a J at cl a n a g r ic ul t ur a l
H A A , ( ) f o un d i n M ul ta n t a h s il .

HA MSR A a J at cl a n (a g r ic ul t ur a l fo un d in M ul a
,
) t n .

AMATH 8. J ay cl an
H , (a gr ic ul t ur a l ) f o u nd in M ul ta n .

A MDANI
H , a S ayyid cl a n (a g r i c ul tu r a l ) f o un d i n M on tg ome r y and A mri tsar .

H amoi , a J at cl a n (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) f o und i n M ul t a n .

H A MO K A ,
an a g r ic ul t ur a l cl a n f o un d i n Sh ahp ur .

HAMS XYA ighb o ur a cli e n t : a s a p p li e d t o a cl a n o n t h e F r on ti e r th e

,
a ne
,

t e r m i mp li e s cli e n t s hi p s ub o r di nat i o n t o a tr ue P a tha n cl a n a nd

, .
, ,
u su a lly Hi n dki o r igi n ,

HA MS Bi BA H Jat cl a n (a g r ic ul t ur al ) fo un d in M ul tan an d in B ahaw a l ur

,
a
p .

HA NBAL I o n e o f t h e f o ur gr e a t s ch ool s o f d o c tr i n e o f th e S un n i Muh a m

,

ma da ns D e s c r ib e d by Mr M a cl a g a n a s “ f o ll o w e r s o f Ibn Ha n ba l
. .

(A D 7 80 . .chi e fl y c o n fi n e d t o t h e n e i g hb o ur h o o d o f B a ghdad
a n d n o t f o un d i n t h e Pun j a b— a t l e a t n on e h a v e b e e n e nte r cd i n o ur s

T h e mo d e r n A h l i H a d i s fo ll o w t o some e x te nt t h e
”
C e n su s r e t u r n s . - -
, ,
t e a chi n g s of t hi s s ch o o l .

HANBI a J at t r ib e w hich h as o n e b r a n ch se ttl e d i n t h e G ur ch an i an d

, ,

a n o th e r i n t h e Tibbi Lu n d c o u n t r y o f tah s i l Ja mp ur in De r a Gha z i

K h an w h e r e f o r p ur po s e s o f t r iba l o r ga n i za ti on t h e y a r e r e ck o n e d as
,

b e l o n gi n g to t h o se t r ib e s T h e t r ib e h a s a d o p te d B al o ch man ne rs .
,
c us to ms a n d d r es s
*
.

H AND A a Hi n d u K a mb o h cl an (a g r ic ul tural ) foun d in Mo ntg ome r y

, .

HANDS a K HAT RI got or s e c ti o n

, .

HANDAL a J é t cl an (a g r ic ul tur a l ) f o un d i n K a pu r th al a A mr i ts a r and i n

, ,

Sialk ot w h e r e i t cl a i ms so l ar Raj p ut o r igi n a n d d e sc e n t f r o m Ram

, ,

Ch an d r a H a nd a l i ts e p o n y m live d i n A j udh ia ; a n d Bar fi ft h i n

.
, , ,

d e s c e nt f r o m h i m b e i n g o u tc a s t e d mig r a te d t o t h e A mr i tsa r di str ic t

,

i n th e P un j a b a n d hi s d e s c e nd an ts ma r r i e d J at wiv e s a n d too k to
a g r ic ul t ur e .

f
H A N DAL a t r ib e o Ja ts
,
.

HAN DALf t h e t h i r d o l d e s t se c t o f th e S ikh s T h e H a n dal i w e re t h e f ollo we r s

,
.

o f Bidh i C h a n d s o n o f Ha n dalt a J at o f t h e ,
Man j h a w h o h a d b e e n ,

c on v e r t e d by A ma r D as t h e t hi r d G ur fi Bi dh i Ch a n d w as a pp a r e n t ly
,
r .

a p r i e s t a t J a n di ala G u r u i n A m r i t s a r w h o w a s a b a n do n e d by h i s
, ,

f o ll o w e r s o n a cc o u n t o f h is u n io n w i t h a M uh a mma d a n w i f e a n d w h o ,

t h e n de vi s e d a cr e e d o f h is o w n He co m p il e d a g r a n th a n d a 72m m .

s okk i i n w h i ch h e e n d e a v o ur e d t o e x a l t H a n dal t o th e r a n k o f ch e f
,
i
a p o s tl e a n d r e l e g a t e G ur uN a n a k t o a s e co n d p la c e 1 r ep r e se n t i n g h i m ,

Pun j a b Cus t o m a r y L a w , X V I p i i .

Macl ag an
.
,

t Hin dal w as th e G ur us coo k, but w as ap p oi nted a ma sa n di 97

’
. .
,

1 He assig ns Nanak s ir th to th e month of Kati k

‘
b .
 H a acye l —Hdne t .

as a m e re fo ll ow e r C h an d die d i n 1 6 5 4 A D a nd
of K ab i r . Bi dh i . .

w a s s ucc e e d e d by D e v i D as h is s o n by h is M u h am mad a n w i f e U n de r
, .

M uh a m m a d an p e r se c uti o n t h e Ha n dali s d e n ie d t h e y w e r e Sikh s o f

N a n a k * a n d s ub s e que n t ly R a n j i t Si n gh d e pr iv e d th e m o f t h e i r l ands
,
.

T h e Ha n dali a r e n o w c a ll e d Ni r a n ja n i s o r w o r s hip p e r s o f G o d un d e r
s ,
“ ”
t h e n a m e o f Ni r a n j a n T h e B r igh t Th e y r e j e c t a ll Hi n du r i te s a t
,
.

w e d di n g s a n d f u n e r a l s p ayi n g n o r e v e r e n c e to B r a h m a n s Th e y h ave
, .

a s p e ci a l ma r r i a g e r i t e o f t h e i r o w n a n d a t f un e r a l s p e r f o r m n o ktr ta ,

h ar m or
p h ul .

HannY E K amb o h cl a n (a g r ic ul t ur al ) f oun d i n A mr i tsa r

,
a

H ANIF IA o n e of t h e g r e a t s ch o o l s o f d o c tr i n e o f th e S un n i M uh a mma d a ns
,
.

Mr M a cl a gan de sc r ib e d t h e m a s f o ll ow e r s o f t h e Imam A bu Ha n i f a
.
“

(A D 6 99 . w h o s e d o c t r i n e s a r e di st i n g ui s h e d by t h e l a t i tud e
.

a ll o w e d t o pr iv a t e j ud g me n t i n th e i n t e r p r e ta t i o n o f t h e law T h e .

p f h S u n n i s o f No r t h e r n I ndi a w h o b e l o n g t o a n
g r e a t e r a r t o t e y s ch o o l
at a ll b e l o n g t o t hi s T h e f o u n d e r o f t h e s ch oo l i s k no w n t o h is
.

f o ll o w e r s a s t h e I m a m A zam o r G r e a t I m a m a nd o ur fi g ur e s f o r ,

Hani fis i n cl ud e t h o s e w h o h av e r e t ur n e d t h e mse lv e s a s a dh e re n t s of t h e
I mam A z am .

H ar ma n a J a ; cl a n
, (a g r ic ul tur a l ) f o un d i n M ul t a n .

H ANJ I
-
, fe m .
- A N, a bo a t man , a c a s te in K a sh mi r
HA NJ RA a M uh a mmad a n J at cl a n (a g r ic ul tur a l ) f oun d i n M ont gome r y
,

(d o ub tl e s s H i n j r a ) .

HANJ R Zuc a J at cla n (a g r i c ul tur al ) f o un d in A mr i tsa r (d o ub tl e ss H i nj r a)

, .

H ANNI cl an o f t h e K o d a i K a r lan r i P a th a n s a ffili a te d t o t h e M a n g al but

, a , ,

o f S a y i d o r igi n
y W i t h th e M a n ga l t h e
y l e f t t h e i r K a r lan r i h o me
. i n

Bi r mil c r oss e d t h e S ula iman s i n to t h e mo d e r n B a n n u a n d s e t tl e d i n t h e

,

v a ll e y s of t h e K ur r am an d G a mbil a r iv e r s T h e y w e r e e xp e ll e d by t h e .

Bann fich i P a tha ns a c e n t u r y l a t e r Hav e r ty h o w e v e r ma k e s H o n a i ”

.
, ,

a n d Wa rd a g s o n s o f K o dui s s i s t e r a n d a do p t e d by h i m but h e
’
r e l at e s ,

t h e s t o r y t h a t a S a yy i d a pi o us D ar v e s h S a y y i d Muh amm a d s e t tl e d
, , ,

a mo n g th e Ka rlam ai a n d o th e r P a th a n s a n d t oo k t o w i f e a d a ugh te r
f r o m t he K a r lér nai a n d t w o o t h e r t r i b e s T h e S a yyid o r i gi n o f t h e .

H a nn i t h us app e a r s u n d o ub te d .

B A NOT RA B a B r a h m a n s e p t which mi n i s te r s to t h e M alhi J ats

,
.

Hi r e cl a n f o un d i n J i n d L udhian a M u l tan a n d M on tg ome r y 1

mall J at
‘

,
a s , , .

In th e l a t te r D i st r i ct i t h as a Sidh Bab a S ul a i ma n a t Ha n s t o wh om , , ,

b r id a l p a i r s ma k e o ff e r i n g s T h e n a m e a pp e a r s to be c onn e c te d wi th .

b a ns a s w a n o r g o ose
,
.

HANS AL AE , a J atcl a n (a g r ic ul tu r a l ) fo un d in M ul t a n .

HANBA RAH ,
a J et cl a n (a g r ic ul tur al ) fo un d in M ul t a n .

HANs i ,
an A r a i u cl a n (ag r ic ul tur a l ) f o u n d in A m ri t s a r .

Macl ag an t h e y a r ds o f th e Ni ranj ani actua y took s er i ce w i th A h mad S h éh

97 ) s ay s ll v
A da i and th e r e by dr e w down on t h e mse ve s t e r r i e e ng e ance fr om Ch a r at S ing h a!
b l l bl v
ea y
r l as 1 7 6 2,
w h e n h e at t a c k e d J an di ala .

T I
n t h e se t w o a tte r di s t l
ri cts i t i s c asse d both as a g ) l
t and Rayput ( a ri cu tural , but as J l
i alone, in u tan, and i n L udh i ana. Ml
.

J s ,
328 Hdr m
‘ ’

go ts .

G a un i mar * Ba r n i s .
T
h e i r w ome n use d h
t e h o use s o f w e ll t o
to e nte r-

do p e o p le a s se r v an ts , mi str e s se s o r e v e n w iv e s , a n d e v e n t ua lly p lun d e r

'

th e m i n c oll us i o n wi t h t h e i r mal e r e l ativ e s, w h o o b t ai ne d acc e ss t o th e

’

h ouse i n t h e g ui s e o f f a gzr s .

In t h e i r o w n a r gotc a ll t h e mse lv e s Bahl i V ar ious e xp la

t h e B a rn i s .

n a t ions o f t h e n am e Ha r n i a r e s u g g e st e d f ro m h e i h un t sman f r om h e r r
, ,

a h e r d a n d f ro m h ar a r o a d
,
O th e r s s ay t h a t R a i K all a s o n ic k na me d . .
-

t h e m f r o m h ar m a doe b e c a us e th e y w e r e h is h un ts me n P r o bably ’
’
‘
.
, ,

t h e w or d me an s t hi e f .

T h e Ha r n i go’s a r e n ume r ous, c on s id e r i n g th e sma ll n e ss o f t h e i r

n um b e r s T h e Ha r n i g e n e a l o gi e s a r e r e p or te d to be k e p t by t h e f a mily
.

o f Pi r Shah A bd ul K a r i m a n d a ll t h e i n f o r ma t i o n r e ga r di n g t h e m w a s .

ob ta i n e d i n 1 881 82 f r om t h e l at e Pi r Z a h li r u l- D i n o f D e lh i , h is
’
- -

d e s c e n d an t .

Bh at t i S ejp 61
Nan i or Ch ha j l e or Bhat t i L ak hanpal . S h ai k h p ar h af .

Bhat t i Bh ar i p él o r R ah mir
’
. D h odfi ke or D huddrk e .

R abmasurke . Madahar .

R ah dtr . G ujjar .

Dh adda .

Bh énas . A w an .

Ch auban ? G h 1mi a or G huml a

’

Wélha or Bab li t ‘

L adh ar .

Bh att i Ph fi ski . Padhar .

S ang r i . S h adi w a l .

Nach e L ath i k .

Mfi r f . Bak i .

J i tang .

T he c ur ious po i n t a bo ut t h e se g ate is th at th e f o r e b e ar of e ach i s

s p e cifi e d i n th e t a bl e o f d e s c e n t f r o m Na j a f Kha n A ll t h e se g ote a r e .

d e sc e n d e d fr o m h i s four y o un ge r s o n s T o t h e s e m ust be a dd e d th e .

G ul a n d Pa ch e n k a gote f o un d i n l a p par a n d K i r i r e s p e c t iv e ly Th e
' ‘
.

s up e r i o r i t y o f t h e Bh a t ti go t i s r e c o gn i s e d by pl a ci n g s e v e r a l cl o t h s
.

o v e r t h e c o r p s e o f o n e of i t s m e mb e r s o n i t s j o ur n e y t o th e g r a v e
o th e r Har n i s h a v e t o b e c o n t e n t wi t h a s i n gl e cl o th .

By re Har ni s ar e s tr ic t M uh amma d a n s o f t h e Qadi r ia a n d

ligi o n th e
Ha n ifi a se c ts i t i s s aid a n d f r e qu e n t t h e s h r i n e s o f Sh ah i S h ah i n
, ,

G a gr a o f H a s s u Shah i n Ta p p a r o f Zahi r w as i n Bo da lw ala b e s id e s

, , ,

t h o se o f Shah A bd ul K a r i m i n D e lhi t h e Chi sh t i s h r i n e a t A j me r a n d ,

t h a t o f T ai mfir Sha h i n S ur a t T h e Ha r p i e do n o t h o w e v e r r e f r a i n .
, ,

f r om li quo r .

T h e mal e Har n i a v e r a g e s 5 fe e t 7 i n ch e s i n h e i g h t i s w e l l but n ot

o
,

h e a vi ly b ui l t w 1 r y a n d p e r fe c t ly h e a l thy
, In di s p o si t i o n t h e t r ib e i s .

f r an k a n d o ut sp oke n an d l e s s s e c r e t iv e th an o t h e r c r i mi n al t r i b e s
-
, .

Pr ob ab l y fr o m g a u m , th e Har n i d so me an i ng h i g h w ay man ;
’

w ord for r o ad, an or

ssi b l y f r om g t t m t h eft
’ ’ ‘ ’

p o .

Th e Harni s of
K i r i ar e now w e ll beh a e d, h a i ng
g i e n up t h i e i ng and take n to cu ti a v v v v l v
t ion . l
T h e G auntmar s ar e a s o s ai d by t h e i r f e ow Har m s t o be s o ca le d be cause th e 818W
y ll ’

l
o ne of t h e i r w ome n, name d G auni , on acco un t of h e r f l ai lty F or t h i s r e aso n , and a so l
e cause th e K i r i Har m s C( mnn ttcd o tle nce s t h i nt g h th e i r w cm e n th e ot h e r Har ms h av e
b
'

e a i ng s Wi th G auni mér s and r are y i n te r mar i y wi th t h e m

,

l
. ’

few
gi is w h t lly
a stor
y vl Li ch
incr e ib e .

H a own name for them sel ves, Béhli ,

‘

1 oi th
. e ér ni
 E m ai Hdtikhe l .

From b oyho o d h abi t s o f e n d ur anc e a n d a c ti vi ty a re i n c ulc ate d a nd a

Ha r n i ma n w i l l w a lk 30 or 40 mil e s in a s i ngl e n igh t i n c ar r yi ng o ut a
b ur g l a r y .

HARPAL a b r a n ch of th e A w an s
, .

HAR RAL a Raj pu t t r ib e w hi ch cl a i ms to be d e s c e nd e d f r o m th e s a me

,
,
a n c e s to r Rai Bh up a as t h e Kh ar r a l but by a no th e r s o n a nd to be
, , , ,
Pun w ar Raj p uts w h o c a me f r o m J a i s a l m e r t o Uch a n d th e n c e to
K a mal i a in t h e Mon tgo me r y di s t r ic t Mr S tee d ma n s a id th a t i n Jh a n g
,
.
.
,
wh e r e o n ly t h e y a r e f o u n d o n t h e l e f t b a n k o f t h e U p pe r Ch e na b ,
t r a d i t i o n ma k e s t h e m a b r a n ch o f th e A h i r s a n d t h at t h e y a r e a l mo s t
.

,
t h e w o r s t t hi e v e s i n t h e di s t r ic t o w n i n g l a r e H o o k s a n d h d w hich
g , e r s
t h e y p as t ur e i n th e c e n tr a l s t e
p pe s a n d be i n g ba d c ul tiv a to r s , A n o th e r .

a cc o unt s ay s t h e y w e r e o r igi n a ll
y Bh ntta J ats s e t tl e d a t M a te l a a ,

vill a g e i n Shahp u r w h e n ce t h e y mig r a t e d un d e r t h e i r Pi r Sh ah

,
,
D a ul a t A s s tr ic t M uh a mma d a n s t h e y e mp l o y no Br a h m an s a n d will
.

n o t e a t a n y t hi n g l e f t b
y o n e w h o d o e s n o t p e r fo r m t h e d a ily n i mci z
Ma r r i a g e w i th i n t h e tr ib e is p r e f e r re d but is a ll o w e d w i t h B ai ns
.

, ,
G on d a l S in dh a n Ja ts L ali s L a k e K h a r r a ls e t c
, , In M o n tgo me r y th e
, , , .

H a r r al ( Ha r l ) a r e cl a ss e d a s a J at (a g r ic u l tur al ) t r ib e T h e y a r e all .

M uh amma d a n s in t hi s D i s tr ic t .

HésnL a n a g r ic ul t ur al cl a n f o un d i n Shahp ur
, .

Hns ftm ,
a J at cl an (a gr ic ul tur al ) f oun d in M ul tan .

H AS ANI ,
se e Su m) .

HABA N K HEL w e ll k n o w n s e p t o f th e A da m Kh e l A f r i di s, w hich w i th t h e

,
a

J a w ak k i o cc u p ie s th e r a n g e b e t w e e n K o h a t an d Pe sha w a r f r o m A k o r , ,

w e s t o f th e K oha t Pa s s to th e Kh at a k bo u n d a r y T h e Ha sa n Kh e l .

h old th e so ut h e r n bo r d e r of t h e P es hawar di s tr ic t .

HAsuém , a cl a n of th e Sial s .

HAS S ANI B al o ch tr ib e o f un c e r ta i n o r igi n w hich o n c e h e ld a l a r g e p a r t o f

,
a

t h e c o un tr y n o w h e ld by t h e M a r r i s by w h o m t h e y w e r e a ll but de ,

s tr o y e d A f r a gme n t n o w fo r m s a cl a n a mo n g th e K h e t r an s n e a r t h e
.

Han Pa ss Poss ibly P a tha n by o r ig i n b ut mo r e p r o b a bly Kh e tr an t h e

. ,

r e ma i ni n
g H as sa n i s s p e a k B a lochi .

Ha ssm zu on e of th e t h r e e ma in s e c ti o n s o f th e Ja d m
,
i n s (G a dfi ns) in H a z a r a ,

se t t l e d in a n d r o un d D h a mt a ur a n d in t h e Ma n g a l a n d B a g r a tr a c ts T h e .

o b s ol e te ch i e f t a i n s hip o f t h e J a dfi n s w as v e st ed i n a f amily of t hi s

s e c t i on .

HAr éno a n A r ai u cl a n (ag r ic ul t ur a l) f oun d i n A mr i t sar

,
.

HAT HAB ,
cl a n (a gr ic ult ura l ) fo un d i n M ul t a n
a J et .

HATIK HEL —T h e mo st n ume r o us or d e r ly a n d w e a l th y cl a n o f t h e Ah mad za i

.
,

b r an ch o f th e a i a P a than s s e t tl e d i n B a n n u It i s divid e d i n to t w o .

ma i n b r a n ch e s t h e K a i ma l a n d Id a l t h e K a i ma lkh e l o utnum b e r i n g t h e
, ,

Ida lk h e l by f o ur to o n e Th e K a i ma lk h e l h a s t h r e e chi e f se ct i o n s
. ,

A li or Kh a i dar Kh e l (w i th a Pa t o lkh e l s u b s e ct io n mo s t ly fo u n d i n t h e -

h ill s ) M usa a n d Pur h a K h e ls — a ll s e t t l e d i n t h e Ma r w a t p l a i n T h e

—
.
.

Ida l k h e l h a v e f o ur s e c t i o n s B a i B a k k a r 1 8 1
2 a n
,
d K a i m a l (ID a l so
,

t
se t el d i n th e pl ain Th e S i r.k i k h e l i s a s m a ll cl a n n o w p r ac ti cally a ,
330 Ha ttdr Benet
'

b r an ch of t h e Hatikh e l w i t h t h r e e mai n , se c tions , T ohla , B ahl a an d

Sh u ni all se ttl e d i n th e B ann u Th al
, .

H AT IAR , a tr i b e Ja ts fo un d
of in G uj r a t c a ll e d b e c ause th e y use d
and so to
pr a c t ise f e ma l e i n fa n ticide . Th e y migr a t e d f r om Shah p ur to G q at ln

t i me
’
A kba r s .

Hu n ts , a n a g r ic ul t ur a l cl an f o un d in Shahp ur .

HATT iA s i a s e p t o f th e Bh a ttis i n Si alk o t de s c e n d e d fr o m E bon i 7 th i n

, , , ,

d e sc e n t fr o m Bh a tti On e o f Bh o n i s d e s c e n da n ts li a i D a n u i n wh ose
.
’
, ,

f a mily t h e c us t o m o f f e ma l e i n f a n t ici de p r e v a i l e d h a d a d a ugh t e r w h o ,

w a s r e s cu e d by a B r a h ma n an d k e p t by h i m f o r f o u r y e a r s bu t a t ,

l a s t t hi n k i n g t h a t h e r f a th e r w o uld be c e r t a i n t o kill h e r i f h e e v e r
, ,

f o u n d h e r h e p ut h e r to d e a t h hi mse l f a n d t h e s e p t h a s b e c o me k now n
, ,

a s Ha t t iai i li t o n e g u il t y o f k illi n g a co w
, . o r a B r a h ma n .

HAU L E , a se Br a h man s w h o mig r a t e d w i t h t h e M a i r s fr o m J nm m fi a n d

yt of

s t ill r e c e i v e s ma l l f e e s a t w e ddi n g s, e tc , f r o m t h e Oli a ii dh r ial o f rl h a k .

w al T h e w e igh m a n s b u s i ne ss o f t h a t t o w n is i n t h e i r h a n d s , bu t t h e y
’
.

a r e s t ill r e co g n i s e d by o th e r B r a h ma n s a s o f t h a t c a st e Th e i r n a me is .

a sc r ib e d t o t h e i r f o r m e r dr e a d (h a u l o f f o r cibl e c o n v e r s i o n t o I sla m
) .

HAzé s A ,
c e us ually but e r r o n e o usly s tyl e d P a than Th e y ar e al mo s t
a ra .

ce r t ai n ly M o n g o l Ta r t a r s an d d e r i v e t h e i r n a m e f r om h a zdr a t h e
, ,
“
P e r s i a n e quiv a l e n t o f th e T ur k i mi ng o r l e gi n Se t tl e d i n t h e i r o .

p r e sen t ab o de s by Ch a n gi z Kha n t h e y h o ld t h e Pa r o p ami s us o f th e

a n c i e n t s f r o m Ka b u l ,
a n d G h a z n i t o H e r a t a n d f r o m K a n d a ha r to
B alkh ; O w i ng t o t h e i r s t r ic t r ul e of i n t e r ma r r i a g e t h e y h a v e r e t a i n e d
“
t h e i r p h y s ic a l a n d p hy s i o g n o m ic ch ar a c te r i s t ic s a n d a r e a s p ur e

M on g ol s as w h e n t h e y s e t t l e d o v e r 6 00 y e a r s ag o w it h t h e i r f a mili e s,
t h e i r fl o ck s a n d t h e i r w or ldly p o sse s s i o n s In th e i n te r i or o f t h e i r
”
. .

c o u n tr y t h e y w e r e a l mos t w h olly i n d e pe n d e n t un t il s ubd ue d by t he la t e

A mi r A bd ur R a h m a n o f A f gha n i s t a n Th e y do n o t giv e t h e i r n a me .

t o t h e H a z a ra D i s t r ic t o f t h e No r th We s t F r o nt i e r P r o vi n c e , n o r -

a ppa r e n t ly t o t h e Ch ch H a z a r a i n t h e A t t o ck t a h s i l
a -*
T he H a z a r as .

are n ot s e t tl e d i n t h e P un j a b but a re f oun d i n i t a s l a bo ur e r s a n d ,

a l s o e nli st i n Pi o n e e r r e gi me n t s A ll a r e Shi as by s e c t an d i n co n .
,

se q ue n c e r e g ar d e d a s h e r e t ic s by th e S un n i A f gha n s Th e y a r e fully .

’
de s c r ib e d in B e ll e w s R a ce s of Af g h dni s tdn .

H us ai n , a n ob s c ur e B i nd u se ct f o un d i n Mul ta n .

Hu rs t H e s i a low c aste of p r o fe ss i on a l musici an s a n d da n c e r s f oun d i n

, ,

K u ll u a nd t h e Si ml a Hill S t a t e s Th e i r w ome n p e r fo r m as da n ci n g .

i l Th ey a pp e a r t o b e a l so c a lle d Bans (o r t h e B e a s a r e a p
g r s .
d g r o u
o f th e He sis ) In Spi ti t h e H e s i a p p e a r s to h e a l s o c all e d Be si r (see
.

Ch a h z ang ) a n d BETA (i n cor r e ctly B a t i a) a n d t h e r e t h e y f o r m a lo w

c as t e w hich ,
i s r e t ur n e d a s Hi n d u a n d which lik e t h e L o ha r i s , , ,

e xcl ud e d f r o m so ci a l i nt e r c o ur s e w i th t h e o th e r c l a s s e s T h e H e s i is .

c a ll e d t h e l8t h c a s t e , t o r t h e o dd c a s t e w h ich i s n ot r e qui r e d f or n o

"

S e e Imp e r i a l G a ze tte er , ne w e d X p 1 1 5 . . . .

l l l
f Th e 1 8th w ou d ap p ar e nt y be th e ow e s t caste o r c ass Th e e xpr e ssi on re minds us of l .

e i g h te e n e e ment s o f th e S tate
l r e fe rr e d t o m th e Ch amba inscr i ti on s
’
t he
p ; se e the
Ar ch ae ologi ca l S ur ve y Rep for 1 902-03, pp 25 1 and 26 3
. .
.
332 Eunuchs .

an a r e or anni e r sar y v l
i s h e d at w h i ch a f ai r y lar g e num e r co ect T h ey a so o se r e th e l b ll . l b v
Hol But th e ar g e s t g ath e r i ng take s p ace o n th e occasmn of a ga di n a ah t m
l l ’

i and D ase h ra
or s ucce ss i on to th e o ffi ce of h e adme n w h e n some 200 asse m e , bl .

It i s co mmo n ly h as e ve r s e e n th e f une r
as se r te d th at and th e s up e r
no one al of a e unuch

s t itio ns ble i e f i s th at w h e n a o ut t o di e t h e y di s ap p e ar b
Th e y ar e , as a r u e , o ng i e d, . l l lv
we ll b l
ui t
-
and, ,
b
e i ng so f e w , de ath s a mon g t h e m cannot be f r e que nt E unuch s dr e ad a .

b
de ad ody , and w h e n one o f th e m di e s none of th e m dar e app r oach th e cor p se A ll th at .

l
t h e y w i l do i s to cry an d w e e p ike w o me n, and i t de o e s by cus tom on th e i r Badh i l v lv
b
ne ig h o ur s to w ash th e de ad ody and car r y i t t o th e g ra e y ar d b
A s th e e unuch s ar e v .

lo o ke d u p on as i mp ur e th e Badhis n e e r admi t t h at t h ey se r e as th e i r ooth a ear e r s and

, v v -
b
l
th e p op u ar s up e r s ti ti on i s thus s tr eng th ene d .

E unuch s ar e admi tte d i nto th e fr ate r ni ty f rom all caste s ; e a S ay y i d, S h ai k h , G u ar , . j

J lu ah a e tc
, One of th e m S ahi J an a p i o us man, w h o di e d at th e ag e of 1 0 0 i n Me cca,
.
, b ,

w as a Br ah man A ll ar e , or e co me Muh ammadans

. b
Th e y h a e a r i te of i ni ti a t ion , w h ich
, . v
h
t y e t e r m ch dda r lb llt n a ( do nn i ng th e '
s h e e
'

t b u t t h e p ro ce e di ng s ar e k e p t se cr e t *
None of .

th e e unuch s no w i n Pani p at ar e n ati e s o f th e tow n T w o o r t h r e e me n of Pani p at w h o v .

b e came e unuch s h ad to g o to Pat i a a f o r i ni ti ati on and to e ar n a i e i h o od l

It i s admi tte d lvl .

by t he e unuch s t h at n o p e r son i s or n a h ij r a and th e common e i e f th at ch i dr e n are s o b , b l l

b o r n s e e ms to be w ro ng ; n one can say th at h e h as e e r s e e n s uch a child T I t app e ar s t o be v .

a f act t h at e unuch s ar e p e r man e n t y uns exe d, a nd i t w as aun tin g y as s e r te d th a t, h ow e e r l v l v

r i ch t h e i r f oo d may be , th e y ar e n e e r i nto xi cate i f Th e y s ay We ar e r ok e n e sse sv “
b v l
and fi t f o r n o th i n g f or me r y w e g uar de d th e h ar e ms o f ki ng s —h o w cou d th e y admi t us
l l
i nto th e z a m i i i a i f th er e w as th e e ast dang e r
. We g o i n to t h e h ous e s o f all, and n e e r h as
l v
l
a e unuch ooke d up on a w oman w i th a bad e y e : w e ar e i ke u o cks How thi s i s r ough t l b ll . b
b
a out may be g ue ss e d, but th e e unuch s say t h e y g e t r e cr ui t s f rom th e z a mi n a or : a n k ha .

l
c as s w h o ar e i mp o te n t e e n
, e for e i ni ti ati on v b
A me a know n as Mi r buch r i Li h h i ch r s h a s . l ’

v
t o be e at e n by e e r y i ni ti a t e an d i ts e ffe ct i s s up p o se d to r e nde r a man i mp ote nt f or i fe
,
l .

Wh at th e i ng r e di e nts of th i s me a ar e no one know s and th e e unuch s th e ms e e s ar e r e luc l . lv

v
t ant e e n to me ntion i ts n ame say ing th a t i t Wa s a my th , and w h o w ou d dar e t o admini ste r
. l
such dr ug s now -a day s ? -

An oth e r i ns ti tuti on i n Pani p at i s th e za n d n a m a n dli , w hi ch comp r is e s some 25 or 30

p e r sons and i s a w e l k no w n c ass o r ci rc e i n th e tow n l l
It cons i sts of a du t and y oung me n, l . l
w ho fl
i r t an d p i e te nd to i mi tate th e g a i t of w ome n T h e y e ar n t o dance and si ng a nd p ass . l ,

t h e i r day s i n i ndo e nce l

Th e y can be r e cog ni s e d by th e i r m a f a k ch d l ( e h a i ng i ke f e male sx
. b v l
E ach o f th e m h as a h u s and
“
b
F o r s ome y e ar s p as t th e za mi n a s h a e ce e r ate d th e Ho i a
.
”
s v l b l
a car n i a v l l
Th e y assu me f e ma e n ame s , by wh i ch th e y ar e ca e d i n th e i r o w n ci r c e Mos t of
. ll l .

th e m a r e be ar ci le ss y o uth ; th ose w h o h a e e ar ds sh ar e th e m N d z n a k h m ( i r ta ti on) e come s

'

v b . fl b
th e i r s e con d n atur e T h e r e IS n o di s t i nct ion e t w e e n Hi n du and Mus a man i n th e m a n dlz b l ‘

b
,

b ut mo s t o f i ts me m e r s ar e th e atte r : th e y w e ar narr ow p a ij dm a s and a cap l In D e h i . l

l
a s o th e za mi n a s ar e a r ecog ni se d c as s : th e y h i r e ko t h a s or th e up p e r s tor e y s of s h o s l p
li k e p r os ti tute s Th ey are i n i te d to w e ddi ng p ar ti e s , w h e r e they dance and act as v
bufl’oons ( n a l kctl) an d th e i r f e e s ar e h i gh Th e i r f r i e nds ar e s a t kds ( w ate r me n) , k u nj r da
‘
i
, .

v bl
( e g e t a e me n ), an d o th e r lo w cas te s
-
Th e e unuch s s p e ak o f th e m taunti ng y and say . l
b v
,

t h a t all th e me m e r s o f th e za m i n a -ma n dli ar e i mp o te nt me n g i e n to s o do my , t h ou h

g
s ome o f th e m ar e mar r i e d and h a e ch i dr e n Th ey ar e p r o s ti tute s v
r e ma r k e d a 6 0 11 11 0 11 l .
,

l
i f w e acte d i k e t h e m h o w co u d o ur j uj m dn s a ow us t o co me ne ar th e m
. l T h ey h ave ll
v
de p r i e d th e p r os ti tute s o f th e i r me ans of i e i h oo d w e ar e not such lv l .

A s ke d w h y th ey do no t g e t mo re r ecr ui ts f r o m th e za n it n a s , t h e e unuch s s ay th at an
y
s uch a tte mp t i s r e se nte d by t h e r e lati ons o f t h e la un da s ( oy s ) ; but i f a s tr ang e r bo
y
b
come s and as k s fo r admi ss io n th e y i ni t i ate hi m It i s a e g e d t h at th e num e r of th e . ll b
s a n dn a s i s o n t h e i ncr e a se i n Pani p at

A e unuch once i ni ti ate d e ry s e dom de s e r ts th e bl Otb e Th OOdv If a 80 98 aw ay l ‘

n o o t h e r e un uch ca n k e e p h i m w i t h o u t r e p ay i n g h i s th e e xp e nse s Of h i s i n i tm
j
'

t i on and ke e p A nd i f h e g o e s to t h e Kh oj as t h e e un uch s ar e p o w e r e s s T h e K h o as l
ar e a s e p ar at e c ass w h o 1m i n l
i ag e s v ll
Th e y ar e mar r i e d me n w i t h f ami i e s , but e arn
, l
lv l
t h e i r i e i h ood by e vy i ng bi r t f e e s i ke e unuch sl Th e y e mp oy a e unuch to dance f or l . l
l
t h e m and p ay o n t h e dr um a f te r h i m If th e y cannot g e t a e unuch t h e y g e t a boy of th ei r .

o w n to dance ,

Th e i n Pani p at ar e f ai r y
e unuch s l we ll oil T h e i r h o us e i s f u
. ll of f ur ni tur e and
ne ce s s ar i e s , a nd th e y e y bzr t or ch a r i ta l v b l e f ees o n ce r tai n occasi ons At . a w e ddi n g or th e

Pr ob ab ly f or e xcell e nt r e asons : se e th ne at foot note e -

un doub te dl y made by mut lat io

.

T E unu ch s ar e l h ei e
'
is m of p lacing 5 { i ce
i n . a ( ustc
un de r th e foot of
th e boy wh o i s t o be O p e r ate d on A p p ar mny thi s i s done .
to p r er e nt pain
a a
s simi ar custom i s bel
li e v
ed to be f o owe d at bi rth s ll
 Hi nda b - Himr d
'

. 888

birth the y go to th e fami conce rne d dance at the h ouse and sing , and rece e
of a son ly . iv
R e l J -O or s ome ti me s es s
.
, l
T h e z a m t n ddr s do not ac now e dge th e m as th e i r lam i n a
. k l
and th e y v l i p
h a e no c a ms u on th e m ; b ut e r sons of th e ow e r cas te s , s uch as e s e i ns p l T li . R ,

J h i w ar s e tc dar e not re f use th e m th e r f e e s , and e er s h o ee e r h as to p ay th e m one

, i v y pk p
pi ce in th e e ar y .

E unuch s do not a pp e ar
p l oy e d i n mo ques i n th e Punjab to be em s .
‘

HI ND A L a Muh a mma d an t r ibe fo un d i n Mo n tgo me ry (do ub tle ss Ha n d e l )

,
.

HI ND K I a g e ne r ic t e r m h alf co n t e m p t uo us a pplied to all Muh a mma d a ns

, , , ,

w h o bei n g of Hi n d u o r i g i n s pe a k Hi n d ko a n d h a ve bee n co nve r te d t o

I s l am i n co mp a r a t ively r ece n t t i me s In Ba nn u t h e te r m us ua lly .

d e n o t e s a n A w an o r J et c ul t iv a to r but i n a w ide r s e n s e i t i n cl ude s a ll ,

Muh am ma d an s w h o t a l k Hin di P a n j abi o r a ny di a lec t de r ived fr o m ,

t he m The loc a l p r ove r b s ? ar e n o t com pli me n t a r y to th e Hi n d k i O ne

. .

s ay s
I k n n o t do ny h a r m he w ill le a ve a bad s mel l
( )
a f a Hi n d i c a y o u a
”
,

a s h e le a ve s y o u .

A n d a ga i n
( )
b Tho u h
g y o u d uc k a Hi n d k i i n t he w at e r he w ill co me up w i th
a d r y s ea t (he n ce he i s l uc k y ) .

(c) G e t ro un d a Pa than by co a xi n g ; but w a ve a clod a t a Hi nd ki .

(d) Tho ug h a Hi nd k i be yo ur r i g h t ar m cut i t o ff , .

HIN DIIBIA Hi n d u Raj p u t s ep t of t he ls t g r a de in Ho shi ar p ur

'

,
a fo un d .

HIN Dw fi L ,
a s y n ony m of Hi n d ki .

HIND WAL pp a r e n tly a sub t r ibe of T anaolis i n H a zar a : but p r ob ably

,
a -

o nly a v a r ian t f o r H I ND K I .

HIND WAN AH a J et cl a n (a g r ic ul t ura l ) fo und in Mul tan

,
.

HINJ BA HI NJ R AI HINJ R i o s i (o r i n co r rec tly Hij ra) ( I) an i mpo rtan t J et

, ,
r , , , ,

t r i b e i n di g e n o us to th e G uj r anw al a Bar O nce a p a st or a l tr i be pe r h a p s o f

,
.
,

a bo r i g i n a l e x tr a c t i o n t hey o w n 37 vill a g e s i n G uj r an w al a w hich i s t h e i r

,

ho me bu t h a v e s p r e a d bo t h e a st a n d w e s t u n de r t he hill s They cl a i m
,
.

to be S a r oh a R aj p ut s by o r i g i n a n d sa y th a t th ei r a n ce st o r Hi njrao n
c a me fr o m t he n ei g hbo ur hoo d of H i ssar t o t h e Hafizabad p a r g a n a i n
G uj ran w al a a n d fo un d e d a ci ty c a l l ed U sk h ab t h e r ui n s of w h ich s till ,

e xi s t Thei r i mmed i a t e a n ce s t o r s w e r e Ma l a n d Dhol § and t hey sa y

. ,

th a t h a lf t h ei r cl an s st il l l iv e in t he Hi ss ar co un t r y .

Th e Pe r s ans i n r e mote t me s w e r e w a te d by e unuch s as w e earn fr om He r odot us

i i i l
m b t h i m th i n e n ti on B t A mm i s M v
ar ce l nus ( lib N ) i li
( Ii b 8 ) a n d so e a tt r u te o t e e r u a n u .
.

S i l y p
,

ascr be s i t t oi e m ra m s i
In A l lam th e e mp o me nt of such e r s ons about th e mos que
.

is a b i d a u t o r c u s to m u n n o w n i k
n t h e ti me of t h e Pr o h e t I t i s sai d to h a e ar se n f r o m p . v i
th e f o o w ll i
n g t h r e e c o n s d e r a t o n s t h i
a t 0 ) t h e se i eo e are co nce nt ra te din th e ir p pl
r o fe ss on : p i
i
( ) i t h e my u s t s e e a n d to u c h s tr a n g e w o m e n a t th e s h ri n e s : an d (i n
) t h e s h r ine s are

h a r i m o r s acr e d h a ng a d y t a w hi ch ar e
’

,
vi e t s e cre t f r om th e k p
r ing e e s of me n and py y , ,

th e r e f o r e s h o u d , b e se r e d l b y e u n uc vh s I t i s s t r an e th at th e
g . o man Cath o c C h ur ch as R li .

we ll a s t h e M o s e m m o s q u e l s h o u d h a e a,
d m t t e d l
s uch an abomi n at on v h oug h th ei i T
p i ip l
r nc a o f t h e m o s q u e o r s h a ok h a l ,
h a r f m , i s n
’

o o n g e r a - n e w o r de ut l p y
l k
i s a b ac e u n u c h , t h e ch e f o f t h e a g h a w i
a t , U o n a a
p y o f as t r e s a m o n tp
h F r om pi .

Bur to n s P i l
'

g r i m a g e t o d l-fl la d i n a h a n d M e c c a V o
'
l 3 7 1 , B u r to n g o e s on to de scr i be th e
,
I p , .

n i sa t o n o f t h ei a t te n d a n t s o f th e m o s que at Medin ah w h o ar e all e unuch s

o gr a .
,

1
’
h T
or bur n s Ba n n u,
‘
24 5 note ; p 24 0, 24 7 , 25 a d 25 4
.
9n pp . .

h i al f i
m f t h w d m u t h a e b ee n H i n j ra m a cf J ag r é mv e n e w J a gr fi on
1 T e or g n o r o e or s , .

9 r d m a , now gr don
p
.

0 1 Kaboli e , acc
‘
o r d n g t o th e H is i
t . f
o S i d l k oy
, 2 6 . .
334 Hr e —Hu sai ni .

M a mma d a n Pa ch ada s, fo und i n Hi s sar *

an d a s o
’

( )
2 A cl a n of t h e uh , l
cl ai m i n g de s ce n t fr o m S a r o h a R aj p uts .

Th e H i n j r a a r e al s o fo un d in Sh ahp ur a s a n a g r ic ul t ur a l cl a n , , a nd

i n Mo n t g o m e r y i n w h ich l att e r D i st r ic t t hey a r e a ll Hi n d us

,
.

Hi R , a Muh ammad an J at cl an (ag r ic ul t ur al ) fo un d in Mo n t g o me ry (do ub t le s s

He r ) .

HlR aJ , on e of t h e p r i n cip al cl an s o f th e Siy al e .

HI RR A Khokh a r cl an (ag r ic ul t ur a l ) fo u n d i n Sh ahp ur

a .

HIT HARI t he i n h abi tan ts of t he Hi tbar

, .

HLO NDU K PA (f r H10 Bh utan a Budd h i st s ec t fo un d e d i n t h e 1 5 t h c e n t ur y

'

.
, ,

by Na mg ial R ams a y D i e t y of We s te r n , . Ti be t, p 83 . .

S e e a l s o un de r D r ug pa .

Ho ni , a J at cl an (ag r ic ul t ur al ) fo un d in Mul t an .

Ho nar s ee H a n n i
,
.

HONDA L a J at; tr ibe fo u n d i n Sial ko t w h e re t h ey cl a i m S fir ajba nsi R aj p ut

, , ,

o r i g i n an d say t h a t Bar b t hei r a n ce st o r m i g r a t ed fro m A j udh i a t o, ,

Amr i ts a r w he nce hi s de s ce n d an ts c a me t o Si al k o t
,
They ar e gov e r ne d .

by the chun dava n d r ul e of in he r i t an ce .

Ho nDi a J ag cl an (ag r ic ul tu
,
r al ) fo un d i n Mul tan .

H O RA H a Jat cl an (a g r ic ul tur al ) fo un d i n Mul t an

,
.

HOT ,
o ne o r i g i n a l m a i n s e c t io n s o f t h e BA LOCH a n d ve r y w ide s p r e a d
of th e .

They s t il l fo r m a po w e r f ul t r ibe i n Me kr an a n d r uled a t De r a I s mai l

K h an fo r 200 ye a r s P a r t of t h e K ho s a t r ibe a n d t h e Bal ach an i Maz a
.

r i s a r e s a id t o be of Ho t de s ce n t a n d t hey a r e a l s o fo un d w he r eve r
‘

Ba loch h a ve s p r e a d In Mo n t g o m e r y t ah s il th ey a r e cl a ss ed a s an
.

a r ic ul t ur a l cl a n a n d a r e a ls o fo un d i n L y a llp u r
g , .

Hor A K
'

, on e of t he t w o g r e a t di vi s io n s of t h e G ug i an i P a th an s .

HU BA IRIA N on e o f th e sea s ec ts fo un d e d by Kh w aj a Hu ba ir a Ba s a r i
, , ,
w ho s e
s hr i n e i s a t Ma r a s h in T ur k ey .

HfiD A ‘

, S fi D A ,
a J at
; t r ibe f o u n d i n t h e R oh t ak a nd s ampl a t a h s i l s I t cl a i ms . ,

Ch a uban R aj p u t o r i g i n a n d de s ce n t f r o m o ne S fida l, w h o s e ttl ed so i n e 35

e n e r a t io n s a g o i n R e w ar i (w he r e t he people i n t e r ch a r g e s a n d h )
g .

HU J J HA N ,
an a g r ic ul t ur a l cl a n fo un d in Sh ahp u r .

HU RA L a Muh a mm a d a n
,
J at cl a n (ag r ic ul t ur a l ) fo un d i n Mo n tg o me ry
(do ub t le ss Har r a l) .

H U S AINi , a S ay y id cl a n (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) fo u n d in Mo n t g o me r y . See un de r
S ayyid F or . t he H us a i n i Br ah ma n s s e e u n de r Br a h m a n
, su p r a

0 Hi ndu Hinj r aon Pach adas l

ar e a so sa i d to be found but not i a Hi ss ar
, .
 836 Isci Khe lp edi gr ees .

But th e Ma kh zan -i -Af gh dn i g ive s t h e fo llo w i ng t a b l e o f de s cent *

S HKH HU S A I N .

Lodh i .

f I
K h ak u . J am or Z ém . Bah i .

r l I I l
K h i zr . Musa .
Isa . Mah ar y . A s ad .

K undr .

F
S a h ang
r .

I t l
D aulat . K h an . S umba l . Bi nde r .

1
Le le or L e la h Ni ar i .

It w ill be notice d th at Jamal h as h e r e be e n conf use d w i th J am or Z am J amal w as th .

son o f Niazi It i s h ig h l y i mp r obabl e th at 1 35 K han, a conte mp orar y of S h er S hah S ti r and

. . .

S alim Shah S ti r , w as a g r andson of Niazi .

Th e p resent Kh an s ar e th us de sce nde d fr om Is a Kh an

IS A K HA N .

l
Z akh fi K h an ,
t h e Z ak bi i
’
Khe l br an ch i s na me d a f ter h i m .

I
K h w aja .

D al K h an
’
ti .

Sh er K h an .

D i aw ar K h an
l l
Bair am K h an .

l
F atah K h an .

'
J h a ng i K h an .

I
in
D ali l K h z .

I
Z aman K h an ( o r Muh a mmad Z amé n K h an) .

U mar K h an .

r I
Muh a mmad K h a n . A h mad K h an .

l
Muh amma d S h ah Muh a mmad Muh a m Muh am o
A bdu l Muh a m m ad
A l am K h an. na w az A jaz ma d S ar mad A h S at t ar A bdu l
K h an . K han. f a ré z ll
du a K1130 . K h an . A zi z K h an .

K h an . a ck l
no w e dg e d

ch i e f of th e
IS S K h e l .
 Isazai Ithw ci l

R av e r ty , t he o t h e r h a nd w r i t e s t h a t J am o r J al s o n of Niaz i had
on
, , ,

by h i s t h r e e w i v e s s eve n s o n s vi a Isa A li a n d D a ul a t by t h e fi r s t , , , ,

S u i ba l a nd Pi n d ar o r P n d ar b t h e s ec o n d a n d Ma r h a l a n d J a l a i o r
‘

i
y a ,

J a k a i by t h e t hi r d Bu t a n o t h e r a cc o u n t g i ve s J am a n e i h t h s o n
,
g
.

,
Kh a n a n d a d ds t h a t J am h a d t w b r o t h e r s Ba i a n d K l i i ko F r o m
, o , i
’

t he l a t t e r a r e de s ce n ded t h e S a h r an g s of Mi an w ali th e Ma h y ar s Mi ,

c h an Khel t h e M i s i an i Is a K h e l a n d t h e K u udi* w h o a r e co n fi n e d to
,
s
, , ,

Ta nk T h e e a r li e r h i s t o r y of t h e Is a K h e l b e l o n s t o t h a t of t he
.

g
Ni az 1 s b ut i t may be n o t ed t hey w e r e i n po ss e s s i o n of t h e K h u s h ab
, , ,

a r a n a of t h e S i n l S a a r S a r k ar befo r e t h e clo s e o f t h e l6 t h ce n t ur y
p g g i -
,
a n d p r io r t o t h a t pe r iod Baba r a l lud e s t o t h e i r vi llag e of Isa K hel a s
c o n c e r n ed i n a n i g h t a t t a c k o n hi s c a mp i n 1 5 05 A D . .

(2) T h e r e i s a l s o a n Isa Khel s ub d i v i s i o n of t he Ta r a kz ai b r a nch of

t h e Ba r Moh ma n ds o n t h e Pe s h aw a r bo r de r .

Is ri K HEL a Pa th au cla n (a g r i cul t u r a l ) fo un d in A mr i t s a r

’

, .

Is i z ar, one t h e p r i ncip a l cl a ns of t he Y ti s U FZ AI P a th an s l h e y hol d

o f .
' ‘

t h e n o r t h e a st s lope of Ma h aba n a n d t he m o u n t a i n o us C u n t r y o n
- s o

bo th s id e s of t he I n d u s i n H a z ar a a n d t he G a dii n v a lley They h a v e

’

t h r ee cl a n s H a ss a n za i A k a za i a n d Med u Khel i n H a zar a an d i n 1 907

, , ,
'

elec t e d a Kh an t o t hei r v a c a n t K h é n s h ip d ’

IS EK E a K h a r r a l cl a n (a g r ic ul tur a l ) fo u n d in Mo n t g o me r y
, .

Is E zai a P a th an cl an (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) fo und i n Mo n tg o me r y
, .

I s HaQ Z AI o n e o f t he fo u r ma i n cl a ns of t h e Kh ali ls i n Pe s h aw a r
,
.

Is mé i L K HE L a c l a n of Pa th an s fo un d i n P e sh aw a r
,
.

Ismai nzar a s ep t of t he K a mal z a i cl a n of t he U s man z a i b r a n ch of t he

,

MA ND A U R Pa tli ans fo u n d i n Pe s h aw a r .

I s o s ee un der Waz i n
,
.

an o ff s ho o t o f t h e g r e a t P a n n i t r ibe o f t he A fg h an s w hich

fo r m e r ly held a g r e a t p a r t of Si w i o r Sib i st an Thei r l a n d s lie w e st .

of t he J a fi r P a t h a n s o n t h e De r a I s m a i l Kh a n b or d e r .

I S PE RKA o n e of t he fi ve cl a n s of t he A h ma d z a i b r a n ch o f t h e Wa zi a P a th an s
s e tt l ed i n Ba n n u It s ma i n d v i s i o n s a r e t h e Muh a m mad Khel w h o
,

.
i ,

r i depe de t cl a n d S uda n k h e l a n d S a dd kh e l w h o a
an k as a n n n n a n
n ow ,

m k The t r ib a l l an d o f t h e Mu h a mma d
a lo n e a r e n o w t e e d I pe
r s r a .

K h el i s di vided i n to fo ur t a r a fa o r s h a r e s of w h ich o n e i s he l d by t h e
ff li ed K h l f o m t h r e m na n t o f s o m e o ld hill t r ibe
S h udak a i a n a i a t
,
e r e

w hich c a n n o t t r a ce d e ce
s n t f o
r m I s p e rk a T h e S i da n k h e l h a s fo u r . i

s e c t i o n s Ba g hl a n B o k,
u l K u n di a n d B
,
h a r r a t W i t h a fi f t h c a lled
,
Dhi r , ,

a ffi li a t e d h a ms dy a s of o t he r
a n s t oc k .

Ie'
fi L the lT HW/i r o r U T HW AL a cco .
r di n
g t o t he l a t e Si r D e n z il
,
Ibbe ts o n ,
,

A m b a l L dhi a J ull u n d u r a n d t h e ad
s ee m t o b e fo u n d ch ie y fl i n a u n
a , , ,

j oi n i n t e r r i t o r y of P a t i al a But u n l e ss t w o d i st i n c t n a me s h a ve bee n
g
.

co n f us e d they h a ve a c ur io ly u s l a r g e c o lo n y i n Delhi w hich a p p e a r s '

,
,
be o m p l e t e l y p a r a t e d f r m
o t h a t of A m b a l a T h ey a r e s a id t o .

to c s e

be de s ce n d ed f r o m a S ii r a j ba n si R a j p u t c a ll ed M a h a r a] w h o r ece i ved

r m s f m
'

n
t h e n ic k n a m e o f U n t h w a l f o hi lo ve o r c a el r
idi g
-
.

S aid to p r acti se o e sh .

( Harare G a ze tte er , 1 907 , p . 1 85 .

340 J a h dnbar —J ai n .

marr ied i nt o f a mily p a s s e s a kai m tr ee s he alw ay s veil s h e r

a J a glan , ,

f a ce a s if i t w e r e a n el d e r r e l at ive of h e r h us b a nd In J i nd t h e J a g lan .

ar e de s c r i b ed as de s ce n d a n ts of J ag u fo un de r of J ag lan i n Hi ss ar ,
.

J AH i lye AR a J at; cl a n (a g r ic ul t u r a l) fo un d i n Mul t an

i ,
.

J A HANBO a J at; c la n (a g r ic ul t u r a l ) fo un d i n Mul t an

,
.

J AHAN G i s i a dy n ast y o f S ul t an s w ho a cco rdi n g t o R a ve r ty o n ce r ul ed fr o m

, , ,

N a n g r a h ar t o t h e J h el um but by t h e t i me t h e K h e sh i Pa tli ans ove r

, ,

r a n S w at t hei r s w a y did n o t e xt e n d f ar beyo n d t he I n d us o n t h e

,

e a st The l ast S ul t an of S w at a n d o f t h e G iba ri t r i be w a s A w e s a

.
,

s o n o f S ul t an P a k h a lf w ho s e s ubj ec ts a T aji k r a ce k n o w n a s D ih kan s ,

o r D i h g an s w e r e e xp e lled by t he m o d e r n S w at i P a th an s f r o m S w at
, .

S ul t an A w e s r e t i r ed n o r t h w a r d s t o w a r ds t h e s o ur ce s o f th e O x us a n d
f o r s eve r a l g e n e r a t io n s he a n d h i s de s ce n d a n ts r ul e d t h e r ei n a s f a r
a s t he f r o n tie r o f Ba d a k h h an a f t er w h ic h t h ey ar e
s s udde n ly lo st
s i g h t of b ut t h e r ule r s of Chi t r al S h i g h n an a nd w ak h an m ay be t hei r
, ,

de s ce n d a n ts an d l i k e t he m t hey cl ai m de s ce n t f r o m A l e xa n de r t he
, ,

G r e a t 1 The J a h an g i r i a l so a p p e a r s t o s ur vive a s a s ep t of t h e G ibar i

.
‘

J A HOJ A a Pur b i a c a s te w hich k e e p mi lch c r t t le

, It i s Mu h a m mad a n i n t h e .

U ni t ed P r ovi n ce s .

J A I a J at cl a n (a g r ic ul tu r a l ) fo un d i n S h uj abad ta h s il Mul t an di str ic t

, I ts , .

epon y m w a s a b r o the r of Nt m
’

J e IK fi R i (A ) a g r oup of R aj p u ts e n t i t le d t o t h e s alut a ti on j a i di a
, .

J AIK IS HENI s ee un de r K r i s h n a
,

J A I N a g e n e r ic t e r m f o r a ll w h o a ffec t t he J a i n r elig io n
, It i s n o w .

r eco g n i s e d t h a t t he J a i n f a i t h i s olde r t h a n Bu ddhi s m a n d t h at

Buddh a s doc t r i n e s w e r e p r o bab ly a d a p ta t io n s o r develop me n ts of
’

J a i n t e ne ts A f ull a cco un t of t h e J ai i s a n d t hei r t e n e t s w o u l d be

. i

e n t i r ely bey on d t h e s cope of t h i s a r t icle a n d t he foll o w i n g a cco un ts o f ,

t h e J a in s as a r el i g io u s co mmu ni ty i n p a r t f r o m t h e p e n of L al a J a s ,

w a nt R a i a J a i n of H o s hi ar p u r a r e r ep r o d u ced a s ivi
, g ng a s f a r a s
, ,

p o ss ibl e i n t he w o r d s of a J a i n a n a cco un t of t hei r r ep r e s e n tat ive s i n ,

t he P unj a b .

The J a i ns a r e s o c alled a s b ei n g t he foll o w e r s of th e J i na s i A r ba ts ,

o r Ti r th a n kar a s w h o w e r e 24 i n n um be r b ut t hey a r e a l s o c a l led ,

S ar ao g is a co r r u p t fo r m of S h a r a w a k a o r di s ci pl e (se w a k)
,
Th e y a r e ‘
.

r ec r u i t ed f r o m v a r io u s g r o u p s of t h e Ban i as s u c h a s t he A g g a r w al ,
,
O s w al S h r i mal a n d K h a n de r w al t he l a st th r ee of w h o m a r e a l s o c a ll ed
,

Bs i e nas —a c o r r u p t fo r m of Bh a o bh ala (f r o m Ma w —
,

mo t i v e a n d o

bh a la — g ood ) o r
’
t ho s e of g ood i n t e n t Thei r chie f a im i s t o i n j ur e .

n o livi n g c r e a t ur e a n d t o a t t a i n n i r van a o r p e a ce A mo n g t he J a i n s . .

i t i s a s t r ic t r ule t h a t n o fle s h o r i n t o xic a n t s h a l l be t o uc h ed .

A s a r eli g io us c o m mu n i t y t he J a i n s a r e divid ed i n t o t w o r e a t s ec ts
,
g ,
vi a t h e S w e ta i n ba r a a n d Di a mb a r a
, g .

S WET AMB R a — The S w e ta mba r a s w o r s hi p id o l s o f te n

A .
w hi ch a r e ,

a do r n ed W i t h g old a nd S i l ve r o r n a me nt s s e t w i t h j e w el s s uc h a s ,

om w h om Pakh li i n Haz ar a de r i ve s S ul tan

t He
name
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i ts . w as a de sce ndan t of a
Ba r m .

R ave r ty i n h i s r ans o f th e Ta bdt T

i - Nas ir i .
1 0 43-4 -
II pp
, .
.

'
Th e w r d J na i s de r ve d f r om th e
o i i
anskr t root j i — to S i conque r , h ence J ai n me ans
conque r or
 The S w e tambar a J ai ns . 34 1

Mukta , e tc A n gi a ,
They h a ve t h e i r ei g h t s acr ed day s vi a t h e
.
, ,
Pa j us a n a s be g in n i n g f r o m t he 1 2t h ba di to t h e 4t h s udi (bo t h day s
,

Inclus w e ) i n Bli ado n t h e 8t h day be i n g c a lled Chh a ln ach h r i th e

, ,

h ol i e st day of t he J a i n s D ur i n g t he s e holy d ay s th ey s p e n d much

.
,

t i m e 1 n r e a di n g a n d li s t e n i n g t o t hei r s c r ip t ur e s t he S u t r as a n d much , ,
mo n y i n pe r f o r mi ng ce r t a i n ce r e mo n ie s i n t hei r t e m ple s a n d i n s a vi n
.

e g
t he l i ve s of livi ng c r e a t ur e s D ur i n g t h e s e d a y s a f a s t i s kep t s o me
.

fa st i n g f or o n e da y s o me f o r 2 3 4 a n d s o me f o r a ll t h e ei g h t d ay s
, , , .
”

Mr F a g a n w r i t e s t h a t t h e S w e t amb a r a s beli e v e t h a t a w oman ca n

.

a tt ai n s a lv a tio n ( mu kti ) w h i l e o t h J a i n s hold t h a t s he m us t fi r s t be

'

,
e r

b o r n a g a i n a s a m a n In Hi ss ar t h e p r i n cip a l c a st e w hich fol l o w s t he

.

S w e t a m ba r a do ct r i n e i s t h e Os w al BA N I A .

T h e S w e t a mbar a s h a ve a s c e t ic s w h o r e th u s i n i t i a t e d A ma n w h o a .

w i s h e s t o b e co m e a n a s c e t i c m us t fi r st live f r s o me t i m e w i t h a n o

a s ce t ic a n d b e co me f ully c q u a i n t e d w i th t he a ust r i t ie s w hich he w ill

a e

h a ve t o un d er g o O n a n a u s picio u s day t h e S a r a o g i s o f t h e n ei g hbo ur

.

h ood a e i n vi ted The c a n did t e i s t he n fi r t r u bb d w i t h ba gxn a "

r . a s e

b l y flo oil n d t ur m ic ) d t h e b t hed He i s n o w d r ss e d

( a i e ur a ,
a n n a e r , . e

i n h a n d s o m e a pp a r el an d s e a t e d o n a n eleph n t i s c a r r ied i n
,
a ,

r o ce S i o n t h r o u g h t he bd za r t o a J a i n t e m pl e o r s uch o t he r pl ace a s
p s

m ay h a ve bee n ma de befo r eh a n d t o r e s mble a J a i n t e m pl e The r e hi s e .

he a d i s s h ved a n d his t uto r o r gu m a f t e r per fo r mi ng cer ta i n

a , ,

r e li i o us r i t e s g ive s h i m s a ff o n clo t h s t he u gh a o r r j oh r n a (a k i n d
r e a a
g , ,

of b r us h i n g s t ic k ) t he m u n h p a th (a pi ce o f clo t h pl a ced befo r e t h e

, ,
e

lip s w he n s pe a k i n g o r r e a d n g ) p a t r a s ( w o o d e n u t e n s il s ) a n d a st ic k
i
,
.

He a cc e p ts t hes e t hi n g s j oyf ully an d mak e s t he fi ve follow i ng vo w s

(p a n ch a ma h a br a ta s ) of t h e J a i n m o n k
I I t ak e the v o w n o t to de s t r oy life (a hi ns a )
.
.

2 I t ak e t h e vo w n o t t o l ie (a sa ty a )
.
.

3 1 t ak e t he v o w n o t to t a k e t h a t w hich i s n ot g ive n (as tey a )

.
.

m b r ah m
4 I.
t ak e t h e v o w t o a b st a i n f r o s e x u a l i n t e r co u rs e (
ch dr y a ) .

5 I t ak e t he v o w t o r e n o u n ce a l l i n te r e st i n w o r ldly thi n s
g ,
.

t c ll o t hi m w ( ar i g r a h a )
e s pe ci lly
a o a n n
g y o n a p .

Th us he b eco m e s a mo nk a nd i s of t e n sty led a s a mbeg i s ddh u .

A sad h u h a s t o w a l k b a r ef o o t ; t o us e n o co n vey a n ce w he n

tra velli n t o t a k e n o foo d o r d r i n k a f t e r s un s e t ; to a b st a i n f r om

g ,
t o uc h in g a fe male ; t o r e f us e t o a ccep t un co ok e d ve g e t a ble s an d o nly ,

t n srls
to e a t ce r ta i n of th e m if coo ed ; t o k u s e w o o de n u e ; n eve r to
b l y s t o b e g fo o d of hi s f o llo w e r s an d
p r ep ar e h i s o w n m e a l s u t a w a
, ,

o t h e r s a l w ay s t o d r i n k boiled w a t e r ; n ev e r t o g ive a n o pi n io n on a ny
o rl dly tt e ve po s s f a t h in
g I n s ho rt he h a s
r ; an d n e t s r
w ma r o s e a
, to .

b r e a k o ff a ll co n nec t io n w i t h t he w o r l d a n d le a d t h e l i fe of a st r i c t

h e rm i t .

chie f a im of t he s ddh u i s t o libe ra t e hi m s el f f r o m t he bo n d age of

T he
kar m a an d t h u s ob t a i n s a lv a t io n .

m b ho eve c lled t
In Hiss ar t h e p r ie st s of th e S w e t w a a e
a a r a s a r e r J .

1
''
h
A s if e e
w r e a bri de
g m
roo .
 342 Th e D hun di n J a i n s
'

Th e addh u" i s in r e ali ty a n as ce t ic of a di ff e r e nt o r de r t o th e j a ti

a n d t hei r p r a c t ice s v a ry i n i mpo r t a n t poi n t s .

o r de rs a d mi t fe ma le s
Bo t h , w ido w s a s w ell a s unma rr i e d w ome n . The
ma i n r ule s of t he t w o o r de rs a r e n o t e d belo w

S ci dh us
’

1 . Amus t touch noth ing fe mi ni ne

s ddh u 1 . Th e j a tzs h a
'

ve no such re str ct on s i i .

w h e th e r h uman o r ani mal If h e do so i n .

adv e r te n tl y h e mus t unde r g o ce r tain r i tes of

ex pi ati on and be r e -i n i tiate d C nve r se l y
. o , a.
s ddh w i must touch n oth i ng mal e .

2 T h e s ddh u s h a e no ros e t z ng z e al
.
v p ly i i 2 . T he i v e in mak i ng conv er ts
j a ti s are act
and admi t no d sc i ipl
e w h o i s no t de si r o us of and some ti mes buy ch i l dr e n of de sti t ute
i
e nt e r ng th e or der .
p ar e nts m ak ing th e m discip l e s ( ch e la s) .

3 . Amust not touch coi n, nor

s ddh u 3 . Th e j a ti s hav e no such r u e s l
any thi ng o f meta l or made of a co mbi nati on
.

of me tal s A ll th e i r or di nar y ute nsi l s ar e of

.

4 T h e s ddh us ar e t ne r ant mon s , ne e r

. ii k v 4 The
. l i ve p e r mane ntl y in up d
i a tzs
'

s sa r a
li
h a t ng at any ace sa e to r e co e r pl r om v v f an d do not r eg ar d i tiner ati on a a r e i
s l g ious
f i i
at g ue , r e ga n st re n th , o r to r e ach to th e
g p dut y .

p e ople .

5 A s é dh u must not use a razo r or sci s l

5 . Th e j uti s h ave no s uch r u e
s or e and h i s h ai r th e r e fo r e r e mai ns unsh or n ,

Th e h ai r of t h e be ar d may h ow e e r be v
k
br o en , if i t g row t oo long , but not mor e
th an twi ce a e ar y .

6 . A addh u may not w ear s hoe s or r i de . 6 . Th e j a ti s may do both .

I
'
. A s ddh u may not t ra v el by ni gh t . 7 . Thi s is p ermitted to a j a tz.

8 d h u s a nd s ddh w i s tr a e tog e th er ,
.
vl 8 . A mong j a ti s th e me n and w ome
n ha ve
lodg e i n th e same h ouse , and stud tog e th er y se p
ar ate quar te r s i n t h e u dsa
by ni g h t .
( p ms ).

The s ddh us
d mi tt e dly s upe r i o r i n r elig io us me r i t to t he a ti s
are a '

y
a n d if
j a ti m ee t a s ddh u t he fo r me r m a ke s obei s a n ce t o t he l a tte r
,
a

s a d/m m a
,

A y how eve r r e a d t he s utr a s W i t h a le a r n ed j a tz

.
'

fo ur a ppe a r to be r ep r e s e nt ed i n Ba h aw a l Iur a n d t he s e a r e t he 11
T a p a K a n w ala a n d L a un ka g uokka s T h e r e is a n u ds m 0 132
of j a ti g u r us o r
,
p
celib a t e p r ie sts of t he s e o r d e r s a t Ma uj a r h an d
5 2 5
: .
5 3
3
g p il
r i ma e s a r e mad e t o t he u de r a s a t Bi kan e r
,
al s o

gujan g a r h Chor u Bi das p ur Sa r d ar Sha h r an d R aja h De s a r i n B k

g p R an i Ra ,
'

’
, , ,
’ ’

n e r S t a te U p ds r a s a r e to be fo un d a t eve ry loc a li ty w
r Os
.

i n a n y n um be r s .
h e e w al s liv e

i n 32 s c r ip t ur e s an d o f eve n the s e i n t he t e xt o nly .

co mme n t a r i e s , e tc , a nd co n d e mn t he l e a r .

it
Femi nme sddh w i , J uli is also the 16 31111111 6 f orm .
 Th e J ain s ec s. t

i mm ediat e ob j ec ts of r eve r en ce an d w o r s hip ar e t h e 24 ar h a ts o r sai nt s

w h o h a ve ob t a i ne d fi n a l u n io n (mu kti ) w i t h Ni r a n k ar They do n o t .

a ppe a r t o r eve r e n ce o r feed t he Bra h ma n s but t hey h a ve s adh us o r ,

p r ie s t s of t hei r o w n a n d t hei r p u n on m e r i t o r io us co n d uc t co n s 1sts t o a

,

l a rg e e xt e n t i n w o r s h ippi ng Ni r a n kar a n d in feedi ng t h e s i dhus They r .

do n o t w e a r the j a n e o o r s a c r ed t h r ea d t h ey h a v e a ce rt a i n a mo u n t of ,

r e ve r e n ce f or t he co w b at hi ng i s n ot co n s ide r e d a n y p ar t of t hei r
w o r s hip n or do t hey a ppe a r t o r eve r e n ce t he L i n g t h e s y m bol of S iv a
, , .

Thei r s c r ip t ur e s co n s i st o f t h e 32 S utr a s w r i t t e n by Ma h avi r t h e l a st ,

ar h at . T h e le a di ng p r i n ciple o f co n d uc t i n c ulc a t ed by t hei r r eli g io n

i s a b s te n t io n n o t a lon e f r o m tak i ng h uman life b ut f ro m c aus i ng h a r m
t o an y k in d of livi n g c r e a tur e
Mr F a g a n de s c r ibe s t h e J ai n s a s divided in t o t w o ma i n s ec t io n s
.

Ma n di r pan t h i (o r P uj ar i ) a n d Dh u ndi a p a n th i t h e fo r me r bei ng suc -

,

ce s so r s a n d r ep r e s e n t a t ive s of th e o r i g i n a l J a i n s w hil e t h e l a t te r ar e a
s ch i s n a ti c o ffs hoo t
i Th e Ma n dir p a n t h i s a r e a g a i n s ub divid ed i n t o
.
-

S w e ta mb ar as a n d Di g a mb a r a
’
t he a n cie n t s ec ts of w hich t h e
s
, ,

fo rme r a r e t h e w h i te clo th e d a n d t he l a tt e r th e s ky cl a d o r n a ked

o -
,

t ho ug h they al s o w e a r t aw n y clo th e s The S w e t amba r a s t o q uo t e

.
,

f r o m t h e l a t e Sir De n z il I b b e ts o n ar e s o m e w h a t le ss str ic t i n t hei r,

O b s e r v a n c e s t h a n t he Di g a mb a r a s : t h ei r a s ce t ic s w ill feed a ft e r
s un s e t a r e s aid t o us e w i n e a n d w ill e a t o ut of a di s h a n d f ro m
, ,

t h e h an d s of a n y Hi n d u : w he r ea s a D ig a mba r a de vo tee mu st h a v e
hi s food pl a ced in hi s h an d by a n o t he r o f t he f a i th V a r io us st o r ie s .

a r e c ur r e n t a s t o t he o r i g i n o f t he t w o s ec ts On e a cco un t r el a t e s .

h ow i n th e t i m e of C h a n d r a G u p t a a f a m i n e fell upo n t h e co un tr y
of U ja i n a n d h o w a p a rt of t h e J a i n s t he r e co n s e nt ed t o a ccep t
,

clo t he s w i t ho ut w hich t hey w e r e n ot a llo w ed t o e n t e r i n t o t h e ci t y

,

t o be g f or a l ms w hile t he o t he r s ec t io n e mig r a t ed s o ut h w a r d s r a t h e r
,

t h an a b a n do n t h e n ak e dn e ss w hich h a d t ill t h e n been t h e co mmo n

r ule of t h e fa i t h But t he old e r a nd be t te r a cco un t i s t h a t of t h e
.

23r d a n d 24 t h a r h a ts Par a s n ath a n d Ma h avi r w h o w e r e p r ob a bly

, ,

r e a l pe r s o n s a n d t he a c tua l fo u nd e r s of t he J a i n r elig ion : t h e fo r me r

w o r e cl o t h e s w hil e t h e l a t t e r did n o t a n d t h e di s ciple s of e a ch a dop t e d
, ,
”
t h e e xa mple of t hei r l e a de r s .

‘
Th e l e a st pun c t i l i o u s of t he J a i n s a r e s o m e t i m e s kn o w n by th e
n am e o f M a r g i : t hey follo w t h e p a t h (m i r ) of t h e
g J ai ns in s o m e i

p a rtic ul ar s s uch a s i n thei r s c r up ul o u s r e g a r d fo r a n im a l life but

, ,

i n o t he r r e s pec ts r eve r e Br a h ma n s a n d f ollo w t he g r e a t e r n umbe r

of Hi n du p r ev ale n t p r a c t ice s The w o r d Mar g i ho w ev e r i s a l s o
.
, ,

u s ed as a n e uphe m i s m f o r B am m ar
g i — t ho s e w h o foll o w t he lef t h a n d
-
-

p at h .

The Hi s tor y of the J a i n S e ats .

T he J a i n s a s a b ody h a ve a r e ma r k ably co mpl e t e hi st o r i al a n d

, , c

r eli i o u s li t e r a t u r e w h ich h a s bee n o r is b ei n

g t ho r o u hly st died by
g ,
g u ,

G er m a n s chol a r s U n fo
. rt u n a t ely t h e r e s ul ts a r e h a r dly ye t a v a il abl e
in a fo r m i n t elli g ible t o a n y b u t s peci a l i sts F u rt h e r t h e Di a m b
g ar a
.

t e ne ts w h ich ar e of g r e a t i n t e r e st ar e a l s o co nta i n ed i n a n e xt e n s ive li t

, ,

b t t hei r u n di ts p r e s e r ve t he ol d w o r ld ho st il i t y t o p r i n t i n
u a p
-
t u r e s
er a , g ,

li t tl e h a s a s ye t be e n p u bli s hed r e g a r di n
g t he m .
 Th e J a i n p onti fis '
.

To mak e cle ar h a t follo w s i t s ho uld be n o ted t h a t t he 42 s emi divi n e

w -

J ma s w ho s e s e r ie s e n d s w i t h Mah av i r a Mah ab i r t h e g r e at
.

, w er e , ,

s ucceed e d b y a li i i e of h um a n te a che r s c a l l ed su r is a t e r m w e ma y tr a n sla t e , ,

by p o n t i fl O f the s e t h e fi r st w a s a cco r di ng t o o ne sec t (t h a t of t he

.
’
,

K h a r a t a r a g a ch h a ) Ma h av i r a hi ms e l f a n d h i s fi r s t di s ciple w as G o t a ma
, ,

(Budd h a ) w h o did n o t ho w e v e r s ucceed h i m S n dh a r m a n bec o mi n g t he

, ,

s e co n d p o n ti ff The o t her s ec t t he T a p a ga chh a r e g a r d s S udh ar ma n

.
, ,

a s t h e fi r s t p o n t iff Bo t h t h e s e s ec ts t r a c e t ho ug h w i t h s o me d i ff e r
.
,
.

e n ce s t h e po n ti ti ca l s ucc e ss io n do w n t o U ddh y o t a n a w h o fo un ded the

, ,

84 g a ch h ua of t h e J a i n
*
c a st e ) w hich st il l e xi s t a nd w a s 3dtb in .

s ucce ss io n fr o m Ma h avi r a .

Af t e r t i me of U ddh y o ta n a t he r e a r e t w o di s ti nc t li n e s of pon tifl s

th e .

O n e r e v e r e n c e d by t he K h a r a ta r a g a ch h a i s a s ucce ss io n of po n t i ff s
, ,

w h o a ll (w i t h t he e x ce p t io n of A b h a y ade va w h o w a s a lepe r bea r t he

)
t i t le of J i n a l T h e o t he r a cce p t ed by t he T a p a ga ch h as be a r s v a r io us
.
‘ ‘

, ,

t i t le s a n d w a s fo un ded by J a g a ch Ch a n dr a 4 4t h i n s u cce ss ion a cco r d

, . ,

i n g t o t he T a p a g a chh a r eco r d s f r o m S ud h a r ma n The s e t w o h is to r ic a l , .

ur kh a s o r s ec ts of t he J a i n s h a ve a pp a r e n t ly bee n lo s t s i g h t of i n t h e
'

g
ma z e of s ec ts a nd o r de rs in t o w hich t he co mmun i t y h as beco me divided
i n mo r e r ece n t t i m e s .

Th e o r ig i n of t h e D i ga mb a r a an d S w e tambar a s ec ts i s ve r y ob s c ur e .

A cco r di n g t o on e a cco un t t h e fo r me r s ec t w a s fo un ded by Na t a pu t t a

Ni r g r an t h a (o r Nig a n th a ) w h o h a s bee n ide n t i fi ed w i t h Ma h ab i r ,

h i ms elf I n deed i t h a s bee n held t h a t Mah abi r o n ly r efo r med a n

.

a n cie n t o r de r of n ak ed a s ce t ic s A cco r di n g to t he K h a r a t r a r eco r d s . a

t he D i g a mb a r as a r o s e i n t he t i me of t he i 8t h po n t i ff Ch an d r a w h e r ea s , ,

t he T a p a ga c h h a a cco un t i s th a t t he n a me of t he N i r g r an t h a s ec t w a s
.

ch a n g ed t o Ko t i ka ga ch h a a s e a r ly a s t he t i me of t he 9th po n tifl I t .

t h u s s ee m s l i k ely t h a t t he Di g a mb a ra s r ep r e s e n t a n olde r ph a s e of
b eli e f t h an eve n J a i n i s m i ts e l f b ut h o w eve r t h i s m ay be i t i s cer ta i n , , ,

t h a t in t he t i m e of Bh a dr a bah u t he 27 th i n s ucce s s io n f r o m G o t ama , .

t he Di g a mb a r a s a n d S w e t a mba r a s h a d fi n a lly s ep a r a ted The Digam .

b a r a s f o r t h w i th s pli t u p i n t o v ar io us s ec ts o r r a t he r o r de rs unde r th e
follo w i ng po n t ifl s i
D igambar a Ponti ffs .

Bh adr abah u II
G up ti gup ta
Magh anandi n
.

Ji nach andr a
K andak un da

Th e D i gamba r a o r de r s .

fo ded t h e r e a t o r de r of t h e Nan di
T he s ucce ss o r of u n g G up t ig up ta
hich f o m i t m o r t a n ce a ppe a r s to h a ve
S a n g h a s a kh a o r s chool w r
’
s p ,
.

i s m le s
o ve r s h a do w e d t he t h r ee m i n o r o r de rs fo un ded by h i s o t he r d p

T h e se l l S i mai V ans w al or Os wa l g e ts or g a ch h ua
i nc ude th e K h ande w al, A g ar w a , r ,

act oIdil lg to Wilso n ; R e lig i o us S e ct s o f t h e i n us, 3 45 H d p

T p y
. .

t
'

i a r h a ts T h h h ua by d e n i ng o
r
Pr obably as r e nc a r n a ti o ns o f t h e i J i n as o
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h
.

th ei r o ntifis th at ti tle may s g ni th e r r e j ecti on o i

f th e do cfy
t ri n i
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p
th ‘‘ h t
; 1t A n t. XX p . an d XX, p . 5 70 .
 h a ter J ai n sects .

an d w h ich i s i t w o uld s ee m oft e n r e g a r de d a s cc ext e n s ive w i t h - t he

, ,

w h ole D ig amb a r a s ec t The s e fo ur or de rs w e r e t h us de s i gn a t ed

.

Or de r .
y
S non yms . T i tl e s of Muni s . F ounde r .

r M
N g
a h anandi n who

I Pamata
“ G ach h a . Nandi n I K ir tti , I o bs e r v e d th e p eri od of

I Nandi S angh a 4 t th e ra n i y se as o n un de r
Balatkara f G ana . C h andra ,
Bh us h a na I a n a n di tr ee ( ce dr e la
J too n a ) .

Push kar a G a chh a V r i sh abh a : w h o o bse r e d v

II —S ena S angha
.

S ur as th a G ana i t unde r a J i nas e na o r

5
. .

S
( V ri sh a hh a ang h a) . S ena t r ee .

C h andra Kap ata

- S i mh a A sr ava S imha : w h o obse r v e d it
L—
,

[I S i mh a S angh a G ach h a . i n th e cav e of a l on i .

K anur a G ana . K h umba S agara ,

Pi i sh tk a G ach h a . D e wa ,
Nag a D e w a : w h o ob se r ed i t v
IV .
-
D ew a S angh a i n th e h ouse of th e
D e i G ana
s . D atta L ang a
, cour te zan D e vadatta .

The D ig amb ar a s i n s i st str o n gly on the e ss e n ti a l un i t y i n ma tt e r s o f

doc t r i n e a nd ob s e r v a n ce be t w ee n a ll fo ur o r de r s w h o s e m embe r s a lo n e ,

ca n co n s ec r a t e i ma e s Colle ct iv e ly t he s e fo ur o r de r s a ppe a r t o be
g .

k no w n a s t h e S a r a s w a t i g a r h h a t ho ug h pe r h a p s th a t t e r m i s i n str ic t ,

n e ss o n ly a sy n o n y m of t h e Na n d i S a n g h a S o t oo t hey a ppe a r to .

be c alled K un dak un dan w ay a o r t he li n e of K un dak nn da t hei r fi f t h , ,

’

p o n t iff In s o me ob s c ur e w ay t he t h r ee m i n o r o r de r s w o ul d s e e m t o be
.

s ubor di n a t e t o th e c h ief o r de r t he N an di S a n g h a a s t hey all fo ur o w e , ,

a lle i a n ce i t a ppe a r s t o t he s a me n t ifi s
g , p o ,
.

L a ter s ects .

S ub s e q u e n t t o the r i s e of t he s e fo ur o r de rs o r s a kh ae t he r e a r o s e ,

fo ur o t he r s a n g h a s t he Mul a Ka sh t h a Ma t h u r a an d G opp a
, , ,

S a n g h a But Mul a S a n g h a m e a n s li t e r a lly t h e O r ig i n a l Co m m un io n

.
,
’

a n d t he t e r m i s a ls o u s ed o f t he w hole J a i n co mm un i ty an d of t h e

D i g a mb ar a s befo r e t hey s pil t u p i n t o s ec ts .

S t ill l a t e r t h e r e a r o s e v a r i o u s p an thi s s uch as t he V i s a Te r a ,

G uma n a a n d Po t a Pa n t h is t e t ho s e w h o w o r s h i p a bo ok ( pust a k a )
,
-
, . .

i n lie u of a n i ma g e A n d a g a i n i t i s s a i d t h a t, i n S a mb a t 1 7 09,
.

L a v a j i of t he L ump a ka s ec t § t o g e t he r w i t h o n e D h a r ma d a s a, a c o tt o n ,

i n t e r, fo un ded t h e m o u t h cove r i n D h u d k The se divided i

-
n to
p r
g n a as .

22 s ec t io n s (p r e s uma bly t he Bai s t ol a ) o n e of w h i ch w a s c a lle d -

,

O b a n a j i Bh an a s di s ciple w as Budh e r a , a n d t h e l a tt e r s di s ci pl e
.
’ ’

R a g h u nath ji w ho s e d i s ciple Bh is h ma fo u n de d t h e T e r ap a n t h i s o r
,

Muk h aba n dh a s (mo u t h -cov e r e rs ) Whe t he r t he s e s ec ts ar e co n fi ned t o .

t h e Di g amb ar a s o r n ot i t i s i m po s s ibl e to say .

But ev e n t he s e do n o t e xh a us t t h e l i st of s ec ts Th e K h a r at a r a .

ch h a r ec or d s e nume r a t e t e n a ch h a bh e da s t he l a st f hic h w as
g a g o w ,

fo un ded a s l a t e a s S a mb a t 17 00 but w h e t he r t he s e s t ill e xi st o r n o t i s ,

n o t kn o w n I n deed w e do n o t k n o w if t he y a r e s ec ts o r o r de rs , o r
.

l
Pari jata i s the name of th e ce es ti a tr ee , and a so of th e cor a tr e e (e r y th i na i n d4c l l l '

T J
'
h e op
w e rfu or de r l .

I Stri ct ly p
S e ak i ng th e n th e s e ti t e s ar e confine d to th e Nandi or de r l ,

[ n di a n An t i quar y , 1 892, p 7 2
I
. ,
348 T h e J (t i n s a s a ca s te .

’
T h e J ai n s ri tr as ,

Th e J a i n s h old th at t hei r r el ig io u s books o r s zi tr as w e r e 84 in numb e r .

A bou t y e ar s ag o t h e w h ole of I n d i a w as vi s i t ed by a f ami n e w h ich

l a st ed fo r f ull 1 2 year s a n d d ur i n g t h a t pe r iod 39 s atr ae w e r e lo st,
,

on ly 4 5 bein g p r e s e r ved .

N o J a i n in Bah aw alp ur w ill r eve a l th e n ame of a s ittr a bec ause ,

h e s ay s h e c a n n o t a cc urat ely r e n o un ce i t a n d mi s p r o n u n ci a t io n of
, ,

i ts n a me w o uld b r i n g upon h i m t e w r a t h of t h e g od s Th i s ho w ev e r .
, ,

i s an e x cu s e a n d t h e t r ut h i s t h a t a n o r t ho do x J i n i s r el u c t a n t t o t ell
,
a

a n o u ts ide r t h e n a m e s of hi s s a c r ed boo k s T h e s ti tr a s a r e believed t o .

be w r i tt e n i n Ma g dh i Bh ak a (or Bh ash a ) th e l a n gua g e p r e s uma bly of ,

the Ma g a dh a e mpi r e The J a i n s believ e t h a t Ma g dh i w a s s po k e n by

.

th e g od I n d r a .

I t i s al s o a t e n e t of t h e J a i n fa i t h th a t (84 l akh s ) y zw s o r
i n vi s ible a n d vi s ibl e g e r ms e x i st i n t he a n i mal v e g e t a bl e a n d m i n e ra l , ,

k i n g dom s a n d i n s ur g n a i g e t c a cco r di n g t o t h e de t a il s g iv e n belo w

,
'

,
.

Ex p l an ati on .

In th e oute r cr ust of th e e ar th .

In w ate r .

In th e ai r .

In fi r e .

In unde r gr ound eg e tati on

,
v e g car r ots,
ip s
.
.
,
t ur n , i
on on s , e tc .

S adh ar an Banasp at i In v eg e tat ions abo e v th e s ur ace f of th e

g r oun d . e g ,
sh r ub s , tr e e s , e tc .

In ani ma s h a i ng a bo d and monthl v y .

l
In ani ma s h a i ng a bo d and mouth and e e s v y y
In ani ma s h a i ng a bod , mo uth nose an
l v y
.

d
e y es
,

D e v ta
.

In th e mg pa i ins
’

r ad se o f
-
z e . e or th e J a
Nar q k e In h e ll
.

Manukh
.

ke In on e l e g g e d an d tw o
-
- l egg e d me n
Pazi ndr i Pash ii ke p
.

or In quadr u e ds .

Pe r h a p s t he a bove t en e t s a n t icip a t e th e m ode r n s ci e n ce of b a c te r iolo y

g
Th e J a i n ca s te .

pr i n cipl e s on e b a s ed o n n a t ur a l de s cen t a n d s o o n a e t l e th
s e c t a r i a n t e on t h e beli e f s of t h e di ffe r e n t sub s ec ts fv j i in l l i 2?
,
’

he
, . .
, -
cc
He n ce a r i s e c r o ss divi s io n s w hic h h a v e y e t t o be elu cid a t ed F 0
-

a m pl e th e N a n di S a h *
r o r d e r i s a l s o c a ll e d t h e
r ex
, g a o ii
Na
a mn a y a m e a n s s i m p ly h u la o r f m ily s o t h a t Na n d i a ,

e n e r a t io n s of Na n di G a ch h a (w i t h w h ich a/n a i s a
’ '
g .

g s i d t o be sy n on y ,

mo u s ) i s u s e d i n di ffe r e n t ly f o r t h e r e l g i O i i s s e c t s o r o r d rs i
e a nd f o r t h e
n a tu r a l g r o u p s W i t hi n t h e c a s te t he r e bei n
,

g 84 0 a ch h a s o r g o ts i e
,

fa mi l ie s o r r a ce s of t h e J a i n s Whe t h e r th es e a r e in a n
'
, . .
,
, .

y w a y co n
n e ct e d w i t h th e s pi r i t ua l g a ch h a s o r n o t c a n n o t
be defi n i t ely s ta t ed .

* T h i s w as a matam or m t ( monas te ry ) founde d by th e L e kh ak a

a
L unk a m am
, ,

1 508 and f rom thi s ma t th e V e sh adharas took th e i r r i se

,
S bat .
,
 J ai r dmi —J dkhar . 849

It is if Mr Faga n s c la ss ific a t io n be co rr ec t t h a t t h e
c u rious , .
’
,

S w e t a mbar a a n d Dh un di a s ec ts i n t e r mar r y at le ast i n Bah éw al ur

(W h e re a pp a r e n t ly t h e Di g a mb ar a do n o t i n t e rmar ry w i t h t he o the r
,

t w o s ec t s ) Th e J a i n t e a c hi n g s t r o g ly r e p r o ba t e s po ly g a my an d i n
. ii

con e q u e n ce mo n o g a m y i s p a cti s e d by t h e Bh abra s g e n e r a l l y 6 g i n

s i
, . .
,

S lalko t w h ile i n F e r o z ep u r t h ey di s a l lo w p o ly g a my u n de r p ai n of
.

e xcl u ion f r o m t he c a st e O n t h e o the r h a nd J a i n i s m h a s li t t le eff e ct

s .
,

O n s oci a l b s e r v a nce s fo r a t w e ddi n g s i n th e l a tt e r Di s tr ic t t he J a in

o

Ban i a ( A g g a r w al ) b r ide g r o m m o u n t s a sh e do nk y a ft e r p utt i ng a o - e

,

r e d clo t h o n h e r a n d f e di n g h e r w i t h
g ram H e th e n m un t s a m a re
e . o
,

a cco r d i n g t o t h e u s ua l Hi n d u c us t o m T h e do n key r ide i s a fo r m of .

-

S i t la w o r s hip .

J A IR SMI follo w e r s
,
of on eJ a i r ani ,
’
a s ect w hos e fo un de r w a s a ls o kn o w n as

Bab a K i i r e w ala Bh a ng e w al a w hich W uld poi n t t o a lo w o r i i n

’

or ,
o
g .

J A I S AK , an a g r ic ul tur a l cl a n f o u nd in Sh ahp ur .

J A Is i R A, a P a r hi a c as te In t h e Un i t e d P r ovi n ce s a J a is w ar a s ec ti o n i s
.

fo un d i n ma n y c a s t e s s u ch a s t h e Ch ai n ar D han a k K a l a] K ur mi T e l i
, , , , , ,

Ban i a an d R aj pu t The n a me i s s u ppos ed to be de r ived f r o m t h e t o w n

.

of J a i s i n O udh The J a i s w ar a of t h e P un j a b c an t o n me n ts i s p r obably

.

a Ch a m ar a n d m a n y of t he m a r e g r oo ms o r g r a ss c ut te r s t h o ug h a -
, ,

f e w t ak e s e r v ice a s be a r e r s .

J AJ , (1 ) a Muh a mm a d a n J at cl a n (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) foun d in Mon t g ome ry

(2) a K a mboh c l an (a g r i c ul t ur al ) f o un d i n Am r i ts ar .

J AJ A H, a J et cl an (ag r ic ul t u r a l ) fou n d i n A mr i t s a r .

K t h e t e m f Hi d m i i i t h e Ra w l pi n di D i v i s ion a n d th e De r a j ab
J AJ A r o r a n u n a , ,

u t i n Mul t an i t h e w o r d i s s a id t o
,
c o di t o S i r D e n z il Ibbe ts o n B
a c r n
g .

m an
e p r ie s t a n d t o be t h e s a m
’
e a s J A CH A K a n d i n D e r a G h az i Kh an ,

t he J j a i k i s a s e w e r of s h r o u d s The J aj i k i s ce r t a i n ly di st i n c t f r o m
.

t he J HAN G A .

Ji n , t ibe w k i n a s P a t h a n a n d cl a i m i n
g de s ce n t f r o m Kh u g i an i
a r no r a n
g , ,

so n
of K a k a i b u t pe r h a p s of A w a n s t oc k The D u r r a n i A f g h a ns .
,
,

h ow e v e r a d m i t t h
,
a t t h e K h u g i a n i a r e a k i n t o t he m T h e J a ji lie .

e s t of t he l ur i s o n th e
'
w e
'
s t e r n b o r d e r of K u r r am ho l di n
g t h e I r is h
w ,

v a lley w e s t of t h e Pa i w a r p a ss On e of t hei r s ec t io n s t h e Uji K h el .

, ,

hol d s Ma ide n a l a r g e vill a g e i n t h e v alley o f th a t n a m e a n d an o t her

,
,

s ec t i o n i s t he S h ii mu K hel The J aji s a r e n o w a t b i t te r fe ud w i t h

’
.

t he T ur i s .

JAJJ AH (AN D) J A THOL a tr ibe of J fi t s fo u n d i n Si a l k o t They cl a i m So l a r

. ,

r a t e d f r o m Mu t an
,

m
Ra u j p t o r i g n an d s y t h ai t t hei r a n ce sta o r J a m i
g l , ,
.

Hi s t w o s o n s J aj a n d J a t hol fou n ded v ill ag e s i n t he Pa s r fir t a h s i l of

Sial ko t Thei r mi r ds zs a r e Po sla t h e i r Br ah ma n s Badh a r a nd the i r
.
’

talko t
.

Kho k h ar by t A cc d i t o t h e C u s t o m a r
y L a w o
f S
h ats g o r n
g . o

t h e J a jj a h i s d i st i n c t f r o m t he J a th a ul .

J AJ O E AN a J at o r a u
,
R jp t cl a n (a g r ic u l t u r a l ) fo u n d i n M u l t a n .

— A t be f De s a l i J a s cl m in R a j p u t ( C h a u b a n o r U d h i ) de s ce n t .

JA K H A R r i o w t a i g ,
o tak
R
h
.

h t hei ’
epo y m m i t ed f o m B i ka n e r t o J h a
J J B I i n
‘
.

Ja i i r
,
n
g r a r
,
i te
D wa é h d b h ich J a k u f a led t o be d
i n i n s
p of
A R éjé f k w w
a o ,
0 r a
85 0 J a kh ar —J dtap .

t h e p romis ed r e w a r d In s h a me he lef t hi s na t ive l an d an d s e t t l e d in

.

Bi k an e r The le g e n d cle a r ly poi n ts t o t he lo ss of m ili ta r y st a t us

.

by t h e J akh a r s O f th e s a me s t o ck a r e the S an g w an Pi r u an d K adian

. , ,

J e ts The J ak h a r a r e al mo st con fi n ed t o G ur g ao n a n d t h e adj o in i n g

.

J h ajj a r t a h s i l of R oh t ak They a l s o o w n a l ar g e vill a g e i n H an si . .

J AK HA R , Muh amma d a n J at o r Raj p u t cl an (ag r ic ul t ur a l ) fo un d

a in
Mon tg o m e r y w he r e t hey a ppe a r a l s o a s a cl an of t h e Bh a tti R aj p uts
,
.

J A K HO , D o g ar cl a n (a g r icu l t ur a l) fo un d in A mr i ts ar
a .

J AL ABKE a s ep t of K h ar r als w h ich li k e t he Pi r o ke i s o f s uppo s e d Ch uh r a

, ,

de s ce n t Bo t h ar e he n c e c alled Ch uh r e r e The leg e n d g oe s t h a t san da l

. .

t he f a mou s Ch uh ra d acoi t w h o g a ve h i s n a m e t o t h e S and a l Bar ,

de man ded a Kh ar ra l b r ide a s hi s fee f o r allo w i n g t h e m t o g r a z e i n t h a t

tra c t Bu t t he Kh ar r a ls ble w up S an da l a n d hi s follo w e r s a nd t oo k
.

t h e Ch uh r a w o m e n as t h ei r boo ty .

J AL i i s
i ,
ell k n o w n Mug h a l t r ibe a cco r di n g t o Ha ve r ty
a w -
,
’
. Not a pp a r e n t ly
r ep r e s e n t ed a m o n g t h e m ode r n Mug h a l s i n t he P u n j a b .

J AL AL ANI , a cl an of t h e Bo z d ar Ba loch .

J A L ALI, o n e of t
h e r e g ul a r Muh a m m a d an o r de rs, fo un ded by S ayyi d J al al
ud— di n, a p upi l of Ba h aw al H a qq t h e S o h r w a r di s a i n t of Mul t an a nd a . ,

n a t iv e o f Buk h ar a w h o s e s h r i n e i s a t Uch i n Ba h aw a lp ur Thi s t e a che r .

w a s hi ms elf a s t r ic t fo l l o w e r of t he L aw b u t h i s f o ll o w e r s w h o c a ll , ,

t he m s el v e s J s lali s a r e i n man y w a y s b a c k s lide r s They p a y li t tl e

, .

a t t e n t io n t o p r a ye r A ca n did a t e f o r a d mi ss io n t o t h e o r de r s h a ve s
.

c omple t e ly hi s he a d f a ce a n d body b urn s hi s clo t he s an d i s b r a n de d

, , ,

o n h i s r i g h t s ho u lder .

J AL AP ,
an a g r ic ul t ur a l cl an foun d i n Sh ah p ur a n d i n J li e lum In t he l atte r .

D i str ic t t hey w er e cl a ss e d by Th o m o n w i t h t h e L i lla s a n d Ph a p h r a s as s

a s e m i J et t r ibe w hile Br an dr e t h r efe rr ed to t he m a s bei n g li k e t he

-
,
”
,

u t t r ibe s t J r m
jp j
”
K h okh a r s a asi R a h helped o he f o
’

qu , w o -
t o u t a n ii a s ,

t he Pin d D adan Kh an pl a i n They a r e t h e p r edom in a n t t r i be i n t he .

J al a p t leq t he r ich w ell t r a c t be t w ee n t he r ive r a n d t he hill s e ast

n
,
”

of P i n d D ad a n K h an a n d i n po s i t ion an d i n fl ue n ce ar e o n e of t he p r i n cipa l
,

t r ibe s of th a t t a h s il t ho ug h t hei r n umbe r s a r e s m a ll a n d t hey a c t ua lly

,

o w n li tt le m o r e t h an 25 sq u ar e m il e s of l a n d : thi s i s t hei r o n ly s e a t i n
J bel um an d t h ey a r e n o t k n o w n t ) hold l an d i n a n y o t he r di st r ic t e xcep t
, ,

t o s o m e sm a ll e xt e n t on the opp o s i t e s id e of t h e r iver .

They s ay th a t t h ey w er e o r i gi n a lly Khok h ar R aj p u ts w h o took t h e ,

n a m e of t h ei r ep o n y m J al a p w h o bec a m e a f a mo us Pi r a n d w a s
, , ,

bu i e d a t Ramdi an i i n t he Sh ahp ur di st r ic t w he r e t hey t hen dw el t a n d

i
, ,

w her e t hey s t ill g o t o do r eve r e n ce a t h i s t o m b : t hey m ove d t o t h ei r

p r e s e n t loc a t i o n i n t h e t i me o f S idh ar an w h o w as s eve r a l g e n e r a t io n s ,

i n de s c e n t f r o m J al a p A n o t h e r a cco un t st a t e s t h a t i n t h e t i me of t h e
.

e mpe r o r Sh ah J a li en th y w e r e e s t a bl i sh ed o n t h e b a n k s of t h e e

Che n ab w he n on e of t he i r chief s w a s a s k ed by Sh ah J ah an t o g ive h im

,

a d a u g h t e r i n m a r r i a g e a s o t h e r R aj u ts h a d do n e : t he J al a p
p a eed
,
g r ,

bu t t he b r o t her hood di s a pp r ov e d of hi s a c t io n a n d w h e n h e c a me ho me ,

t o fe t ch hi s daugh t e r se t upon h im a n d k illed hi m S h ah J ah an s e n t an

, .

ar my t o p un i s h t he m, a n d bei ng d r ive n f r om t hei r ho me s t hey cr o s s e d t he

 J a mogi —J a mw ci l .

J a n o s i , a n c l of t he K a n e ts hich de r ive s i ts n am e fr o m J a mog a vill ag e

w ,

i n D h ami , a nd i s o ne of t he chief tr ibe s i n t h a t S t a t e (See Bat h man u ) . .

J AMRA a J at t r ibe of n o t a b l y fi ne p h y s i q u e fo un d i n D e r a G h az i Kh an
, , ,

di s tr ic t P r oba b l y a bo r i g i nal o r i m mi g r an t s f r o m th e e a st w a r d
. .

J AMU N ,
a Muh a mma d a n J at cl an (ag ric ul tura l ) fo un d in Mo n tg o me ry .

J A MW AL a Hi n d u Raj p ut cl a n (a g r ic ul t ural ) fo und i n Mo n tg o me r y a n d a l s o

,

i n Si al k o t w he r e t w o a cco un ts of t h e i r o r i g i n a r e c ur r e n t A cc o r di n g .

t o t h ei r mi r ds i s t h ey a r e of Sol ar R aj p u t de s ce n t a n d t hei r a n c e s t o r ,

A g n i g a r m i g r a ted f r o m A j u dh i a to t he Kech ua Do ab Hi s son J a mmu .

de f e t ed o n e R aga Ch a n d a Rih as a n d fo un ded t h e t o w n of J a mm u

a
,

w he n ce t he i r n a m e J a mw al O n e of t h e chief s ho w ev e r by n a me
,
.
, ,

Milh an Mi n h as t o ok t o a g r ic ul t ur e a n d fo un de d th e MA N HAs tr i be
, .

The o t he r a cco un t i s t h a t Bh a rn D a tt mi g r a t i n g f r o m A judh ia t o ,

K a s h mi r r e t ur n ed a n d s e t t le d a t t he pl a ce w h er e Ma nk o t n o w st an d s
, .

Hi s des ce n d a n t J a mmu fo un ded a n i n depe n de n t st a t e o f t h a t n a m e ,

a n d f o u rt h i n de s ce n t f r o m h i m r ei g ned J o g r aj c i r ca 4 7 4 S a mb a t , .

F r o m h i m de s c e n ded t he D e c dy n a sty of Si al k o t w ho s e pedi g ree i s t h u s ,

g ive n
Bi as RKM D s o 1 1 t h i n de s ce n t f r om J o gr aj , .

S ajj i D e o . R ai J ag g u . S a n sar Deo .

J ai s i n g h D e o .

Jh a g ar D eo .

P a k h ar De o . Ha mi r Deo . Mé uak D e o .
fo unde r
of Ma n k ot .

Th e Man k ot i as .

f
R j K h k h ar
a a o De o . K ap ur Deo .

J a s D e o , f o un de r
of J
asr o t a . Si n dh a , fo unde r of S a n sa . S i n g r am D e o .

T h e S unlz l i Raj p ut s .

F
,

I i
R aj a Ra n j i t D e o . Balw an t D e o . Man sa Deo .
Su r at S i ng h
l
Br i ] at ] D e c , K as fi r 8ln g h
'

k ll
i e d a t Bu w a by l l
.

k
t h e S i h s a n d t h e as t l
o f t h e D e o d n a st y y . R aj G u ah i ng h ,
a l S R aj a h i gu D
f oun de r o f t h e r u i ng l S i n gh
J
.

h o use o f a mmu
K a nd ash mi r .

In Hoshi arp ur t he Raj p ut s r ank as a s e p t of th e lst g r ade .

 J un ~ J a nj i i a . 35 3

J AN, a Wild an d
l aw le ss tr ibe d w elli ng in t he s o uthe r n p a r t of th e Bar i
D o ab a nd f a mo us mar aude rs : Pun abi D i e ty p 47 5 P r ob ably t he
,
j .
, . .

same as t he J 6N .

J AND AN I a clan of t h e K ho s a Baloch

, .

J AND APU R, se e G and ap ur .

J AND I , K amb o h clan (ag r ic ul t ur al ) fo und in A mr its ar

a .

J A NDRAK E a Kh a r r al cl an (a g r ic ul t ur al ) fo un d i n Mo n t g o m e ry
, .

J RND RA co t to n cl a d a t e rm a ppl ie d t o t h e Hi nd us of the pl a i ns a s O ppo s ed

,
-
,
‘

t o tho s e of t he hill s 0 g t he G ad di s w h o w ea r w o p l (Kan g ra ) , . .

, , . .

J A NDR AN ( 1 ) a n A r ai u (2) a Muh am m a da n J at cl a n (b o t h a g r ic ul t ur a l )

, ,

fo u nd i n Mo n t g o me r y a nd (3) a n a g r ic ul t ur al cl an fo und i n Sh ahp ur , .

J A Nnn a tr i be of J ats fo un d i n K ap ur th al a w hi ther i t mi g r at ed f r o m t he

, , ,

e a st beyo n d th e J umn a
,
.

J AINGAL a G uj a r cl a n (ag r ic ul t ura l ) fo un d in A mr i t sa r

, .

J A NG ALi a J at cl an (ag r ic ul t ur a l ) fo un d i n Mul tan

,
.

J ANGLA a J at cl an (ag r ic ul t ur al ) s e ttled i n Mul tan f r o m J h a ng i n Mug h a l

,

t im e s .

J ANG L I a g e n e r i c n a me fo r t he n o mad s of t he S and al Bii r

,
The te rm i s of .

r ece n t o rig in : s ee Hi th ari .

J A N i , a J a ; cl a n ( g
a r ic u l t u r a l ) fo u n d i n A m r i ts ar .

J ANI K HEL s e e un de r U t man z a i

,
.

J ANi L a J at cl a n (a g r ic ul t ura l ) f o un d in Mul t an

,
.

J ANJ ii A a R ti j p ut t r ibe fo u n d tho ug h n ot in l a r g e n umbe r s t h ro ug ho u t t h e

’

, , ,

ea st e n S a l t R an g e t hei r he a d q ua r t e r s i n t he s o uth w e st P un j a b
r ,
-
,
-

i ncl udi n g Ba h aw alp ur * in Hos hi ar p u r a n d A mri ts ar Th e J an ji i a o n ce

’

.
,

h el d a l mo st t h e w hol e of t h e S a l t R a ng e t r a c t but w e r e g r a d ually ,

di s po ss e ss ed by the G a k k h a r s in t he n o r t h a n d by the A w ans i n t h e

w e st a n d t hey n o w hol d o n ly t he ce n tr a l a n d e a st e r n p a r ts of th e Ra n g e
,

a s t r ib a l t e r r i t o ry w hich i s e xa c tly w h a t t hey h ld a t t h e t i m e of

,
e

Bab a r s i n v a s io n ’
They s t i l l occu py a s oci al po s i t io n i n t hi s t r ac t
.

w hich i s s eco n d o n ly to t h a t of t h e G a k k h a r s a nd ar e a l w ay s a dd re ss ed ,

V ar i ous o r i g i n s h ave bee n a s c ri bed t o t he J a n j i la

’

a s Raj a .
.

cco di t o b r t he hill of J ii d w as held by t w o t r ibe s of co mmo n

’

A r n
g B a a
de s ce n t th e J (i d a n d J a n ji i h ah The J an jii h ah w e re old e n e mie s of t he
’ ’

.
,

G ak k h a r s d B a a b r r eco ‘
r d s t h a t a he a d m a n a m o n
g t h e m r eceiv e s t he

t i tle o f R ai (th e s a me p urel y Hi n d u t i tle w a s us ed by the K h ok h a r s

i

h i l t h e yo e r b r o t he rs n d s o ns of a R a i w e r e
a nd G a k k h a r s)
a
w e u n
g
,

styled Malik .

A cco r di ng t o a m ode r n a cco u n t R a j a M a l R a t h e r h a d s i x s o n s , ,

s ts t s t m ts
Wi r i al d a n J odh a w ho s e d e ce n d a n i n
,
e r m a r r y t hei r e t le e n
,

bei n g co n t i g uo us ; w h ile tho s e of t he o t he r fo u r K a k

h h T ol a e r n i
, , ,

D abo ch a r a n d K aal do n ot Di s p u t e s be t,
w ee n t he b r o t he r s led t o
.

t hei r di s pe rs io n a n d di s i n t e g ra t io n s o h a t t he s p ts e g d
t e r a r t he m
,
s el ve s

as di s t i n c t t r ibe s M o r eove r m a n y a dop

.
t ed v a r i o u s h a n d c r a f ts s o t h a
t i ,

Wh e r e th e S ar e s ai d to be a c an o f th e G a kkh ars l
:pp
.

di sa e ared ,
1E H
’
. . I .IV . 232, 231 5 Near all tr aces of th e
-
.
ly J 6 d, as a tri be , h a v e pp
but see under Jodh .
35 4 Th e J anj zta p e di gr ees .

J an j ua ge ts are now fo un d a mo ng t h e T eli s, L oh ar s, T arkh ana and e ve n

Musallis an d t h e G h umma n , G anjial, Bh ak rial, Na t h i al , Banth ,
Bascy a an d o t he r J ats a r e of Jan jfia de s ce n t .

The fo ur youn g e r s ep ts ar e e a ch e n dog a m o us a n d i t i s c o n s ide r e d ,

di s c r edi ta bl e t o m a r r y o uts ide t he s ep t Wido w r e ma rr i a g e i s str ic tly .

p r ohibi t ed Th ei r O b s e r v an ce s ar e t h e s ame a s t ho s e of t h e Ch i bh s
. .

Th e follo w i ng pedi g r ee co me s f r o m t he mi n is i of t h e tr ibe

R AJ A MA L .

l
R aj a J odh . T arnok .

In Haz ar a .

S np l
a a . D e scendants Pe s h aw ar and D e sce ndants D e scendants i n
fou d i n n th e fi nger of Pakh li nume r ous in i ldqa K ah r o
K i r pal . Bi l aw al . K ash mi r . in Hazr o . Hazar a : so me R
i n aw a n di l pi
l I l found i n
a so
C hoh ar . Am i l Kh an . S ial k ot .

l fin
D aul at . K las ud di n
- -
’

Taman .

Budh a K han .

D e scendants in differ ent

l ocaliti e s .

r I l
S ul tan Bah ata . S ultaxi A aml . Sul tan Sangu . S ultan
l
At Bédsh éhp ur i n Sultan Khair D e sce ndants i n
J bel um . Muh ammad . J h e l um .

D e scendants i n
ne ar Jhe l um .

D e scendants ln Kh an] ,

Tah sil K h ali an .

D e sce ndants at R aj ur in
Kh ar i an tah sil .

A n o t he r pedi g r ee m ak e s t hem de sce n d an ts of J a ip al w h o op po s e d

*

Mah m ud o f G h a zni a t Nan da n a 900 ye a r s a go Bab a r c e rt a i n ly de . o

s c r ibe s the m a s r ule r s f r o m o ld t im e s of t he S al t R a n g e hill s a n d of t h e

, ,

t r ac t be t w ee n N il ab a n d Bh e r a He a ls o de s c r ibe s Ma l i k H a s t J a n j i la .

,
’

,
a s h a ki m of t h e i ls a n d u lri se s i n t he n ei g hbo ur hood o f t he Soh an
’

As .

r ule r s t h e J ii d a n d J a n j uh a r ule d a cco r di n g t o fi xed c ust o m s n o t ,

a r bi t r a r ily r e ali z i n g a
, (2 t r upee s ) Ye a rly on eve r y he a d of '

c a tt l e an d s e V e n s h ri h w u kh zs o n a m a r r i a g e
a: l
J h e um G a z e tte e r 1 90 4 , 93 ,
p . .

l s h t h R uklr was a s on of i mur an d succe e de d to h i s f a th e r s e m r e i n

T 1 404 05 A
'
pi -
D
T h e f a ct th at h i s colns w e r e i n use among th e J anj ua o i n ts e i th e r to th e r h a i n be e n p i v g . .

y l i
t r buta r to hi m or to th e i nc us on of th e S a t ang e i n h i s domi n ons
i T h e a tte r l R i l con
l i mor e p robabl e
.

e us on i s th e .
 J a nj uha n d - J ar ia .

o f ten g ood .
T h ey ha ve
v ani ty w hi h i s gener ally r athe r amti sing than
a l arg e sh ar e of c

o fl e nsi vé T h y a e t th e ame time se l f r e sp ecting a d not w i th out a cer tai n k ind of

. e r a s -
, n

p r i d and ar mi nently a p op l e w i th w h om sl igh t inter l udes of emotional g ov ernment are

e, e e e

li k e l y to be u ful
"
se .

In Ho sh i ar p ur t he J a njuas ar e f ai r ly n ume r o u s to t he no rt h e a st of -

Da u as y * The Bih ai s of Ba dl a a r e s a id t o be an a t o r sub divi s io n of

.
-

t he J a nj ii a w h i ch t a ke s it s n ame f ro m t he vill ag e of Be at a in tap p a

’

K amahi Ba h me an s a s e tt le me n t a nd the J an j da v ill ag e s s eem

.
,

of t e n to beg i n w i t h Ba h The J an j ii a s in t hi s Di stri c t say t h ey mi g r a t ed

’

f r o m Has tin apu r a t o G ar h Ma kh i atla i n R aw alpi n di o r Jh el um a nd

’

t he n ce t o e s c a pe Muh a mma dan opp r e ss io n t o Ba dl a un de r R aj a

,

S ah j Pal 8t h i n de s ce n t fr o m R aj a J o dli
,
Hi s s o n Pah ar Si ng h .

h el d 1 32 vill a g e s r o un d Ba dl a They cl a i m t o be Ban ds of t he Dog a r s .

,

a n d t h e he a d o f t h e f a m ily i s i n st alled T w i t h t h e co mm o n ce r e mo n y of th e

tr im un de r a b a n i an t r e e a t Ba r n ar o r Ba h A t a t ho ug h Ba dl a (Ba r o r ,

Boh ar w al a) a l s o cl a i m s t he ho no ur a mi ds t t he a ss e mbled Dog ar s of Me h r ,

Bh a t oli a vill a g e n e a r Ba dl a w h o p r e s e n t a h o rs e a n d s h aw l w h ile t h e
, .
, ,

Bih als pay a n a z ar of R e 1 o r R s 2 e ach They a r e s ai d t o o nl y g ive . . .

d a ug h t e r s t o Dadw als w h o ar e lst g r ade R aj p uts a n d t o t ak e t he m f r o m

, ,

Ba r an g w als l a ddus a n d G h o r e w ah as w h o ar e i n t h e 3r d g r a de
,
i
, , .

The Ba dlial i s an o t he r J an Jua sep t der i vi ng i ts n a me f r om Badl a ,

,
th e a n cie n t R aj p ut ti ka Ba dl a i s n ow i n r ui n s an d i ts mi nd s fami ly .
’

i s e xt i n c t but t he s ep t h as ma de on e of i t s m e mbe r s t hei r mi nd a n d

,

p r e s e n ts i i a zar dn a e t c t o h im a s u s ua l S t ill a s h e h a s n o t bee n

, .
, .
,

i n stalle d o r m ade a ti la kdh dm hi s r dn ash zp doe s not co un t fo r much

’ ’
’

, .

J A NJ U HAN a Mu h amma d an J a; clan (a gr ic ul t ur al ) fo und i n Mo n t g o me r y

, .

J A NJ U N HA a n A r éi n c la n (a g r ic ul t ur al ) fo un d i n Mo n tg o me r y
,

J A NO HA (do ub t le ss J a n ji i a ) —
.

A R ajpu t s ep t a n off s hoo t of t he Bha is

’

tt
.
,

w ho s e an ce s t or J oli a d ( l J udh ) c ame t o G a h

r Mak h il a i n A kbar s r ei g n’ ’

an d f o un ded N ri r p ur J a n o h a i n K a i i r th a la
’

p .

J ANS AN a Muh amma d an K a mboh cl an (a gr ic ul tur al) foun d i n Mo n tg ome ry

, .

J ANWA S a Muh a mma dan J zt t clan (ag r icul t ur al ) foun d in Mon tg ome r y ’

J a G uj a r cl an (a g r ic ul t ura l ) fo un d i n A mr i ts a r .

J Anti a n a gr ic ul t ur a l cl an fo un d in Shahp ur
, ,

J A ini H at Mt clan (ag r ic ul t ur al ) foun d i n Mul tan

, .

J a ni s , s ep t of J ats fo un d in J i n d In t h a t st at e five ge ts of J ets de r ive

a .

t hei r n ame s f r o m a s many p a rts of t he be r i tree viz , .

( i ) R a n g i , f ro m t he
'

b a r k of t h e be r i tr ee used fo r dyei ng r an
g ,
or
,
J a r i a fr o m J a r th e r oo t
.

(i v) J h a r i o r s eed li ng s, a nd
, , ,
.

,
m
( ) B e r t a f r o m bar t he f r u i t ( )
v ,K hi ch a r o r bud , , , .

The s e fi ve ge ts may ho w eve r i n t e r mar r y an d a r e collec ti vely c alled

J ar i a w h ich i s a l s o s a id t o be de r ived f r o m j e r d an d t o me a n t w
,

, in )
Th e P ah r i of K uh i i s a br anch of
th e J ani u as w hi ch h as t
status s o t h at J anjii as and clans 0 f e qua or h i g h er g r ade do not nter
’

l i
3t dmr f
1 i le n
,

T f l i
T h e or ma i t e s at th e acce s s on of a ne w
y
u tan of M
f
akh i z
i la
p 111 11 t i
i
i l
S l
p i ip l
‘

522
d
.

r e dece ssor s death th e

‘

7 , 9, 1 1 o r 1 3 da s a t e h s
r i r nc a me n o
f th e tract ar e f e ast d
i n th e a f te i noon th e as
se m b e a t a r
oc b e h i y
nd th e ult an s h ouse an d
’
l th e am y
k S f il
Br ah man p uts th e t ri mon hi s or e h ead Th e ultan th en a oints 3 m f
and our dtw dns
. S pp m f
 J a r idl—Jet . 35 7

J AR IS L cl an o f Hi n d u Raj p uts f ound i n Ho shi a rp ur in gr e a te s t numbe rs in

, a
,
t h e n o r t h e a s t o f D as uy a tah sil A l s o a cl an o f a g r ic ul t ura l B ra h ma n s
-
.

i n t h e R aj i r i ta lu ka o f Ha mi r p u r t a h s il i n K a n g ra Th r a nk i n th e
g e
y .

2n d g r a d e 1 n bo t h c ast e s .

J AR O L A (1 ] a n agr ic ul t ur a l cl a n
, fo un d i n Shahpur (2) a , J et cl a n (ag r i cu l t u r a l )
fo un d i n M ul t an .

J A RRRB, a sur g e on an d d e n ti s t w ho is a l mo s t a l w a y s a mi
J A RSOD H , Ba loch i a w as h e r ma n , fr .
j ar c ot l he s , s h odh a g h to w as h .

J A R WI
SR, a cl a n of th e Kh o sa B a l o ch .

J AsGA M, a cl a n o f M uh a mma d an Raj pu ts, fo und i n t h e Mur r e e h l llS Lik e .

th e Dh fi n ds an d K h a t r i ls t h e y cl a i m d e s c e n t f ro m M a n a f , a n a n c e s tor o f
t h e P r o ph e t , a nd g o t p o ss e s s i o n o f t h e t r a ct t h e y no w o cc u u n de r
py
G a kkh ar r ul e , w h e n o n e Z uh a i r , a d e s c e n da n t o f th e P r o ph e t , ca me fr om
A r a bia an d s e ttl e d n e ar K a h uta o .

J AS IAL ,
a cl an of H i n d u Rajp uts , of S a lamia s ta tus , fo un d i n H os hi ar p ur .

J A sPZi L, g r i c ul tur a l cl a n fo un d in Shah p ur

a na .

J asmi an a gr ic ul t ur a l cl an fo un d in S h ahp u r
,
.

J AS ROT IA a Réjput cl a n a n o ff sh oo t o f th e J A n w i L
, ,
. lt de r iv e s i ts n a me

f r om J as ro t a an d i s o f J a lk a r i a s t atu s .

J A s w é aé , se e J ai sw ar é .

J A81 1 8 ,
3. J at cl an (a gr ic ul t ur al ) f o un d i n A mr i tsa r .

J As w éL fi sh oo t of t h e K a t o ch , th e g r e a t Raj p u t cl a n w h ich
an o g a ve r ul e r s
,

to t h e ki n gd o m o f It d e r iv e s i ts n a me fr o m (o r po ss flaly giv e s
i ts n a m e to ) t h e J a s w an D un of H o shia rp ur , a nd a t i ts or igi na l se a t, Bhi r
J a sw an, ar e r e mai n s o f b uild i n gs , w e lls a n d fo un ta i n s whi ch a t t e s t its
f o r me r o w e r It st ill ra nk s high, be in g o f J a i k a r i a s t at us In 1 5 96 th e
.
.

d c ib d Z m i da i t h a r my n d ga v e so me
‘
J as u w a as w e r e e s r e a s a n r s w a n a
*
t roubl e to th e i mp e r i a l a ut h or i i et s .

d i m J f m i t h child f J e t T h f orm
J 81 , f e m J i i t ta e e o a e ~
n
'
a e
r ,
. .
. , , .

J at i s use d i n th e S o u t h -Ea s t
P u n j ab I n t h e C e n tr a l P un j a b J a tt .

m i i n a r a, a J a tt s child , is use d
’
h i J
’

f t m J a tti , i s u s u a l A n o t e r d a t . g .

r o v m ce t h e Mult an l a n d
.

P
. o

co n te mp t uo us ly I n th e s o u t h -w
.
e s t o f t h e

B a l o ch i t e r m f o r a J et is Ja g dal , a n d J a t (Wi th t h e s o f t t) i s use d

to d e n ote a c am e l - d r iv e r
,
a s i n Up p e r Si n dh ,
w h e re
j a t n o w m e a ns

c l h ph d i pp i t i t h u b n d ma n
a me s n o os o n o a s a
a r e a r e r of o r a s e e r ,
.

Hi s to r y
T he J ci fs i n .

F ra o'
me n ta ry not ic e s o f t h e J ats o cc ur in t h e M uh a m mad a n h i s to r i a ns
I ndi a s e e n f r o m t h e fo ll o w i n g e xc e r p t s f r o m E lli o t
’

of ,
as w ill be s

His tor y of In di a .

d W i i g t 91 2 A D giv t h di t c f ro m
Ibn K h ur d a b a r t n a n e e s
,
e s a n e . .
,

i i a M u 80 d dd
th e f r o n t e r o f K r m
n a s z
n t o a n s r a a s p a r a s n s a ,

Thi s r o ut e p a s se s t h r o ug h th e c o untr y o f t h e Z a te (Ja t s) w h o ke e p

Wa t ch o v e r i t E H I p 1 4 .
”
. .
,
. .

”
M
M a , VI
Elli ot s Hi f I d i 1 29
’
s t, O n , p . .
35 8 Th e J ci ts i n hi s tor y .

A cc o r d i ng to th e h o r o f th e Muj ma l a t Ta w ar i kh t h e J a ts l a n d
a ut - - * ‘ '

M e ds w e r e i e pu t e d d e s c e n d a n t s of Ha m Th e y b ot h dw e l t i n Si n d i .

a nd o n (th e b a n k s o f ) t h e B a h a r r i v e r a n d th e J a t s w e r e s u bJ e ct t o ,

t h e Me d s w h os e o p p r e ss i o n d r o v e th e m a c r oss th e P a h a n r iv e r Th e .

J a t s w e r e h o w e v e r a cc u s t om e d t o t h e u se o f b o a ts a n d w e r e t h us a bl e
, ,

t o c r o s s t h e r iv e r a n d r a i d t h e M e d s w h o w e r e o w n e r s o f s h e e p ,
.

E v e n t ua lly t h e J a t s r e d uc e d th e Me d p o w e r a n d r a v a g e d t h e i r c oun tr y .

A J a t ch i e f h o w e v e r i n d uc e d b o t h t r ib e s t o la y a s id e t h e i r di ff e r e n c e s
, ,

a nd se n d a d e p ut at i o n o
f
chi e f s t o w a i t o n Ki n g D aJus h a n (D ur
D d b h m o n o min
y o d h a n a ) s on o f D a h r a t ( ,
h r i t ar a s h t r a ) a n e g i t ,

a t e a ki n g w h o m b o t h t r ib e s w o ul d
,
obe y A cc o r di n gly t h e e mp e r o r .

D a j ti s h a n a p p o i n t e d D a s sal (D uh sala) h i s s i st e r a n d w i fe o f t h e
’

, ,

p o w e r f ul ki ng J a n d: at (J a y a dr a t h a ) t o r ul e ov e r th e J a t s a n d M e d s A s ,
.

t h e c o u n tr y p o sse s s e d n o B r a h m a n s sh e w r o t e t o h e r b r o th e r for ,

a id a n d h e se n t h e r
,
f r om H i n d us ta n He r c a pi t al w a s A s k ala n d . .

A s m al l p o r tio n o f t h e c o un tr y sh e ma d e o v e r t o t h e Ja t s u n d e r t h e i r
chi e f J Li dr a t § ,
.

Ch a ch th e B r a h ma n u s ur pe r llo f S i nd h um ili a te d t h e J a ts a nd
, ,

L o ha n a s He c o mp e ll e d t h e m t o a g r e e t o c a r r y on ly s h a m s w o r ds
.

t o w e ar n o u n de r g a r men t s o f s h a wl v e lv e t o r s ilk a n d o n ly s ilk e n -

, ,

o ut e r g a r me n ts p r o vid e d t h e y w e r e r e d or b la ck i n c o l o ur : t o u t n o
p
-
,

s a ddl e s on t h e i r h or s e s : t o k e e p t h e ir h e a d s a n d f e e t u n cov e r e d to
t a k e t h e i r dogs w i t h t h e m wh e n t h e y w e n t o u t : t o f ur n i s h g uid e s a n d
s i e s a n d c a r r y fi r e w o o d f o r t h e r o y a l k it ch e n fil
p Of t h e L oh ana 73e , . .

L ékh a an d S amma w h o w e r e a p p a r e n t ly J a t s i t i s sa id th a t th e sam e , ,

r ul e s w e r e a p pli e d t o t h e m a n d t h a t t h e y k n e w n o di s t i n c t i on o f g r e at
an d M uh a m ma d bi n Q a si m m a i n ta i n e d th o se r e g ul a t io n s ,

d e cl arin g t h a t t h e Ja t s r e se mbl e d t h e sa v a g e s of P e rs i a a n d t h e moun

ta i n s He al so fix e d th e i r tr ibut e d f
.
'

Bh e ti Th ak ur s an d J a t s of G h a z ni w h o h ad s ub m i t te d
Th e , an d e n.
l e r e d t h e A r ab se r v ic e g a r r i s on e d S zt g a r a a n d th e i s l a n d of ,
’

in
t h e t i me o f M uh amma d bin Q a si m c 7 1 2 A D , . . .

Th e J ats lik e , th e B a lo ch , th e S a mma s an d t h e S o dh a s, re v o l te d

a g a i n st but t h ey w e r e so o n r e d uc e d to su b mi ss i o n , a n te 1 300
A D . .

In 834 A D , a n d a g a i n i n 835 Aj i t bi n Isa w a s s e n t a g a i n s t t h e

. .

J a t s , w h o se chi e f w a s M uh a mma d bi n U s man llI

’
I a n d c omm a n d e r S a mlu .

A j i f d e f e a t e d th e m i n a s e v e n mo n t h s c a mp a ig n , a n d t o o k
’
of
t h e m , i n cl udi n g w o m e n a n d ch il dr e n wi t h fi gh t i n g me n to
3
* Wr it te n ci r ca 1 1 26 A D . .

’
r By th e A r a bs,
’
t h e w r i te r i nte i p olate s , th e Hi ndus ar e ca e d a ts ll J ‘

v ll
.

IS i nd th e a e y o f th e I ndus f r om th e mode r n Mi zi n w ali do w n t

o th e mo uths of th e
ri ver .

I, I, p p l o3
E . H . . .

Hi s usur p ati on date s fr om 6 81 , A D . .

"
JE H I, p 1 5 1
. . .

Ih p 1 87 . . .

w 88
i
l i 67 l i
h li s can h ar cuy 1, e t11 c mode r n "

i
1 E i P 1
' '

i ii th gluifi:
‘z l i xI l) be th e G arb
o
.
a l
.

G l azni or G h aJm of mo de r n J a le en d, as i t lay ap p al e ntly o ‘

0 1 U nnar 2 E H I, p p 22 1
‘
.
. .

“
, .

HE . H 247 . .
36 0 Th e J dte i n h i s tor y .

a c onte st in which th e J at s h a d h e ld t h e i r o wn, an d put of th e

*
d e mon lik e Ja ts t o t h e s w or d
- .

A b ou t 1 5 30 t h e S ul t a n M uh a mma d ibn Tug h li q h ad to s up pr e ss th e

Bi r ah a s, Ma n dah ar s , J at s , Bh at (t i )s, a n d Ma nh i s (M i n as), w h o h ad
f or me d ma n da la r o un d S un a m a n d Sa ma ri a, wi t h h e ld t r ib u te a n d
pl u nd e r e d t h e r oa ds r
’
.

In th e c o un t r y b e t w e e n Ni lab a n d Bh e ra , w r o t e Bab a r , but

di sti n ct f r o m t h e t r i b e s o f J ii d a n d J a n j ii li a h, a n d a dj a c e n t t o t h e
’ ’

K a sh mi r b ill s a r e t h e J a t s, G i i ja r s, a nd m a n y o t h e r s o f si mil a r t r i b e s ,
’

w h o b u il d v ill a g e s , a n d se tt l e o n e v e r y h ill o ck a n d i n e v e r y v a ll e y .

Th e i r h dki m w a s of t h e G a kkh ar r a c e , an d th e i r g o v e r n me n t r e s e mbl e d

t h at of t h e J ii d a n d J a nj ii h ah 1
’ ’ ’ ’

“
E v e r y t i me , a dd s Bab ar , t h at I h av e e n te r e d H i n d us ta n , t h e J a ts
”

a nd G u j ar s h a v e r e g ul a r ly p our e d d ow n i n p r o digi ou s n u mb e r s f r o m
t h e i r bills a n d wil d s, i n o r d e r to c ar r y o fi o x e n a n d b uff a l oe s Th e y
”
.

h a d c o mmi tte d g r e a t d e p r e da t i on s , a n d t h e i r di s t r ic ts n o w y i e l de d
li t tl e r e v e n ue A ft e r t h e r e st o f th e c oun t r y h ad b e e n s ub due d t h e s e
.

tr ib e s b e g a n t h e i r old p r a c t ic e s a g a i n, a n d pl un d e r e d t h e T ur ki
o n i ts w a y f r o m Sialk o t t o B ab ar s c a mp
’
a r r i s on B ab a r h ad t w o
g .

o r t h r e e o f t h e o ff e n d e r s cu t i n pi e c e s § Lik e th e Bh uk ial a n d o t h e r .

t r ib e s th e J a t s w e r e d e p e n d e n t s o f t h e G ak kh ar s F a t h K h an , J a t o f .
“
K o t K a p ur afi] d e v a s ta t e d t h e wh o l e L a khi J a n g a l a n d k e p t t h e high
r oa d s f r o m L a h or e t o D e l hi i n a f e r me n t i n S h e r Shah s t i m e
’
.

h
T e T d r i kh -i -
T ahi r i d e s cr ib e s t h e t r ib e s o f th e B al o ch a n d N a h mr ui
*
Br ah i i ), o f t h e J o k y a
i i * a n d J a t , a s s e t tl e d o n t h e h ill s a dj o i ni n g
’

t h e L a kki m o un ta i n , which e x t e n d t o K i ch a n d Ma k r aii , i r i n th e t i me

”

Th e Mi m ta kh a b-a l-L ubci b d e s c r ib e s th e Sikh s as p r i n cip ally

’
o f A kb a r .

Ja ts an d K h at r is ;t ;t .

Th e h e a s t P un j a b f o r me d po li t ic a lly a p a r t o f t h e
Ja ts of th e so u t -

Bh ar tp ur p r i ncip ali t y d ur i n g t h e d e c ay o f t h e M ugh a l e m pi r e o f

D e lhi Occ a s io n ally a s i n gl e v ill a ge w o uld pl un d e r a n i mp e r i a l
.

b a gga g e b u t th e t r ib e s a s a w h ol e l oo k e d t o Bh ar t p ur a s , ,

t h e i r c api t a l T h e Na w a b S a f d a r J an g e mpl o y e d S ur aj Ma l a n d h e
.
,

ob t a i n e d th e wh ol e o f t h e Me wa t up t o t h e n e ighb o ur h o o d o f De l hi ,
,
b e s id e s t h e p ro vin c e of A g r a .

E . H I III p p
. , . 492 -3 ,

E . H I III p 24 5
, . , . . .

I E H. I
.V , p 2 3 4 . .

E H . IV , p 240
. . .

HE H V , p 7 8
, . . .

ii I t i s e r y d ov u t f u if K ap i i r ab i s r i g h t lTh e T d i
~
III
’

i i S }i e r -S h ali £ h as
F ath K han at .
. -
J
h ad e e n i n r e e i on i n K ay i i la and i n th e t i me of th e Mng h a s h ad p unde re d th e Who e
b b ll l
’

,
l l
countr y as f ar as Pan i p at E I I IV , p 398 . . . , ,

bl
M Possi y a mi sp r int f or oh iy a J .

I h 28 6
1T p . . .

3 V II 4 1 3 425
I1 1 . p p , .
, .

As w h e n th e J at s o f Ni tr o e tw e e n K oda and Palw a l b

p un de r e d th e Ami r u]
, l l l
r of Muh ammad S h ah
,

Um a r i
’

s
’
b agg ga e in 1 7 38 th e l e th y e a -

T h e J é t l 1n
m; ig
dii dgg:
r ,

l l r y ca e d th e R am dal, a name w h i ch ap p e ar s t o
ll -
o
p p u a connote
i
ch ar acter of th e r e o t agai nst th e M
r
v l uhammadan domi nation : E H I V II I pp 5 5 and . .

187.
 Th e J dts .

T h e J ri ts o
f Bh ar tp n r .

Bai j a S ing h of Sa nsan i, b e tw e e n Dig a nd Kambh e r .

Bannu S IN G H fo unde r of Bh ar t ur
l
,
p ,
di e d A D
Mo h ka m S i ng h
. .

S U BAJ MA L .

I
r
W
m n

J AWA HIR S ING H, R am s S IN OH NAWAL S ING H

.
. Bhaw ani S i ngh
di e d 1 7 6 8 .
.

K h e r i S ing h a li a s I S m e lt
R ANJ I ’ ‘

so n o f S ur aj Mal ,

di e d 1 80 6 .

T he fo ll o wi n g a cc o unt o f t h e Ja ts i n th e Pun j a b is l g ly
ar e a re
r o d uc t i o n o f t h e l a t e S i r D e n z i I
l b b
’
p e ts o n s a cc o un t o f t h e m i n
the
Punj a b Cen sus R ep o r t , He p r e fa c ed h i s a c co un t by o b s e r vi ng
t h a t t h e li n e s e p a r a t i n g Ja t , Raj p u t s a n d ce r ta i n o t h e r ca s te s
s
ib
i s a l mo st i mp o s si bl e o f de fi n i ti o n d M o r e e s e ci a ll i s thi s t r ue o f
( t r e s)
‘

p y
t h e w h o l e o f t h e We s te r n P un j a b , w h e r e t h e t e r m f o r o n e o f ‘ g l ’
e nt e
bi r t h is s dh u, e s p e ci a lly i n t h e S a l t R a n g e , a n d w h e r e th e l a n d -o w n i ng
a n d c ul t iv a t i n g cl a sse s a r e o r ga n i s e d o n a t r ib a l b a s i s s o t h a t s t r e ss i s
,

a l w ay s l a id o n a m a n s t r ib e o r cl a n a n d n o t o n h i s s t a t us o r
’
’
ca s t e As .

w e g o f u r t h e r e a s t t h e p e o pl e b e gi n t o i s e t h e ca s te t e r ms Raj ut a n d
i , p
J at, mo r e f r e e ly , b u t i n t h e v a g ue s t po s si bl e w ay , s o th a t a M uh a mma d a n
J at tr ib e i n G uj r a n w al a o r G uj r a t w i ll a p p e a r n o w a s R aj ut a n d a
p
d e c a d e l ate r a s J at, o r v ice ve r s é, or h al f t h e tr ib e w ill r e t ur n i ts e l f
as Raj p ut a nd t h e o t h e r h al f a s J ar, a s ca pr i ce dic ta te s Al o n g t h e .

J a m mu b o r d e r , a n d b e y o n d i t i n to G ur da s p ur , th e Raj p u ts an d Ja ts
ar e w e l l de fi ne d, t h e f o r me r be i n g con fi ne d to th e hill s th e l a tte r to ,

t h e pl a i n s , a s S i r L o ui s Da n e h a s p o i n t e d o ut , I s o r i g i dl y th a t o ne i s
a l mo s t t e mp t e d to s u s p e ct th a t t h e r e i s s o m e thi n g i n t h e phy s ic a l
n a t ur e o f t h e pl a i n s w hi ch m i li ta t e s a g a i n s t t h e f o r ma t i o n o f a n
a r i sto c r a cy Wi t h i n t h e hill s th e R i J Pcr s h a v e th e i r o w n s o c al
i
' ‘

g r a d a t i on s In t h e pl a i n s t h e Ja ts a l s o a r e t e n di n g t o d e v e l op e so c i al
.

di s ti n c t i o n s w hich w ill be n o tic e d l a te r o n In t h e C e n tr a l P un j a b .

t h e J at i s f a i r ly w e ll d e fi n e d a s a ca s te , t li o ug h h e i s n o t a b so l ute ly
e n d o g a mo u s a s ma r r i a g e s w i th w o me n o f i n te r i o r c a t e s may be
,
s
d e p r e c ate d b ut a r e n o t i nv alid Ev e n i n t h e e a s te r n d i s t r i c ts s uc h
.

ma r r i a g e s a r e t o l e r a t e d, b u t i n t h e t r u e J at co unt r y \V ll l Cll c e nt r e s
r o un d Roh t a k th e y a r e pr oba bly m uch r a r e r t h a n i n K e r n e l , A mba a
’

or t h e c e n tr a l di s t r i cts B r o a dly s pe a k i ng , t h e Mt IS a M us ul ma n
.
l
in th e We s te r n D i s tr i cts, a S i k h i n th e C e n tr e , a n d a H i n d u i n th e
S o uth E a s t , bu t t h e r e a r e m a ny e xc e pti o n s t o t h is r ul e
- In th e .

Sikh D i str ic ts i t is a b r ot h e r s d uty , a s w e ll a s h i s p r m le ge , to e s p o use

.
’

i d Puni b E th n o log y
'

T
as
3 ii
i d
a
1)
:
.

T R
13 s j a p ute , as o b se r v e d by S i r l bb
D e nzi I e tson, tog e th e r cons ti tute a out th re e b
l f ll l
o t h e to ta ) 0 u ati on of th e Punj a , and i nc ude t h e gi e at mas s o f the d b l o mi nan t

liiiilid i iii h P v l l
.

f;
b t t i -I n dus t f t h r o i nce [ h ei r o i ti ca i s e xo n g re a e
i w n n n
i i e s e c s p o r i o n o e
p .

th an th e iiim i l i m
r n e r c a p o r ta n ce 3 w h i e t h e y a f
f ol r d t o t h e e th n o o g i s t i i i h n i tc ma t te r l o
i nq ui i y and co n s id e r a t i o n T h e i r c u
. s to m s a r e i n th e 1 1 m m H i n d u t h o u g h i n t 1ie ‘ ‘f
e s te l n
,

R l T i t m i l i m ny cas e s
lame and th e S t h t n a
t t t u o n n e r a r ag e ld e '
n i o n s p r

S
a a ge r a c e r e s r i c . ,
.

b
ase d p m
co e lde ati ons of 3 1 t d B u t e n h e r e th el m a i r i ag e v
ome to be u o n r 0 0 1 3 s a n i n g o n y e .

ce r e mony an d o t h e r s oc i a c u s to m s l
r e t a in t h e c e a r i m p r e s s of I l n d i an or i g i n .

1 G ur daisp u r G azet tee r ,

 r J r

J a t or i g i n s .

h is d e c e ase d b r o th e r s wi fe In t h e south e a st th e p r a c tic e of w id o w

’
.
-

r e ma r r i a g e di ffe r e n t i a te s t h e Hi n d u J at f r om th e R aj p ut, but l l 1 8

'

i n G u r ga o n so me J at f a mi l i e s
. .

n o t un iv e r sa l e v e n a mo n g t h e J ets f o r ,

di sall o w i t a n d o th e r s w hich a ll o w i t do n o t p e r mi t i t wi t h t h e
h usb a nd s r e l a ti o s ’
n
*
In o t h e r w or d s as w e g o e as tw ar d s o r th o do x
.
,

B r a h mi nic al id e a s c om e i n to pl a y .

Th e o ri
gi ns f
o the Mt .

P e r h ap s n o que stion c on n e c t e d w i th th e e th nology o f th e P unj a b

p e opl e s h a s be e n s o much di sc usse d a s t h e or igi n o f th e s o c all e d J at -

It i s n o t i n te n de d h e r e t o r e p r o d uc e a n y o f t h e ar g ume n t s a d d uc e d
’
r a ce .
.

Th ey w il l be fo un d in de ta il i n t h e A r ch w o log i ca l S ur vey R ep or t s II, ,

pp 5 1 t o 61 i n To d s R a
j
i
’
a s th ri n I
pp 5 2 t o 7 5 a n d 9 6 t o 1
,
0 1 ( M a dr a
,
s .

R e p r i n t 1 88m i n E lpli in s to n e s Hi s tor y of In di a pp 25 0 to 25 3; a n d

.

’
.
, ,

i n E lli o t s R a ces of th e N W P I p p 1 30 t o 1 37 S uffic e i t to say t h a t

’
. .
.
, , . .

b o th S i r A l e xa n de r C u n n i n gh am a n d C o l o ne l T o d a g r e e d i n c o n si de r i n g
t h e J {i ts t o be o f I ndo S cy t hi a n s tock -
T h e f o r me r id e n t ifi e d t h e m wi t h .

t h e Z a n tli i o f S t r a b o a n d t h e J a t ii o f Pli n y a n d P t ol e my ; a n d h e l d t h a t
t h e y p r o b a bly e n t e r e d t h e P un j a b f r o m t h e i r h ome o n t h e Ox u s v e r y
s h or tl f te r t h e M e ds o r Ma n ds w h o a l s o w e r e I n d o S cy thi a n s a nd -
y a , ,

w h o m o v e d i n t o t h e P un j a b a b o ut a c e n t ur y b e f o r e Ch r i s t T h e J ets .

s e e m to h a v e fi r s t o cc u pi e d t h e I n d us v a ll e y a s f a r d ow n a s Si n dh ,

whi th e r t h e Me ds f oll o w e d t h e m a b o ut th e b e gi n n i ng o f t h e p r e s e n t
e ra . But b e f o r e t h e e a r li e s t M uh a mm a da n i n v a si o n t h e Ja ts h a d
spr e a d i n t o t h e P u nj a b P r op e r w h e r e th e y w e r e fi r mly e sta blis h e d i n
,

t h e b e gi n n i n g o f t h e l lth c e n tu r y By th e ti m e o f Bab a r t h e J ets .

o f th e S a l t R a n g e h a d b e e n s ub d u e d by t h e G akk h ar s A w a n s a n d ,
,

Ia nj ii as w hil e a s e a r l y a s th e 7 th c e n tu r y th e Ja ts a n d M e ds o f
’

S i n dh w e r e r u l e d by a B r a h man dy n a s t y To d cl a s s e d th e J ets a s o n e .

of th e r e a t Raj u t t r ib e s a n d e x t e n d e d h i s id e n t ific a t i o n wi t h t h e
g p ,

G e tee t o b o t h r a ce s ; but h e r e C un n i n gh a m di ffe r e d fr o m h i m h oldi ng ,

th e Raj p u t s t o b e l on g t o th e o r igi n a l A r y a n s to c k a n d t h e Ja ts t o a ,

l at e r w a v e o f i mmig r a n ts f r om t h e n o r th w e st p r ob ably of S cy thi an -

,

r ac e .

It may be c onti n ue d S i r D e n zil Ibb e t son t h at th e or igi na l Raj p ut

‘ ’ ‘
,

a nd t h e or i g i n a l J at e n t e r e d I n di a a t di ffe r e nt p e r i od s i n i ts hi s to r y ,

th o ugh t o my mi n d th e t e r m R ajp ut is a n o ccu p a t i on a l r at h e r t h a n

a n e t h n ol o gi ca l e xp r e s s i on But i f th e y do o r igi nally r e p r e se nt t w o
.

s e p a r a t e w a v e s o f i m mig r a t i o n it i s a t l e a s t e xc e e di n g ly pr o b abl e ,
,

b o t h f r om th e i r a l mos t id e n t ic a l ph y si que a n d f a ci al ch ar a c te r and

f r o m t h e cl o s e c omm un i o n w hich h a s a lw ay s e xi st e d b e t w e e n th e m ,

t h a t t h e y b e l o n g t o o n e a n d t h e s a me e t h n ic s to ck ; w h il e w h e th e r ,

t hi s be so o r n o t i t i s al m o st c e r t a i n t h a t t h e y h av e b e e n f o r many
,

c e n tur i e s an d s t ill a r e so i nt e r mi ng l e d a n d s o bl e n d e d i n to o ne p e o pl e ,
th at i t is p r a c t i ca lly i mpo s sibl e to di s ti n g ui s h t h e m a s se p ar ate wh o l e s .

It i s i n d e e d m or e t h a n p r o b a bl e th at th e p r o c e s s o f f u si o n h a s n o t
e nd e d h e r e a n d t h at th e l w h o t h u s i n t h e ma i n r e sul t e d f r om
, p p
e o e

t h e bl e n di n g o f t h e J at a n d t h e R a j p u t if t h e s e tw o e v e r w e r e di st i nc t, ,

i s by n o me a n s f r e e f r om f o r e ig n e l e m e n t s We h a v e s e e n h ow th e .

Pa th zi n p e opl e h av e as si mil a te d S ayyid s T ur k s and M ugh als a n d h ow

’

, ,

Pb Cus toma r y La w I], (G urgaon)

.
, , 1 82.
86 4 R aj p uts an d J a s . t

A r e th e J dts a nd R aj pu ts distin ct

Butc on ti nue d S i r D e n zil wh e th e r J ate a n d R aq ts w e r e o r w e r e

’
,

n ot o r igi n a lly di s t i n c t a n d wh a t e v e r ,
a b or igi n a l e l e me nt s may h a v e

b e e n a ffili a t e d t o t h e i r s o ci e ty I thi n k t h at th e t w o n e w f or m a ,

c om mo n s to ck th e di s ti nc t i o n b e tw e e n J at a n d Ra j put b e i ng so ci al
,

r ath e r th a n e th n ic Ib e li e v e t h a t t h o s e f amili e s o f t h at c o mm o n s t o ck
.

w h om th e ti d e o f f o r t un e h as r a i s e d t o p o li t ic a l i m p or tan c e h a v e
b e c o me Rajp u ts a l mo s t by m e r e vi r t ue o f t h e i r r i s e a n d t h at t h e i r
de s c e n d a n t s h a v e r e t a i n e d t h e ti t l e a n d i t s p r i vil e g e s o n t h e co n di t i o n ,

s t r ic t ly e n fo r c e d of o b s e r vi n g t h e
,
r ul e s by w hich th e high e r a r e
di st i n g ui sh e d f r o m th e l o w e r c a s te s i n t h e Hi n d u s c a l e o f p r e c e d e n c e ;
o f p r e s e r vi n g t h e i r p u r i t y o f bl o o d by r e f u s i n g t o m a r r y
. wi t h fa mili e s
of i n fe r i o r s o ci al r a n k o f r igidly ab sta i n i n g f r o m wid o w mar r i a ge
, ,

an d o f r e f r a i n i n g f r o m d e g r a di n g o cc up a t i o n s Th o s e w h o tr a ns g r e s se d .

t h e se r ul e s h a v e f all e n f r o m th e i r h igh p os i t i o n a n d c e a s e d to be
Raj put s whil e s u ch f a m ili e s a s a t t a i n i n g a do mi n a n t p o si ti o n i n th e i r ,

t e r r i t o r y b e g a n t o a ffe c t so ci a l e xcl us iv e ne s s an d to o b s e r v e t h e r ul e s
,
“ ”
h av e b e c om e n o t on ly Raj a s but a l so Raj p ut s o r son s o f Raja s
,
.

F or t h e l a s t se v e n c e n t ur i e s t h e p r o c e s s o f e l e v at i on a t l e a s t h as
b e e n a l mo s t a t a s t a n ds ti ll U n d e r t h e D e lhi e m p e r o r s ki n g maki ng
.
-

w a s p r a c t ic a lly i m p o s s ibl e U n d e r th e Sikh s th e Raj p u t w a s o v e r

.

sh a d o w e d b y t h e J at w h o r e se n t e d h i s a ssu mp t i o n o f s u p e r i o r i ty a n d
,

h i s r e fusa l t o j o i n h im o n e qua l t e r m s i n t h e r a n k s o f t h e Kh al s a ,

de lib e r at e ly p e r s e cu t e d h i m wh e r e v e r a n d wh e n e v e r h e h a d th e p o w e r ,

a n d p r e f e r r e d h i s t i tl e o f Mt Sikh to t h at o f th e p r o ud e s t Raj put .

On th e f r on t i e r th e d omi n a n c e o f P a tha n s an d Ba lo ch e s a n d t h e
g e n e r al p r e v al e n c e o f M uh a mm a dan f e e li n g s a n d id e a s p l a c e d r e c e n t .

I n di a n or igi n at a di sc o un t a n d le d t h e l e a di n g f a mili e s w h o b e l o n g e d
,

t o n e i th e r o f t h e s e t w o r a c e s t o cl a i m c o n n e c ti on n o t wi t h th e ,

K sh a tr iy a s o f th e S a n sk r i t cl a s se s b ut w i th t h e M ugh a l c o n que r or s ,

o f I n di a o r t h e Q ur e shi cou s i n s o f t h e P r o ph e t ; i n so mu ch t h a t e v e n
a d m i tt e dly R a t t r ib e s o f f a mo u s a n c e st r y s u ch a s t h e Kh okh ar
q ,

h v b g
a e e u n t o f o ll w th e e x a p l e
o m B u t i n t h e h ill s wh e r e R jp ut
a
.
,

dy n a s t i e s w i t h g e n e alo gi e s p e r h a ps mo r e an ci e n t a nd u n b r o k e n t h a n ca n
be s h o w n by an y o t h e r r o y a l f a mil i e s i n t h e w o r l d r e t a i n e d t h e i r
in d e p e n d e n c e till y e s te r d a y a n d w h e r e man y o f t h e m s t ill e n j o y a s
,

g r e a t so ci a l auth o r i ty a s e v e r t h e t w i n p r o c e sse s o f d e g r a da t i o n f r o m
,

a n d e le v a t i o n t o R aj p ut r a n k ar e s till t o b e s e e n i n op e r a t i o n T he .

Raj a i s t h e r e th e f ou n tai n n o t o n ly o f h on o ur bu t al so o f c a st e w h ich ,

i s th e sam e t hi n g i n I n di a A n d S ir J a me s Ly a ll w r o t e
.
’

ll l ate l y th e l imi ts of caste s do not se em to h av b e en so i mmutab l y fi xe d i n th e h i ll

Ti e s
as i n th e p l ai n T h e R aj a w as t h e f ountai n o f h onour and coul d do much a h e l i k ed
s .
s
Ih av e h ear d old me n quote i nstance s w ithi n th ei r me mo ry i n w hi ch a R aj a p r omo te d a
.
,

w or d mi n ddr , i n di ffe r e n t p ar ts of India He re th e u se of th e w or d i s

za .
e r y p e cu iar v l .

ll v lv l
T h o se , g e ne r a y , w h o de ri e th e i r i e i h oo d di r e ct y f rom th e s oi , ar e no t ca e d z a mi n dtt r s l l ll ’

but ka sri n s
’

.
v ll
On ap p r oach i ng a i ag e , and ask i ng w h at p e op e i e i n i t i f an o th e r r ace
y l lv
lv v
,

but J at s i e i n i t th e name of th e r ace w i be g i e n i n r ep y ll

But i f t h e p opu ati on ar e l .
l
J at s th e r e p y w i
, l ll
be z a mtn drt r s i e th e r e za mtn ddr
’

lv
log h a s te ; i n fact th e w ord -

z a mi n de r l
i s h e r e on y ap p i e d to the J ats l Thi s as t r e mar k , S i r D ona d McL e od note d
.
i !

l l
j b
.

ap p i e d e qua y a most t h r o ugh out th e Pun a

l ll l e e n w h e r e th e at s h a e e e n co n e r te d , v J v b v
1 315 11 Ludh a a Sn tt R 8 9
p , 1 5 , pp Th e h ay stack g ot i s said to h e th e
‘ '

21
. i e e , .

are w
 J ci gs as degr ade d R dj p uts . 86 5

G hi rth to be Rath i, and a Th akur to be a R aj p ut, for se r ice done or mone y g i e n : and
a v v
at th e p r e se nt da th e
y p o w er o f admi tting ack i nto caste fe o w s h i p p e r so ns p ut unde r a b ll
v
ban for so me g r a e act o f de file me nt i s a so ur ce of i nco me to th e j ci g i r ddr R aj as bl v
I e ie e
’ '

th at Mr Camp e , afte r w ar ds Li e ute nant G o e r nor of Be nga h as as s e r te d th at th e r e i s no

.
,

.
b ll
. v l ,

s uch thi n
g as a di s ti nct R aj p ut s tock t h a t i n f or me r t un e s b
e fo re cas te di s ti ncti ons h a d
e ome c y t ll i z d ny t b e l al nk b
b c r s a f m i y w
e h ,
a
nc t o h rid t y or am
a os e a es r or ea r os e o ro ra ec e
i n ti me R a p ut
i T h i i c tai l y th . n lu i n ts w h h many f
s ert p int w i th
n gar d t e co c s o o ic ac s o re o
t h e R Aj p ut fami l ie f t h i di t i t K tl i
s o d B ng ah l as id to b B ah m n
s r c ,
vi z o e i r an a a . re sa e r a s
by r i gi nal tock
o M Ba s y th at i K a g
. th
r . f a R e]p ut by
rn e s s a l w ca t s n n ra e so n o a o -
s e
w om n t ake s p l ce
a a R ath i i S a a; a d th
as pl i n th i nt i r of th e h ll I ha
n r an o er ace s e er o i s ve
me t f mi l i s c ll i g t h m e l v Raj p u t and g w i g i nto g n l a c p ta e
a e a n e s es Raj p ut i n s, ro n e e ra c e nc as s,
t h e i ow n co un try t l
r t w ho onl y l i m t th ti t l w th t th i gr ndf th e w a
a e as ,
se c a o e e as a e r a a r s
th e o ff p i ng of
s K ane tni by a f o ig B h m
r a 0 u th b o d l e in t h Him l a re n ra an . e r er
.

in e a ay s
,

be tw ee n T i b t and I d p r p e ny n n b v ca t g w i g b f e h i y th
n ia o er , a o e ca o se r e s e ro n e or s e es ; e
n b l e i ch ang i g i nto
o s R lj p l t h p i t int
n B ah m ath p e ant i nt
l a J tt
ll i , and e r es o a r an , e as o i ,
so
o n do w n t t h b o tt m o f th
o l T h am p
e o wa Ib l v mo e or l e s i n fo c
e s ca e . e s e r oce s s s, e ie e, r s r e
i n Kang ra Prop e do w n to a p e r i od not v e y e mot f rom to day
‘
r r r e .

Av e r y si mil ar pr o c e ss h as b e e n go i n g on a mo n g t h e Ja ts l li e .
' ‘

G o lia Ja t s w e r e c e r tai n ly by o r igi n B r a h man s a n d t h e L a n g r i a l w e r e

Ch ar an s A n d in t h e pl a i ns c o un t l e ss t r a di t i o n s s ay th a t t h e s o n o f
.

a Raj p u t by a J i t t G uj a r [ f o r or o t h e r wi fe o f lo w d e g r e e b e ca me
’

, ,

Ja ts But in t h e pl ai n s a s i n t h e hill s a lt aq t ca n l o s e h is s t a t us
.
, ,

a n d s i n k i n t h e s o ci a l s ca l e by a ll o w i n g t h e r a c ti s e o f ka r e n a and
p ,

n ume r o us J at t ra di t i o n s p o in t t o t h e a d o p t io n o f t h a t cus to m a s
h a vi n g de gr a d e d a bl ue bl o o d e d Raj p ut f am i l y t o Mt or y e o man
.
-

s t a t us A s S ir D e n z il Ibb e t so n w r ot e
.

T e re
h v e r s e p r o c e s s o f d e g r a d a t i o n f r o m B a
q t t o l o w e r r a k i s to o
n
c ommon to re qui r e p r oo f o f i t s e xi ste n c e wh i ch W i l l h e fo un d i f n e e d e d ,

g
to e t e rh wi t h f ur e r t h in s t a n c e s o f e l e v a t i o n i n t h e se c t i on wh i ch
,
t r e a ts

d
.

Rajp ki d d c t I t h t t t s wh e r e
d
p
a s e n i s i c
o f th e e
n e r
u ts a n n r e a s e s , ,
.

Bi a h m a n i s m i s s t r o n e r t g h i t h p t o f t h e l u n
J a b a nd
a n n a n
y o e r a
r .
,

lh i ll f f m ili i i n g t o
p o l i t i c a l i nde e n d e nc e
p it
De too ne ar t o a o w o a e s r s ,

h
is p ro a b bl e t at h n o e l e v a t i o n t o t h e r a n k o f
R aj p u t a s t a k e n
p
t
l ac e

o be
i hi
w t n r e e n t t mec i s B u t m a n y.
Raj p u t f a m i l i e s h a ve
c e a s e d
S i g id g d f t h P u nJab Ja ts to t h e
R iti p ut s e tt n.
as e t h e e n e r a
l t w h o m a r r e {i s o r e a n to
t r a i t i o n o e

c h
e ffe t t a t t e
h i r a n c e s t o r s w e r e R i n s
i z d J t b g
t h G w R a u t s o f G ur g ao n a n d
r a c t i s e w i do w ma r r i a g e e h v
- w a e e a u r a yp
p ,
R h t
lhi h h v i d d r e ta n ei d t h e t i t l e o f a lp u t b e ca u s e t e c a s e
De w o a e n e e
st o ms t oo
,
li g g h p t d t h h n g e i i i t h e i r c u
f e e n is t o o s t r o n i n t o s e a r s a n e c a

u t b u t w h o h a v e f o r a l l p u r
p ose s o f
re ec n t f o r i t y e t t o h a v e di ed o , ,

u a l i t y c o m m u n i o n o i
r n te r m a r r i a g e c e a s e d t o b e
.

R a
g p u t s
,
8 1 11 0 8 t h e y
eq ,
H
.
,
f I re wa w e h a v e t h e S a h n s a r s o f os 1i i ar ui
p
t oo k t o t h e p r a c t ic e o c a
t a ti o s b ut h a v e
wh o w r
e e
Raj p u t s w i t h i n t h e l as t t w
v
o
g
o r
l
h r e
l
e
k
g e n e r
n K al
,

t w e e t a b e s i e t h e A r a i u ; i i i a r n
ce a se d t o be s o b e c a u s e h e y g ro
v t b
t 3
h Raj u t w h o w i t h i n th e li v n i
g g e n e r a i o n h a e c e as e d o
we v
a e p s
v t y d l f l d f
i in p p
or
Ra jp uts a n d b e com e Sh a ikh s b e c a u se p o e r a
,
n o ss o a n
.

h l t h D lh C l i a u h a n W i t 1 le
,

t h e m to w e avi g a s n a n o c c u p a t i o n w i e e e i ,

t rs o n c e r u l e d a n d l e d t h e I n d i a n
s h a d o w o f: t h e ci t y w h e r e t h i e r a n c e s o

i t h t h e M u sa l m a n i n v a d e r s h a v e l o st
a r mi e s i n t h e i r l a s t s tr u ggl e w ,

h t m t t io n s o f h a i e w a I n t h e Sikh
t h e i r c a st e b l d g t t e p a .
o e

n
i e i n
c I id i t t t b a J e t a n d h a s n e
v e r S i n ce
t h t h J a t s c o n e n o e
W
,
tra a s s a e

t
i g l I h
, ,
r

p g
t h e n t e e s
t h e r i s e o f Sikh p o w e r w i s h e d t o b e a n
y n e s .

ll d b I l m p e r s e
a e

p
s a i a s s
w
Pl a i n s t h e f r e e do m o f ma i g r r a e a o e y l l t 1
d b
.

n
i m u r e b y t h e t r i e r a i e r i a
ca st e r e s t r ic t i o n s a n d s o ci a l r a nk s e a s
f
,
h f m ili e s w h o w e r e a ew
b t h e l a r g e r u n i t o f c a s te B u t e v e n t e r e a ,
y
.
 ’
36 6 T h e J dt s s ta tue .

g e ne rat o nsia g o r e p ute d J ats h ave now r i s en by soci al e xcl usiv e n e ss to

be r e c o g ni s e d a s Ra j puts a n d f a mi li e s w h o w e r e l a te ly k no w n a s
,

Raj p ut s h a v e sun k till th e y ar e n ow cl a sse d wi t h J {3193 wh i l e t h e g r e at

r uli n g t r ib e s t h e Sial t h e G o n d a l th e Ti wa n a a r e c o mmon ly S p ok e n o f
‘

, , ,

a s R aj ut s a n d t h e i r s ma ll e r b r e t h r e n a s Ja ts T h e sa m e t r ib e e v e n i s
p ,
.

Raj put i n o n e di s tr ic t a n d J at i n an oth e r , a cc or di n g t o i ts p os i ti o n

a mo n g th e l o c a l t r ib e s In t h e S a l t R an g e t h e d om i na n t t r ib e s t h e
.
,

J a n j i i a M an ha s a n d t h e li k e a r e Raj p uts wh e n t h e y ar e n o t M ugh al s

’

, ,

or A r a b s ; whil e a ll a g r ic ul t ur a l tr ib e s o f I n di an o r igi n w h o c an n ot
e s t a bli sh t h e i r t i tl e to Raj pu t r a n k a r e Ja ts Fi na lly o n t h e f ro n t i e r
.
,

t h e Pa tha n an d B a l o ch h a v e o v e r sh a d o w e d Jat a n d R aj p ut a lik e ; a n d

Bh a tti Puuw ar T un w a r all t h e p r ou d e s t tr ib e s o f Rajp ut a n a ar e
, , , ,

i n cl u d e d i n th e n ame an d h av e su n k t o t h e l e v e l o f J at fo r t h e r e can ,

be n o Raj put s wh e r e t h e r e a r e n o Raja s o r tr a di t i on s o f Raja s I k no w .

t h a t t h e vi e w s h e r e i n s e t f or th will be h e l d h e r e t ic a l a n d p r o f a n e by
ma n y a n d t h a t t h e y o ugh t t o b e s u p p o r te d by a gr e a t e r w e a l th o f
,

i n s tan c e t h an I h a v e p r o d uc e d i n th e f o ll o wi n g p a ge s But I h a v e n o .

t i me to m ar s h a l my f a c t s I h a v e i n d e e d n o t i me t o r e c o r d m or e th a n
a small p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e m a n d a ll I ca n n o w a t t e mp t i s t o s ta te th e

c o n cl us i on to which m y e n qui r i e s h av e le d m e a n d t o h o p e t o de al wi th ,

t h e s ubj e c t i n mor e de ta il o n s ome f ut ur e o cc as i on

’
.

Th e se c o n cl usi o n s a r e c o nfi r me d by f a c ts o b se r v e d wi th r e g ar d to
o t h e r s o c a l le d c as te s
-
s uch a s t h e G a ddi s G uj ar s
, K an e t s M e o s a n d , , , ,

o t h e r s t oo n um e r o us t m e n t i on o T h e t e r m J at may n o w c o nn o te a
.

ca s te i n t h e o r di na r y a cc e p t a n c e o f t h e t e r m b u t wh a t e v e r i ts d e r iv a ,

t i o n may b e i t c am e t o s ig n i fy i n c on t r a di s t i n c t i o n t o R ajp u t a
, , ,

y e o ma n c ul tiv a tor u sually o w n e r o f l a n d a n d i n mo d e r n p a r l a n c e J at

, ,

z a mi n da r i s th e u s ua l de s c r ip t i o n o f h i ms e l f which a J e wil l gi ve
t .

A s S ir D e n zil Ibb e tso n sa id

T h e p osi ti on of t h e fi t; i n the Punj a b;

T h e J at i s i n e v e r y r e sp e c t t h e m o s t i mpor ta nt o f t h e P un j ab
p e o pl e s In p oi nt o f n umb e r s h e su r p a sse s th e Raj put , w h o c o me s n e x t
.

t o h i m, i n th e pr o po r ti on o f n e ar l y t h r e e t o o n e P o li t ic a lly h e r ul e d .

t h e P un j a b t ill th e Khal sa yi e ld e d to o u r a r ms E t h n ol o gi c ally h e is .

t h e p e c u li a r a n d m o st p r om i n e n t p r o d uc t o f th e pl a i n s o f t h e fi v e r iv e r s .

A n d f r o m a n e c on o mic a l a n d a d m in i s tr a t iv e p o i n t o f vi e w h e i s t h e
h us b a n d me n , t h e p e a s a n t , th e r e v e n u e p ay e r p a r e xce lle n ce o f th e-

P r o vi n c e Hi s m ann e r s do n o t b e a r th e i m p r e s s o f g e n e r a t i on s o f w ild
.
.

f r e e d om w h ich ma r k s th e r a c e s o f o ur f on ti e r mo un t a i ns r
But h e i s .

m o r e h o n e s t , m o r e i n du s tr i o u s , m or e s t ur dy , an d n o l e ss ma n ly t h an
th e y . S tur dy i n d e p e n d e n c e i n d e e d a n d p at i e n t vig o r o us la b o ur a r e h i s
s t r o n g e s t ch a r a c t e r i s t i cs T h e J at i s o f a ll t h e P un j a b r a c e s t h e mo st
.

i mp at i e n t o f tr ib al or c o mm un a l c o n t r o l , a n d th e o n e w hi ch a sse r ts t h e
f r e e d o m o f t h e i n divi d ua l m o s t s t r o n g ly In t r a c ts wh e r e a s i n .

Roh t a k , t h e J et t r ib e s h a v e th e fi e l d t o t h e mse lv e s , a n d a r e coin e lle d,

p
i n de fa ul t o f r iv a l c a st e s a s e n e mi e s, t o f all b a c k u p on e a ch o th e r f or
s o me b o dy t o q ua r r e l wi t h , th e t r ib a l t i e s a r e s tr o n g But a s a r u l e a .

.73; i s a m an w h o do e s w h a t s e e ms r igh t i n h is o w n e y e s a n d s o m e t i me s
w h a t s e e ms w r on g a l s o , a n d will n o t be said n ay by an y m a n I do n ot .

me an h o w e v e r t h a t h e is t ur b ul e n t : as a r ul e h e i s v e r y far f r o m b e i n g
so He i s i n d e pe nd e n t an d h e i s se l f -w il l e d ; but h e i s r e asonabl e ,
36 8 Th e J d! e le men ts .

E O Br ie n sa id t h a t i n J a tki , J at, t h e c ul tiv a to r , i s s pe l t wi th a h a r d

’
.

a n d J et t h e h e r d s ma n or c a me l g r a z i e r , wi t h a sof t t Th us t h e .

w o r d .1 51 1; i n R oli ta k o r A m r i t sa r m e a n s a g r e a t d e a l ; i n Muz a l
,

f ar g a r h
o r B a n n u i t m e a n s n o t hi n g a t a ll, o r r a t h e r p e r h a p s i t m e a ns a g rea t
d e a l mo r e t h a n a n y s i n gl e w or d ca n a g o r d t o m e a n i f i t i s to be o f
a ny r a c tic a l us e ; a n d th e t w o cl as s e s r e s p e c t iv e ly i n dic a te d by th e
p
t e r m i n t h e s e t w o p a r t s o f t h e P r ovi nc e m us t n o t be t o o r e a dily
’
co n fo un d e d .

The J ri t e le men ts .

Th e tr a di ti ons o f th e mo r e i mp or t an t J at tr ib e s as t o th e i r
so m e o f

o r igi n a r e s umm e d u b l w , b ut i t m u s t h e c on f e s se d t h a t th e se
p e o

t r a di t i o n s ar e n o t o n ly h a zy bu t o f te n i n c o n s i s t e n t a n d n o t i n f r e ue n tly
q
co n tr a dic t e d by l e ge n d s c u r r e n t a mon g t h e sa m e t r ib e in a n o th e r
l o cali ty .

Af ghdn o r igi n i s a s s e r te d by t h e L a n gah A m b o r igi n i s cl a i me d by .

t h e l a li i m a n d Lill a Br a in /t a n d e s c e n t i s a ll e g e d by t h e G oli a a nd
' ‘

—
L a n g r ial w li o say th e y w e r e B r a h man Ch ar a n s ’
J ci t d e s c e n t is .

a d mi tt e d b y t h e Bli ulla r , He r , a n d Man by th e Si p r a (G il s by Or igi n ),

t h e Bh an g u, w h o s a y t h e y ca me f r o m Ne pal , by t h e VVa r ai ch a n d
a p a r e n tly
p t h e N 01 R cijp n t o r igi n i s v a g ue ly al l e ge d
. by th e Bal,
i h
Cl a d n h ar D hi d (S
n s a a r o h ), G h a twal (S al oli a), Hi j r a (S a r o h a ) M a h al
a
-

a n d S um r a .

Ot h e r
J at ib e s mor e sp e cific cl ai m s t o R j p ut a n c e s try
tr h ave a
.

Th us S o la r Raj p u t O rigi n is cl a i m e d by t h e A ul a kh * Ba i i i s l J a i i jii a , ,

‘ ‘

Bh u tt a Bu tte r Cli ah i l (T un w a r ) D e o D li o ta r It h w a l K mi g Lo dika

, , , , , , , ,

P un n un S ri h i S i n dh u a nd Ta r a r L un a r li ajp ut by th e D li illo n (S a r o h a )
, ,

G h um ma n G or ay a (S a r o h a ) K a li lo n
, , .

A n d i n man y c a se s t h e J at t r ib e ca n p oi n t to t h e I t ajp ut tr ib e f r o m
whi ch i t ep r a n g F o r e xa mpl e Bh a tti R aj p ii t de s c e n t i s cl a i me d by t h e
’

.
,

D h a r i w al R an dha w a S a n t i a n d Sidh u 3Ch a uban Raj p u t de s c e nt by t h e

, ,

A h law a t B a j w a Ch a t t a C h i m a De hi a Jah l i a r M a r r a l S ar g w an a nd
, , , , , , ,

S o bal : M a n ha s Raj put bl o o d by t h e Wi r k PuIIWill R a j put d e s c e n t by ‘

t h e Kh a r r al H ar r a l a n d S ar a i ,Ra g h o ba n s i Raj p ut o r i i n by G il
g
T un w a r b y t h e D h an k ar Ra thi a n d S a h i aw a t : a n d R utli o r by t h e D a lal
, ,
‘

a n d D e s w al .

S i mi ar y , l l th e l
in G u rat j
i lnh ammadan J ii t tr i e s c ai m e r y di e r se or i o i i i s
'

Th us b l v v
31 tag /La t ci i g in i s c ai me d by th e Bli adda r , Ma lzi n a, Mar ar and Nar w ai , w h o o ni m to be d
.

l
Bar as ; and by th e Bah lam, Cli aug h atta, Ph i ph ra, Mai i de r and Babel w h o c ai m to be
l ,
l
Ch a ug li ntta 1 1 mi n o r i g i n i s c a i me d by th e Bh a u al w h i e th e Hi r clai m t
.
g ,
l
o be de sce nd
'

l
a nts o l Q b
uta -n a D i n , i ke th e A w ans an d K li ok li ai s
'

-
l de sce nt i s c ai me d by the
'

.
l
J am .

Kh okh ar R aj put de sce nt i s as se r te d by th e J 2111 ; Punwar R a i put ance s tr i s c ai me d b th e

y y
l
l b
J a kkli ar and S i a ; S o m ans i de sce n t and R ij p ut ance s tr y i c a as t s tat us as R a uts
p
a
,
l j
l
a r e c ai me d by th e J anj ii a i t s Ch aub an J a t s , Dli i i l S oh i ii l, K a i a G or a a L an e ar bal
’ ’

,
y
’

,
l l
Ma r a], and Ma g a t; J j i a R z j p ut e l i g i n i s c ai me d by th e BHA KRE L ’ Tatla D ah b l
’
’
o ’
n a n i i
K a nji al and G li n ni mun; G akkhar o ri g i n i s a s s ci te d by th e K oth ar mab Bh at t i R aj ut w i s h;
p
l
i s c ai me d by B h i Dl i anilli zi w ii S ali o tr a l
’

th a l c
‘
i t l
e i i
w a oi T e r a D li ai n fi l D h a i R
‘

a i i i ,
S oy a ,

j l
.
,

S ur ai , K a w a K ah e r K aw ; i r , h e i zmtana , G uhlo G udh o , G u r a , L iddar , Moh ar Mah ota

l l
’ ’
, ,
,

But one tr adi ti on make s th e m L un ar

4* .

T B a i n s i s one o f th e :56 r oy al f ami l i e s of j

Ra puts, but was b el i e v e d by Te d to be
S ury abansn
I A l so c l ai m L unar de scent .
 The 76 ; locali sati on
. . 36 9
Mul tani NIJir fi Hunj ar and Hati an Punnu S ur a bansi ori in i s l
c ai me d by th e
, ,
; ( j )
Poti , G i l, Th uth al, Ma th i Nat R a h bansi b th e R aha n g D udhr ai
; g ,

by t h e Th ane l, G obi and K a er T li r Raj ut d s e

y g Ch auban ; Raj put or i g i n i s c ai med
.
l
R QJDQ tS g a e
; p l e c nt i s c ai me d by th e T akkh ar ; Le ng t h
’

l
r th to th e Ch a ch an d Manhas to th e R ai h s
v b
i i, K atw ar Loh dr it , Mah é, Mai r ,
Nangi é l and Wi rk ; G ondé l J ats extr act ion i s admi tte
,

( 11 1 3 ; War ai ch b th e S u ar
d by t h e T 0 16 , aspal, Sandrana, an d J
5
311 g or
y g ; Dh ér i w al by t h e Si dh , and Ran ha by t he Kh am , j b
.

D i s tri bu ti o n of th e J e ts .

B e yon d th e P unj a b J a ts ar e chie fl y fo un d i n Si nd h wh e r e

,
t h e y f or m th e m a ss o f t h e i n B i ka ne r J e ise lme r a n d
p o p ul a t i o n , ,

M ar wa r w h e r e t h e y p r o b ably e q ua l in n u mbe r s a ll t h e Raj put

,

p ut to g e t h e r a n d a l on g t h e up p e r v a ll e y s o f t h e G a ug e s
r ac e s
,

a n d J umn a f r o m B a r e li F a r r ukhabad a n d G wali or up w ar ds In t h e

, , ,

P unj a b a n d N o r t h We st F ro n ti e r Pr ovi n c e th e y a r e e sp ecially

.

n ume r o u s i n t h e c e n t r a l Sikh di s t r ic ts a n d S t a t e s i n t h e s o u th e a st e r n -
,

di s tr ic ts a n d i n t h e D e r ajat U n d e r a n d a mo n g th e hi ll s an d i n t h e
, .

Raw a l pi n di divi s i o n Raj p u ts t ak e t h e i r p la c e w hil e o n th e fr o n ti e r , ,

b o t h u pp e r a n d l o w e r t h e y a r e almost wh olly c on fi n e d t o th e ci s In d us
,
-

t r a c t s a n d t h e i m me di a te I n d us r i v e r a i n o n b o th s id e s of t h e s tr e am .

Th e Ja ts o f th e I n dus a r e p r o b a bly s t ill i n t h e c oun tr y which t h e y

h av e occ upie d e ve r s i n c e th e i r fi rs t e n t r y i n to I n di a t h o ugh th e y h a v e ,

b e e n d r iv e n b ack f r o m th e f oo t o f th e S ul e i man s o n t o t h e r iv e r by t h e
a dv a n c e o f th e P a tha n a n d th e B a l o ch T h e J ats o f th e We s te r n P l a i n s
.

h a v e a l most w i th out e xc e p t i o n c o me u p t h e r ive r v a lle y s f r o m Si n d h

o r We s t e r n Raj p ut a n a T h e J ats o f t h e w e s t e r n a n d c e n t r a l sub
.

m o n t an e h a v e a l so i n p ar t c om e by t h e s ame r o ut e but s ome o f t h e m

r e t a in a t r a di t i o n al c o n n e c ti o n w i t h G h a z n i w hich p e r h a p s r e f e r s t o th e
,

a n ci e n t G aj n ip ur t h e s i t e o f th e mo d e r n Ra w alp i n di
,
w hil e man y o f ,

t h e m t r a c e t h e i r o r igi n fr o m th e J a mmu Hill s .

Th e Ja ts of c e n tr al an d e aste r n P un j a b h a ve a l so in many c ase s

th e
come up th e S ut l e j v alle y ; but man y o f t h e m h a ve mov e d f r o m B i ka n e r
s t r a igh t in to t h e Malw a w h il e th e g r e a t c e n t r a l pl a i n s o f h e Mal w a
,
t
i tse l f a r e pr ob ably th e or igi nal h ome o f ma n y o f th e J at tr i b e s o f th e
S ikh t r a c t Th e J ri te o f t h e south e a st e r n di s t r i ct s an d t h e J umna z on e
.
-

h a v e f o r t h e most pa r t w or k e d up th e J umn a v a ll e y fro m t h e di r e c ti on

m m d
.

o f Bh a r t p u r w i,
t h which s o e o f t h e s t ill r e t a i n a t r a i t i on a l c o n n e c~

s f rom ne r a n d th e
i
t on ; t h o u gh so m e f e w h a v e m o v e d i n e as t w a r d B ka
i

Malw a T h e Bh ar t pur Ja ts ar e t h e ms e l v e s sa i d to b e i mmi g r an ts w h o

.

l e f t th e b an ks of t h e I n d us i n th e t i me o f a ur an gz e b Wh e th e r th e
.

Jats o f t h e g r e a t pl a i n s ar e r e ally a s l at e i mmi g r a n ts a s th e y r e p r e se n t ,

or w e h t h e r t h e i r s t o r y i s m e r e ly f o u n d e d u p o n a W i s h t o s h ow r e c e nt

co nn e c t i o n wi t h th e c o un tr y o f th e Ré j put 8 Ic a n no t say Th e wh ol e ,
.

d
.

u i
e s t on i s on e i n which w e a r e s t ill e xc e e d i n g ly i g n o r a n t a n wh i ch
q ,

w ould r ichly r e p ay de t ail e d i n v e s t iga t ion .

T h e J at mi gr a ti o ns .

A n ot e w ort hy f e at ur e o f th e J et tradi ti on s i s th e i r i n s st e n e
i c
o n t h e r e c e n t a dv e n t o f n e a r ly e v e r y J at t r ib e i nto th e Pu n j a b ,

l e a st i n to i t s p r e s e n t s e a ts P b y ro b ly th e o nl t r a ct in
or at . a

bl h d f r om a
t h e PunJab i n wh i ch t h e J é t h a s b e e n w e
l l e s t a
i
s e

R oh tak
p e r i o d ant e r ior to t h e fi r s t Muh a m ma d a n i n v a s w n i s th e
37 0 J dt mi gr ati ons .

t e r r i to r y I f th e hi stor y o f th e var i ous t r ib e s in Mul ta n be i nv e sti gate d

.

i t will be fo un d t h at t h e r e i s sc ar c e ly a s in gle i mp or t an t t r ib e n o w f oun d

i n t h e D i s tr ic t which h a s n ot i mmig r a te d Wi thi n th e l ast 5 00 o r 6 00
e a s T h e wh o l e p o p ul a t i o n i n M ul ta n h a s for ma n y c e n t ur i e s b e en
y r .

i n a st at e o f co n stan t fl ux, an d i t i s of v e ry l i tt l e us e t r yin g t o di sc o v e r

w h o th e o r igi n a l i n h a bi t a nt s w e r e e v e n i n th e p r e - M uh a mma d a n

T h e K h ak s , Pa nd as, F abe r s an d S ah li s i n K a b i r wal a ta h s i l ,

’

t i me s
t h e D h udh i s i n M a il s i , an d th e Kh ar as , n o r th o f M ul t a n, a r e r e p ut e d
v a gue ly to h a v e b e e n c on v e r t e d t o I slam i n th e M ult an di str ic t d ur i n g
t h e 1 3th c e n tur y, bu t th e t r a di ti on s c an not b e t r ust e d Wh e n t h e A i n i .
-

A kba r i w a s c om pil e d t h e S ah i i s , S an d as, Mar r a ls , T a h i ms, G h a llus,

’

Ch a n n a r s, J oiy a s , U th e r a s a n d K h ich i s w e r e s e t tl e d i n o r n e a r t h e i r
r e s e n t s e a t s, a n d t r a di t i o n a s s ig n s m a n y t r ib a l i mm ig r a t i o n s t o A k b a r s
’
p
t i me *
.T h e s a me m igh t be said wi th m uch tr ut h o f a l mos t e v e r y J at
se tt l e me n t t h r ou gh o ut th e P un j a b plai ns If w e e xc e p t t h e N0 1 a n d .

Bh an gu i n Jh a n g, th e Hi nj r a in G uj r an w ala and a f e w oth e r cl a n s,

t r a di t i on a l mos t a lw ay s m a k e s a J at t r ib e a c omp a r a tiv e ly r e c e n t
s e t tl e r i n th e P un j a b In D e r a I sma il Kh a n , w h e r e t h e t e r m J at i s
.

a p li e d t o Sial s , A w a n s a n d a h o s t o f p e t t y t r ib e s o f m i sc e lla n e o us
p
or i gi n , t h e l o w e r p o r t i o n o f th e D i s t r ic t w a s p r ob a bly o cc upi e d by a

f e w s c a tt e r e d t r ib e s o f p a st or a l Jate b e fo r e t h e 1 5 th c e n t ur y E ar ly i n .

t h at c e n t ur y all t r a di t ion g o e s t o s h o w t h a t a n i mmig r a t i o n o f

Siy a r e , Chi n a , K h okh a r s, e tc , s e t i n f r om M ul t an an d B a haw a l p ur . .

P assin g up th e I n d us t h e se Jat t r ib e s g r ad ually o cc upi e d t h e c o untr y

o n t h e e dg e o f t h e M i a n w ali Th al an d t h e n c r o ss e d t h e I n d us E a st .

o f th a t r iv e r t h e Ja ts a n d S ayyid s m a i n t a i n e d a d omi n an t p o s i ti on, i n

S p i t e o f t h e so m e w h a t l a t e r Bal o ch i mmigr at i on w hich w a s o f th e
n a tu r e o f a m ili ta r y o cc up a t i on r a th e r t h an a p e r m a n e n t c ol o n i sa t i o n ,

a n d t h e wh o l e of t h e K a chi or r ive r a i n on th e e ast ban k o f t h e I n d us

w as divid e d i n bl o ck s a mo n g th e Ja t s, a s t r ip o f t h e Th a l o r st e pp e
b e i n g a t t a c h e d t o e a ch bl ock J at t r ib e s s e tt l e d a l so i n th e Th a l i tse l f,
.

n ot ably t h e Chi n a s a n d Bh i dw al, t h e l at t e r a g oo d figh t i n g t r ib e Th e .

Chi na t r a c t s t r e t ch e d r igh t a c ross t h e Th a l T h e m o d e r n D i str ic t of .

D e r a I s ma il Kha n w a s s e t t l e d i n mu ch th e s a me w ay by th e Ja ts, bu t
t h e B al o ch a l s o o cc up i e d i t a s c u l t iv a t i n g p r op r i e t or s, l e avi n g th e
a c t ua l o cc upa t i o n h o w e v er t o t h e Ja ts Ear ly in t h e 1 9th c e n tur y .

S a r w ar K ha n o f Ta n k l ocat e d l a r g e n umb e r s of J ate in t h e

south e a s t o f th e p r e s e nt Ta n k t a h s il a n d t hi s se t tl e me n t g a v e t h e t r ac t
-

i t s n am e o f t h e J at -at ar T J ats h o w e v e r a p p e a r to h a v e b e e n se tt l e d
.

i n th e m o de r n Nutk an i B a l o ch c o u nt r y p r ior t o th at p eri o d , an d to

h a v e f or me d it s o r igi n al p o pul at i o n .

l
Th e mi gr ati ons o f th e J at s i nto Kapur th a a a s o i us tr ate th e hi s tor y of th e p op u ati on l ll l
of th e Punj a b
T h us f r om A mr i tsar came th e G i l, Padah Oj a, D h o , R andh aw a Kh e r a
.
. l l
f r om Hosh i ar p ur th e D h adw a ; f r om S i alkot came t h e Baj w a o r Ba w ai
,
and S amr ai
j l
G o r ey a and G h umman ; f r om G ur dasp ur th e Mah e sh ; and f r o m L ah ore th e Wi r k S i ndh u
,

f r om G uj r anw a a came t h e D h otar , Barai ch (War ai ch ), Pé n laj , K a e r and

,

an d Bh u ar ll l g l
J i n an d Bat tah ; f r om th e Mé lw a th e D h ar i w a and f r om Pat i a a t h e Ch a i f rom
oh al, S uj s l l bl .

D e h i came th e Hunda , Dh adah , Bh aun , Bal Bh andal, Bi sa and Bu a

l l l l
’

i ; f r om Si r sa th e
,

it
S ee Mr . E D . . Maclag an s i nter esting
’
ske tch of th e tr i b al i mmig r ati ons i n th e Mu ltan
G a ze t te er , 1 90 1 02, pp -
1 4 4-5 .

a t at ar i n G u r at —s ee p 306 s up r a j
.

1
’
J
T h e r e i s a so a l It a p p e ar s t o be i de n t ica w i th
. . l
v
t h e He r at, w h i ch m ay de r i e i ts n a m e f r om t h e He r J at s, t h o ug h a o ca t r a di t io n de r i e s l l v
i t f r om Hor st i n A f g h an i st an It i s cur i ous t h at t h e J at s gi e t h e i r n ame t o n o o t h e r
. v
t r act s .
372 The chh atr a r i te .

i v y c m m i t h c t l P j b b t i t s *
T h e ya mat ua r te is e r
'

o o n n e e n r a u n a u a
, .

di ff e t f m lfh u a m o n g t h e H a n s J a t s
'
o f L u dh i a na
s ume s s ligh tly r e n o r s s .

t h e b r i d e g r oom s u n cl e o r e ld e r
’
b r o t h e r c u t s t h e t r e e wi t h a n a xe or

s w o r d an d t h e
b r id a l p a i r pl a y wi t h t h e t wig s c h h i tt a n t h e b o y fi r st , ,

gi l v t i m i t h t h m d h t h d i n g t h e s ame
s t r iki n g t h e r se e n e s w e a n s e e n o ,

to h im Wo r s
.
hip i s t h e n o ff e r e d t o a B r a h m a n a n d a f t e r t h a t t h e

h ou se w all s ar e mar k e d w i t h r ic e fl our Th e p air s ol e mnly p r ostr a te

-
-
. .

t h e m s e lv e s w h i S a khi S a r w a r a n d giv e t h e o ff e r i n g s m a d e to h i m
o r s p ,

t o a Bh a r a i T h e D a l e o.
A n la k h P a m m a r B a,
s i D u l a t B o p a
,
r a i a n d B al
, , , , ,

h ave th e sa me u s ag e a s r e g ar d s th e ch hi ti an bu t a mon g t h e G ur um ,

J ats t h b o hi m s e l f c u t s t h e t r e e a n d b o t h h e a n d h i s b r id e w o r s hip
e y
But th e L a t do n ot cut th e j dt a t a ll.
’
ch h a tr as .
an

Ch h a tr a — In c onn e c t i o n wi t h t h e o b s e r v an c e c ommon a t Hi n d u
. ,

w e ddi ngs of th e trike t h e r e i s a c ur i o us c u st om c all e d t h e chh a tr a (r am)

, ,

o r ch he dn a (t o b o r e — t h e r am s e ar ) In t hi s a r am i s hi r e d 8 p ai s a ’
.
,

N a k hahi b e i n g p a id t o i t s o w n e r T h b r id e gr oo m c ut s o ff a
( n a s ) - e .

s ma ll pi e c e o f i t s e a r a n d r u b s t hi s p i e c e o n t h e o ut t ill t h e bl oo d fl o w s
.
.

He t h e n pl a c e s t h e p i e c e in th e c e n t r e of a ch ap ati wi t h s o me r ic e ,

a nd s me a r i n g h s t h umb w i t h t h e m ix t ur e
,
i i mp r in ts a ti ka or mar k ,

Ih e ch ap ci tr} i s t h e n o ffe r e d a t a s h r i n e
'
w i t h i t o n h is f o r e h e a d .
,

f o o d i s di s tr ib ut e d an d th e lag is e ach r e c e iv e at l e as t 1 4 p a i s a (Na n a k :

s hahi ) In s ome c a se s th e r a m o r go at i s a l s o sa c r ific e d

.
.

A mon g t h e Ja ts of t h e s o ut h e ast e r n P un j a b t h e ch h a tr a r i t e in volv

-
,

i ng a s i t do e s a n i ma l s a c r ific e i s u n k n ow n Thi s i s cl e ar ly due to Ja i n ,

.

i n fl ue n c e s It i s v e r y r a r e i n t h e c e n t r a l D i s tr ic ts to o an d i s s aid t o
. ,

be un k n o w n i n J ullun dur but i n L u dhia n a i t i s n o t u n c o mmon f o r t h e ,

b r i de g r o om s f or e h e a d t o be mar k e d w i t h bl oo d fr om a goa t s e ar 6 9
’ ’
. . .
,

a m n
o g t h e Ch e l a Bh a n g u a n d s ome ot hers ,
.

Not ly do t h e se usag e s v a r y amon g di ffe r e n t t r ib e s s ome n ot

on ,

o b se vi g
r n t h e m a t a ll whil e o t h e r s p e r for m on e o r t w o o r a ll o f t h e m ,

b ut a giv e n t r ib e may h a v e v ar yi n g us ag e s i n d iffe r e n t lo c a li ti e s .

u f ’
Th u s t h e B h lar s c u l t o K al a nj ar h a s a lr e a dy b e e n d e s cr ib e d a t
1 0 8 s up r a but th e y a r e a l s o s aid t o h a v e a j a th e r a c all e d Pi p
p . ,

Y a r B h u r aw a l a fr a r e v e r e d a n c e s t o r w h o p e r f or me d a mi r a cl e by t u r n i n g
a bl a n k e t i n t o a s h e e p a n d t o t h i s da
y t h e Bh u l a r will n ot w e a r si t
, ,

o r s l e e p o n a s t r ip e d bl an k e t Th e i r Sidh K ale n j ar or K al an ga r i s al so
.

c a ll e d K a l an dr a a n d h e h a s a tom b at Mar i i n Patial a wh e r e t h e fi r st

,

mil k o f a co w i s o fi e r e d t o h i m on t h e 8th ba di o f t h e mo n t h A .

Bh ii lar t o o ca n o n ly b uild a h o use a f te r o ff e r in g h im tw o b r ick s

’

The .

Bh ii la r al so a v oid t h e u s e o f a k f ue l
’

Th e Chahil a s n ot e d o n p 146 s up r a a fi e ct a J o gi p i r but h e is ,

,

also sa id t o h a v e b e e n t h e i r j a i h er a He w a s kill e d i n a figh t wi th t h e .

Bh a tt i Rajp ut s a t a pl a c e i n Pa tial a b ut h i s b o dy r e ma i n e d o n h is ,

ho r s e a n d c o n t i n u e d t o s m i te t h e f oe a fter h i s h e a d h a d fall e n so a
sh r i n e w a s b u il t t o h i m o n t h e s o t wh e r e h e f e ll a n d i t
p a l so c o nta i n s

But i t i s s aid t o b e un k n o w n i n J ull u dur n .

A
a p par e nt
y th e B h i i r a fi zdh of th e
l o
’

S i al k t Bh ulars
Bh tll d me ans a s tri p e d .
'
b l anket of
b bl bl
’

al o
ack s r i p e s , or ack Wi th w h i te s tr i e s
li gh t r ow n W i th
t p , and th e Bh i tr d ar e . s s ai d

to b e a d i i si on o v
f th e at s t rr a a so me an s
J .
j
’

r ow n , Pun abi D i e t
y p 1 46 l b . . . . Cle ai ly
in e i th r a p u n i n t h e n am e or B h ara w as th e or i ina name of th e tr i be
g l
there e .
 J athe r a w or s hip .
37 3
t h e t o mb s of h is
h awk dog a n d h o r s e It lie s in a gr o ve a n d th e
, .
,
mi l k o f a co w o r t h e gr ai n o f a h ar v e st a r e n e v e r use d w it h o ut o ff e r i g
.
n
fi r s t f r ui t s t o t hi s i T h e f a c t t h a t t h e p i r is c alle d o r n a me d J o i
p r .

g
p o i n ts to a S h a i va or igi n f or th e c u l t .

T he Ch i ma a g ai n a r e sa id to b e se r v e d by J og i s and n ot by B r ah man s , .

Th y p e r f or m j a th e r a an d ch h a tr a as fo ll o w s z— Eigh t o r te n d a y s be fo r e
e

a m ar r i a ge r ic e i s co ok e d a n d t a k e n t o t h e spo t d e dic a t e d t o th e i r
a n c e s t or
; f r o m on e t o fi ve g oa t s a r e a l s o t ak e n t hi t h e r a n d w ashe d
an d a l a m i s ligh t e d O ne o f th e go a t s e a r s is the n cut a n d th e ’
p .
,

b r oth e r h o od ma r k t h e i r f or e h e a d s wi t h blo o d (Ch h atr a ) Th e g oat i s .

k i ll e d f o r f oo d b ut t h e i m me di a t e r e l a ti v e s o f t h e b r ide do n ot e a t o f
,

i t s fl sh w h ich i s divid e d a mon g t h e oth e r s ic h w v

e ,
; t h e r e o e er is , ,
d i st r i bute d to all .

T h e D eo h a ve t h e i r j a th er a a t a pl a c e cl os e t o s ome pool o r t an k
wh e r e on c e r ta i n o cc a s ion s su ch a s a w e ddi n g t h e y c on gr e ga t e Th e , , .

B r a h man ma r k s e a ch m a n s f o r e h e a d a s h e c ome s o u t o f t h e po ol w i t h ’

bl oo d f r om th e go at s e a r : t hi s i s d o ne t o t h e b r ide gr o o m al so T h e
’
.

b r e a d a t t h e fe ast is divid e d 9 le a ve s to e v e r y b ach e l or an d 1 8 t o e v e r y ,

ma r r i e d man .

A s a l r e ady n ot e d , o n p 236 sup r a , th e D ha r iwal h av e a fa th e r /z .

'

a n d a l so a s i dh , c a ll e d Bh a i o r Bh o i T h e l a t t e r w as sl a i n by r o bb e r s
'

. .

A B r ah m an , a Mir a si , a Ch ii h r a a n d a bl a ck do g w e r e w i th h i m a t t h e
’

t i me T h e B r a h ma n fl e d, but t h e o th e r s r e ma i n e d , a n d s o Mi r a si a
.

r e c e iv e h i s o ff e r i n g s, a n d a t c e r t a i n ce r e mo n i e s a bl ack do i s f d fi r st
g e .

Th e Si dh a t o mb is at Lal o w al a i n P a tial a , a n d h is f a i r i s h e ld on t h e
’

N i ma n i Ikadsh i .

T h e D hill o n a pp e ar t o h a v e s e v e r a l j a th e r as , G a g g o w ah n a b e i n g
me n t i o n e d i n a ddi t i o n t o t h ose d e s c r i b e d o n p 238 sup r a N o par ti cu . .

a
l a r s of t h e s e a r e f or thc o m i n g But t h e f a c t t h a t D hill on w a s R ja .

K a r n s g r a n d s o n i s c o m m e mo r a te d i n t h e f oll o w i n g t al e — Ka r n u sed
’

t o giv e a w a y 30 s er s o f go l d e v e r y da y a f te r h i s b a t h b ut b e f o r e h i s
f o
o d A. f t e r h i s d e a t h t h e d e i t y r e w a r d e d h i m w i t h g o ld ,
b u t a ll ow e d

h im n o f o o , d s o h e b e gg e d t o b e a ll o w e d t o r e t u r n t o t h e w o r ld w h e r e

h e s e t a sid e 1 5 d a y s i n e a ch y e a r f o r t h e f e e di n g of B r a h m a n s He .

*
w as t h e n a ll o w e d t o r e t u r n t o t h e c e l e st i a l r e gi o n s a n d giv e n f oo d .

h
Ot e j th Baba A lh f t h G W I L Ra j R am f t h e
r a e r a s a r e o o e A R E i s a
o , ,

Ga s Raj p u
,
t (s i c) o f t h e K H A IRA S i dh s a n o f t h e B AN D H A WAS Ti lk a r a, , , ,

d Kala Mih f t h S HU S l
‘

of h e S
'

t i D H u s a n r o e IN D .

Th e D hi n d s a h a v e a s id h ,
o f u n r e c o r d e d n a m e ,
a t a p l a c e i n P a ti ala

ff
an d o e r m ilk , e t c ,
t o h i s s a ma dh o n t h e 6
.
t h s u d i o f e a ch m o n t h T h e .

ll v — ll k ak k tt i
‘

i S t j i d k i b h D h
Th e Dh illons h a e th e f o ow i ng bi
k t n n a zn , i on a os a
o r sa y g a a

ll l l l f m h t h h i om d
m an T i t h t D h w i w a s
y p e r o w a a p s r e s i c
‘

h n a o n a i a .
na tn e

f
‘ ‘ ‘
A m o ng tl e g e n ui n e J f t o t o h se w h o n l
a e, oo k b a
rc k t o R q t orcai g n t no t a a
’

i , i is

v m d h h b ne d y a s
mmon to find g at n ti on p d
a i ei t th e
e t h h
era r u n a w i c o n y g e s o o s i o

fi t l oc ti n Th ey m b f t t d t m b v o
i o

ehI g
th e S t f th e
i es o ll
'
rs k d
a oy w
.
c ar e ar e a e s a ere o s or a.

or h v i nc b e n se l e ct d by h l t
:
d or
m t u e
’

h ll f q p u as e ace s i
'

e s i i ve a
'

e
o f t re e s, a e s e e e so
h t a
s l tary l f W th th J at s t i l cu u o
t
O l
i e i e t i w h sc h t h a so v ri o y p
s y i e re e i e ri c e a
o i
m e mo e
. , '

t
o f te n i n tr du e d i n t th e e p l ce h T h r
‘

f q
3
w b
J an d t e e w h ich
r ,
is o o c p o
e 1
s
y S
a
i alk
s
t
or s i .

l ofty in th ei r li g i on and mor e r i gorous i n th e i r di scharg e of i t o

.

1 1118 81 5
re ,
.

Se tt R ep , p 27
. . . .
37 4 Tri bal vs Vi llage dei ti es
. .

G il s i dh i s d S ur a t R am a nd only g e ts a g oat a nd a h an d ful of gm:

n a me
a t w e ddi n g s a n o ffe r i n g wh ich i s t a k e n by Mi r asi s
,
Th e G andi h a v e .

a sa ti wh o s e ma t or sh r i n e i s i n P a tial a .

J a i bar a s l c ommon ly w or sh ipp e d i n th e c e n t r a l D i s tr ic ts but

a r e a so ,

t h e r i te s v ar y Th us in L udhiana n ea r ly e v e r y J at t r ibe h as a j ath er a

.

t h o ugh h i s n a me i s r ar e ly p r e s e r v e d a n d a v e r y c ommon f o n d o f w or
,

o h i m i s t o dig e ar t h f r om a t a n k a t w e ddi n g s i n h i s h on o ur
'

s hi t
p .

Th us T ull a th e B asi s j a i h er a w h o h as a ma t o r s h r i ne i s com

,
’
, ,

m e mor a te d i n t hi s w ay an d e a r t h i s a l so dug on t h e D iwali n igh t Th e

S a r a piy a a n d S o di J ats a l so dig e a r th to t h e i r u nn a m e d j a th e r as —an d
.

t h e D au l a D h a d S a n g r a a n d m an y o th e r s do t h e s am e
, ,
Th e D h a n e sa r .

h a ve a sp e ci a l c u stom f or a f te r t h e j au di h a s b e e n cu t w a te r i s p our e d
, ,
’
o v e r a go a t s h e ad a n d i f h e s hiv e r s t h e a n c e stor s a r e b e li e ve d t o h a v e
,

ble ss e d t h e p ai r T h e goa t i s t h e n s et f r e e T h e G HA NG HAS i n t hi s

. .
‘

D i str ic t a p p e ar to h a v e n o j a th e r a but ma k e off e r i n g s which ar e ta ke n ,

by Sikh s to t h e s a madh of A kal D as t h e i r a n ce stor a t Jan diala i n

, , ,

A mr i t sar wh e r e a n a n nua l f a i r i s h e ld
, .

'

Th us th e ya th e r a r i te i s e s se nt i all y a tr ib al n ot a vill a ge i n sti tut ion , ,

a n d t hi s i s st r iki n gly b r o u gh t o ut by th e f a c t t h a t i n vill a g e s c om p ose d

of s e v e r a l t r ib e s e a ch t r ib e w ill h a v e i t s o w n i a th e r a Th us i n K a n g i n .
,

J ull un d ur t h e K an g Jats h a v e n o j a th e r a but t h e y h av e o n e a t D h aul i

, ,

Mambli i n G ar h s h a n kar t a h s il a n d s ay h e w a s a r e f ug e e fr om Mu
,

h a mm a da n Op p r e ss i on T h e Mo r e o f K an g h a v e t h e i r j a th cr a a t
.

K h a n kh an a t h e Bi r k s t h e i r s a t Bi r k t h e R a k k a r s t h e ir s a t R a kk ar
, , ,

th e Jh a lli t h e i r s a t D h a m ot i n L u dhia n a But th e j a th er a i s o ft e n a .

s a ti a n d th e He r i n J ullun dur h a v e a
’
,
s a ti s s h r i n e a t Kal a Maj r a i n

R u p ar t ah sil A n d it i s n o t n e c e ssar ily t h e p r o ge n i to r o f th e cl a n or

.
,

e v e n th e f o un d e r of a vill a g e w h o i s w or shi pp e d but a n y p r o mi ne nt ,

m e mb e r o f i t w h o m ay be ch os e n a s i t s j a th e r a Th us a mon g th e .

D hill o n of M ah r amp u r i t i s n o t G ol a its f ou n d e r w h o i s w or sh ipp e d , , ,

bu t Ph all a h is d e s c e n d an t a n d a m a n o f s o me not e
, A n d a t G ar ch a .

t h e G a r ch a Ja ts w or shi p A dhi an a a s p o t i n t h e vill a g e n ame d a ft e r

,

A di o n e of t h e i r a n c e stor s w h o w a s an a sc e t ic
, T h e p l a c e n e w f or ms .

a gr o v e fr o m which f ue l ma y be gat h e r e d by B r a h ma n s but n o w oo d ,

may be cut by J ats un d e r p e n a l t y of s ick n e ss o r di s a s t e r Wh e n th e .

n y di s t an c e i t i s su ffici e n t t o t ur n to w ar d s i t a t a w e ddi n
j t h i s a t a
’

a e r a .
g
a n d i t i s on ly vi si t e d a t l on g i n t e r v a l s .

In mar k e d c on t r a st to th e tr ib al j ath e r a is th e vill age bh i i mi a o f th e

sout h e ast e r n P un j a b
- Th e r e wh e n a n e w c olony o r vill ag e i s f oun de d
.
,

i n t h e sou th e a st P un j a b t h e fi r st t hi n g to be d on e b e f o r e h ouse s a r e
-

a c tua lly b u il t i s t o r a i s e a mo un d o f e a r t h on a s p ot n e a r t h e p r op ose d

vill age an d p l an t a j a u ql tr e e o n i t H ouse s a r e t h en b uilt Th e fi r st man
. .

w h o di e s i n t h e vill a g e wh e t h e r h e be a B r ah ma n a J at o r a Ch a mar
, ,
,
i s b ur nt o r b u r i e d o n t hi s mo un d a n d o n i t i s b uil t a mason r y s h r in e
,

which i s na me d a f te r h im Th e fo r t u n at e man i s d e ifi e d as th e Bh fi mia

.

o r e ar t h g o d a n d w o r sh ip p e d by Hi n d u s o f a ll cl a sse s in
-
, t h e vi l la g e ,
b e i n g l oo k e d up o n a s i ts sol e gua r di an d e i ty A t w e dd in gs t h e br id e . ~

g r oom b e for e s tar t i ng t o th e b r ide s v ill a g e r e sor ts t o t h i s s h ri n e and

’

mak e s offer i n g s to h i m: If a n e x i s s to l e n a h o use is b r ok e n int o, o r ,

p e stil e n c e br e aks out , i f c r op s f ai l or th e r ai n f a l l i s s c an ty , if l ocusts

376 J ri f totems, .

for m e xog amous s e c ti on s t h ough i t may be th at as a g e n e r al r ul e t h e y

, , ,

giv e d au ght e r s t o th e Ka shih got r a T h e t e r m S h i bj g ot r a cle ar ly i mph e s-

.

b
o

s om e di p g
s ar a e m e n t bu t t h e P un i a w e r e o n c
,
e a n i mp or ta n t t ri be e

c ause t h e r e us e d to be six c a n t on s o f Ja ts o n t h e b or d e r s o f Ba n an a an d
Bi kan e r an d o f t h e s e f o ur vi a P u i a K as su , S h e or an an d G o da r a
,
n e
*
, , ,

c on si ste d of 86 0 v ill ag e s e ach T .

Th e Bag r i J ats h a v e c e r ta i n se c t i o n s which migh t a pp e ar to te mi st ic,

b ut v e r y r a r e l y i s a ny r e v e r e n c e p aid t o t h e t ot e m S uch a r e .

K ar i r ,
K o h a r a h a t ch e t Wa i h r i a y oung h e if e r B an d ar
a tr e e , , , , , ,

m on k e y G i da r j ack a l ; a l so K a t a r ia s w o r d a n d G an das i a a xe Pipl a

, , , , , ,

p pi a l a n d J a n dia
, j a m ! t r ee a ll i n t a h s il Ha n s i
, T h e J A R I A ,
a n d .

o t h e r s a r e s a i d t o be n a me d f r o m t f t h h t b u t J a i
p a r s o e e r r e e r a
‘

i ts e l f i s al so e xpl ai n e d a s m e a n i n g d e sc e n d e d fr o m t w i n s j ova a n d , ,
’

t h e y ar e s a id t o be a n offs h o ot o f t h e G at h w al Mor i s s o c all e d .

b e c au se a p e a c ock p r ote cte d t h e ir an c e s to r f r om a sn a k e Pa n kh al .

,

p e a co ck s f e ath e r i s so c a ll e d b e c a use a D o ha n J at gi r l h a d b e e n gi v e n
’
,

i n ma r r i a g e t o o n e T e t h a a Raj p ut o f Mus h a m Th e c o upl e di sa g r e e d an d

, .

Te t h a a id e d by t h e r o ya l for c e s a t t ack e d t h e t r ib e a n d on ly t h ose w h o

h ad pl ac e d p e a c oc k s f e at h e r s o n t h e i r h e a d s w e r e S p ar e d
’
.

J{i n is id to me a n l o use an d G o r ay a, bl ue co w o r n i lg a i
‘
sa , q
.

W al, L e g h a, J a n aw a, Be dw al, Mah u, Wi h a, Me h r an , l

R ap ar i a, Bh ar i w as , Bo h a, Mo r , S inh mar , Mah i , l l
G oy a t , L o h an , S h e or dn fi L ob h aw a t , S o ma ddh ar ,
l
D o h an , He é, L oh ach , R di i i p i i r i afi, S e dh fi , Ho da,
’

S i m i n , R oji a, Bh an a a li a s Gh o ti a, Bh a t t u, Bar an d
L om adh .

Bh at t i L ah ar , S ar a, Bh ar on , Mak e r , Mon d, K oh ar , S ah ar an ,
l
Is h ar w a , K h e t alé n , J at ai , K h o dm a, Blo da, Bat h o
a nd D h o k i a .

K ale r aw an , Bh or e , Hi n j r aw an , S a r cy a K a a, G h an , jl
g h as , S ar aw at , S or i , K h o t a n d Ba r a l .

K h ar w é n , Pach ar , L oh Ch a an d Mo h an -
b .

l
Boh a a n d K h o k h a r .

Paeal, Mondh la, K h i ch ar , J ani , Mach r a, K ach r oy a,

S or a n d J o i y a .

ll
D u ah and G aw a r n a .

G o dar a .

Ho n da an d Tar ar .

J ar i a .

J ak h a r .

D h o n dw al .

K h i ch ar .

Th e K ai ssua cannot b e t r ace d .

ll t h e Nor t h - We s te r n Pr ovi n ces, II, p 5 5

‘

1'
E i ot s R a ce s f
o . ,

1: Ce r t ai n v ill ag esi n Hi ssar de r i v e t h e i r n ame s f r om a t r adi t i o n t h at a ian t

g w as
an d e ach o f h is l b
i m s g a e a n am ev l
t o th e p ace w h e r e i t f e
, 6 g ll .

ll
.
'
1 . S ar an d w h e re t h e gi a n t s s ar ( h e a d) f e .

2 . l
Ba a k bat ( h a i r ) f e ll .

3 . Pl a ra
p a b ( f o ot ) f e ll .

4 . Bi ch p ar i l
m i dd e p ar t ( bi ch -t a -hi ssa
) b ody f ll e
5 . K an w a ka n ( e ar ) f e ll ,
.

6 .
Hat h w a h a th (h an d) f e ll .

7 J e ura j e w ar ( or name nt ) f e ll .
 J a tci la- J at hicina . 37 7

S oci a l di s ti n cti ons a mo ng th e h i ts .

A mon g th e J ats i h e o n l “ s o ci a l di s t in c t i on s ar e t h e We ll k now

y n
~

A kb a r i o r D a r ba r i m a h an s — 35 i n n um b e r a cc o r di n g t o t h e
’
us ua l
a cc o un t But i n A mr i t s a r t h e A kba r i is o nl t h e high e st o f a se r ie s o f
y
.

f o ur g r a d e s, t h e A u r an z e bi (o r t h o se a d mi t te d t o t hi s r a n k i n t h e
g
t i me o f A ur a n g z e b ), K h a ls ai (o r t h o s e a d mi t te d i n S ikh t i me s a nd
)
A n g r e z i (o r t h o s e a d mi tt e d s i n c e B r i t i s h r ul e b e g an b i g h
) e n t h e o t er
t h r e e , a n d n o l e s s t h a n 1 5 0 vill a ge s , a ll g e n e r a ll s e aki ng i n th e
y p
Ma n j h a , n o w cl a i m D a r ba r i s ta t us T h e r e i s a l so a S li ah jah an i grade .
,

t h e Sa ns i J ats, o f Raj a Sa n s i , h a vi n g b e e n a dm i t t e d i n t h e r e i n o f
g .

S h ri h J aha n T h e o r igi n o f t h e A kb a r i g r o u i s th us d e s cr ib e d W h
’

p en
.
.

t he e m p e r o r A k ba r t o o k i n ma r r i a g e t h e d a ug h t e r o f Mih r Mi th a a J a
, t,
o f t h e Ma n jh a , 1 35 o f t h e
p r i n ci pa l J at, a n d 36 of t h e l e a di n g R aj ut
'

f a m ili e s c o u n t e n a n c e d t h e m a r r i a g e a nd s e n t r e r e s e n t a t iv e s t o D e hi
p .

Th r e e o f t h o se J at f a m ili e s a r e s t ill fo un d i n H os h iar pur , a n d a r e c a lle d

t h e D h ai g h a r A kb a r i , a s t h e y c o m p r i s e t h e B a i n s Ja te i o f Mah il u r
p ,
t h e L a h o t a s o f G a r h di w a la an d t h e K li u n g as o f Budh i pin d, which l a tt e r
i s s ty l e d t h e h a l f f a mil y , so t h a t t h e t h r e e f a mili e s a r e c a ll e d t h e
’

( d h ci i g h a r ) T h e A kb a r i Ja ts f o ll o w s o m e o f t h e high e r c a s t e s i n
. no t
a ll owi n g r e m ar r i a g e o f W id o w s , a n d i n r a c t i s i n g da r bci r a , w hich is a
p
c us t o m o f givi n g va i ls a t w e ddi n g s t o t h e m i m s i s o f o th e r A kb ar i ’

f a mili e s Th e i r p a r o h i ts al s o pl a c e t h e j a n s o o n t h e m a t t h e i r mar
.

r ia e s, r e mo vi n g i t a f e w d ay s a f t e r w a r d s B e lo w t h e A kb a r i (acc o r di n g
g .

t o t h e H o s hia r p u r a cc o un t ) i s t h e D a r ba r i g r a d e , d e s c e n d a nt s o f t h o se
w h o g a v e d a u gh t e r s t o t h e e m p e r o r J a ha n gi r Th us so me o f t h e Man .

Ja ts a r e D a r bar i s, a n d th e y w ill o n l y m a r r y w i th D a r bar i s a s a r ul e .

B ut t h e y w ill a cc e p t b r id e s f ro m Ja ts o f gr ad e s b e l ow t h e D ar ba r i
r o vid e d t h e d o w e r (da h ej ) i s s uffi c i e nt ly l a r g e
p .

Asg ar d s G ur da sp ur S ir L o ui s D an e w r o te
re ,
S o me o f th e b e tte r
o i s of Hi n d u J ats o r t h o se livi n g i n c e l e b r a t e d vill age s or n dmas will
g
n o t giv e t h e i r d a ugh te r s t o me n o f g o i s co n s id e r e d so c i a lly i n fe r i o r and ,

t h e r e s tr ic ti o n o ft e n g a v e r i s e t o f e m a l e i n fa n ticid e a s e ligibl e h us ,
”
b a n d s w e r e s c ar c e .

J i
A
'
r u A ,
1
( ) a n A r a i n cl a n (a g r ic u l t u r a l ) f o u n d i n M o n t g o m e r y a n d A m r i ts a r ,

( )
2 a J e t cl a n (a g r ic u l t u r a l ) f o u n d i n M ul t a n .

J AT AT IR a J at c la n f o un d in Sialk o t
,
.

J TH
A E D A R a Sikh t,
i tl e L i t o n e w h o k e e
.
p s t h e j t
a
. o r u n c u t m a t t e d h ai r of a

a ir an d ic t S kh p d t t h M Sikh w h h v
f o
t s o os e o e u n n a s a e s
q s o a s r i a p .

S ee a l s o un d e r J o gi .

Kh l cl ic l t l ) f d i n M o nt g om e r y
J a
'
t E I i N A a a r r,
a a n ( g
a r u u r a o u n .

Mr R D r ummond i nde e d o s e r e d
J b v
T h e r e can be no q ue sti on th at th e Bandhfi
v Ibl v
. . .

w as , w h a e s i ll T h
o r t ak u s
r i n t h e i r n a t i e h o m e s e i e e , i n R aj p ut an a
,
a r e a t th e h e ad ,

l m v R l l
.

o f th e h y p e r g amo us sca e a mo g n t h o s e J i t s w h o h a e a o r e o r e s s d i s t i n c t y aq t
F d h k U f l
.

o r i g i n s uch as th e G i l, S i n dh ,
,
u S i d h u B a r i r (or V a r i ar )- a u na a n t e i ,
e n or .

bl m l d J
.

t un ate ly n o on e se e ms a e to s ay w h at t h e h yp g e r am ou s s c a e a o n g th e i t g o t: i s ,
a n

v l
s e e r a i nf o r mants e xp i ci t y s ay th at th e r e i s none l l .

I
fi n de d t
T T h e Mi h r Mi t h a w h o g u r e s i n t h e t r a di t i o n o f t h e D h a r i w a ls m u s t b e i n t e .

is a
h r d y n e c e s s a l
r y t o a
s y t h a t n e i t h e r A k a r n o r J a h a n g i r e e r t obo k a J et r i de v b .

I T h e Ba i n s J at h a e a h am o r g r o u p o f 1 2 v i a g e s n e a r M a h i lp ,n r b v ll
u t t h e p o s se ss i o n

h P t J a t A k b t h u h t h e y to o
of a bdr a do e s n o t a p p e a r t o m a k e t h e G i l S a g n e o r o e s a r i o g
B"
p os s e s s bdr a s T h e Men t oo h a e a bdr a , b ut s o me
.
o f t h e v
m a r e o n y D a r b é r l a n d 11 0 ‘
l
of t h e m h a e t ha t s t an di n g , v
37 8 J athol- J ci ta .

J an e t a s mall J at an o
,
cl f u n d
I
i n Sialk o t a n d i
m
n A m r i t sar

h
(w h e
k
r

h
e i t
is
ah
, ‘

cl a sse d as a g r i c ul tu r l )
a t s j i
a h e r a Baba A .
ar S i n gh a s a a ng , ,

of mas o nr y to wh ich o ff e r
,
i n g s ar e m a d e a t w e ddi n g s .

J Ar i i NA
'
a cl an of th e Sial s .

J ATK A T T A, f r om j at z w o ol o r th e h ai r of t h e b ody ; an d ha nd —pi

s i
nn ng

a w e a v e r (G uj r a t S e tt R ep .
o
,
Ma ck e n z i e ,

J ATK E ,
a Kh ar r a l cl a n (ag r i cul tur al ) foun d in Mon t gome r y .

J Ar t s ,
a G uj a r cl a n ( a g r ic ul t ur a l ) f oun d i n A mr i t sar .

J A IO I, ( I) an a g r ic ul t ur al cl a n fo un d i n Shahp ur
' ‘
(2) on e o f t h e or i g i nal
ma in s e c t i o n s o f t h e BAL O CB, b ut n o t n o w a n o r g a n i se d t r i be F oun d .

w h e r e v e r t h e B al och h a v e s p r e a d In M on t g o me r y i t i s c l as se d a s .

a g r ic ul tu r a l In t h e Ch e n ab C ol on y i t i s t h e mo s t n ume rous o f th e
.

B a lo ch tr ib e s .

J A ro w i L ,
'
M uh am ma d a n J at cl an (a gr i cul tur a l ) f o un d in Mo n t gome r y
a .

J AT U a R aq t t r ib e said t o b e a T finw a r cl an w h o o n c e h e l d al m os t th e
, ,

wh ol e of Hiss a r an d a r e s t ill mo st n um e r ou s i n t h at D i s tr ic t a n d th e
,

n e igh b o ur i n g p o r t i o n s o f R e h t a k a n d J i n d Wh e n t h e g r e a t Gban h an .

Bi s a lde o o v e r th r e w A n an g p al II th e T un w a r k i n g o f D e lhi t h e , ,

T fin w ar s w e r e d r iv e n f r o m D e lhi t o J ele pat t an in t h e S h e i kh a w a t ti

c o u ntr y n or t h o f J a i pur an d th e r e D ul R am a d e s c e n d an t o f A n an g p al , ,

r ul e d Hi s son J a ir at e x te n d e d t h e T un w a r d o mi n i on t o Bag a r in J a ip ur
.

a n d th e t r a c t i s s til l c a ll e d t h e Tfin w a r w at i In f a ct t h e T unw ar o f .

Ha r lan a a r e sa id t o h a v e b e e n divid e d i n t o t h r e e cl a n s n ame d af te r an d

d e s c e n d e d f r o m t h r e e b r oth e r s J at u R a gh u a n d S a t r a ula o f wh ich
, , , ,

cl an s J at u w as by f a r t h e l ar g e st a n d mos t i mp or ta n t an d o n c e r ul e d ,

f r om Bhi w a n i t o A g r o h a Th e y a r e t h e h e r e di t a r y e n e m i e s of t h e Pun w ar
.

o f R o h t a k a n d a t l e n g th t h e s an dhill s o f M a h m w e r e fix e d u p o n a s th e
,

b o un da r y b e tw e e n t h e m a n d a r e s t ill k n o w n a s J ri tu Pu n w ci r ka da ula
,

o r t h e J at u Pu n w ar b o un d a r y -
In K a r n al h o w e ve r th e Jat u d e s c r ib e
.
, ,

t h e m s e lv e s a s Ch a uha n a l so .

J ai r at , th e T un w a r , h a d a s o n , Ja tu , (s e -c all e d b e c a use h e bad h a i r ,

a te , o n h i m at t h e t i m e o f h i s bi r t h ) by a S é n k la R aj u tn i ,
p an d h i s
g
s o n m igr a t e d t o Si r s a wh e r e h e mar r i e d P a la t D e vi , da ugh te r of
K a n w a r pal, a S i r e h a Raj p ut a n d si s t e r o f t h e m o t h e r o f t h e gr e a t G ii g a
’

Pi r K a n w a r p al m a d e t h e t r a c t a b o ut H a n si o v e r to h i s so n - i h -law a nd
.

t h e l a t te r s e n t f o r h i s b r o t h e r s R a gh u a n d S a t r a ula f r o m J ilo p a t ta n to
s h a r e i t w i t h h im J at u s son s, S i dh a n d H a r pal , f oun de d Bej li a n d
’
.

G ur an a vill a ge s , a n d o n t h e o v e r th ro w o f t h e Ch aub an R ai Pi th a ur a by
th e M uh a mm a d an s t h e Ja t us e x t e n d e d t h e i r p o w e r o v e r A g r o h a , Ha n s i ,
Hi s s ar a n d Bh i w an i , th e i r b o as t b e i n g t h a t t h e y o n c e r ul e d kh e r as
o r s e t t l e me n t s A mr a t a a l s o s e i z e d 4 0 vill a g e s i n th e Ka n aud (M o hi n
.

da r g ar h ) i ldqa o f Pa tial a T h e t h r e e b r o t h e r s, Ja tu , R a gh u a n d
.

S a t r a ula di v id e d t h e p a r g a n a o f Ha n s i i n to t h r e e tapp a s, e ac h n am e d
a f t e r o n e o f t h e ms e l v e s U mr S i n g h , on e o f t h e i r d e sc e n d a n t s t oo k
.

T osha m, a n d af t e r h i m t h a t i laga w a s n a me d t h e U mr a in tap p a , whil e

t h a t o f Bli i w é ni w as c all e d th e Bach w an tapp a , aft e r o n e B a ch o , a J a t u .

’
A t Siw an i J atu s d e s c e nd a n t s b or e th e t i tl e o f R a i , t h ose of T alw a ndi
Rana th a t of R ana, whil e t h ose at K ulh e r i w e r e c all e d Ch audh ri In .
380 J h a be l—J haj h a r .

J HABEL (or as th e y a re c all e d i n th e A i n i A kba r i CHHABEL) a fi shi n g tr ib e - -

,

f o un d i n t h e M ul t an a n d M uz a ff a r g ar h di s tr ic t s an d i n J ull u n dur , ,

H o shia r p ur K ap ur th a l a an d G u r da sp ur
,
Cl o se ly r e se mb l i n g th e .

K EBA LS a nd Mo r e th e J h abe ls i n M uz a ffa r g a r h O n c e h a d t h e r e p ut a t i o n

o f b e i ng c a n n ib a l s Th e y liv e ma i n ly by fi shin g a n d g a th e r i n g p a bban s
.

d f h e w a t e r lily ) h y c am e f r o m Si n dh an d o f a ll t h e
( se e s o t sa
y t e -
,

t r ib e s in t h e D i s t r ic t a l o ne S p e a k Si n dhi Th e y a l s o e nj oy t h e t i tl e o f .

J am M a n y h a v e n ow t a k e n t o a g r ic ul t ur e a n d a ll a r e r e ck o n e d g o od
.

M uh amma d an s Th e y a r e f o n d f g r o i g s a mii a fi a g r a i n so w n in
. o w n k i

t h e m u d l e f t by t h e r iv e r s In G u r da sp u r t h e y s ay t h e y c a me f r o m
.

t h e sou th a n d t h a t t h e i r a n c e s to r s w e r e s p o r ts me n a Bh a tti f o u n de r o f
, , , .

t h e i r K a t r e go t a Nar fi f r o m w h o m sp r an g t h e i r Na r e h a n d Bh ug g e
, ,

g e ts ,
a n d so o n T h e y f e l l i n t o p o v e r ty a n d t oo k t o s e lli n g g a me
. .

T h e s e J h abe ls do n o t i n te r m a r r y w i t h t h o s e o n th e I n dus a n d S utle j ,

b ut o n ly w i t h t h o s e o n t h e n or t h b a n k o f t h e l a tte r r i v e r S o me a r e .

c ul t iv a t or s a n d e v e n o w n l an d O th e r s ar e sh i kci r i s bu t so me a r e
.
,

b o a tme n an d t h e y l oo k d o w n o n t h e se w h o a r e a n d r e fus e to mar r y

w i th th e m T h e J h abe ls of J ull un dur h a v e t h e s a me u sag e s a s th e
.

M aun s a n d ot h e r fi sh e r f olk o f th a t D ist r ic t S om e of t h e m owi n g to

-
.
,

w an t o f e mpl oy me n t a s b oa tme n h a v e l e f t t h e i r v ill ag e s fo r t h e t ow ns

'

a n d t ak e n t o t a il or i n g w e a vi n g w e ll s i nki ng ch a uh i dci r i an d s ma ll
, ,
-
, ,
p o st s i n G o v e r nme n t s e r vic e .

T h e J h abe ls a lso p r e se r v e th e j h ulka c ust o m Th e l a r g e fi re n e e de d .

f o r c ooki n g th e e a t a bl e s r e qui r e d a t a w e ddi n g m us t be l igh t e d by a

s on -i n - la w o f t h e f amily , but w h e n h e a t te mp ts t o b r i n g a bl a z i n g
b un dl e (j h ulka ) of w oo d, e tc , an d p ut i t un d e r t h e f ur n a c e , h e i s m e t
.

by a ll t h e f e m a l e s o f t h e f a m ily a n d h a s t o r un th e g aun t l e t, a s t h e y
t r y to s t o p h is p r o g r e ss wi t h pi t ch e r s f ul l o f w a t e r , b r ick s , d ust, an d
s t ick s . Thi s g a m e i s p l ay e d s o s e r i o usl y t h a t t h e w o me n s d r e s se s
’

o f te n c a t ch fi r e a n d t h e y , a s w e ll a s t h e s o n i n -la w a r e s e r i o u s l h ur t -
, y
W h e n h e fi n a ll y succ e e d s i n ligh ti ng t h e fir e , t h e so n -i n la w g e ts a
.

t ur b an a n d a r up e e , o r mor e i f th e f a mil y i s w e ll t o do Thi s u sag e i s - -

.

o cc a s i o n a lly o b s e r v e d a mo n g A r ai s D o a r s , a n d G uj a r s t o o b ut i t i s
u, g ,
f a lli n g o ut o f f ashi o n .

Lik e t h e Me u n s th e J h abe ls will n o t gi ve th e milk o r c ur d s o f a n

a n i ma l which h a s r e c e n t l y c a lv e d t o a n
y o n e n o t e v e n t o a s e n in law ,
- -
,

o u t sid e t h e f a mily A f te r 1 0 o r 20 d ay s r ic e i s c oo k e d i n th e milk a n d

.

i t i s giv e n t o m a u la vi s o r to b e gg a r s It can t h e n b e giv e n a w ay to.

a n y b o dy T h e J h abe ls a r e g o o d M uh a mm a d a n s b ut r e v e r e Kh w aj a Pi r
.
,

o r Kh w aj a Khi zr t h e o d o f w a te r a n d o ff e r r r idg e t o h i m i l cky

g ,
p o , n u
q ua n t i t i e s a t l e a s t o n c e a y e a r It i s t a k e n t o t h e r iv e r o r a w e ll a n d
.

a f t e r s o me r ay e r s di s tr ib ute d th e r e o r i n t h e vill a g e to all w h o a re

p
p r e se n t
J HA D, a J et cl a n (ag r i cul t u r al) fo un d in M u l ta n .

J Hi IK , a s e p t o f hi ch d e r iv e s it s n ame f r o m J h alr i i n Rawi n p ar ana

K a n e ts w
g
o f J ubb a l a n d s u pp li e s h e r e di t a r y w a g h s t o t h a t -
S t a te A t o n e t i me
’

t h e se w a zi r s vi r t ua lly r ul e d J u bb a l .

J HAJ HAR, an A rai u cl an (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) f o un d i n A mr i ts a r .

Op h u mm m f r umcnta ce t s .
 J h akar —J hi n wa r .
331
J HAKAR a J at cl a n (agr ic ul tur a l f o un in
,
) d Sh uj abad ta h s i l M ul tan , D i s tr i ct .

J HAK K A R s on o f J ai a nd e p o ny m o f a t r ib e in M ul t a n se e N ti n
’
,
.

J HA LAN , a J at c anl (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) f oun d i n M ul ta n .

J HAL L I a s ma ll cla n o f Ja ts i n A mbal a Th e d is id

, . w or sa t o me a n ma d .

J HAMAN, Chh ama n , a man , appa r e n t ly a Ch uh r a w h o f ul fil s t h e f u n ctio n s o f

,
a B r a h ma n a t w e dd i n g a n d co n d ucts t h e
a Ch uh ra se v e n
p h e r as a t i t

J HA MA T a M uh a m m a d a n J at cl an (a g r i cul tu r a l ) fo u nd in M ul ta n a n d
,

M o n t g o m e r y S ee Jh u mma t . .

J E AN DA a M a h ta m cl an (a g r ic ul t ur a l f o un d i n M o n tgo me r
, ) y .

J HA ND IR a J at cl a n (a g r ic ul t ur al ) fo un d i n A mr i ts a r a n d M ul ta n
, .

J E A N ni R a s e m i s a c r e d t r ib e o f M u ha mma d a n s s a id t o b e o f Q ur e s hi o r igi n
,
-

lik e t h e Ne ko ka r a T h o ugh t h e y do n o t O pe n ly p r o f e s s t o be r e ligi o us

.

di r e ct o r s t h e r e i s a c e r ta i n o d o u r o f sa n ct i t a b ou t t h e t r ib e Mo s t o f
,
y .

t he m ca n r e a d a n d w r i t e a n d t h e y a r e p a r t i cul a r l y f r e e f r o m ill d e e d s
,

o f e ve r y de s cr i p t i o n ”
Th ey o w n l a n d i n t h e e x t r e me s out h o f t h e
.

Jh a n g D i s tr i c t an d a r e al so f o u n d i n th e M a il s i ta h s i l o f M ul ta n Th e y .

a r e s a id t o h a v e b e e n t h e s ta n d a r d b e ar e r s o f o n e o f t h e gr e a t sa i n t s -

,
w h e n c e th e i r n a me .

J HA N DO a n A r a i u c l a n (a g r ic ul t u ral ) f ound i n A mr i tsa r

, .

J HA ND U A NA a Kh a r r a l cl a n (a g r ic ul t ur a l ) f o un d i n M on tg o m e r y
, .

J HA NJ OTE a n A r é i n cl a n (a gr ic ul t ur a l ) fo un d i n A mr i tsa r
, .

J HA R A a M uh am ma d a n J at cl a n (a g r ic ul t ur al ) foun d i n M o n t go me r y
, .

J HA RI a se p t of Ja ts i n J i n d se e u n d e r Jar i a
,
.

J HATTA a s e c t i on o f th e Mi r asi s f r o m o ne o f w h ose f amili e s J a h a n g i r (th e y

, ,

a s se r t ) to o k N ti r J a ha n
’

w h o w a s a M i r as a n a n d so i t o t t h t i t l f
,g e e o ,

j h a t ta .

J HLWA R i a Raj p u t cl a n (a g r ic u l tu r a l ) f o un d i n Shah p ur

,
.

J HBD U a M uh a m ma d an J at cl a n (a gr ic ul t u r a l ) f o u n d i n M o n t go me r y
, .

a l so c a ll e d K a ha r i n t h e ea s t a n d Ma h r a
*
J Hi N WAR J Hi WA R T h e J h i n w ar
,
.
, fi ,

w h e r e a Hi n d u i n t h e c e n tr e o f th e P r o v i n ce i s t h e c a rr i e r w a t e r ma n
, , ,
-
,

fi sh e r ma n an d ba s k e t m ak e r o f t h e e a s t of t h e P un j a b He ca r r ie s pa l a n
-
.

q u i n s a n d a ll su ch b u r d e n s a s ar e b o r ne by a y o k e o n t h e sh o ul de r s a nd
b e s pe ci a ll y i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h w a te r i n s o m uch th a t t h e cul t iva t i o n o f ,

w a t e r n n t s a n d th e n e t t in g o f w a te r f o w l a r e f o r t h e mo s t pa r t i n h i s h a n ds ,

a n d h e is t h e w e ll s i n k e r o f t h e P r o vi n c e He i s a t r ue vil l a ge me n i a l
- .
,

r e c e iv in g c us to m a r y d ue s a n d p e r fo r m i n g cu s t o ma y s e r v i c e In t his r
.

c apa ci ty h e sup pli e s all th e b as k e t s n e ede d by th e c u l t i va t o r a nd b r i n gs ,

w a t e r t o th e me n i n t h e fi e ld s at h a r v e s t t i me t o t h e h o us e s w h e r e t h e ,

w o me n a r e se cl u de d a n d a t w e ddi n g s an d oth e r si mil a r o cc a sion s His

,
.

’
O r J h i r , f e rn J h i n , in K ang r a, wh e r e th e J h i r is a w ate r ca r ri e r
. .

1
'
M ah l
r a s e e ms to be a ti t e of r e s p e ct J us t as a Bhi s h ti i s o fte n addr e sse d as J amadar
, .

But in in d at e as t th e Mah r a IS a p a anq uin e a re r an d th e S aqq a i s a w a t e r carr i e r

J l l -
b -
.

Ma h dr i s a sy nony m for chi e f i n th e s outh w e st o f th e Pr o ince Wh e n e mp oy e d as a -

v ,
l
J
Wate r man th e bi n w ar i s ofte n ca e d Pam ara ll b .

b l
Th e ca r ri ag e of ur de ns s ung fr om a ban g: or y oke s ee ms to be a mos t unknown m th e l
we st of th e Pun j ab .
382 J h i n war synony ms .

o cc p
u a o t i n s i n t h e c e n t r e a n d w e s t o f th e P r o vi n c e a r e d e s cr ib e d un d e r
MACBHI . H i s so ci a l s t a n di n g i s i n o n e r e s p e c t high f or a ll w il l d r i nk

a t h i s h an d s But h e i s s t ill a s e r v an t t ho ugh t h e high e s t o f th e cl a s s

.
, .

T h e Bhi sh ti Ma shk i an d S a qqa th e t e r ms f o r M usal man w ate r

, ,

c a r r i e r s m a y be of o th e r c aste s t h an J bi n w a r bu t as a r ul e t h e y w ould
, ,

b e l o n g t o th a t c a s t e .

T h e J h i w a r s a s a c a st e a r e o n e o f t h e se o cc up a ti on a l g r oup s fo un d
, ,

in th e P un j a b w hich a r e c o n v e n t iona lly c all e d c as te s but w hich r e ally

i n cl ud e o r o v e r l ap n ume r o us o t h e r c a s t e s of si mil ar s ta t u s a n d kin d r e d
o cc up a t i o n . Wh e n a m an o f th e Jh i w a r c a ste i s a b a k e r o r se ll e r of
r e a dy c o ok e d
- fo o d h e i s c a ll e d a n d a pp ar e n t l y b e c om e s a Bh at iar a by
c a s te a s w e ll a s by o cc upa t i on Si m il ar ly t h e J h iw a r w h o p a r ch e s gr am .
,

is s t yl e d a B h a r b h fi n
ja i n t h e e as t o f t h e P u n j a b o r a B h o j W a * w h e r e as
,

i n t h e w e s t o f t h e P r o vi n c e h e r e ma i n s a J h i w ar or r a th e r a Machhi and
i s on t h e I n d us s tyl e d a Ch at a r i .

If t h e Jh i w a r on t h e o t h e r h an d p li e s a b oa t o r ski n for h i r e h e will

be c a ll e d a n d b e co me a M A L L AH a D a r y ai a D r e n a Tar n o r e v e n a J at , , ,

o r a M o ha na a cc o r din g t o th e l o ca lit y i n w hich h e w o r k s h is r e li g ion , ,

a n d th e ki n d o f c r a f t h e u s e s M a llah i s th e mo s t usua l t e r m fo r a b oat

.

m an but M o ha n a w hich i s s a id t o m e an a fi sh e r m a n i n S i n dh i s i n t h e
, ,

P u n j a b a s o fte n app li e d t o a fi s h e r m an a s t o a b o atma n T h e D ar yai is .

a P e r s i a n i s e d f or m o f D r e n th e M uh a m m adan w a t e r ma n w h o f e r r i es
,

p e opl e a c r o s s a n d d o w n t h e r ap id hill r iv e r s o n i nfl ate d h id es If a .

Hi n d uh e i s styl e d Tar n On t h e I n d us th e b oat man r a n k s a s an d w o uld

.

b e c all e d s i mp ly a J at L ast ly t h e M ACHHI may a c qui r e l a n d for m a

.
, ,

t r ib e a n d r an k a s a l an d ow n i n g c o mm un i t y un d e r i t s o w n t r ib a l chi e fs
-
,

a s in B a haw a l p ur ; o r t h e D h i n w a r s m ay si n k t o th e l e v e l of a c r i mi nal
t r ib e . Bu t e v e n t h e se do not e xh au s t t h e sy non y ms a n d sub divi sions -

o f th e Jh i n w ar c a st e .

A s i n t h e c a se o f th e Machh i s th e sub divi s i on s o f th e J h i n w a r ar e ,

-

ve y r n u m e r o u s t h e l a r g e s
,
t a r e t h e Kh o kh a r M a ha r Bh a tt i M an ha s , , , ,

Ta n k an d S uhal Th e se g r oup s do no t a pp e a r to be foun d in any n um

.

b e r s a mon g t h e Bh atyar a o r Bh a rbh ti n ja

’

J h i w ar or i gi ns .

A cc or din g t o ccoun t A k i s a Ch a uban Raj put of G a rh Mukh iala

on e a ,

h S al t R a n g e ) di e d l e a vi n g a son o f t e n d e r n a me d D hi n ga r
(i n t e , a e
g .

T h e p e opl e t r e ate d h i m a s a se r v an t a n d n ic k name d h im Jh i w ar .

Bha t h is son w h o f e d th e p e o pl e a t e a ch f ull moon wi t h r i ce h ad four

, , ,

son s w h o f o un d e d 4 mu hi n s e a ch c on t a i n i n g se v e r a l g ots
, ,

Ma h i us . G ots . Muh i ns . G e ts .

Mé k h u Man n i .

S o tre Ma ude
L 3 Dh e ng i
.

1
.
u ng o
D h ai n
.

L an g t r a
.
.
,

D h e n gi ? Bh a l .

G adr f ?
Har su i
G h ‘“
.

2 Wa dda n . 4 . T ak
Ma ll e .

Th e B j
as h o w a i s a so a g r a i n l- arch e r
p Bh uj w as for m an occup ati o na r ath e r th an a
.
l
re g ular ca s te an d i n t h e U n i te d P r o i nce s i nc ude K ay ath s
, A h i rs , e tc v
In th e Punj a l b
r ade and most of th e m ar e i m
.

Muh am m d a ns a so p ly l
th i s t r ants fr om th e uni te d Pre
ig
a

vi nces w h o a cco m p a n i e d t h e B r t i sh troops in the Sikh i ar s, IN Q 212, W . .

.
384 J h i nw ar occup ati ons .

boa tman * a sin ker o f w e ll s , , ch o bba ; i n th e vill a g e s h e ma k e s

a nd
b a sk e t s ma t s a n d f an s L ast
,
.
, bu t n ot l e a st , t h e J bi n w ar i s a c ul t iva
t or e sp e ci a l ly of th e s i n g h ct r a w at e r n ut . 1
‘

,
or -

J h i n w ar w o me n a s o l f ol l o w div e r s c all i n g s . As a p ur e c as te th e y
p ar ch g r a i n ,
bu t t h e y al so a ct a s m idwiv e s .

Fi n a lly t h e r e
,
J h i n w a r s c ais
ll e da B ur ia or Bu
g r o up dn afl; w of
hich
e a r s t o be t h e s a me a s t h e K a lb ti t , Ch a n g a r o r M a chh or a g r o u p , a n d
a
pp
w h o s e m e mb e r s liv e by e x t r ac ti n g o i l fr om a n i ma l s a n d p r a c t i s e cup

p i n g (si n i )
g Thi s g r o u p i s l.o o k e d d o w n u p o n by t h e o t h er J h i n w ar s

a n d i s n o t a ll o w e d i n t e r m a r r i a ge w i t h t h e m It t h u s f o r m s a n e n d o .

gam on s s ub c a s te , i f i n d e e d i t ca n be r e g a r d e d a s a br a n c h o f th e
-

J h i n w ar s a t a ll .

S om e t i me s S a qqas Machh i a Pa nj ar ias M e os Ch ir i mar s Ch h an bals

, , , , , ,

Bo r Mi r Shika r i s Mallah s Bh a ti ar as Pa k h iw ar as a n d G a g r a s cl a i m
, , , ,

J h i n w a r d e s c e n t o r a ss e r t t h at t h e y a r e j h i n w a r s b e c a u se t h e y f o ll ow
,

t h e s a me c alli n g b ut t h e y h a v e n o r e a l c o n n e c t i o n w i t h th e J bi n w a r
,

c a s te Si mi l ar ly G h i r t h s Chh an g s a n d Bah t i s w or k a s w a te r car r i e r s

.
, ,
o

e tc .bu t th e y ar e n o t t h e r e by J h i n w a r s
, .

T he so ci al gr o up i n g of t h e J h i w ar s i s ne b ul o u s to a d e g r ee . On e
a cc ount divid e s t h e m i n to 4 muh i n s th us ,

1 . M ah ar .

2 . Na r a n ia . F or mi n g an e n d ogamous g r o u p .

3 . J a moe .

L o r ah ’ct
4 s auna
s or B ar a
{
.

K ach h w ah a .

T he l a st a s al r e a dy me n tion e d b e i n g e xcl ud e d fr o m a ll s o ci a l i n te r
, ,

c o ur s e w i t h N o s 1 — 3 . .

T h e te r m M a h r I ] o r M ah r a h o w e v e r i s a ppli e d t o a ll J h i w ar s an d i t i s ,

g e n e r all y un d e r s too d in a n h o n o r i fi c s e n s e th o u gh i t i s a l so sa id to ,
m e a n e fi e m i n a te a nd t o be a p p li e d t o t h e J h i w a r s b e c a use t h e
y ar e
e mp l o y e d i n do me s t i c se r vic e Pa n ch fil or h e a d ma n i s s o m e t i me s a
p
.

li d t o th e m O n th e oth e r h an d t h e y a r e c o n t e mp t uo us l
y t e r me d
e
p .
,

T ahl i ta p o r s e r vil e (I ? a n d Ba n d a r z at o r m on k
), e y c as te -

In G uj r at t h e Jh i w a r cl a i m d e s c e n t fr o m th e Ba r i K h a tr is and are
( )
a s su ch c a ll e d Ba r h i a J h i w a r s .

Th ey ar e s aid v l
t o h a e e a r n t t h e a r t o f r o w i n g f r o m Man a u t i J h i w ar ( A n ot h e r
a cco u n t s a y s K ate bh a g at w a s o f t h e Ma n w aut i
, .

got ) .

T Wh e n t h e s i n g h dr d c r o p i s r i p e t h e f a m i y g o t i s h i dde n t o a f e a s t , t h e a m o un t s e n t l
p
b o

e i n g p r o p or t i o n e d t o t h e V a u e o f t h e c r o l
p a n d v a r y i n g f r o m It t o 5 } se e r s w h i ch q ua n t i
v l v
ty , o r i t s a ue i s g i e n t o t h e ch e la o f K é lfi bh a a t
g .

I l
In K a r n a t h e Bti dn as a r e a s o s a i d t o b e ca e d K a n ch h i a n d l ll
’

t o w or s h i p L al G um? as
w e ll a s K ah i bh a g a t
’

T h e J h i n w a r s o f Pan i p a t i n K ar n a h a e t w o
g r o up s Mah n “ an d l
Bodn e o r K a nch ht s v
v
w h i ch a r e di i de d i n t o a n u m e r o f g o i s b ,

H Ma h r H m e h t a r , ch i e f h e a dm a n i s a p p ie d t o m e n o f t h
e Ra l
H
'

G uJar l it b
ldgiz
, .

gg
,

ca s t e s .
j b
In Pa n a i i t t ak e s t h e f o r m s m a h u a n d m a h i r ct f e m
n ifi tt s
' ’

igh
m a h r d ( a n e fi e m i n at e m an ) i s ap p i e d t o I l b v
.

t a hc
i r s e ca us e t h e h a e ac
ce s s t o t h e w ome n s
'

y
a p a r t me n t s .

1 F o r p unch an d m a hr i n t h e se n se of
‘
ch i e f
’
or
t
h e adme n
L e banas .
Cf . amo n g th e
 J hi nw ar be li efs . 385

Th e Cu lt of t i Bha ga t .

T h e c ul t o f Kal ii t h ag a t is r o f e ss e d b th e
’

p y J h i n w ars in pa r tic ul ar ,
a n d by m e m b ers o f a ce r ta i n n umb e r o f o t h e r c as te s also Ba w a K alli .

w a s by c a s t e a Hi n d u Jh i w ar o f th e M a n a n ti ot b o r n a t B a r i al n e ar
g , ,

H a r ian a in H os hia r p ur a n d b ur i e d a t Pan ch Na n g a l i n t h e s ame t ah sil .

Hi s t e m p l e h o w e v e r li e s i n Pan ch h a t i i i t h e K api i r t h ala S tat e O f

.
, ,
’

h i s t w o s o n s G a n e sh a a n d M a h e s h a th e l a t te r a l one l e f t i ss ue so h is
,

d e s c e n d a n ts w h o ar e st y l e d Baw as l iv e i n th e th r e e a bo v e p l a c e s an d
, ,

i n K h u ti ar a n d K a h n p ur al so T h e y r e ce iv e pr e s e n t s f r o m t h e Hi n d u
.

J h i w a r s as w e ll as f r o m s o me S ei h n i Ja ts Cli uh ras a n d Ch a ni ar s
, , .

V a r i o us
’
K ali i s o r igin
i of
A c cor di n g to o n e Par ba t i
t o ld
’

s to r e s a r e .

m a d e a cl ay i m a ge o f a bo y an d ga v e i t li f e , l e a vi n g i t n e a r a w e l l .

T w o w o me n , a B r ah m an i an d a J h i w a r i , c a me to d r a w w a t e r , a n d e ach
cl ai me d t h e chil d Th e v ill a ge e ld e r s de cide d th at i t b e l o n ged t o h e r
.

f ro m Wh os e b r e a st s m ilk fl o w e d , a n d th e J h i w a r i f ulfill e d t hi s t e st .

S h e n am e d h e r ch ild Kal e o r th e dar k on e A s a bo y Kal ii w as

‘ ’ ’

. .

e m pl o y e d as a c ow h e r d, a n d a s adh u b a d e h im m ilk an e x, w hi ch h e
di d s ucc e s s f ully In r e me mb ra n c e t h e s ri dhu ga v e h im h is gu dm
'

( quil t ) which c on f e r r e d on h i m o mn i s ci e n ce Th e n Kahi w a nd e r e d o ve r ’

t h e w o r ld u nt il h e c am e t o P an ch N a n gal , wh e re h e di e d , a n d th e r e '

h i s gudif i an d san d als (p a vve ) a r e p r e s e r ve d

’
.

Kal ii l e f t
’

di s ci pl e s— L a chh mi Ch an d S r i Ch an d Me gh Ch an d
f o ur *
, ,

an d Tar a Ch a n d f ro m am o n g w h o s e d e s c e n da n t s a p r i e st i s e l e c t e d by
,

divi n a tion l He m a k e s vis i t a t i o n s to h i s f o llo w e r s go i n g e v e r y y e a r

' '

.
,

o r t w o to e v e r y p a r t o f t h e P r o vi n c e a n d c o ll e c ti n g a l ms E a ch p e n ch é ,
.

a t giv e s h i m R e 1 4 a n d i n r e t u r n h e b e st o w s f o ur c ar d amo ms
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.
, ,

an d a r e d a nd bl ue th r e a d ( G a n g je a mn i dh ay a ) a t e v e r y ma t - -
.

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t o a s su m e t h i s t h r e a d b ut t h e y a n d t h e J h i w a r child r e n o f bo t h s e x e s
,

w e a r th e ka n thi a n e ckl a c e o f bl a ck w oo l a nd c o tto n

,
.

He w h o ch o o s e s t h e li f e o f a n a s c e t ic — s a y s Kal u— o f h i m bot h
,
’ ‘

’
h is e ne my an d h is ki n g a r e a fr ai d .

A no th e r v e r s ion i s t h a t Kal ii w a s a R aq t Iw h o liv e d in H ast i napur

’

c h c t chi g fi h t h b k f t h J u m a i n t t h o r de r
O n e e w a s a n s o n e a n o e n a
g a s e

ki g d i g t h ki g i t h h i t m u e c o mi n g t o w ar d s h i m
o f th e n a n s e e n e n w s r e
, .

f r om a di s t a n c e a n d b e i n g a f r a id ,
h e t h r e w h i s n e t , e t c , i n to t h e r i ve r , .

i e d his e y e s a n d
ru bb e d e a r t h o n h i s b o dy ,
s o a s t o l o o k l ik e a f a q r , cl o s .

h i s o fli cmls
‘

s a t do w n n e a r t h e b a n k o f t h e r iv e r A s t h e k i n g Wi th .

p a s se d by , b e s up p os e d Kal li t o be a f a qi r an d t h r e w s o me mon e y to
h im . W e n th e
h ki n g h a d p a s s e d b y, K al u O p e n e d h i s e y e s an d s a w

th e m o n e y a n d w as so m u ch i m p r e s s e d by t h e m o i de n t t h a t h e
,

i d a f aq i ill h d f h i d y d p n t t h s t o f h s l i fe a s
r e ma n e r t t e e n o s a s a n s e e r e i
,

S o me add a fi f th —K anh Ch and .

T A ll t h v l bl v
e a ai a e p e r s o ns ar e i n i t e d to a f e a s t, and di sh e s \ ch i e fl y oi F 10 0 ) 3T8 5 6 ¢

b v v l m h r e r e mo d v
e f ore e a c h an d co e r e d o e r w i t h a c o t h A f te r a f e w .
i n u
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t id i h u r e r e c e i e s
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i ve n up e ati ng g rai , and e fore w h o m g rai n tur

n b n s in t o w o r m s i s t h e d e s ti n e d p r i est .

g
1: O r a M t
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h i r J inwar , say s a th i r d e r sion v .
886 J hinw ur gui lds '
.

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a n as c e t ic a t Pa n ch nangla . s n e ss r o

a n d j us tly r e m ar k e d

l b u d l dd ti l k h h i ( a l ) u u r m ci l
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p g ,

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‘

b h o
p u l,
.

g b c t ic wi t h m r ks f a c r e d o r d e r o n h i s p e r so
Th e a r o f a n a s e ,
a o a s

y i ck i t t hi g (B f i t ) e v e n t h e A n
ge
a n d a r o s a r o n h s n e ,
s a g r e a n e or e .

o f D e at
h s h r i n k s b a ck ,
s ay s T Q M ] , a n d a ki g n i s o v e r t a k e n w i t h f e a r .

Th e J h i n w ar s i n G ur ga o n h av e th e fo ll o w i n g 1 3*
se c ti o n s
8 K a ut (Mach
lb b r e or Ch ang ar )
a
l Be r na K anth ew ala
.

Mach h e r a (Ka l b ut or Ch angar )

.

9
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.

Mat e r
.

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h h K alb
3 Ch ang ( ac e r a o r .
a r .

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4. Ch ar i h ar
.
.

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5 Dh a n w a r a c or r u p ti on of D h i nw ar .
.

6 D h ar i a
,

.
1 3 T u ati l .

7 G ur i a .

K ali i ban si of th e K ansh i w

’

Th e J h i n w a r s of gaon ar e
G ur B or i a
c as t e w hich c o n t a in s 84 g r o up s .

G ui ld or ga ni s a ti on .

D e spit e i ts c o m pl x e p e r h
anda
p s h e t e r o g e n e o u s ch ar a c te r ,

p f i r ly s t r o n g g u il d o r g a n i s at i o n Th
J h i n w ar c a s a a
t e o s s e s s e s .

c h u d o r
p r i n c i p a l c h a u n t ra wi t h s n bo r d
J i n d t h e as t e a s a s r ,

and t w o k
’

h t h h uu olh r i o tw a
ch uu n tr us E. a ch c u u n r u a s a c ,

wi t h h b d d r w h o a c t s a s c o n v e n e r o f t h e
p u n ch
a ss i st a n t s a o o ,
h j r i s di ct i ons vv h i c
‘

R o h ta k di s tr ic t t h e r e a r e 6 J h i n w a r t u pp u s o r u
.

b di t t o t h e c h a u n tr a at R o h t ak i t se l f an d in
a p p ar e n t ly s u o r n a e ,

h d h i h h 8 4 vill a g e s u n d e r h i s c on t r o l
t ow n liv e s th e c a u r w o a s .

d d a r u n c h a s i t s r e p r e s e n t a t iv e s t o t h e ch a u
v ill a g e s e n s s a r r s o p
t t f t h e J h i n w a r g u ild i n t h e so ut h e a s t Pu -

D e lhi i s t h e gr e
e a c e n r o

m k t h u h s y n o n y m o u s w i t h t h e ch a udh r i
O t h e r a cc o
n c
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i d b t l l oo s e a n d e l a s t ic
th e o r g a n i s i a t o n s o u e s s a s

t h o gh
u i t s s t r e n g t h i s i n di s
p u t a bl e T h e .

h er e d i tar y a s a r u l e b u t i f
,
t h e s u cc e s s o r i s d e e m e d
,

i o r te d t o A c h a u d h m giv e s l u g o n c e r e m o n i
l
e e c t i o n s r e s .

r e c e ivi gn d ou bl e b h olj i .

Sialk t h h u d h r i o r p u n c h r e c e i v e s a t ur b a n a n d some 111 0

In o t e c a

a t f e st vi e g a t h e r i n g s H e h
. a s u n d e r h i m a ko tw dl o r m e s s e n g e r

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bcdh uk s o r s i n g e r s w o S i
,
n o n s

h l dy b e e n n o t ic e d b u t f ull e r i n fo r m a t i on
Th e D h i n w a r s a v e a r e a ,

i s h e r e giv e n In G ur ga o n t h e y a r e lo c a
.

r i as f r om t h e i r l ar ge s t vill a g e T h a n te r i
, ,

f d n t h e b a n k s o f t h e J u m n a a s f ar d own a s
h o wev e r o u
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0 d 1 1 can s mok e tog e th e r but not i nte r mar r y

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.

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un i o n s at w hi ch th ei r w e kn ow n w ar s ar e ll ~

w er e d e s cr i e A kb b a r s d e a i ngs
'
W i th tlh e R a j p uts an d th e i r h eroe s
.
p r ow e S

h th m t f amous of th e se w ur s
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J al n d F a t a i s e o s .

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e d to a r ace cal e d Par ok i , but t h ey a an done d i t b It
1 an e r ,

H a l d l
r o f th e S ak k ar w a l 5 80 y ear s ago, but th e Mallgh s own no
nte d t o ar p ea e ,
g r a , i

i t new
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383 J odh u—J ogi .

J O D HA J ODAH a D ogar cl a n (a gr ic ul tur a l ) fo un d i n A mr i tsa r

, ,
.

J OD HR A J OD R A a Ra j p ut t r ib e o f t h e A tt o ck D i str ic t w h e r e it h o lds t h e
, , ,

s o ut h e a s t o f Pi n di h e b t ah s il o w n i n g a li t t l e l e s s t h a n a t hi r d o f i t s
g ,

c ul ti v a te d a r e a an d p ayin g mor e t h an a t hi r d o f i ts r e v e n ue .

It i s sa i d t o h a v e c o me f r om J a mmu o r a cc o r di n g t o a n o t h e r s to r y , ,

f r om Hi n d us t a n a n d t o h a v e h e ld i t s p r e se n t t r a c t b e f or e t h e G HE BA
s e tt le d a l o n gs id e o f t h e m T h e J o dh r a s e p o n y m w a s t h e y s a y c o n v e r t e d
’
. , ,

by Ma h m i i d o f G h a z ni y e t t h e y s t ill r e t a in tr a c e s o f Hi n d u c usto ms
’

i n t h e i r fe st iv a l s a n d c e r e m o n i e s Th e y a pp e ar t o h a v e c o m e to t h e .

D i st r ic t a b o ut t h e e n d of th e l6 th c e n t ur y a n d p o ss e sse d t h e mse lv e s ,

of t h e S e an a n d Sil i lugus which w i t h mu ch o f Ta llag a n g ta h sil , ,

t h e y r ul e d f r o m Pi n di G h e b *
T h e y f o u n d A w a n s i n p osse s si on o f th e .

s oil a n d r e ta i n e d t h e m a s t e n a n t s M alik Auli a Kha n w as th e fi r s t .

J o dh r a M al ik o f an y i mp or tan c e k n ow n t o h i sto r y U nd e r t h e .

M ugh a l s h e h e ld Pi n di G h e b T a lla g a n g a n d p ar ts o f C h a k w al a n d ,

F a t e h j a n g t ah sil s a s r e v e n ue a s s ign e e a n d h e p r o ba bly i t w a s w h o e v e r

r a n T a lla a n Th e Sikh f o un d th e J e dh r a o w e r a t i ts z e n i t h b u t i t
g g s .
p ,

r a idly d c y d o w i n g t o t h e s e ce s s io n o f i m p o r t a n t b r a n ch e s o f t h e
p e a e

t r ib e a n d t h e r i s e o f t h e G h e b as Th e t r a di t i on t h at th e G h e b a i s r e a ll y .

a b r a n ch o f t h e J e dh r a i s s upp o r te d by t h e f a c t t h a t t h e t o w n o f Pi n di

G h e b i s h e ld by t h e J e dh r a n o t by t h e G h e b a C r a c r o f t de s c r ib e d , .

t h e m as fi ne s pi r i t e d f e ll o w s w h o d e ligh t in fi e ld sp or t s h a v e h o r se s ,

a n d h a wk s a r e o f t e n b r a w l e r s a n d a r e e v e r r e a dy t o t u r n o u t a n d fi gh t
, ,

o ut t h e i r g r i e v an c e s f or me r l y wi t h sw or ds a n d n e w wi t h t h e mo r e
, ,

h umbl e w e aIon e o f st ick s a n d s ton e s T h e M a lik s of Pi n di G h e b a r e

”

t h e l e a di n g fo dh r a f a mily 1
.

. .

J O DS I se e J ot si J o ds i i s t h e f o r m u s e d i n Lah ul w h e r e t h e j ods i s 0 1 ‘
.
, ,

a st r ol o g e r s h o ld a li tt l e l a n d r e n t f r e e c all e d o np o zi n g a n d co ul d n o t -
,
-
,

a pp a r e n t ly n o w be e vic t e d h o w v e r i n e ffici e n t T h e be ds o r p hy s ici a n s

,
e .

h o ld m un Z i n g l a n d on a s i mil ar t e n ur e Cf K e n si a n d L ohar
-
. . .

J OG I; f e m J O GIN I— A d e v o t e e a p e r fo r me r o f j og Th e Y o g a sy s te m o f
. .
, .

o s o p h y a s e s ta bl i s h e d by Pa t a n a li t a u gh t t h e me a n s w h e r e by t h e
p hil , j ,

h uma n s oul m igh t a t t a i n c om p le t e u n i on w i t h th e S u pr e m e B e i n Th e

m o d e r n J o g i s p e a ki n g g e n e r a ll y cl a i m s to h a v e a tta i n e d t h at un i o n
, ,

a n d t o be t h e r e f o r e a p a r t o f t h e S up r e me § a n d a s s u ch i n v e s t e d w i t h
, , , ,

o w e r s o f c o n t r o l o v e r t h e m a te r i a l un iv e r s e T h e h i st o r y o f t h e d e v e
p .

S e ttl i ng or i gi nall y on t h e n o th b n k o f th e S i] th e J e dh r a found d Pi ndi G h b r a s e e ,

th en call e d D r h ti i L ate r th e y mo v e d th e i col ony to th e

a . outh b ank o f th e S l Pi n di r s i
G h e b w a al so name d Pi ndi Mal i k a i S l ah y ar and Pi ndi Mal k a i A ul i a th e v i ll ag e of th e
.

s - - i r i - -
,

r oy al p r i nce o q ue e n o f th
ss r int acco r di ng t o R a e r ty e sa s, v .

T F or a de tail e d account of th e Jodh a fami l e s e th e A ttock G tt 1 907 pp 7 8—81 r i se a ze eer , , . .

I J e g in i i a f e mal e de mon c e at d by D u g é a w i tch o o e e

s , se e Pl t t s
r e Th e r ,
r s rc r ss a
’
s .

Y og ini or o ce r e se of H ndu my th ol g y m y be of mod fi cati on of th e Yak hi ni 0 1

s s r s s i o a a i S s
.

D ry ads 0 f Buddhi s t i conog r ap h y — G r un w e de ], B uddh i s t A r t i n In di a p 1 1 1 T h e j og i mj , .

i s a s p r i te common i n mode r n Punj a f o k ore e s p e ci a y i n th e Hi s b l l ll ll

,

Th us i n K nllu , .

b e si de s th e de vta s th e r e ar e o th e r e i ng s w h o mus t f r om t i me to ti me be b p r op i fi atcd but

w h o do n ot g e ne r a y p os s e s s t e mp e s ll Th e w oods and w ate r fa s and hi -to s ar el p
.

p e hp le d
ll ll
l l
by j ogm s f e ma e s p i r i ts of a ma i g n ant natur e , th e g r ay me s s w h i ch oats fr om th e r an ch es
. fl b
o f fir s an d oa k s i n t h e h i g h e r f o r e s ts i s t h e j Og m s h ai r "
T h e j og m of Ch u , a p eak o f th e
‘
.
'

l
J l l v ll bl l
.

al r i r i dg e , se n ds h ai t o de str oy th e cr e p s i f t h e p e op e of th e i
p ag e s e ow f al o n an
ap po i nte d day t o mak e a p i g ri l m
ag e to th e p e ak an d sacri ce s h e e
.

p fi
Pandi t Har i h i sh e n K au di s se nts f r om th i s i e w an d w o u d s ay
.

l S o me of th e mode r n v l
30 n c ai m s up e r natur a p row e ss , acqui r e d by p ra cti si ng a us te r i ti e s or by
l l ack mag i c bl
b v
.

T h e p oi nt of th e o s e r ati on i n th e te xt i s th at th e p r acti ce of aus te r i ti e s o r r e i g i ous l

exe r ci se s confe rs, di rect y o r i ndi re ct y , domin i on o e r the mate r i a uni e r s e
l l v l v .
 Th e ter m J og i . 389
lo p ni e n t o f th e mo d e r n J o gi o ut o f th e a n ci e n t p r o f e s or
s s o f Yo g a i s a s
f a s c n i a ti n
g a s i t i s o b s cur e , bu t it w o uld be e n t i r e ly b e y o n d t h e sc o pe
of t
hi s a r t icl e , t h e o bj e ct o f which i s to giv e a ma t te r -o f - fa c t acco un t
o f t h e a c t ua l b e l i e f s a n d c us to m s o f t h e l a t r - a
t e d y J o gi .

Th e t e r o g i ma

PQIS OIIS
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.
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H i n d us , w h i ch i n cl ud e s b o t h t h e A n gh a r Jogi s a n d t h e K a n p h a t t a J og i
as c e t i c s w h o r e f o ll o w e r s o f G o r a k h Nat h a n d p r i e s t
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y b e g g i n g, t e lli n g fo r tu n e s , s i n gi n g a n d t h e lik e l
‘ ’

A n o th e r sy n o n y m f or th e Hi n d u J e g i i s N AT E T h e s e c o n d cl a s s i s t h a t
.

m i s c e ll a n e o u s a s so r t me n t o f lo w -c a s t e f a qt r s a n d f o r t un e t e ll e r s , bo t h
’

H i n d u a n d M usal ma n bu t chi e fl y Musalman , w h o ar e c o mmo nly k no w n

a s J o gi s E v e r y r a s c a lly b e gga r w h o p r e te n d s t o be a bl e t o t e ll
.

f o r t un e s , o r t o p r a c ti se a st r o l o gic a l a n d n e cr e m a n t ic a r t s i n h o w e v e r
s m a ll a d e g r e e , b uy s hi m s e l f a d r um a n d c a l l s hi m s e l f , a n d i s c a ll e d by

o t h e r s , a J Og i Th e se me n i n cl ude a ll t h e Musa lman s , a n d p r ob a bly

.

a p a r t o f t h e Hi n du s o f t h e e a st e r n di st r i ct s , w h o s t y l e th e m s e l v e s J o gi s .

Th e y ar e a t h o r o u gh ly v ag a b on d s e t, a n d w a n de r a bo ut t h e co u n t r y
b e a t i ng a d r um a n d b e ggi n g , p r a c t i si n g s ur ge r y a n d p h y s io in a sma l l
w ay , w r i t i n g ch a r m s, t e lli n g f o r t u n e s , a n d p r a c t i s i n g e x o r ci s m a n d
divi n a t i o n ; o r , s e tt li ng i n t h e vill a g e s, e k e o ut t h e i r e a r ni n gs f r o m
t h e s e o cc up a t i o n s by t h e o ffe r i n g s ma d e a t t h e l o ca l s h r i n e s o f t h e
m a l e v o l e n t g o dl i n g s o r o f th e S a y a ds a n d o th e r M usa l ma n s a i n ts ; f o r
t h e Jo gi i s s o i mp ur e t h a t h e w ill e a t t h e off e r i n g s m a d e a t a n y s h r i n e .

Th e s e p e o pl e , o r a t l e a s t t h e M us a lm a n s e c t i o n o f th e m, a r e ca ll e d i n
t h e ce n t r e o f t h e P un j a b R aw a ls , o r s o me t i me s J o gi R w a ls , f r o m th e
a -

“
A r a bic r a mmci l, a di v i n e r , w hi ch a ga i n i s de r ive d f r o m r a ma l,
”
s a n d,

wi th w h ich t h e A r a b m ag ici a n s di v i n a i Th e J o g i R aw als o f K i i th ia w ar -

are s a id t o b e e x e r c i s e r s o f e vil s
p i r i t s ,
a n d t o w o r s hi p a d e i t y c a ll e d

K e r ial In Sialk o t th e Jo g i s p r e t e n d to a v e r t s t or ms f r om t h e r i p e n i n g
.

cr o p s by p u n l gi n g a d r a w n s w o r d i n t o t h e fi e l d o r a k n i f e i n t o a m o u n d ,

sa rc ifici n g g o at , s a n d a cc e p t i n g s u i t a bl e o ff e r i n g s M r . B e n
. t o n w r o te

lh e
‘
'
J g
o i i s a f a v o u r i t e ch a r a c t e r i n H i i i d u s t a n i fi c t i o n H e th e r e.

p j lly pl f l ch t f i m l d s i ti o n, w h o e nj oy s
a pe ar s a s a o a y u a r a c e r o a s
p e i
p o s

ll lib y d c d t hi m l f i n t h e m o s t e c c e n t r i c f a sh i o n
th e f u e s t e rt a n o n u c s s e

un de r t h e c o a l k o f r e ligi o n w i t h o u t b e i n g c a ll ed i n
q u e s tio n T h e.

J o g i s us e d to be a t de a dly f e ud w i th t h e S a n i asi s a n d 5 00 o f t h e fo r me r
w e r e o n c e d e fe a te d by t w o o r th r e e h u n d r e d S a n izi s i s A kb a r w i t
’

figh t a nd se n t so ldi m d wi t h a s h e s t o a s s i s t t h e
n e ss e d th e a
e
e r s s e r

Sa n i as i s w h o a t l e n g t h d e f e a t e d t h e J o g i s § .

It mig h t b e m t
or e cor r e ct
o s ay B h a i r a a , v
n ot S hi a v .

T bT h i s w as S ir D e nzil l e tson s i e . bb V
'
w b u t t h e G h a r i s h ti o r G r i h a st i ogi i s ne w accurate y
J l
l T h l
e atte m b b y or i g in a o g i J b u t h e is
des cr i e d as d i s t i nc t f r o m th e J o g i R a w a .
r a y e ,

t i t h th J i s p r o p e r y so calle d
l
a de g e ne r ate and h as n e
w n o conn e c i o n w e o
g
.

t an a l 1 3 U s e d

i T h e de r i a t i on o f v
B a w a f r o m lr a m u t a p p e ar s q ui t e
i
m t e n a b l e . Th e w o r d i

m of
l a I m
‘
1 d
'

r ule r a n d 1 8 t h u s m e r e y a
l s y n o n y
as a t i t e i n R j p é u t n a t e a n s 0 1 o r
i nf r a 380
ll
.

N a t h i l k p
.

t b i f f c t d by J o g i s of t h e g -
n a a p a u s e e ,
. .

w i t h , b t app
,
u e ar s o e s p e c a y a e e

§ E H .
V , p 31 8
. . ,
390 J ogi or i gi ns .

st o r s o n ume r o u s
Th e J og i s a s a b ody h v hi
ca n n ot y be id tosa a e any

which t h y h pl it u i n th e
b r a n ch e s i n to
a nd i n de te r mi na t e a r e t h e e a v e s p
R g di g t h i igi t h J g i h v v a st b o dy of
c o ur se o f t i m e e a r n e r.
o r n s e o s a e a

b l
n e u o us t r a di i
t o ,
n t h e d ebr i s o f m u ch p r i m i t iv e m e t a
pil i ca l s p e c u l a

t i on n e w h ar dly r e c og ni sabl e i n i ts f an tast ic g ar b .

f t h e J o
g is Th e o r i gi n o .

A c c o r di n g to t h e T a h i
gt i
- -
C h i s h t i,
a d e vo te e o f Shiv a d e s i r e d o ff

s p r i n g, s o t h e g e d, a t Par ba ti s i n t e r c e ss i o n , g a v e h i m so me a s h e s f r o m h i s
’

dh i m i o r fi r e a n d t old h i m h i s w i f e sh o uld e a t t h e m T h e wi f e , h o w e v e r ,
’

w as i n c r e d ul o us a n d did n ot do s o b ut le t t h e a s h e s fa ll on a h e a p o f ,

co w dun E v e n t ua lly t h e d e v o t e e f o un d a chil d w h e r e t h e a s h e s h a d

g .

b e e n t h r o w n an d t oo k i t to Shiv a w h o s a id i t w ould g r o w u p a g r e a t
, ,

a s c e tic a n d s h ould b e giv e n t o h i m * He n a m e d i t G e r a k h N at h f r e m t h e .

,

pl a c e of h is bir t h an d i n s tr uc te d h i m to fi n d a G ur u A s Sh i va c o uld fi n d .

n o o n e w o r t hy G e r a k h Na t h s e t f o r th t o s e e k a t e a ch e r a n d r e a chi n g
, ,

th e s e a o ff e r e d t h e r e a l a r g e l e a f o n a p i p a l l e a f
,
Thi s w a s s w a ll o w e d .

by R akh e th e fi sh w h o 1 2 y e a r s l at e r r e st o r e d n ot t h e le a f but a child

, , ,

w h om Shiv a n a me d Ma ch h e ndr a Na t h a n d w h o b e c a m e G e r a kh N at h s ’

G ur u A n o th e r v e r s i o n ma k e s Ma ch h e n dr a Na t h t h e i s s ue o f G e r a kh
.

N a th hi ms e l f .

Shiv a t h e n told G e r akh N at h t h a t h e m us t t h o ugh a n a s c e tic h a v e , ,

child r e n an d a dvi s e d h im t o m a k e di s ci p l e s Sh iv a a lso g a v e h im du bh

,
.

g r a s s s ayi n g i t s h o uld be t h e i r cl othi n g an d a s t ick out f r om a n a lt t r e e

, , ,

s a yi n g i t sh o uld b e t i e d t o h i s ga r me n t s a n d u se d a s a mi d t o b e s o un d e d , ,

t h r ic e d a ily i n th e mor n i n g i ii t h e e v e n i n g a n d b e f o r e t h e G u r u
, , He , .

’
a ls o a s k e d F er h a t i to bo r e G e r a k h N at h s e a r s a n d pl a ce e a r t h e n e a r

r i n gs i u th e m Thi s s h e did a n d a l so mu t i l a t e d h e r s e l f dy e i n g a cl o th
.
,

w i t h t h e bl o o d a n d givi ng i t t o G e r a kh N ath t o w e a r G e r a kh Na t h .

t h e n m a d e t w e lv e di s cipl e s
l . S ant Nath . 5 . Bai r ag Nath . 9 . G ah g ai Nath .

2 ,
R am Nath . 6 . D ar y a Nath 10 . D h a j j a Nath .

3 S h e r a ng or Bh ar ang Nath 7 K ai k Nath 1I J alandh ar Nath i

m Nath §
. . . . . .

4 ,
D h ar m Nath . 8 . Nag Nath T . 12 ,
.

A tr adi t i o n sa y s t h a t N a r injan N i r a n k ar , th e fo r m l e ss C r e a t o r ,
cr e a t e d Ge r a kh N ri th f r om t h e s w e a t o f h i s b r e ast, w h e n c e h e i s a l so
c a ll e d G h o r N a th (fr gh or , fil th ) T h e S up r e me t h e n b a d e h im c r e a t e
. .

t h e u n iv e r s e , w h e r e up o n a c r e e p i n g pl an t s p r a n g f r o m h i s n a v e l , a n d a
lo tus bl os som e d o n i t F r o m t hi s fl o w e r s pr a n g V i s h n u, B r a h ma , Shiv a
.

a n d S li a k t i , t h e l a s t a w o ma n w h o s t r a igh t w ay div e d b e n e a t h t h e
w a t e r s b e f o r e e a r t h o r s k y , a i r o r fi r e h a d b e e n c r e a te d
,
A s Ea r t h w a s .

i n d i sp e n sabl e t o th e c ompl e t e ma n i f e st a t i on o f t h e u n iv e r se , th e S up r e me
se n t V i sh n u d o w n t o t h e lo w e r r e gi on s b e n e a t h t h e w a te r s t o b r i n g
E a r t h t o th e s u r f a c e W h e n h e r e a ch e d t h e P a tal L e k V i s h n u s a w
’
.

Sh a k t i w i t h a dh zm i i n f r on t o f h e r , w hil e ligh t r a y e d f r om h e r b o dy .

l b
A n i nstance of a ch i d e i ng de o te d t o th e g od f r om i r th
4: v
Th i s e g end i s dou t e ss b . l bl
o f qui te r e ce nt or i g i n made up by i g nor ant J og i s o ut o f f r agme nts f r om th e Pu r dn a s
, No .

l l
c ass i ca auth or i ty i s o r cou d be q uote d for w h at fo o w s l It i s p ur e f o k or e , p ossi y ll . l l bl
anci e nt but p r o a y
mode r n b bl .

J 0 n o f th e Nag Nii th i a p a n t h a r e ca e d Raw als

T
’

ll .

i n
3 0 o
. f th e a l : J
andh ar Nath i a p a n t h are ca e d p d i ns te ad o f w
i dth ll .

J og i s of th e
§ N i m -
Nathi a p a n t h ar e ca e d G aph ai n ll .
 J ogi my th s .

w an d e r e d un t il I c ame t o Bi n dr a Ch al on wh ich hill I s p e n t a l on g ,

p e r i o d in w o r ship On e day Is a w t h e wi f e o f B r a h ma my f at h e r
. , ,

c o mi n g t o w a r ds me S h e a p p r o a ch e d a n d s a id my f a t h e r w a s w r o t h
.

i h d I lv d t t h i m o ] w n t a n d f o un d a c ave
w t he r a n r e s o e o g o o s e ,

w h o se m o u t h w a s bl o ck e d by a s t o n e U n a bl e t o m o v e i t I c r e at e d a
.

man by m y B r a h m t e
j -
(c r e a t iv e p o w e r ) a n d h e r e m o v e d t h e s t one .

I t h e n e n t e r e d t h e c a v e w h e r e i n I sa w a w o r ld lik e t h e o ne in w hich
, ,

I l iv e d In i t w e r e all t h e god s a n d I fi r st ma de a r e v e r e n c e (p a m dm)

. ,
.

t o B r a h ma a n d t h e n t o a ll t h e o t h e r g o d s Bu t wh e n I t o ld t h e m .

o f my e r r a n d t h e y w a r n e d m e t o qu i t t h e c a v e a t o n c e s i n c e t h e ,

da y o f j u dg me n t w a s a t h an d b e c a us e w iv e s w e r e di ss a t i s fi e d w i t h
t h e i r h u sb a n d s .I did a s t h e y h a d hidd e n me bu t me an whil e s till ne ss ,

h a d p r e v a il e d e v e r y w h e r e a n d a ll th e e ar t h h a d t ur n e d t o w a t e r
, .

S oon a g r e at so un d ar o se f r om th e w a t e r s a n d e n d ur e d f or a l o n g ,

w hil e ,
b ut w h e n i t h a d n e a r ly di e d a w a y Sh a k t i a p p e ar e d I .

e n d e a v o ur e d t o a p p r o a ch h e r b ut c o u l d n o t e v e n
,
do o b e i s a n c e a n d ,

s t o o d lik e a st a t u e b e f or e h e r S h e t h e n c a st a b a ll i n t o t h e
.

w a t e r s an d i t ma d e a gr e a t s o u n d A s i t di e d a w ay sh e a g ai n a pp e ar
,
.

ed . Th r ic e sh e did t hi s an d th e t hi r d t i me V i sh n u a pp e ar e d
, .

Him sh e b a d e t o w e d h e r but h e r e f us e d a n d a g a i n s h e t h r e w a b a ll
,

u p o n t h e w at e r s Th e n B r a h m a e m e r g e d b u t h e t oo d e cli n e d h e r
.
,

h an d an d a g a i n sh e c ast a b all S hiv a t h e n a p p e ar e d i n w r a t h f ul

,
.

m o o d an d h e p r om i s e d t o e s p ou s e h e r b ut n o t y e t
,
T h o ugh a ll , .

t h e s e g o d s w e r e f r e e f r om mci y d n e v e r t h e l e s s t h r o u gh i t t h e y h a d ,

a p p e ar e d an d e a ch cl a i m e d s up e r i o r it y o v e r
,
t h e ot h e r s M e an whil e .

a l o t u s bl o s so m e d o n t h e sur f a c e o f t h e w a t e r s a n d t h e y a gr e e d t h at ,

h e w h o s h o u l d t r a c e i t t o i t s r o o t s h o u l d b e d e e me d t h e chi e f .

Ne i t h e r V ish n u n or Br a h m a s u cc e e d e d i n h i s a t t e mp t b ut Sh iv a , ,

l e avi n g h i s bo dy t r a n sf or me d hi mse l f i n t o a n i n s e c t a n d d e s c e n d e d
,

t h r ou gh t h e s t e m of t h e l o t u s But h i s r iv a l s b e s o ugh t Sh a k t i t o
.

t r an s fi g ur e h i s b o dy s o a s t o p u z zl e h i m o n h i s r e t ur n a n d s o sh e
, ,

t oo k s o m e di r t o ff h e r b o dy a n d o f i t m a d e e a r r i n g s (kun da l) .

Th e s e sh e p l a c e d i n t h e e a r s o f Shiv a s f o r m b o r i n g h o l e s i n t h e m ’
,

b ody Wh e n i t st o o d u p sh e de m a n d e d
,

a n d t h u s r e an i ma t e d t h e
-
.

f ulfil m e n t o f Shiv a s p r om i s e b u t h i s f o r m r e f u se d t o w e d h e r
’
, ,

so i n h e r w r at h sh e t h r e a t e n e d t o b ur n i t Th e b ody h o w e v e r .
, ,

r e pl i e d t h a t h e r e a r r i n g s h a d m a d e h i m i mm or t a l S ub se qu e n tly th e .

e ar r i n g s w e r e ch a n ge d i n t o m a n dr a s a s w ill b e t o l d l at e r o n
, Th e .

Sh a k t i t h e n a s k e d wh o s e b o dy it w as a n d i t r e pli e d t h a t i t w as ,

Bh og u r ikh w h e r e by J o gi s m e an o n e w h o i s i mm o r t a l a n d h a s c ont r o l
-
,

o ve r h i s s e n se s .H en c e Shiv a i s a l s o c a ll e d Bh og u r ikh -
.

M e an w hil e Shiv a r e t u r n e d h a vi n g t r a c e d t h e l otu s t o i t s r o o t

, .

F a ili n g t o fi n d h i s ow n f o r m h e m a d e f o r hi m s e l f a n e w b o dy * a n d
i n th a t m a r r i e d Sh a k t i T h e d e sc e n d a n t s o f t h e
.

p a i r w e r e c a ll e d

R u dar g an t h o s e o f Bh o g u r ikh b e i n g n a m e d J o g iia n

,
-
But Shiv a s .
’

r og e n y i nh e r i te d h i s fi e r c e t e mp e r a n d e v e n t ua lly e x t e r m i n at e d
p ,

t h e d e s c e n da nt s o f Bh o g u r ikh w h o t o l d Shiv a t h at h e j
- ’

as a o
,
g i , ,

w a s f r e e f r o m j oy o r s or r o w a n d w a s u n c on c e r n e d a t t h e
q u a r r e l
b e t w e e n t h e i r child r e n But S h iv a r e p li e d :
.
Th o u ar t fr e e fr o m ‘

mdyd y e t dost o w e t hy e xi s t e n c e t o i t
,
D o th y w o r k I will n o t .
,

The J og i s , i t i s said, do not admi t th at Shi v a thus cr e ated a second b ody .

 A J ogi sp iri tua l pedi gr e e . 393
’
i n t e r fe r e S o Bh o g a -r ik h b e g a n h is ta s k un d e r Sh iv a s c o un s e l
.
’
.

I n i t i a t e d by h i m h e b e c m e k n o w n as U de Na t h Par ba t i
a "
a n d f o un d e d
t h e J o g i p a n th o r d oo r s h t s t a l e w o uld s e e m t o
’
e nd h e r )
’
(B a s h i . e .

Th e fo llo win g i s a t able of h is s pi r i t ua l d e sc e nda nt s

Sh akt i .

l
Shi v Ji
a .

I
U de Nath Pérbati ,
th e se cond of th e 9 ‘ déth s an d f ounde r o f the p a n th
. of th e J og i s .

R udar g an .

J alandh ar .

“ — _
( f
w

l
Machh e nda r Na th . J alandhari .

I l
f I l I F l
G e r akh Ninth . Ni m Nath Paras Nath Bh ar tar i Kani p a .

S i r tor a . Puj . Nath .

Si dh Shangar i .

l
Bh uskai S h ak a: S antok h L achh man
mm
.

Nath . Nath .

D h ar m
Hi ndi Ph at ang . Nath .
‘
R am Nath ,

A f t e r h i s i n it i a t i o n by Shiv a U de N at h m a de R uda r g a n a j og i
a n d h e by h i s S p i r i t u a l po w e r , i n i ti a t e d a n e vil s p i r i t (da f t) n ame d
Jal a n dh ar , b r i n gi n g h i m t o t h e r igh t w a y He , ln t ur n , ma d e t w o .

di s cipl e s , Ma ch h e n dr a Nat h a n d J a lla n da r ipa T h e l a t t e r f o un de d .

the Pa p a n t h ; whil e Ma c h h e n d r a N a t h ma d e G e r a kh N a t h h i s

i
d s cipl e A n d h e
.
r e w e m u s t t e ll t h e s t o r y o f M ac h h e n d r a Na t h s
’

b i r th .

In t h S t u l iv e d a Raj a U d h o dh a r w h o w a s e x c e e di n gl
y p i o us
y g
«

e a , , .

On h i s d e a t h h i s b o d y w a s b u r n t b u t h i s n a v e l d i d n o t b ur n
,
a n d t h e ,

b
un ur nt
p a r t w a s c a s t i n t o a r iv er w h e re a fi sh d e v o ur e d ,

g v bi h t M h h n d a N a t h i — f r o m m a c hh z fi s h B
‘ ’

it an d a e r t o a c e r y .

,
g d d d i v i u l i f e h e b c a me a s a i n t G e r a kh
r e as o n o f his
n a r e o s e
eo e e s p .

a h
N t w as or n o b f d u n g a n d w h e n M a c
,
h h e n d r a N
u i t h f o u n d h im h e

d t h l f t h i m t o co n t i n u e h i s w a n d e r i n gs
m a d e h i m h is di s cipl e a n e n e
,
.

a h ch d a n a ldi p w h e r e b e c a me
A t l e n g t h Ma ch h e n d r a N t r e a e S g h e a

h o us e h o lde r I kill d h Raj d n t e d h i s b o dy H e b e ga t t w o

t e a a n e
r e .
e
,
a
P r as N t a h a n d N i m N a t h R a y ; G o 1 Ch a n d
p § o f U J
.J a in w as
so n s ,

L t
i . No b l e l o rd (
n at h ) of th e mo untain ( p dr ba t i ) .

f Matsy e n dr a .

ds h e l
r e ap se d and a ando ned b th e s p i r i t ua l l i fe . Th is

dis ci p e
l M ach h e ndr a w e n t o ff t o K é m r u p n o t to S a n g a ld i p
- - a n d t h ere h e f o und t h e

m d h t h m h s ands W h lv b
m ov e r n ed by t w o R ams , w h o i t h c a i s c o se e se e s u en
’

w a gi
o“ y
.

lifa chh u ii fi
r a a r r i ve d h e t o o f e i n to th e i ll
r to i s a
m
n d o s t h l S
t
r e a ls o
t
n
h
,
s
k
o
m
tlh
d
e
m
R a
t
n ts w e dde d
o e fl ect h i s
h im a n d p o s te d w atch m e n t o p r e e n t a n y e nd i ca n vts
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t e 3 3 1 e e s cr i
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v
.

m h r t r 1 93 to 111 3I
. .

d h
.

t
.

f B h t ar i an i s o e : e
T h e ari ant make s G ap i Ch and s i s te r s so
’
n o a r .

h i i w el
hi m a di s ci l
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J a andh ar Nath , but i nste ca s t s t a t s a n t n t o a
l .
394 J ogi legen ds .

t augh t h i s mo th e r , an d d e si r i ng to b e c ome a j ogi s ou gh t o ut

g og by
J a lla n da r i p a, w h o t a ugh t h im a c e r t a i n ma xi m (s h a hd) U n abl e t o .

un d e r st a n d t hi s , h e c on s ul te d h i s mi n i s t e r w h o f als e ly t o ld h i m t h a t
i t s t e a chi n g w a s co n t r a r y t o t h e V e d a s a n d t r u e r e ligio n , f e a r i n g t h a t
i f h e di s cl o s e d i t s r e a l i mp or t , t h e Ra j a w o uld a b a n d o n h i s ki n g d o m
a n d r e tir e f r om th e w o r l d H e ar i n g thi s f al s e i n te r p r e ta t i on G o pi .

Ch a n d h a d J allan da r ip a c a s t i nto a w e ll , i nt o w h i ch h e o r d e r e d h or s e
d un g t o be t h r o w n d aily Th e r e h e r e ma i n e d , u n til G o r a k h N 5 th , .

r e s o lv e d o n h i s r e s c ue , r e a ch e d Ujj a i n T h e s e at o f J allan da r i pa a t .

Ujj a i n w a s t h e n o cc upi e d by K an i p a , t h e ma h a n t G e r a kh Nat h ch os e .

a l o n e ly s p o t f o r h i s bat hi n g pl a c e a n d t hi t h e r , a cc o r di n g t o J o g i .

u sa g e , f oo d w a s s e n t h i m f r om t h e ki t ch e n o f t h e m o n a s t e r y by t h e
h a n d s of a ma n w h o w a s n o t himse l f a J o g i Wh e n t hi s m e ss e n g e r , .

b e a r i n g fo o d f o r o n e , r e a c h e d G e r a kh Na t h h e f o u n d t w o p e r s o n s
w h e n h e too k fo o d f o r t w o, h e f ou n d f o u r , a n d so o n H e a r i n g t hi s .

K a n i pa g ue s s e d i t m us t b e G e r a k h , so h e s e n t h i m a t a un t i n g m e s sa ge ,

Thy gu mr i s bu t a w o r ldlin g, a n d th o u c an st n ot f r e e h i m
’

s ayi n g
’
.

Bu t G o r a k h r e t o r t e d t h a t K a n i p a o u gh t t o be a sh a m e d t o le t h i s g u n i
’
r e m a i n s o b ur i e d i n th e w e l l Up o n t h i s K a n i pa, w i th t h e Raj a s .

l e a v e , b e g a n to cl e a r t h e w e ll , but G e r a kh d e cl a r e d t h a t th e h o r s e
*
du n g sh o uld e v e r i n c r e a e , a n d l e f t o r S a ng aldi p
s f .

On ivin g t h e r e h ow e v e r h e fo un d t h at th e Raj a h a d p o st e d me n
ar r , ,

t o t ur n b a ck a n y j ogi t r yin g t o e nt e r h i s ki n gd o m s o h e t ur n e d ,

hi m s e l f i n t o a fly a n d t h u s succ e e d e d i n e n t e r i n g t h e R aj a s c our t

,
’
.

T h e r e h e c a us e d a ll t h e i n s t r um e n t s a n d t h e v e r y w all s t o ch an t ,

A w ake Ma ch h e n dr a G e r ak h Na t h h a s c o me
,
Th e R aja b a d e h i m
, .
’

s h o w h i ms e l f a n d h e a pp e a r e d b e fo r e h i m a m o n g th e mu s ici a n s
, .

(Th i cl ar ly a g a i n t h e r e c or de d l e g e n d h e r e l It c on t i n ue s
‘ ‘

e r e s e p .

T h e Raj a s qu e e n die d a n d a f te r h e r d e ath G e r a k h a s k e d Ma ch h e n dr a

’
, , ,

t o c o m e a w a y w i t h h im O n t h e w ay a f t e r a r e p ul siv e i n c i de n t
.
, ,

G e r ak h kill e d Ma ch h e n dr a s tw o s o n s a n d p l a c e d t h e i r s k i n s o n a
’

tr e e W h e n Ma ch h e n dr a a sk e d w h e r e t h e b o y s w e r e G e r a k h
.
,

s h o w e d h im t h e i r s ki n s a n d t h e n t o c o mf o r t h i m r e s to r e d t h e m t o li f e
, .

F ur th e r o n th e i r r oa d th e y w e r e s e n t t o b e g i n a vill a ge wh e r e a ma n ,

b a d e t h e m d r a g a w a y a d e a d c a l f b e f o r e h e w o uld g i ve t h e m a l m s . .

Th e y di d so a n d i n r e t ur n h e g a v e th e m f o o d but wh e n t h e y r e a ch e d ,

Mach h e n dr a a n d G e r a k h a g a i n t h e y f o u n d i t h a d t ur n e d t o bl o o d a n d
w or m s S o Ma ch h e n dr a c u r s e d th e v illag e i a nd w h e n t h e p e o p le
.

K amr ii p i n th e ar i an t
’

v
On th e r oad h e me e ts a tr oup e o f actor s (r ds dh dr i s ) on th e i r
.

w ay t o K ’i mr fi p an d i s e n g ag e d by th e m as a s e r ant
, Bi dde n to car r y all th e i r s ta e
g
v .

p r op e r ti e s h e h e ar s th e w h o e ur de n by h i s s p i r i tua l b
p ow e r O n t h e i r ar r i a th e l v l
e fo r e Mach h e n dr a but no t one of t h e m w as a
.

r ds d h d r i s p e r f or m b e t o p ay o n th e t a bla bl l
as G or akh h e d i t s p e lo un d an d t h e ll b
y h ad to g e t h i m to p ay i t
-
, A s s oon as i t e g an t d l b
p ay i t r ang A w ak e ! Mach h e n dr a !
.

l , R é s dh ar i s a r e f ound i n L ah or e an d A mr i tsa r and

t h e adj oi ni ng D i s tr i ct s T h ey a r e s ai d to be ca e d bh a g a ts i k e w or sh i e r s of t h e D
pp e i
ll .
l v
T T h e v
al i ant t o o i s sile nt on thi s e p i s o de It make s th e tw o R ams t r an sfoi m th em .
’
.

l
s e v e s i nto ki t e s an d p ur sue d th e m f or a w h i e o f t comp e i n l
g th e m t o s to p but at as t th e y , ll l
e s cap e d f ro m K é mr i i p
,
’

A s s oon as th e y h ad g o t o ut of th e coun tr y th e h a te d b
.

y y a We “
l
l b
i nt o w h i ch G e rakh t h r e w f our g o d r i cks an d as many g o d coi ns w h i ch lllach h e ndl a h ad l ,
.

b r o ug h t fr om K amr i i p an d thi s s o e nr ag e d th e
’

, att e r th at h e r e f us e d t o
g o f ur th e r Sn l
G or akh tur ne d th e w ate r i nto g o d but Machh e ndra th i nki ng th i s w ou d caus e di s ut e s
l l
among th e w or d y , l l b
eg g e d h i m 10 ock U p th e w e
,

bl
G e r akh th e n tur ne d th e g o d i nt o ll . l p
cr y st a t h e l ,
fi v
r st e e r cr e ate d ,
s

A ar ticular ri te
1 p .
396 Th e J ogi Na th .

e m Raj a
-
’
vill a i ny w a s d e te c t e d A s a p uni sh me nt a h dn di or e ar the n
s .

t w h u g un d h i s n e ck a nd h e w as c o n d e mne d t o w an d e r t h e
p o a s n r o

liv e lo n g da y ge t t i n g h i s f o o d o ut of th e p ot His p un i s h me nt l a st e d .
.

fo ur y e a r s a n d h e w a s t h e n p a r d o n e d bu t h i s di s cipl e s w e r e c a ll e d
, ,

Han di p h ar a n g a n d t h e p a n lh s t ill b e ar s th a t n ame (i v) A n o th e r

i ni ti a t e w a s S a n t N a th wh o s e di sci pl e D h a r m N a t h f o un d e d t h e
,

D h a r m n a t hi p a n t h w hich n o w h a s i t s h e a d ga ddz o n t h e G o da w a r i
’
-
, ,

h a v i n g r e p l a c e d t h e R amk e p a n th t h e r e T he n e x t i n i ti a t e ,

S a n t o kh Na th m a d e o n e R am N at h h i s ch e la a n d h e f oun d e d t h e
, ,

R am ir e p a n th w hich r e pl a c e d o n t h e G o da w a r i by t h e D h a r m n a thi
-
,
-
,

n o w h a s i t s chi e f g a ddi a t D e lhi : ( )

c l L a ch h m a n N a t h s u cc e e d e d

G o r a kh a t Till a a n d h i s p a n t h i s s t yl e d D a r ba r i Till a Bal G o n d a i

, .

S ub s e qu e n tly w a s b or n a J o gi w h o f o un d e d a p an th c a ll e d th e S un e h r i
T ull a a f a m o us o r de r : (mt ) A r j a n N a n ga wh os e se a t i s ne a r
, ,

J w alam ukh i f o un d e d t h e Ma n Ma u t h i p a n t h o r e c st at i c s n o w s e tt l e d
, , ,

at B har a
If a f a qi r g o e s t o t h e m a h a n t o f t hi s p a n th b e i s giv e n
.

a h o e a n d s o m e c o r d a n d t o l d t o g o a n d cu t g r a s s A l o n g t i me a g o .

o n e S a n t Na t h m a h dtmd o f t h e D h a r m n a t h i s w e n t t o t h i s ma h a n t -

a n d w a s h i dde n t o cut gr a s s lik e a n on e e l se S o h e a s k e d w h e th e r

y .

h e w a s t o cut t h e gr a s s f r om b e l o w o r f r o m a b o v e He w a s t o l d by .

a m a hci tm i th at h e s h o uld so cut i t th a t i t w o ul d g r o w a g a i n .

A cc o r din g l y e v e r s i n ce t h e n w h e n a ch e la i s i ni t i a te d i n to t h i s e c s t a t i c .

a n th a a n t Nath i s a n th i s c a l l e d t h e B a w aj i k é
j
’

p g u r u di e s S p .

p a n t h .
.

He h a d m a n y ch e la s o f w h o m t w o de s e r v e m e n ti o n Th e se w e r e
, .

R a n budh a n d Ma lm i dat a On ce a s t h e Ba w a w a n d e r e d n o r t h h is .

ca m e l s w e r e s to l e n a n d w h e n h e told t h e e o l e o f t h a t p ar t t h a t h e
p p
w a s t h e i r p i r o r s p i r i t ua l g u i de t h e y r e pli e d t h a t h e mu s t e a t wi t h,

th e m . Wh en t h e m e a l w a s r e a dy h e b a de t h e se t w o di s ci pl e s e a t wi th
t h e p e o pl e p r o m i s i n g t h e m i mm o r ta li t y but f or bidd in g t h e m t o f o u n d
, ,

an m o r e n e w p a n t ha S o t h e y di d n o t d o so n d a r e c a ll e d Na n ga s
y . a , ,

a n d t o t hi s da y t w o p e r son s a l w ay s r e m a i n i n a t t e n d an c e a t t h e i r
to mb s .

One cc oun t s ay s th at Sh e r a n g o r S h r i n g Na t h w h o a tt a i n e d to t h e
a ,

z e n i t h o f s p i r i t ual p o w e r a f t e r G o r a k h N et h s d e a t h
’
i n t r o d uc e d n e w ,

r ul e s o f h i s o w n a n d b a d e h i s f o ll o w e r s b o r e t h e i r e a r s a n d w e a r th e
mu ndm o f w o o d A f t e r h i s d e a t h t h e f o ll o wi n g s e c t s o r or d e r s w e r e
.

f o r m e d — ( l) t h e G i r i N ath w h o m a r r y a n d i n d ul g e i n s uch l u x ur i e s a s
,

d r i n ki ng ( 2) t h e Pur i n ama some o f w h om a r e s e c ul a r a n d e a t

, ,

me a t (3) t h e S a nias is (4) t h e m ili tan t N a n g s (5 ) th e A j a ipal

, , a
,

w h o s e f o un d e r w a s r ul e r o f A j me r e a n d a p r o f o u n d b e li e v e r i n t h e e a r
pi e r c e d J o gi s His f o ll o w e r s a r e s a id to h a v e o n c e r ul e d I n di a (6 )
.
.

t h e G w al i ba s d a -
( 7 ) t h e I s m ail J o g i s o n e f o ll o w e r o f I s m a il w a s
,

N o n a Ch a m a r i a fa mou s p r o f e s so r o f t h e bl a c k a r t ; (8) A g am Na th
,
,
9
( ) N i m N a t h a n d ( 1 0) Jal a n dh a r N a t h
, .

Th e my th ology f
o Gor a kh .

Th e n nei Na th s an d th e 84 S i dh s a l w a y s f oll o w G or a k h in h is
w an d e r i n g s a n d t h e r o ut e
, ca n b e t r a c e d by t h e
b e ar i ng sma ll t re e s
s ug a r c a n dy w h i ch s p r i n g u
p wh e r e v e r t h e y g o It i s r e l a te d i n th e .

Bhagv a t th a t R ay; S am bh ii M an n o nc e r ul e d i n O udh ov e r t h e wh ol e

’

w orld . Wh e n th e four mid b or n son s o f B r ah ma r e fuse d t o b e g e t ofi -

 ls
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st ?
‘

an d s i de/ .

i Br ah
s
p
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r no
,

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na

HIS d e s c e nd a n t s
a t e ar f e ll to t he eart h , w h en c e s pr a ng
.
w e re

S ambh ii Mann (S w ay amh h uva ,

th e se l fe xiste nt) .

r
l

U th ari Pad .
Pi y a Bar at .

l
D hr u va , th e asce ti c .
Ag ni dh ar .

I
Na bi
h
’

Rakh Bhade o or R i khava

Bh ar at and 99 o th e r s .

Bh a r at w i th e igh t o f h is b r o th e r s r ul e d th e 9 divi s io n s (kh a n dds ) o f

t h e w o r ld 8 i b e c am e a s ce t ic s a n d B r a h m a n s a n d 9 b e ca m e t h e N a th s '

o r p e r f e c t e d J o g i s w h o se n a me s are giv e n b e l o w , .

Th e N ath s a r e a l w a y s s a id t o be n i n e i n n umb e r i n c o n t r a di s t i n c ti o n
,
t o t h e p a n th e w h ich a r e , id e a lly , t w e lv e Th e ir n a me s a n d t i tl e s a r e .

v a r i o usly giv e n
1 . Aungk ar A dh nath (L or d of Lo r ds ), 5 . G aj bali G aj kan th né th ( L o r d o f th e -

S hiv a, E le plan t s S tr e ng th and Neck ) : G ane s e

’

S .
l 34th
Sh e -
(L or d o f th e A r r o w s h a ft ) : - -
l
G aj a ka rn a, e e p h an t-e ar e d, i n S a n sk r i t
v r i ou l y
a s s ai d to be K r i sh na or R am 6 . F r aj nath , o r U da i n ath ( L o r d o f th e
- -

Ch andr a . l
Pe o p e ): s ai d to be Par at i v .

3 . S antoklu nath ( Lo r d o f G r a ti fi cati on) 7 . . Mai y ar fi p i Machh e ndra mi di ( th e s on - .

4 . A ch alach ambu nath (L or d o f w o ndr ous -

drous F orm) g un i o f G or akh .

v bl
Immo e a i i ty ) : ar i ous y s ai d to be 8 v l . G ath e p i nde Bi ch ay ak ar i o r Nar anth ar :
He numén or L aksh mana . S h ambuj ai ti G ur u G orakh n i th -
.

G y éns ar i rp e (or F ur ak h ) Si ddh Ch a ur a nj w e -n dth , Pur an bh a g a t l

’

9
‘ ‘

. or .

G o r ak h pl a y s a l e a din g p a r t i n t h e l e g e n d o f G ug a , a n d n a t ur a ll y
t h e r e fo r e J o g i s , b o t h Hi n d u a n d Muh a mm a d a n , t a k e off e r i ng s ma de
to h im, givi n g b ut a s m all s h ar e to t h e Ch uh r a s ; a n d a l s o c a rr y h i s
fl a g ch h a r i , o f pe a c o ck s f e a t h e r s , f r om h o us e t o h o us e i n Bhad o n };
’
,

Th eSid h e mor e c o r r e c t ly S i ddh s a r e pr o pe r ly s p e ak i n g sa i n ts o f

, ,

e xc e p t i o n a l p ur i ty o f l i f e w h o h a v e a tt a i n e d t o a s e m i divi n e e xi s te n c e
-
,

b u t w h o i n t h e e y e s o f t h e v ul g a r a r e p e r h a p s l i t tl e m o r e th a n d e mo n s . .

w h o o b ta i n e d o w e r f r o m G o r a kh Th e y a r e e s p e c i a lly w o r s h i p p e d i n
p .

t h e lo w h ili s i A m bal d H h a t h f m o f s t o n e s e tc
§ e g p u r l n e r
a a n o s i r o
n ,
. . , ,
.
,

a d un e
n d r var oi u s n a m e s T h e di s t i n c t iv e e m bl e m o f t h e i.
r cul t a p e a r s
p
t o be t h e s in g i a cyli n d r i ca l o r n a me n t w o r n o n a t h r e a d r o un d t h e
'

ne ck G h az i das i s a
. S i d dh o f s o m e r e p u t e n e a r U na C ha n u 1 s Ba l d to
’
h a ve b e e n a Ch a m a r a n d p e o pl e o f t h a t c a s t e f eas t o n g o a t s fl e sh a n d ,

s i n g o n ce r t a i n da t e s t o h i s m e m o r y A l l O D b e r S 1 dd h IS t h e
y ta h e r a o r .
,

l l ll d h
.

c
a n e s to r Kal a Pi r w h o is w o rs hi pp e d l n t h e o w l l S a n t h r o u gh o u t t e

M
, ,
i
e a s t e r n D s tr ic g lly and m a r t i c u l a r ly a s K a l a a b a r b y t h e
ts e ne r a o r e p , ,

H m r al a b u t
O

S i n dh u Ja ts a s t h e i r f o r e b e ar is s h r i n e i s a t M a h a r
i n Sa .

t W t f m
t h e S i n dh u s o f Kh o t i n J i n d h a v e t h e h h b k
u s ri n e i r i c s r o
r e s e p a

t h e o r igi n a l to mb a n d t h e r e t h e y a n d t h e K h a t i s a n d L ho a rs t oo
,
,

Th e J am
O

806 P N Q II 27 9
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.
,

g
P N l I 3
i v hi l l g od and the Si ddh a
, .

as
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. .

Sh i
t
No t ar i n ap r o p ri a te tr act if w e r e gard

e man ations fr om hi m th rough Q o r a

kh .
 Th e J ogi ear r i ngs .

w or ship h i m His s h r in e usua lly t ak e s th e fo r m o f a mud pill ar un de r

.
-

a t r e e o r by a p o n d a n d i ma g e s o f h i m a r e w o r n i n s ilve r pl a te s a s
,

c h a r ms Hi s s a ma dh a t Kh o t is i n ch ar g e of th e A i p an t h J o gi s
'

- .
.

T h e m u n dr a — Ho w th e kmzda l w a s t ur n e d i n t o a m un dm i s
.

e xpl i
a ne d in t h e f o ll o w i n g s t o r y — Wh e n Bh ar tar i w a s ma d e a J og i
J allan da r ipa w a s h i s g u r t l but h e w a s
’

h e w a s p ut t o a se v e r e t e s t .
,

al so a s c i di g o r p u pil o f G o r a k h a n d h is chi e f c o mp an i o n s w e r e of ,

th e K a plan i p a n th w h e n c e h e w a s k n o w n a s Bh a r ta r i K a pla n i a n d
,

r e ck o n e d o ne of th e 84 S i dh e On e day h e sa id t o J a lla n da r i pa : .

Th o u h a st p ut m e t o a s e v e r e te s t but h e n c e fo r t h th e f a gzr s o f t hi s
'

a n th will be m o st ly m e n o f th e w o r l d f o r t h e y w ill m i n gl e wi t h s uch

p
me n . G o r a kh sa id t h a t h e w oul d h e t h e mo r e pl e a se d wi t h t h e m a n d ,

Bh ar ta r i a sk e d f o r s o me ma r k t o be giv e n t h e m t o di s t i n g ui s h t h e m
f r om w o r ldl y p e o pl e Acco r din gly a h o l e t h r e e i n ch e s w id e w as m a de
.
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i n t h e J o gi s e a r s a n d cl ay m a n dr a s w e r e i n s e r t e d i n t h e m S ub
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.
,

s e que n t ly t h e ma n dr a s w e r e m a d e o f w o o d t h e n o f c r y s t a l gil t t h e n , ,

o f iv o r
y By w. e a r i n g t h e m u n d r a s a J o gi b e c o m e s i mm or t a l a s , ,

Bh og u r ikh h a d t o ld S h a k t i
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Wh e n t hi s p r a c tic e w a s p e r mi t t e d t w o
.
,

s i dha Kh a r k a i a n d Bh u sk a i b e g a n t o b o r e Jo g i s e a r s w ith ’
e a ch ,

Go r akh s ass e n t
’
T h e l a tt e r w i t h t h e s e t w o S i dh s a n d s e v e r a l o th e r
.

J o gi s se tt l e d a t a pl a c e o n th e r oa d t o Hin g laj i n B a l o chi sta n a pl a c e ,

which e v e r y J ogi o f t hi s p a n th mu st vi s i t i f h e w i s h e s t o be c on s id e r e d
a
p e r f e c t s d d h u a n d a t t a i n
y go a Si n c e t h e n i t h a s b e e n u su a l t o b or e .

a J o gi s e a r s bu t o n ce w h e n t h e t w o s i dh e t r i e d t o b o r e t h e
’
, e ar s o f a

J og i w h o h a d vi s i te d t h a t p l a c e t h e y f o un d t h a t t h e y h e a l e d a s f a s t
a s th e y b or e d h o l e s i n t h e m so t h e y g a v e u t h t t m t d G a kh
p e a e p a n, o r ,

e xcla im e d t h a t th e pi lg r i m
’
w as A ug h a r Th e n c e fo r t h A ug h a r s .

do no t h a v e t h e ir e ar s b o r e d an d f o r m a b o dy di st in c t f r o m th e o t h e r
J og i s .

J 0 973N a lm s -w or s hip .

, p
cl a i m
Th e J og i s i n te r a li a o w e r t o t r a n s mu te a n m t l i t ld
, y e a n o g o

or s il v e r In t h e t i me o f A lta m sh , s a y s on e l e g e n d, a J o gi n a me d
.

D i n a Nat h b e gg e d a boy s i t ti n g i n a sh o p wi t h a h e a p o f c o pp e r c o i n t o
iv h i m f i c T h b s a id t h e m o n e
g e a e w p e e s e o y y w a s n ot h i s , but h i s
.

f a t h e r s, a n d h e g a v e t h e J o g i f o o d ; T h e J o g i p r a y e d t o V i s h n u f or
'

p o w e r to r e w ar d t h e bo y Th e n he m e l te d d o w n th e Co p p e r a n d
.

t ur n e d th e mass i n to g o l d by me an s o f ch ar m s a n d a p o w d e r A ltam s h .

’
h e a r d o f t h e o cc ur r e n c e a n d w i t n e sse d t h e J o gi s p o w e r s b ut th e l a tte r ,

de cli n e d t o a cc e p t an y o f t h e go l d h e h a d m a d e , so i t w a s s e n t to t h e
mi n t a n d c o i n e d , w i t h h i s n a me a s w e ll a s t h a t o f A lta msh up o n i t .

J ogi s a ll e ge t h at t h e se D i na n ath i g o l d moh a r s a r e s t ill t o b e f o un d .

Si mil ar ly th e J o gi s cl ai m p o w e r o v e r h a il s to r ms , a n d in Sialko t t h e
r et lh bcma
96
i s a J o gi w h o can ch e ck a h ail s tor m o r div e r t i t i nt o
w a s te l an d .

Th e c on ne c t io n b e t w e e n J o gi s a n d s n a k e w o r ship i s n aturally a -

cl o se o n e In some pl a c e s J o g i s a r e sa id t o e a t s n a k e s— a ki n d o f
—
.

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r tua stli ic c ann ib a li s m a n d t h e s n a k e i s o f t e n s tyl e d
j o i
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p ar r ot i s d e si g n a te d p a n di t 1
'

p r m m, one w h o i mp ri sons l
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ch eck s Th i s p ractice i s
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h aiL and ba n a , al ude d
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.

ot S e ttle me nt p 37
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to i n Pr i nse p s S i alk . .

T P .N II
.:
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400 J ogi i ni ti a tion .

i d ove r th e g r a v * a n d a ll
t h e J o g i s w a s h th e i r h an d s w i t h w a te r
is r a se e,

s u ppli e d by t h e d e ce a s e d s disci pl e s Th e y t h e n b at h e a n d th e dis

’
.

ci p le s giv e t h e m s w e e t s On th e t h i r d day t h e y a r e a l so f e d ( h ur rr a
.

e i
a l o n e b e i ng giv e n i f t h e di s cipl e s a r e p o o r ) L a te r on t h e s hr a dh i s .
,

i f p ibl e r fo m e d t h u s z— J o gi s a r e i n vi t e d a n d k e e p a V i i l a ll
g
os s e p ,
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n igh t . A b o ut a p e h r b e fo r e d a w n th e y a r e f e d wi t h fi s h o r p a ka ur a s
.
,

v g t a bl e s c oa t e d w i t h ba i s a n o r p ast e o f p o wd e r e d g r a m f r i e d i n
( e e

m us t a r d o il) o r kh i r i e r ic e b oil e d i n mil k g r a m an d g h u ng ni dn o r

, , . .
, ,

i la o o r r ic e w i n e fl es h f r u i t e t c S e v e n t h r o n e s o r ga ddi s ar e now
p , , , , , .

e r e c t e d to (i ) t h e F i r (i i ) J o g ni s (i i i ) S a kh y a o r wi t n e ss (i v) Bi r
, , , ,

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v t h e Bh a n da r i of G ur u G o r a k h Na t h
(vi
) G ur u G o r a kh N a t h a n d , ,

(v i i ) t o N e k a M a n tr a s a r e t h e n r e p e a t e d a n d cl o t h e s :
.
g o ld s i lve r a nd , ,

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pp e r : a co w a n d e a r th giv e n a w a y i n ch a r i ty T h e w ake i s ne w .

a t t e n d e d o n ly by J o g i s b u t f o r me r ly m e n o f a ll cl a s se s e v e n Muh a m ,

m a da n s use d t o t ak e p a r t in i t
,
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.
, ,

c oun cil (p in dh ci r a ) o f J o g i s is h e ld a n d on e o f th e d e c e a se d s di s cipl e s ,

’

i s e l e ct e d G ur u o r Bi r Ma h a n t t h r e e ki n d s of fo o d p a r i ka cha ur i a n d , , ,

o t h e s a n d th e
’

p i la o being di s tr ib ut e d Th e d e c e a se d s
. cl c o ffi n are

gi ve n to th e ko tw als o r ba n ki a s o r e l se t o Jan g a m f a qi r s A s t h e J o gi
, , .

i s n o t bur n t h i s b on e s c a nn o t be s e n t t o t h e G an g e s s o h i s n a il s a r e ,

r e mo v e d a n d t a k e n to H a r d w a r T h e s a mddh o f a Jo gi may be o f .

e a r t h o r b r ick a n d be lp a tta r ( l e a v e s ) a r e s t r e w n o v e r i t
, O n i t a l a mp .

i s a l so k e p t b u r n i n g f o r 1 0 d ay s fl o w e r s a n d w at e r b e i n g pl a c ed n ea r ,

i t an d a co u ch b e i n g bl o w n Ric e b a ll s a r e giv e n i n t h e n a me o f t h e
.

de c e a se d f or 1 0 da y s a s amon g o th e r Hin d us O n th e 1 0 th d a y cl o t h e s .

a r e w a s h e d a n d on th e 1 3 th ki r y a ka r a m c e r e mon y i s p e r fo r me d T he .

c e r e mo n i e s ar e th e s a me a s a mon g H i n d us .

T h e foll o wi n g s to r y i s t o ld to a cc o un t f or t h e f a c t t h a t Jo i s b ur y
g
In G or a k h a t i me t h e r e a r os e a di s p ut e b e t w e e n th e
’
th e i r d e ad
Hi n d u s a n d t h e Muh amma d an s , t h e l a tt e r sayi n g t h e y w e r e m a s te r s
of t h e e a r th an d o f a ll t h e livi n g a n d t h e d e ad G or akh s a t o n t h e .

gr oun d , p l a ci n g a ll h i s foo d, e tc , by h is sid e , an d b a d e t h e e a r th y i e ld .

t o h i m , i f h e t oo h a d a s h ar e i n i t It Op e n e d a n d G or a k h s a n k i n to i t .

,
a n d so Jogi s us ua lly b ur y t h e i r d e ad .

In i ti a ti on .

In t h e or y Hi n d u can b e c o me a Jogi but i n p r ac tic e o n ly th ose o f

a ny
,
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-
In t h e o r y c a s t e is .

a b a n do n e d u p on e nt e r i n g i t a n d a s m ar r i a g e i s i n t h e or y f o r bidd e n
, , , ,
u e st io n a s t o c a ste ca n a r i s e i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h i t
no
q But a s m ar .

r i a e i s i n p r a c t ic e t ol e r a t e d th e o r igi n a l c a s te i s
g p r e s e r v e d i n p r a c tic e
f or m a tr i mo n i a l p ur p o se s th o u gh i n t h e o r y a ll J o i s a r e c , g a s t e le s s -
.

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,
p
as a ll t h e m e mb e r s o f a p an t h a r e i n t h e or y S i r i t ua lly a ki n
p
Wi thi n th e o r d e r t h e r e i s i n t h e o r y e q ua li ty a n d n o r e st r ic ti on s a r e
:
pl a c e d u p on e a t in g dr i n ki n g o r s mo ki n g t o g e t h e r but e v e n a Hi n d u
,
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o f hi gh c a s t e w h o j o i n s th e a n th o f Jal a n dh ar N t
p a h i s e xcl ud e d by
o th e r a n th e M o r e o v e r t h e t h e o r e tic a l e ua li t y
p .

q ,do e s n o t e x t e nd t o
t h e w o me n a s t h e J cg i d o e s no t a ll o w h i s w o me n fo lk
, t o e at wi th h im -

Wo me n of e ve r y p an th may h o w e ve r e at toge th e r
.

, , .

it Over the gr ave an e arth en p otsh er d i s also place d on a thr ee-legg e d stoo l .
 J ogi i n i ti a ti on .
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-
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Et h e l i f e b e i n g i m r e s s e u o n h i m p ,

por tw o
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d p If h e p e r si s ts h e i s mad e to fas t
h re e da y s . A f te r t hi s, a
.

k n i fe i s dri v e n i n t o th e e ar t h and
t he ma d e to
.

ri O V i ce i s s w e a r by i t

not to e ngag e i n t r ade ;

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( i i i ) not t o k ee p dang e r o us w e ap o ns
( i n ) no t to b ecome a n g ry w h e n ab us e d and
(e ) not to mar ry .

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q c hi s e a r s f o r a Jo gi w h os e e a r s w e re
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,
.

cut us e d to b e b ur i e d a li v e b ut i s n o w
only e x c o mmun ic a t e d A ft e r , .

t h i s p r o ba t ion h is e a r s a r e b o r e d b a
y ga r a o r a n a d e p t w h o i s e n t i t l e d , ,
t o R e 1 4 a s a n o ffe r i n w hic h m a o r ma cc p d
.
-
g y y n o t b e a e t e .

Up to a c e r ta i n p o i n t t he
J o gi i n i ti a t o r y r i t e s r e s e m bl e th o se o f t h e
S a n ias i s T h e ch o ti o f t h e n o vic e i s r e m o v e d b y t h e g a r i t : t h e an e o '

j
.

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r
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.

t h e s e t h e h afn i i s w o r n co mp ul so r ily Th e gur u m a n t a i s th e n co m .

- r

m u n i c a t e d s e c r e tl y A f te r t hi s t h e J o g i s o f a c e r t ai n s e ct i c e the
, .
p e r
ch e la e e a r s a n d i n se r t t h e kun da l o r e a r r i n g
’

, and t he ch e la hi th e r to , ,

a n a u g h a r * n o w b e c o m e s a n dt h ce r t a i n h
,
se t
p ra s e s (n o t ma n tr i s ) , i

be i n g r e ci t e d A cc o r din g t o Maca uliffe J o gi s s me a r a s h e s o n t h e i r n a k e d

.

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b o d e s a s cl o thi n g o r a p r o t e c ti o n a g a i n st t h e e le i n e n t sn but t h e a sh e s L

a pp e a r t o s y mb o l i z e t h e i r d e a t h t o t h e w o r l d lik e t h e ka ni
j , .

We ma y th u s sa fe ly di s t i n g ui sh t h r e e s ta g e s i n a Jog i s i ni tia tion ’

.

A t fi r s t h e i s a ch e la (p u p il o r c a n did a t e ) t h e n an a ug h a r o r n o vi ce t , ,

a n d fi n a lly a da r s h a n i v ul g ka n p h a tta § o r s p li t , An .
,

A n gh a r is n o t e n t i tl e d t o a ll t h e pr ivil e g e s o i t h e s e c t e g a t a f e a s t h e , . .
,

o nly r e c e i v e s h a l f t h e or ti o n o f a K a n ph a tt a A J o g i w h o i s f ully
‘

p .

i n i tia te d c e r t a i n ly l os e s a ll r igh t s o f i n h e r i ta n ce i n h is n a t ur a l f a mily ,

but i t i s d u b t f ul wh e t h e r a n A ug h a i; w o uld do s o
o It i s a l s o n o t cl ea r .

wh e t h e r i n i t i at i on i n vo l ve s t h e l os s o f p r o p e r ty a l r e ady v e s te d i n t h e
i n i ti a t e but p r e s um ably i t w o uld do so
,
.

A cco r di ng to th i s acco unt a a oh a r s i mp l y mea ns e acq ui r e d by

no v ic e .
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Nath i s a ti t l
ll A n acco un t of th e J og i s o f R atn Nath say s th a t th e candi date v
.

1s gi e n
t h e f u y i ni ti a te
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a r azo r a nd s ci ss or s s e e n t i me s by h i s g ur u w h o de te rs h i m f ro m e n te r i ng t e
.

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h J og i o r de r .
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but i f h e p e r s e e re s th e g um cuts o ff a t uft of h is h ai r and h e i s t h e n s h a e d by a v
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s a k uj m o r s hr oud a li n g uri .

b v P
.

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h m S a n i aS i , an U da s i , a Bai ra g i , a
i It i s i ndee d sai d t h at an a g u a r ca n e c o e a

m O h o th e r h and s o me acco un ts
q Li t h r a s h a h i , e tc , e tc as w e i s a J Og l
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.

r e p r e se n t th e A ug h a r s as a di s ti nct o r de r , t o l lo w e r s o f K a n i p a N a t h a n d J a andh ar Nath

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4 02 J ogi di vi si ons .

T he d e r iv a t ion o f A ngh ar i s o b sc ur e Th e gr ad e or or de r , h ow e v e r .

w e r e g ar d i t doe s n ot a pp e a r t o be c on n e c te d wi th th e A gh or i or
,

h
G o r pa n th i s w h
- o a r e c an n i bal f q
a ir s o f a s i n g ul a r ly r e p u l s iv e t yp e
*
.

T h e A ug h a rs o f Kir a n a i n J h a n g a r e o f g ood r e p ut e a n r e t ai n l ar ge

a i r s g r a n t e d t h e m by t h e Sikh s Th e y a r e di s t i n g u i s h e d by a n o ch r e
’

j g .

co lo u r e d t ur b a n o v e r which i s t wi ste d a bl a ck n e t w or k o f t h r e ad -

c o v e r e d wi t h gold Th e ma h an t i s s tyl e d p ir a n d o n c e e l e c te d may

.
,

n e v e r a g a i n d e s c e n d th e hill .

T o t h e s e t h r e e de g r e e s may p e r h a p s be a dd e d a f o ur t h th at o f ,

ma hdtmd a dig n i ty h a r dly all ud e d t o in t h e a c c o un ts r e n d e r e d o f th e

,
.

se c t . A J o g i w h o a t t a i ns t o g r e at s pi r i tua l e mi ne n c e i s e x e mp t fr o m
w e ar i ng ma n dr a s th e j a n eo an d s o o ri , , .

A f te r i ni t i at i o n a J o g i may a pp a r e n tly se l e c t t h e f un c t i o n w hich h e

i s t o f ul fil Th u s h e m ay b e c ome a mili ta n t me mb e r o f t h e se c t, v o w ed
.

t o c e lib a cy an d st yl e d Na n g a , Nag s , Nad i , Ni h an g , K a n p h a r a o r

K an p h a tta .

Or h e may r e l a pse a n d, b r e a ki n g hi s vo w o f c e li ba cy , b e c ome a

d -N
se c u l a r J o g i ,
d e s ig n a t e d B i n i a g i , S an y og i (S a may og i), G bar bari or
G r i h i sti .

L a st ly th e i n i t i a te J o g i may j o i n on e o f th e v ar i o us p a n ths
,

or d e r s Th e se p a n ths a r e i n th e o r y li mi t e d to t w e l v e in n umb er b
.
,

i n r e ali ty t h e y n umb e r m a n y m o r e t h a n t w e l v e .

Th e di v is i on s
fls h o ots of th e J ogis an d o .

Th e g r o up i n g o f t h e J og i s is e xc e e di n gly c o mpl e x a nd a pp e ar s
v a r y i n di ff e r e nt p a r ts o f t h e s e Pr o vi n c e s .

in Ka n g r a th e Hi n du Jog i s a r e cl a sse d
Th us as A n d a r la or Inn
Bah i r la o r O ute r J o gi s a n d t h e f o r m e r
’
an d ar e fu rt h e r divid e d
D ar sh an i s an d
di s ti n c ti on s b e t w e e n t h e s e I nn e r an d Oute r g r ou p s a r e
lh e
' ‘

s p e cifi e d b ut t h e y h a v e di ff e r e n t O b se r v a n c e s a n d t h e i r o r igi n i s
,

a cc o un t e d f o r — O n c e wh e n G o r a k h g a v e t w o g o a t s t o Ma ch h e n
so n s h e b a d e t h e m sl a u gh t e r t h e a n i mal s a t a pl a c e whe
se e the m On e bo y k i ll e d hi s go a t : b ut t h e ot h e r c a me
.

a l iv e an d sa id t h a t h e h a d f o un d n o s u ch sp ot
, s ince if ,

p r e se n t t h e bi r ds w o u l d w i tn e s s th e s l au gh t e r o r i f t h e , ,

t h e s un o r m o o n G o ra kh se at e d t h e l a t t e r bo y by h i s s i de a n d h e
.

ca ll e d A n d a r la whil e t h e o th e r w a s e x p e ll e d a nd dubb e d Bah

,

Bo t h gr ou p s o b se r v e t h e usu a l Hi n du so ci a l c us t o ms e xc e p t a t de ,

t h e o n ly di ffe r e nce b e i n g th a t th e Bah i r la o n ly gi v e B r a h man s f oo d

do n t f e a s t th e m a n d a t f u n e r a l s t h e y bl o w a mi d i n st e a d o f
o ,

c on ch which is u s e d by t h e A n da r las
, .

(p . 1 06 ) a u g h ri r me ans aw k w ar d, ung ai n ly ,
un couth .

t Th e D ar sh ani s h a e f our s ub g r ou
’

v -

v
th e A ug h ar h a e six Bh ambari a Bir i a ,

n ot ap pe ar w h e th e r th e s e ar e sch oo s o r s e cti ons l .

Th e Bah i rla ar e all Aug h ars and h a e v

D ary e tli i , Mo g u, Tandi alu, Ch uch h lu,
l
S i dh pur u, K ar an and J h ak .
 Th e J og i s ub-or de r s .
’

th a t h e may e s c a p e w i t h h i s li f e ; my h o rn s to a Jogi t h a t h e may use

th e m as h is mi d ; my s ki n t o a n a s c e t ic t h a t h e may w o r shi p o n i t ;
my e y e s t o a fa i r w o m a n t h a t s h e may be c a ll e d mt r g a n am z an d
.
’l
‘
-

n d t o t hi s da t h e s e thi n g s ar e use d a s t h e d y i n g
’
eat m fl h t hy se l f A y
y e s .

sta g d e si r e d .

On h i s r e tur n th e R aj a w a s me t by G or akh w h o sa id h e h ad kill e d

o ne of h i s d i s cipl e s Bh a r ta r i r
. e t o r te d t h a t i f h e h a d a n y s pi r i t ua l

po w e r s h e c o uld r e s to r e t h e s ta g t o li fe , a n d G or a kh , c a s t i n g a l i t tl e
e a r t h o n h i s b o d y , di d s o Bh ar tar i t h e n b e c a me a J o g i a n d w i t h h is
.

r e ta i n e r s a cc o m a n i e d G o r a kh , b ut t h e l a t t e r r e f us e d t o a cc e p t h i m
p
a s a di s cipl e u n l e s s h e b r o u gh t a l m s f ro m h i s r a n i s , a dd r e s s i n g t h e m
’
’

a s h i s mo t h e r s a n d p r a c t i s e d B r t a r i di d a s h e w a s
, j g’
o f o r 1 2 y e a r s h a .

bid , a n d i n a n s w e r to h is q ue e n s r e mon st r a n c e s s a id : F r o m t h e p o in t
o f vi e w o f m
y rd
j y e ar e m
y q u e e n s ,
b u t f r o m t h a t o f j g y
o e a r e my
mo th e r s, a s t h e g un } h a s bidd e n m e c a l l y o u s o
. Th us h e b e ca me a .

p e r f e c t j ogi a n d foun d e d t h e Bh ar ta r i Ba i i ag p an th o f t h e J o gi s '

.

U p on n o to pi c i s o ur i nfor ma t i on s o c on f us e d co n t r a dic t o r y a n d ,

i n co mpl e t e a s i t i s o n t h e s ubj e c t o f t h e v a r i o u s s ub o r d e r s i nto w hi ch -

th e J o g i s a s a n o r d e r
,
a r e divid e d T h e f o llo w i n g i s a l i s t o f mo s t o f
,
.

t h e s e s ub o r d e r s i n a lph a b e t ic a l o r d e r w i t h a b r i e f n o t e o n e a ch
-

Th e A bh a p a n th i i s p r ob a bly i d e n tic a l wi th t h e A bh a n g Na t h o f
-

t h e Ta h qi t i Ch ie h ti
-
.

T h e A gh o r i G h o r i or A gh or -p a n t h i i s a n o r d e r w hich s me a r s i ts e l f
,

wi t h e xc r e me n t d r i n k s o u t o f a h u ma n s k ull a n d o cc a si o na ll y dig s up
,

t h e r e c e n t ly b ur i e d b o dy o f a ch ild a n d e a t s i t t h us c a r r y i n g o ut t h e
r i n ci l e t h a t n o th i n g i s c o mmo n o r un cl e a n to i t s e x t r e me l o gic a l co n
p p
clusio n .

Th e A i pan t h i s a w e ll k n o w n o r d e r , sa id to be a n cie n t J In D e r a
‘
- -

G ha z i Kha n i t i s c a ll e d t h e B a ri d a r gah , a n d o n e o f i t s s a i n t s , 1 w h e n
‘

e n g a g e d i n g ay , c ur s e d o n e o f h i s d i s cipl e s f o r s t a n di n g b e fo r e h im wi t h

o n ly a la n gn i i o n a n d b a de h im r e m a i n mi g a o r n a k e d f or e v e r .So .

to t hi s da y h i s d e sce n d a n t s a r e c a ll e d Nag a s A n o t h e r a cc o u n t s a y s
.

th a t t hi s a n d t h e H a i t h -p a n t h i o r d e r w e r e f o un de d by G o r ak h Na t h .

T h e chi e f dsa n o f t h e A i p a n th i s a t B o h a r in t h e Roh t a k di s tr ic t

o
.

It is s a id t o h a ve b e e n f o un d e d by a f amo u s g ur zi , n a me d N ar ma i ji § -

w h o w a s bo r n o n ly a f e w g e n e r a t ion s a f t e r G o r a k h s t i me a t Kh o t
’
,
no w
i n t h e J i n d S ta t e In v e n e r a t i o n f or h i m a ll th e s u cc e e di n g g ur zZs
.

a d o p t e d t h e t e r m i n a t i o n A i i n li e u o f Na t h , a n d t hi s i s s till d o n e a t
K h o t b ut n o t a t B oh a r Fi ve g e n e r a t i o n s a f te r Na r mai , M a st
.

N ath o r M a st ai j i b e c a me y a r d a t B oh a r i n S a m ba t 1 7 88, a n d a f t e r
-

h im th e a ffi x N a t h w a s r e s u m e d t h e r e , t h o ugh t h e de a n i s s till h e l d

by t h e A i p a n th
-
M a s t Na th d i e d i n S amb a t 1 804 , a n d a f a i r is h e ld
.

h e r e o n Phag an s udi 9t h , th e a n n iv e r s ar y o f h i s d e a th T h e de a n .

c on ta i ns n o id o l s Hi n d us o f all c a s t e s a r e e m ploy e d bu t t h o se o f t h e
.

m e n i al c a st e s a r e t e r me d Ch a ma r wa , ” but o th e r i n i ti a te s lo se t h e i r
c a st e , a n d b e c ome m e r g e d in t h e o r d e r A t n o o n bh og o r s a c r a me n t a l
.

*
1
Wi th e y e s l ike de e r — on e of th e ch i e f p oi nts i n I
a ndi a n e aut
y b .

f It i s me nt ion e d i n th e D abi stan II, p 1 28 . .

IP i r M as t N ath ,
ap p ar e n t y l .

F rom w a r m, g e nt e l
T h e me ani ng of di i s un known or i s at an
.

y r ate not di sclos e d

l l
.

Th ey a so app e ar to be cal ed S irbh angi .

 The J ogi su b or de r s
-
. 405
~
fo o d is o ff e r e d mi dh s (o f Bab el M a s t Na t h a n d o th e r ligh t s
to a ll t h e sa r .

o f t h e o r d e r ) a n d th e n t h e bli a n i i r r e fe c to r y i s o p e n e d a n d f oo d
; d or
di s t r i bu te d f r e e ly t o a ll, n o m a t te r w h a t t h e i r c a s t e A l a mp , f e d .
.

w ith h i i k t b u n i ng i h m i dh I dh a r me ci la
g , s e p r n e a c 8 a c n a n ea r .

Bo h a r i s a S a n s k r i t i n s cr i p t i o n o f Sa mb a t 1333 T h e Ha i r ag o r .

Bh a r t a r i Ha i r ag o r d e r w a s f o und e d by Raja Bh a r ta r i, a n d r an k s a f t e r
t h e S a t N a th
- *
But i n th e w e s t o f t h e se P r o v i n ces t h e Ba i r ag s f o un d s
.
’

t i o n i s a s cr i be d t o P r e m Na t h o f Mocli h i n Mia n w ali , t h e h e a d ua r t e r s

q
o f th e o r de r b e i ng a t Mia n i i n Sha h p ur Lik e t h e D a r y a n ath i t hi s .
o

o r d e r i s a n o ff s h o o t o f t h a t f o un d e d b
y P i r R a t n Na th o f Pe sha w a r .

It h a s a l so r e p r e s e n t a tive s a t K alabagh a nd i s akh e l .

T h e Bh a r t a r i Ba ir ag J o g i s f o un d i n t h e Baw a l m za ma t o f Nabh a
' '

a r e se c ul a r a n d b e l o n g t o t h e Pui i i a (J at) go t , w hich t h e r t i n Th e ir

y e a .

f o r e b e a r Ma i N a t h w a s a s a child d r iv e n f ro m h is h o me i n D e lhi
di s t r ic t by f a mi n e , a n d t h e Mu h a mma d a n M e o s o f S olas ba r i i n
Ba w a l b r o ugh t h im u p Wh e n t h e Ja ts s e i z e d t h e vill a g e h e liv e d
.

by b e ggi n g a n d b e ca me a j og i , s o t h e Ja ts ma d e h i m ma r r y a ir l /

g
be l o n gi n g t o a p a r ty o f j ug gl e r J o gi s T h e n h e w e n t to Nar a i i i pur .

i n J a ip ur t e r r i t o r y a n d be c a me a ch e la o f G or a kh Na t h .

T he B h a r a n g N ath o f t h e Ta h qi t i s p os s ibly t he H a
n di -

p h a r ui i g .

The B r a h ma ka o r d e r a pp e ar s to be th e s a me a s th e S a t n a t h -
.

l he D a r y a n atli i o r d e r i s chi e fly f o u n d in t h e w e s t e s p e cia lly t r a n s

’ ‘
-
,

I n d us . lt p o s s e sse s ga ddis at M a kh a d o n t h e I n d us i n K oha t a n d

'

e v e n i n Q ue t ta .

Th e D h a j p a n tli i o r d e r i s fo un d i n o r a t l e as t r e pO i te d f r o m P e s haw a r
-

a n d i n A mbal a It ma y be t h a t t h e o r d e r d e r iv e s i ts n a me f ro m dh aj
.

me a n i n g fl a g Mr M a cl a g an me n ti o n s t h e O h aj p a nth i a s fo ll o w e r s o f
. .
-

H a n uma n T h e Ta h q iqa t giv e s D h a j e-p a n th i a s th e f o r m o f t h e na me

'

. .

Th e D h a r m-n a th i o r d e r i s w id e ly s pr e a d , bu t i ts h e ad q ua r t e r s a r e O
-

h G da i I t f d t i i c b d t a Ra a D h a r m
on t e o w a r s o u n a . o n s a s r i e o
j .

of
’
T h e G a n ga -n at h i o r d e r w a s f o u nd e d by K a p a l M un i s t w o ’
on e

d i scipl e s It i s m e n ti o n e d i n t h e Ta hq zqci t
.
a s G a n g ai nath -
.

T h e o r igi n o f t h e Jal a n dh a r n a th o r d e r h a s a l r e a dy b e e n r e la te d
-
.

In A m r i ts a r i t i s k n ow n a s Ba w a J ala i i dh a r ke a n d i ts me mb e r s ,

k e e p s n a ke s .

Th e K an i b a k i a r e s a id- t o b e ch e la s o f Jal a n dh ar N é t h Of t hi s .

b r a n ch a r e th e S ap e la s M a cl a g a n 5 5 , .

T eh K pla i K il a n t h i o r d e r a s-c r ib e s i t s o r igi n to K a p a l

a n o r a p p
M un i a n d i s t h u s a l s o k n o w n a s K a p a l D e c k e O r i t w as fo und e d
,
.

by A j a i Pa l Ka p a l M un i s di s cipl e a n d i s th us co usi n to th e G range

,
’
,

n a t hi o r de r .

a t hi i ff h t o f t h G a n a n a t h i
T h e K a y a n a th i o r K a y an n s a n o s oo e g
o
- - .

But i n D e r a G z ha i Kha n it i s sa id t h a t t h e y r e ce i v e d t h e i r n a m e f r o m
a d i m g f h d t f h i s o w n bo dy
Pi r R a t n N t h w h o ma e a n a e o u t o t e i r o .

an oth e r o r de r ( M id
O

l r e tur ne d as Bai r a
O o 0
O

At e as t i n De r a G h a zi , i n w hi ch d i s tr i ct i t y a
0
D O O

is ,

o rde r
v
to be de r i e d f r om i t) e i n g s ty e d B a i b
raJ Ma ri g k a I n Am a a
l .
bl Bare ] is
i t w di ti nct or de rs
me ntio ne d In K a ma) ai ré a and h a
R B t ear a s o s
r a r a pp
.

.
.
406 Th e j agi su b-or de r s .

Th e Ka nth a r or K h a n ta r or der o wes i ts or ig i n to G a nes h a . In

A mbal a it i s sa id to be e n d o g amous .

L a c h h ma n N at h s or d e r i s sa id i n Hosh ia r p ur t o be also k n ow n as
’

ba a h Till Bal G d i b t i A m i t d t o be
th e D ar ri N t a o n a u n r s a r i s s a i
,

t h e sa me a s t h e Na t e s r i (a s i n M a cl ag a n ,

T h e Mai k a-p a n t h ar e di s ci pl e s o f th e D e vi Kali

- .

T h e Ma n Ma n th i a pp e a r to be id e n tic a l wi t h t h e Ma n N 6 th r e tur ne d ,

f r o m P e s ha w a r a n d t h e M an a t hi o r Ma n n a t i i n J li e lum w h o a s c r ib e
,

t h e i r f oun d a t i o n to Ra j a R a s ah i Mr M a cl a g an me n t io n s th e Man
’

. .

Na th a s fo ll o w e r s o f Ra sahi 55
’

.
,

Th e M ekhl e dhar i i s a cl a s s o r o r d e r wh ich is r e tur n e d f r o m A mbala

a n d i t s n a m e i s sa id t o me a n w e ar e r o f t h e ta r dgi
’

Th e Na te sr i o r d e r a pp e a r s t o h a v e n o r e p r e s e n ta t iv e s i n t h e P un j a b
but s ee a bov e un d e r L a chh ma n Na t h s o r d e r
’
.

Th e Ni m Na th i a i s di st i n c t f r o m t h e o r de r f oun d e d by Pa r a s N at h
It i s sa id to b e a l so c a ll e d G a plan i o r K i sga i .

T h e Pap a n t h a pp e a r s to be a l so c a ll e d Panat h i or Pan pa ta i, a sub

or de r f o un d e d by J ala udh a r a s a di s cipl e o f M a had eo . .

Th e P a ga l a pp e a r s t o b e i de nt ic a l w i t h t h e Baw al G ha na -
.

Th e Par a s Na t h or d e r i s s o me ti me s s h o w n a s h a l f a n o r d e r , th e
R aw a ls b e i ng i ts ot h e r h a l f But Par a s N at h w a s o ne o f Ma ch h e n dr a s
.
’

tw o s o ns a n d h e f o un d e d a n o r d e r w hi ch s o on S p li t up i n to t w o di s
ti n c t s ch o o l s, (73) t h e Pi i
j — w h
’

o ar e c e lib a t e b ut liv e i n h o u se s a n d o h

se r v e n o n e o f t h e r u l e s o b s e rv e d by (i i ) t h e S ar to r a s , w h o a l w a ys
w e a r a cl o t h o v e r t h e m o u t h s , s t ra i n w a t e r b e f o r e d r i n ki n g i t n e v er
,

kil l a ugh t t h a t h as li fe : f ur th e r t h e y n e v e r build h o use s, but l e a d a

w a n d e r i ng l if e , e ati ng on l y f oo d c oo k e d by o th e r s , a n d smo ki n g from
a ch i la m, n e v e r f r om a h u kka h Th a t t h e se t w o sub-o r d e r s a r e b o t h
.

J a i n s by r e ligi on , if not by s e c t , i s p e r f e c t ly o bv i ou s, a n d i t i s i n d e e d
e x r e s s ly sa i d t h a t t hi s Pa r a s N a t h i s h e w h o m t h e J a i n s r e v e r e
p .

T h e R am k e , o r R am Ch an d r a -k c, p a n t h w a s f o un de d by R am N at h ,
-

a di s cip le o f S an t o kh Na t h , a n d h a d i ts h e a d - u ar t e r s ( n t h e G o daw a r i
q
t ill i t w as r e p l a c e d t h e r e by th e D h a r m na t h i It a pp e a r s t o be some -
.

t i me s asc r ib e d t o R am Ch an d r a , but e r r o n eo u sly so .

Th e S an t n at hi a pp e a r to be qui te di s tin c t fr om t h e S a t na thi

- -
.

T h e S a t na t h (or B r a h ma k c
- -

T h e S an to k h Na thi a r e m e n t i o n e d by Mr M a cl a g a n a s f oll o w e r s o f .

Bi sh n Na r ai n a n d ar e pr o b a bl y th e V i s h n u of A mr i t sa r
, .

O th e r or de r s m e n t i o n e d a r e t h e Ba d e k e i n D e ra G ha zi Kha n t h e ,
,
Balja t i i n K a r n al th e Bh a r a t i n D e r a G haz i Kha n, H a i th pa n th i i n
, -

A mbal a an d Jh e l um H a r ia n i L a te tr i an d Mai k a p a n t h i n D e r a G ha zi
, ,

Kha n th e P at h S e n a i n K a r n al (Pa ts ai n a i n J i n d ) Bidh Na t h i n

,
-
,

A mr i tsar S ah j i n A mbal a an d th e Bi sh nu i n A mr i ts a r
, , .

In Mr Ma cla g an s lis ts a l so a pp e a r th e K a l e pa an d R a tu Na t h a nd
’
.

i n th e Tah qi qat i Chi s h t i t h e D h ar Nath D ar p a Na th , K ana k N ath a n d

- - -

Nég Na th ar e a l so me nti on e d
* .

Possi b ly th e R aw als .
408 J ogi o s fi ho ols .

wan de r e r a n d t r adi
’

co r r u p ti on of th e P e r s i an r dw zn da tr av e ll e r ,
‘
,
’

t i o n a v e r s th a t wh e n Ra n j h a i n h i s l o v e f o r Hi r a d o p t e d t h e gui se o f
, ,

a f a i r a n d w an d e r e d t ill h e c ame to Till a h e be c a me P a N ath s

’

q i r Bal ,

di sci pl e a n d t h e n ce w e n t t o Jh an g wh e r e h e s o ugh t for h i s b e l o v e d .

A ll h is di s ci p l e s a n d c o mp a n i on s w e r e c all e d Raw a l *
.

Th e R aw als a r e s ome t i me s s a i d t o be divid e d i n t o t w o g r o up s ,

M a n di a l a n d G h al i but a c co r di n g to o n e a cc ou n t t h e y for m a h al f o f
‘

o n e o f t h e l2 o r d e r s t h e o t h e r b e in g th e
,
Pa r a s Nat l) t h e Ja i n s ,
.

P r o b a bly t hi s l a t t e r t a l e m e r ly me a n s t h a t th e R aw als lik e th e J a i ns

e

ar e a n o fi sh oo t o f t h e J og i c ul t s .

J ci fir F i r e
’ '
.

i n th e r e ign of liv e d i n R aj a u r i a Jo gi n ame d Sh a kk a r

A k ba r th e r e
Na t h w h o w a s ch all e n g e d by t h e M uh am ma d a n s t o p r o vid e s ug ar i n
t h a t c ou n t r y i n w hich t h e a r t icl e w a s s c a r ce
,
S h a kk ar by h is .

p yr a e r s ca u s e d i t t o r a i n s ug a r on t h e l O t h j
o f R a ah 9 1 0 A H , . .

Sh a kk a r w as t h e di s ci p l e o f Ba de s ba r N a t h o f B a de s h a r a nd w h e n
[ ,

A kb ar vi s i te d t h a t pl a c a n d o r d e r e d a f o r t t o be b uil t t h e r e Ba de sh a r
e

Na t h ca u se d a ll t h e s p r i n g s t o dr y up by t h r owi n g a s to n e wh ich , ,

ma de A kb ar a ban do n h i s p r oj e c t ]
Pi r Sh a k k ar Na th o n h is d e ath be d h a vi n g n o di s cipl es c a ll e d to -
, ,

t h e o n ly m an n e ar h i m o n e J a fi r a M uh a mm a d a n a n d m a d e h i m h is
’

, . ,

s ucc e s so r t h u s st ar t i n g a n e w o r de r
,
He a dvi s e d J a fir t o mak e o n ly .
’ ‘

un ci r c u mci s e d M uh a mm a d a n s h i s di s ci pl e s a n d t h i s r ul e is s t il l o h ,

s e r v e d by t h e o r d e r w hich e m pl o y s Hi n d u c oo k s a n d w h o s e m e mb e r s ,

b o r e t h e i r e ar s but do n ot e a t w i th o th e r Jo gi s t h o ugh t h e y e n j oy a ll
, ,

T h e J og i s o f Pi r J a fi r a r e S an t n at h ias by s e c t
’
t h e i r p r ivil e g e s .
-
.

T h eJ a ng a ms .

Th e J an gam Jogi Janga m a s h e is som e t ime s c all e d in c o nt r e di s

,
or -

t i n c t i on t o t h e Jo gi pr o p e r o r i g i n ate d th us Wh e n Shiv a mar r i e d

,

Par ba ti n o on e w ou ld a cc e p t al ms a t h i s h a n d s so h e c r e a te d a ma n ,

f r om h i s t high (i ci n g) an d g ivi n g h i m a l ms p r o mi se d h i m i m mo r tali t y

, ,

b ut d e cl a r e d h e s h o uld liv e by b e ggi n g T h e J a n ga m s ar e d ivid e d i n to .

f o ur g r oup s M61 c e lib a te s w h o p r a c t i se j og in t h e p r dn a ydm f or m

, , ,

(i t) L an g och c e lib a te a l so w h o c ar r y t h e i m a g e of Shiv a i n th e Nar b e d

, ,

e sh w a r i n c ar na t i o n i n a s m a ll
p hyl a c t e r y r o un d th e n e ck (chi e fl y f o un d
in t h e so ut h o f I n di a ) (i i i ) S a il a l so c e lib a te f o un d chie fly i n th e hills , ,

a s t h e y a v o id mixin g wi t h w o r ldly p e o pl e a n d (i v ) D ir u f o un d i n t h e ,

s o ut h e as t P u n j a b
-
Th i s l a s t n am e d gr o up i s s e cular a n d i s r e c r u i t e d
.
-

f r om th e B r ah ma n Raj p ut Bh a t J at a n d A r o r a c a s t e s
, , Bu t th e qo t , .

e a r s t o be o f te n l os t o n e n te r in g t h e g r o u p f o r i t i s s a id to c o m p r i
p
pgg t
se ,

o a

Pow er
K aj w ah i .

Tanur .

l
D up e .

L ar an .

l l b
Th e story is c ear y ase d on th e ti me h onour e d ana ogy w h i ch comp ar e s th e de si re l
l
o f th e sou to h uman p ass1 on Th e w or d Raw i nda i s of consi der a e inte r e st bl
m
.

N
.

d d b G o r ak h a
‘
1 F oun e y .

I F o und e d b y M a h ade o and also sai d to be call e d Pa a

g l .
 .

The J ogi ca s te .
409

Ma r r i age is e ffe c te d bybe i ng a vo id e d * e xch an g e ,

two g ate
R u e e s 5 0 25 l5 o r 1 0 a r e s e n t o n a w e ddi n g a cco r di n
.

p p g t o i t s cl
Wi d o w s r e mar r y but if a w id o w m a r r y on e w h o is e xco mmun ic a te d
, ,
ass , .

, ,

t h e ma n i s m a d e t o b a t h e i n t h e G a u e s a n f a
,

g d e s t t h e b r o t h e r h oo d t h en
t h e p a i r a r e r e a d m i tt e d i n t o t h e c a s t e -
.

A n o t h e r v e r s i o n i s t h a t Shiv a a t h i s w e ddi n g c r e a te d t w o r e ci i e n t s
p
o f h i s al m s one J a ng a m f r o m t h e s w e a t o f h i s b r o w t h e o t h e r
, , , , ,

n a m f r o m h i s t h igh
o

T h e se J a n g a m s a cc e t a l ms f r o m a ll Hi nd us
,
p .

,
at l e ast i n t h e w e s t e r n D i s t r ic t s w h e r e a s Li n g a m s o nly t a k e t h e m ,

f r o m J o g i s a n d S a n ias is
.

But i t i s us ua lly s a id t h a t t h e J a n g a m ao
.

ce ts a l ms f r om J o g i s
p .

T o t h e J an ga m Shiv a ga v e th e b u ll s n e ckl a c e h u n g w i t h a h e ll o r ’

fa m e a n d e v e r y thi n g t h a t w a s o n h is h e ad a n d s o J a n g a ms s til l
, ,

w e a r fig ur e s o f t h e mo o n s e r p e n t s e t c o n th e i r h e ad s He a l s o o r
, , .

de r e d t h e m t o l iv e by b e ggi n g a n d s o J a n g a ms s t il l s i n g so ngs a b o ut ,
’
Shiva s w e ddin g pl a y i n g o n t h e j a m s a s t h e y be g I n s te a d o f t h e
, .

om m dr a t h e y w e a r b r a s s fl o w e r s i n t h e i r e a r s ca r r y co ck s f e a t h e r s
’ ’
p e a , ,
a n d g o a b o ut b e ggi n g i n t h e b a z a r s d e m a n d i n g a ic e f om e a ch s h O
p r
p , .

Th e y a r e l o o k e d u pon a s Br ah m a n s a n d a r e s ai d t o c o r r e s p on d wi t h th e
Li n gay a ts of C e ntr a l a n d S o ut h e r n I n di a .

T h e S ap e la s or S a mp e las .

T h e s a mp e la s, o r s n a k e me n , cl a i m K an n h i p i (K a n i p a), t h e s on o f th e
-

J h i n w a r w h o c a ugh t t h e fi s h fr o m w h ich Ma ch h e n dr a Na t h h a d e me r g e d
K ai i n h ipi w a s br o ugh t up w i t h h im a n d b e c a m e a di s cip l e o f J al an dh a r
K at h By w hich is me an t t h a t s n a k e c h a r m e r s , l ike s n a k e s, o w e much
.
-

t o t h e w a te r s T h e s a mp e la s a r e n o t c e lib a t e ; t h o u gh th e y h av e t h e i r
.

e a r s b o r e d a n d w e a r t h e mm zdr a , w i t h o ch r e - dy e d cl o t h e s , a n d t h e y r a n k
l o w e r t h an th e Hi n du J o gi s b e c a us e t h e y w ill t ak e f oo d f r o m a Muh am
ma d a n a n d e a t j a ck a l Th e y t a me sn a k e s , p l ayi n g on t h e gour d p i p e
.
-

( b i n ), a n d l e a d a w a n d e r i n g l i f e ,
bu t do n o t t hi e v e Th e i r s e m i r e ligiou s .
-

ch ar a cte r pl a c e s t h e m a b o ve th e Ka n ja r s an d s i mil a r tr ib e s S o me o f .

t h e i r g e ts are

G adar i a ,

Tank .

Pli e nk ra .

In ma r r i a g e f o ur go ts ar e a v o id e d .

Th e J o gi s a s a cas te .

c l J gi S m i h h u l d p e n t l y b e c a ll e d , d o e s
lh e s e o a
p r
‘
o as e s a
y g
'

u a r o o r a ,

p
i n a r ts o f th e P un j a b f o r m a t r ue c a s t e Th u s i n K u ll u h e h a s be c o me .

m al J gi P adh I L ha r u t h e r e i s a s ma ll J o gi
a N A T E
! a n d i n A b a a o a n o -
.

ca s t e o f t h e Jat u Ra t
i
t r ib e w hic h w a s fo un d e d o f t h a t t r ibe by a .

O f h is tw o s o n s t h e d e s ce n d a n t s o f o n e Ba r e N a t h a re s e c u l a r w he n , ,

h h B N a t h m i c lib t i c th e i r e a r s a nd w e a r
t o s e of t h e o t e r a r r e a n e a e p e r e ,

t h e mu n dr a t h o u gh h o w t h e y a r e r e c r u i t e d i s n o t e x p l a i n e d In a ll .
,

c h ll
r e s p e ts t e y f o o w t h e u s u a l r i t e s s a v e a t d e a t h l b e
y b y u r t h e b o d y .
' ‘

arm
. .

s e at e
d ci
f a n g n or t h a n d pl a c e a pi t ch e r o f w a t e r u n d e r i t s r i
g h t
W
,
b il d ic d i l f t m d w m a rr i a e
g is
an d s ome r e un e r t s e a r i o r e
o e .

a ll o w e d .

M arr i age by p ur ch ase ap p e ar s t o be f or

b i dde nd i f th b i d f mi ly h n t b y
n, a e r e s
‘
a as o a o

li gi b le m b fami ly w i ll o w e th m a gi l ti ll one i s re qui re d r

‘
e
e to ma y
rr a t o nc e ,
t h e r i de g r oo s
.
41 0 J oha l—J oi ya .

In Ambal a t h e S amyo g is (
n ot th e Padh as) ar e sa id to h ave 12 se c

t i ons, i n cl udi n g th e
Ai ,
K an t h ar ,

D h aj . Pa ga l .

S ah j . Pao p an t h i
Hai t . R aw a l .

Th e K a n th ar s a r e s a i d t o be e n d oga mo us, but all t h e o t h e r s i nte r

mar r y In Nabh a th e p ddh as , h o w e v e r , do n o t app e ar to be a
. c as te ,

b u t a r e s i mply Jo gi s w h o t e a ch child r e n Hi n d i .

Th o ugh p r of e ssi n g J o gi s a r e f o r bidd e n t o ma r r y ma n y o f t he m ,

do s o a n d i t i s i m p o s sibl e t o di se n ta n gl e t h e J o gi s w h o a b an do n c e lib a cy
,

f r o m t h o s e w h o do n ot p r o fe s s i t a t a ll a nd f o r m a c a s t e In D e r a .

G ha z i Kha n f o r i n s ta n c e J o gi s i n t e r ma r r y but n o t w i t h i n t h e i r c a st e
, ,

a s J o gi s Th e r e i s n o bar to Hi n d u o r a S an y a s i ta ki n g a J o gi g i r l
.

i n ma r r i ag e bu t r e s p e c t a bl e Hi n d u s do n o t do s o
,
Th e i r m ar r i ag e .

c e r e m o n i e s a r e g e n e r ally lik e th os e o f Hi n dus a s Br a h man s p e r f o r m ,

th e m A J o g i w h o mar r i e s i s r e g ar de d w i t h co m t e mp t by h i s b r o th e r
.

J o gi s w h o do n ot s mo k e wi t h h im un t il h e h a s gi ve n a f e a s t a t a
,

c o s t o f R s 1 2 8 t o a n a ss e mbly o f J o gi s a t so me s a c r e d pl a c e suc h
.
-
,

a s th e b a n k o f th e G an g e s , o r a f a i r .

On t h e o th e r h a n d G r ih i s ti J ogi s r e tai n man y o u tw a r d sig n s o f th e

p r of e ss i n g J ogi Th e y w e ar s a fl r on c ol our e d cl o t h e s an d s ome ti me s
.

s me a r ash e s o ve r th e b o dy Th e y use th e j a n co of bl a ck w o o l which

.

i s sm a ll e r t h a n t h a t w or n by a B r a h ma n o r o t h e r t wic e b or n Hi n d u -
.

Th e y w e ar a mi d of h o r n o r e l s e h a v e a bi t o f w ood mad e i n t h e s h a p e
o f a mi d a n d a t ta ch e d to t h e j a n eo Th e y ar e o blig e d t o w e a r a
.

a un chi o f w o o l r o un d t h e i r h an ds a n d f e e t a n d a w ooll e n s t r i n g r o u n d
p
t h e w ai st Th e y a l so u se th e r o sa r y o f r u dr a ks h b e a ds S o m e h a v e
.
'
.

t h e i r e a r s b or e d wh il e o t h e r s g o t o G o r a k h Na t h s g a ddi a n d e t a
’

g
ka n thz t i e d r oun d t h e n e ck
’

Th o ugh t h e u se o f fl e s h a n d li quo r i s
.

p e r mi ss ibl e t h e y f o ll o w t h e B r ah ma n s a n d a b s t a i n f r o m t h e m Th ey .

l iv e o n a l ms an d by s i n g i ng t h e l o v e t al e s o f Hi r a n d R dnj h a , e tc , a n d .

b a ll a d s lik e t h ose o f J a i ma l a n d F a tta h , e t c O th e r s l i v e by e xhibi ti ng

.

n a di a bull s In K ar n al t h e J o gi s by c as t e a r e g e n e r a lly Hi n d us a n d
.

r e c e iv e o fi e r i n g s ma d e t o t h e i mp ur e g od s Th e y f o r m o n e o f t h e .

l o w e s t o f all c ast e s an d p r a c ti se wi tch c r aft a nd divi n at i on , b e i n g a l so

mus i c i a n s .

JO BAL ,
a Jat cl an (a gr ic ul tur al ) foun d i n A mr i t sar .

J OHAR ,
a H i n du f a mily o f T a l a ga n g in Jh e l um .

J OIY A . Th e J o iy a i s o n e o f t h e 36 r o y a l r a ce s o f Rajp u t s, a n d i s d e s c r i be d
“
i n t h e n ci e n t ch r o n i cl e s a s
a l or d s o f t h e J a n g a l de s , a t r a c t wh i ch
-
”

c o mpr e h e n d e d H a r ia n a, Bh a ttia na, Bh a tn e r , an d N a g o r Th e y a l s o .

h e ld , i n c o m mo n w i th t h e D e h i a w i t h wh o m t h e i r n a me i s a lw ay s
co upl e d , t h e ba n k s o f t h e I n d us a n d S u tl e j n e ar t h e i r c o n fl ue n c e S o me .

se v e n ce n t ur i e a g o t h e y w e r e a pp a r e n t ly d r iv e n o ut o f t h e I n d us t r a c t
s

a n d p a r tly s ubj ug a t e d i n th e Bag ar c o un t r y by t h e Bh a i and in

tt the
mid dl e o f t h e 1 6 th c e n t ur y t h e y w e r e e x p e ll e d f r o m th e J o iy a c a n to n .

o f B i ka n e r by th e R ath e r r ul e r s f o r a t t e mpt i n g t o r e g a i n t h e i r in de
o d r e ma r k s t h a t
,

p e n d e mos T . t h e Raj pu t s c a r r i e d fi r e a n d s w or d
t 0 t hi s c o untr y , o f which t h e y mad e a d e se r t E v e r s i n c e it h as .
 Th e J oi y a . s ep ts .

n ikdh and so J Oi y a s
’

th oug h hi s fath e r w as a h a d m a r r i e d N al b
y Muh ammadan and ,

ch i dr e n l J a u I sung B i au n g N bb
i su n g an d S ai h a n P a l , r e ce i e
,
d H i n d u n a m e s F,
r om t h e
, v .

b
,
,

J l r i e r e g ar d l
.

y ou n g e s t ( app ar e nt y ) o f t h e s e s o n s t h e c i y as c a i m d e s c e nt }
T h e J 0 1 y as as a t
e n ds o e r th e v
.

m f Sh h F d th i hi f d h fl u n xt
’
’

A li Kh an, L akh e r , w a t s o a r a r i a s e r c e ,
a n i s i n e ce e

J o i as i n Mu tan A J o iy a w ho h as commi tte d th ef t w i not deny th e fact e for e

y
l .
ll b
th i s ch i e f .

T h e L akh w e r a, Bh ade r a, G h azi K h an ana, K ulh e r a, D au atana Kame r a an d Mang h e r s e p ts l

m
.

and a f e w o th e r s , o se r e t h e so m a t ic c e r e m o n y bT h i s con s i s ts i nv s lau g h t e r i p g t w o ra s .

(u h ci tt u s ) a n d m a k i n g a p u la o ( w i th r i c e co o k e d i n g h i ) of th e fl e sh Th i s i s g i en i n . v
ch a r i ty i n t h e n a m e o f t h e i r a n ce s to r A a h d i tta w h o s i ng e h a n de d r e 31 s te d a p ar ty o f 5 0 ll l -

l
Ba och w h o t r i e d to r ai d th e catt e h e w as te n di ng i n th e Ch oli stan l
A l ah di tta w as k i le d, . l l
but h i s b v
r a e ry i s co mme mor at e d i n th e i t i n a i k an d hi s t om i n t h e T aj S ar w ar i s g r e at y b -
l
f r e q ue nte d by th e tr i e b
L umi n s na me i s a so me nti on e d i n th e u i n a zk e caus e h e f e i n a
.
'

l , b ll
J
tig h t w i th L ah r o i y a a de s ce ndan t o f J ai S un g at Kh ar ar a i n Bi k an e r , wh e re h i s tom
,
b b
s ti ll
e x1s ts Th e de sce n dants o f tli c J o iy as s h ow n i n th e p e dig r e e -ta e fr om Bansi up w ar ds
. bl '

b v
o s e r e on y t h e w i n a i l l
a of L u n a n , n t t at
o h o f A h di tta
a
ll .

T h e ciy as ar e r a e , but li ke th e Watt ii s, addi cte d to th e f t

J b v Th L k h e a s e p t i s th e
-
e a w i
,
.

l l
h i g h e s t