A Mini PROJECT REPORT

ON

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL

FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD

OF

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SESSION 2023-24

SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO

Ms. Parul Phulwariya Er. Chetan Kumar

ROLL NO. 21EWECE004 HOD – CE Dept.

St. Wilfred’s Institute of Engineering and Technology, Near Balaji Mandir, Gegal,
Ajmer
 ACNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this opportunity to express our immense gratitude and to thank all those
who have helped us in accomplishing this seminar

We would like to begin thanking our H.O.D. Mr. Chetan Kumar Who has always
motivated us to work hard.

We would like to thank our sir Mr. Shaitan singh rawat who oversaw the Seminar
work right from its inspection to its completion and showed a great amount of
patience. Listened to the problems wefaced and constantly encouraged us. Thank
you sir, we could not have completed this seminar without your help.

We also wish to thank all teaching and non-teaching staff and parents who have
been supportive to us during the process of completing this seminar we also thank
our friends for giving us valuable suggestions.

To the people above and all the other people who have done their bit in helping us thanks to all.

Parul Phulwariya
 CONTENTS

TOPICS

ACKNOWLEDGEME

NT i ABSTRACT

CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION 1

General

Background of the Study

Building By laws and

Regulations Types of

Buildings

Organisation of the

project Summary

CHAPTER – 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

Specific

studies

Summary

CHAPTER -3 STUDY METHODOLOGY

Introductio

Methodolo

gy

Types of surveys to be

done at site Components of

a building Summary

CHAPTER - 4 STUDY INTERPRETATION

Introducti

on

Observati

ons

Summary
CHAPTER – 5 CONCLUSIONS

Summary

Conclucio

ns

REFERENCES
 LISTOF FIGURES
Isolated

Footing

Stepped

Footing

Eccentric

Footing

Combined

Footing Matt

Footing

Fly-ash Brick

wall Columns

Beams

simply supported

beam Cantilever

Beam

Fixed Beam

Over Hanging

Beam

Continuous

Beam Slab
 ABSTRACT
The main aim of our project is to complete a construction of g+9 building &
to ensure that the structure is safe against all possible loading conditions
and to full fill the function for which they have built. Safety requirements
must be met so that the structure is able to serve its purpose with the
maintain cost. Detailed planning of the structure usually comes from several
studies made by town planners, investors, users, architects and other
engineers. On that, a structural engineer has the main influence on the
overall structural design and an architect is involved in aesthetic details. For
the design of the structure, the dead load, live loads, seismic and wind load
are considered.
 CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION

GENERAL
The basics needs of human existences are food, clothing’s & shelter. From
times immemorial man has been making efforts in improving their standard
of living. The point of his efforts has been to provide an economic and
efficient shelter. The possession of shelter besides being a basic, used, gives
a feeling of security, responsibility and shown the social status of man.

Every human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful environment

needed for his pleasant living, this object is achieved by having a place of
living situated at the safe and convenient location, such a place for
comfortable and pleasant living requires considered and kept in view.

Safety from all natural source & climate

conditions General facilities for community

of his residential area.

Engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building bye laws,
environment capacity, water supply, sewage arrangement, provision of
future, aeration, ventilation etc., in suggestion a particular type of plan.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The history of civil construction was begun from the period of primitive
human. To protect themselves from cold, rain & heat they made cave as
their shelters. But that was not enough caves didn’t remained safe for a
long time so they started making huts by using straws and leaves so the
process of evolution goes on... But for the better comfort civil constructions
has been evolved and still evolving. Today we have every comfort and
facility. But we have to face the future upcoming challenges as the shortage
of land, water etc....

PURPOSE OF BUILDING

This is the most important factor to consider before purchasing or selecting a

site for commercial purpose. The site should be selected keeping in view the
general scope or the purpose of building and on the basis of extent or privacy
required.
 CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BASED ON OCCUPANCY
GROUP-A RESIDENSIALBUILDINGS

GROUP-B EDUCATIONALBUILDINGS

GROUP-C INSTITUTIONALBULIDINGS

GROUP-D ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS

GROUP-E BUSINESSBUILDINGS

GROUP-F MERCANTILE BUILDINGS

GROUP-G INDUSTRIALBUILDINGS

1.4.1 RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

 All those buildings with sleeping accommodation facility are called

residential buildings. Following are example of residential buildings –
 Apartments
 Flats
 Hotels
 Hostels
 Private Houses
 Cottage
 bungalows
 Duplex

ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT

The whole report is organized by divided into five chapters including this
introduction part as chapter 1, chapter 2 gives a basic idea about the review
of the literature.

Chapter 3 makes a description about the methodology of making project

such as construction procedures of g+9 building.

Chapter 4 includes the study interpretation of project.

Chapter 5 makes a conclusion of the project by giving some limitations and applications

SUMMARY
In this project we have discussed about the construction of g+9 building
using building by laws and the rules that are to be followed by each and
every individual for the construction of high rise building in a particular
area.
 CHAPTER – 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
INTRODUCTION
To better understand the terms used throughout this paper, a brief overview
is presented of some of the terms not frequently used in the area of
structural engineering. Newly developed design management tools or
systems are not readily available. This research was conducted based on the
available design tools and various studies on these constructions were
carried out by engineersare mentioned below.

SPECIFIC STUDIES

M. Mallikarjun, Dr P V Surya Prakash (2016): Carried study on analysis and

design of a multi- storied residential building of using G+10 by using most
economical column method and the dead load and live load was applied on
the various structural component like slabs, beams and found that as the
study is carried using most economical column method this was achieved by
reducing the size of columns at top floors as load was more at the bottom
floor

Prakash Sangamnerkar (2015): He has done the comparative study on the

static and dynamic behaviour of reinforced concrete framed regular building.
Comparison of static and vibrant behaviour of a six storey’s structure is
considered in this paper and it is analysed by using computerized solution
available in all four seismic zones i.e. II, III, IV and V. This is important for
building design and resistant from earth quack.

M. S. Aainawala (2014): Comparative study of multi-storeyed R.C.C. Buildings

with and without Shear Walls. He did the comparative study of multi-storeyed
R.C.C. Buildings with and without Shear Walls. They applied the earthquake
load to a building for G+12, G+25, G+38 located in zone II, zone III, zone IV
and zone V for different cases of shear wall position. They calculated the
lateral displacement and story drift in all the cases. It was observed that
Multi-storeyed. R.C.C. Buildings with shear wall is economical as compared to
without shear wall.

Ismail Sab, Prof .S.M. Hashmi (2014): Generated 3D analytical model of

twelve storied buildings for different buildings Models and analyzed using
structural analysis tool ETABS. To study the effect of infill, ground soft, bare
frame and models with ground soft having concrete core wall and shear walls
and concrete bracings at different positions during earthquake; seismic
analysis using both linear static, linear dynamic (response spectrum method)
has been performed. The analytical model of the building includes all
important components that influence the mass, strength, stiffness and
deformability of the structure.

P.P. Chandurkar et al (2013): Had presented study of G+9 building having

three meters height for each storey. The whole building design had carried
out according to IS code for seismic resistant design and the building had
considered fixed at base. Structural element for design had assumed as
square or rectangular in section. They had done modelling of building using
ETAB software in that four different models were studied with different
positioning of shear walls.

SUMMARY

In this chapter we discussed about the research work carried out by various
persons through their journals regarding construction of g+2 building.
 CHAPTER– 3 METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTION

The history of surveying in construction goes back thousands of years. It’s

an essential part of any construction project and as a result there are
many different types of surveying that exist in the construction industry
today.
3.2 METHO
DOLOGY SELECTION OF SITE FOR CONSTRUCTING A BUILDING Selection of
site for any building is a very important and experts job and should be
done very carefully by an experienced engineer. The requirements of
site for buildings with different occupancies are different. Following are
some of the important factors which should be considered while selecting
site for any residence. The site should be in fully developed area or in
the area which has potential of development. There should be good
transport facilities such as railway, bus service, for going to office,
college, market, etc. Civic services such as water supply, drainage
sewers, electric lines, telephone lines, etc. should be very near to the
selected site so as to obtain their services with no extra cost. Soil at
site should not be of made up type as far as possible. The buildings
constructed over such soils normally undergo differential settlement and
sometimes become the cause of collapse. Cracks in buildings in such
conditions, are quite common the selected site should be large enough;
both to ensure the building abundant light and air to prevent any over
dominance by the neighboring buildings. The ground water table at the
site should not be very high.
Nearness of schools, hospitals, market, etc. are considered good for
residential site but these facilities do not carry any significance in the
selection site for other public buildings. Good foundation soil should be
available at responsible depth. This aspect saves quite a bit in the cost of
the building. The site should command a good view of landscape such a hill,
river, lake, etc. Residential house site should be located away from the
busy commercial roads.
Residential site should not be located near workshops, factories,
because such locations are subjected to continuous noise. Orientation of
the site also has some bearing on its selection. Site should be such in our
country that early morning sun and late evening sun is accepted in the
building in summer and maximum sun light is available in most of winter.

The factor to be considered while selecting the building site is as follows:-

 Access to park &playground.

 Agriculture polytonality of the land.
 Availability of public utility services, especially water, electricity & sewage
disposal.
 Contour of land in relation the building cost. Cost of land.
 Distance from places of work.
 Ease of drainage.
 Location with respect to school, collage & public buildings.
 Nature of use of adjacent area.
 Transport facilities.
 Wind velocity and direction.
 CEMENT

Cement is the essential component of concrete which, when hydrated, binds

the aggregates together to form the hard, strong and monolithic whole that
is so useful. Well over 95%of the cement used in concrete throughout the
world is Portland cement in its various forms. Portland cement is in the very
finely powdered state and is highly hygroscopic, i.e., it absorbs moisture
readily from the surroundings, not only as free water but also as moisture
readily from the air.

COARSE AGGREGATES

Coarse aggregate for the works should be river gravel or crushed stone .It
should be hard, strong, dense, durable, clean, and free from dust, clay or
loamy admixtures or quarry refuse or vegetable matter. The pieces of
aggregates should be cubical, or rounded shaped and should have granular
or crystalline or smooth (but not glossy) non-powdery surfaces.

Coarse aggregates containing flat, elongated or flaky pieces or mica should

be rejected. The grading of coarse aggregates should be as per
specifications.

After 24-hrs immersion in water, a previously dried sample of the coarse

aggregate should not gain in weight more than 5%.
Depending upon the coarse aggregate color, there quality can be

determined as: Black => very good

Quality Blue =>

good Whitish

=>bad quality

FINE AGGREGATE

Aggregate which is passed through 4.75 IS Sieve is termed as fine

aggregate. Fine aggregate is added to concrete to assist workability and to
bring uniformity in mixture. Usually, the natural river sand is used as fine
aggregate. Important thing to be considered is that fine aggregates should
be free from coagulated lumps.

Grading of natural sand or crushed stone i.e. fine aggregates shall be such
that not more than 5 percent shall exceed 5 mm in size, not more than 10%
shall IS sieve No. 150 not less than 45% or more than 85%shall pass IS sieve
No. 1.18 mm and not less than 25% or more than 60% shall pass IS sieve No.
600micron.

REINFORCEM
ENT

Concrete can withstand compressive forces but week in tension.

Reinforcement has good tension bearing capacity. So we use reinforcement
to enhance moment carrying capacity of the concrete. Two type of
reinforcement are commonly use to concrete which are 450N/mm^2
strength. steel(high yield steel) and 260N/mm^2 Mild steel. Tor steel was
used as reinforcement material. In our site, Y-25,Y-20,Y-16,Y-12,Y-10,Y-8bars
were used for strip foundation, columns, beams and s labs, and 6mm
diameter mild steel coil cable was

used to make stirrups plinth beam. Reinforcement should be free from oil,
grease and rust because they reduce the bond strength between concrete
and reinforcement. The concrete is strengthened by steel reinforcement and
the resultant composite mass is known as reinforced cement concrete (RCC).

Fig : Weight of rod per meter

length Reinforcement can be

placed in two types,

1.Main Reinforcement (Shorter Span).

2.Distribution Reinforcement
(Longer Span). Main
Reinforcement

When comparing to the distribution reinforcement this is large or same in

diameter and small length bars (short span). Placed at the bottom.
 Distribution Reinforcement

This is placed at top of main reinforcement and comparing to the main

reinforcement it is less in diameter and large in length (long span).

Photograph 2.2.4 main & distribution bars

FOUNDATION Foundation is an important part of the structure which

transfers the load of the structure to the foundation soil. The foundation
distributes the load over a large area. So that pressure on the soil does not
exceed its allowable bearing capacity and restricts the settlement of the
structure within the permissible limits. Foundation increases the stability of
the structure. The settlement of the structure should be as uniform as
possible and it should be within the tolerable limits.

FOUNDATIONS ARE CLASSIFIED AS FOLLOWS Shallow Foundations

Deep foundations If depth of the
footing is equal to or greater than its width, it is called deep footing,
otherwise it is called shallow footing. SHALLOW OR SPREAD FOUNDATION
Spread foundations are used when the soil has sufficient strength within a
short depth below the ground level. Shallow foundations need enough area to
transfer the heavy loads to the base soil. As mentioned above, we chose
shallow foundations when the soil has adequate Soil bearing capacity.
Footings in Shallow foundations may be of Masonry, Plain concrete or
reinforced concrete. The depth of shallow foundations are generally less than
its width. ISOLATED FOOTING

Footings which are provided under each column independently are called
as Isolated footings. They are usually square, rectangular or circular in
section. Footing is laid on PCC. Before laying PCC,

termite control liquid is sprayed on top face of PCC to restrict the termites to
damage the footing. Isolated footings are provided where the soil bearing
capacity is generally high and it comprises of a thick slab which may be flat
or stepped or sloped.

Figure3.1 Isolated Footing STEPPED FOOTING These types of footings are

constructed in olden days now they are outdated. As from the name its
resembling that, footings are stacked upon one another as steps. Three
concrete cross sections are stacked upon each other and forms as a steps.
This type of footings are also called as a Step foundation. Stepped footing is
used generally in residential buildings. Figure 3.2 Stepped Footing SHOE OR
ECCENTRIC FOOTING

Shoe footing is the half cut-out from the original footing and it has a shape of
shoe. They are constructed on property boundary, where there is no provision
of setback area. It is constructed at the corner of the plot when the exterior
column is close to the boundary or property line and hence there is no scope
to project footing much beyond the column face.. Column is provided or
loaded at the edges of shoe footing. Shoe footings are constructed when the
soil bearing
capacity is 24KN/m2 Figure 3.3 Eccentric Footing COMBINED FOOTING A
footing which has more than one column is called as combined footing. This
kind of footing is adopted when there is a limited space. Due to lack of space
we cannot cast individual footing, Therefore footings are combined in one
footing. Figure 3.4 Combined Footing

RAFT OR MATT FOOTING When the column loads are heavy or when the safe
bearing capacity of soil is very low, The required footing area become very
large. As mentioned this footing is in shallow foundation. So in order to
spread the load over large area with less depth then we have to increase the
footing area. If we increase footing area the footings are overlapped each
other, instead of providing each footing on each column all columns are
placed in common footing. A raft foundation is a solid reinforced concrete
slab covering entire area beneath the structure and supporting all the
columns. Such foundation due to its own rigidity minimizes differential
settlements. It is provided in a places like seashore area, coastal area where
the water table is very high and soil bearing capacity is very weak. When
number of column in more than one row, provided with a combined footing,
the footing is called mat or raft foundation.

Figure 3.5 Matt Footing

DEEP FOUNDATION Deep foundation is required to carry loads from a

structure through weak compressible soils or fills on to stronger and less
compressible soils or rocks at depth, or for functional reasons. Deep
foundations are founded too deeply below the finished ground surface for
their base bearing capacity to be affected by surface conditions, this is
usually at depths >3 m below finished ground level. Deep foundation can be
used to transfer the loading to a deeper, more competent strata at depth if
unsuitable soils are present near the surface.

PILE FOUNDATION

Pile foundation is a type of deep foundation which is used to transfer heavy

loads from the structure to a hard rock strata much deep below the ground
level. Pile foundations are used to transfer heavy loads of structures through
columns to hard soil strata which is much below ground level where shallow
foundations such as spread footings and mat footings cannot be used. This is
also used to prevent uplift of structure due to lateral loads such as
earthquake and wind forces.

BEAMS

Beam is the horizontal structure of the building which resists between the
slab and the columns. A beam can transmit the load which comes from the
slab transfer it to the columns. Beams are made up of different materials like
timber, steel, concrete. A beam is a structural element that primarily resists
loads applied laterally to the beam axis. Its mode of deflection is primarily by
bending. The loads applied to the beam results in reaction forces at the
beam’s support points. A
beam is a structural element that primarily resist. The loads carried by
beam are transferred to columns, walls, girders, which then transfer the
force to adjacent structural compression member and eventually to the
ground.

Figure 3.8

Beams TYPES

OF BEAMS

 Simply supported beam

 Cantilever beam
 Fixed beam
 Over hanging beam
 Continuous beam

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

A simply supported beam is a type of beam that has pinned support at one
end roller support at the other end. Depending on the load applied. It
undergoes shearing and bending. It is the one of the simplest structural
element. It is abeam which is supported or rest upon two members either
beam or column. In actual practice no beam rest freely on supports.

 The slope is maximum at the supports and zero at mid span of

symmetrically loaded simply supported beam.
 Deflection is zero at the supports and maximum at the mid span of
the symmetrically loaded simply supported beam.

Figure 3.9 Simply

Supported Beam

CANTILEVER BEAM

A cantilever beam is supported on only one end. Moment of force is the

tendency of a force to twist or rotate an object. When subjected to a
structural load, to the support where it is forced against by a moment and
shear stress.

Figure 3.10 Cantilever Beam

The deflection is maximum at the mid span of the beam when the load is
acting symmetrically on the cantilever beam. The slope is maximum at the
free end of the beam when the load is acts symmetrically on the cantilever
beam.

FIXED BEAM
A beam that is supported at both ends. It allows neither vertical movement
nor rotation at the supports. A fixed beam is a beam which is built in such a
way that their end slopes remain zero.

Figure 3.11 Fixed Beam

A beam with both ends fixed is statically indeterminate to 3rd degree, and
any structural analysis method applicable on statically indeterminate beams
can be used to calculate the fixed end.

OVERHANGING BEAM

It is the beam that has its one or both ends stretching out past its supports.
It can have any number of supports. In other words, it is a beam when a
cantilever portion is hanging out of a simply support beam.

Figure 3.12Over Hanging

Beam CONTINUOUS

BEAM

A continuous beam is a structural component that provides resistance to

bending when a load or force is applied. These beams are commonly used in
bridges. A beam of this type has more than two points of support along its
length. These are usually in the same horizontal plane, and the span between
the supports are in one straight line.

Figure 3.13 Continuous

Beam SLABS

Slabs are two dimensional planar structural members whose thickness is

small as compared to its length and breadth. Slabs are most frequently used
as roof coverings and floors in various shapes such as square, Rectangular,
Circular, Triangular etc. in buildings. Slabs supports mainly transverse loads
and transfers them to the supports by bending action in one or more
directions. Slabs may be supported on monolithic concrete beams, steel
beams, walls or directly over the columns.

The Floor System of a Structure can be of different forms such as solid slab,
ribbed Slab or Precast Units. Concrete Slabs behave primarily as flexural
members and the design is similar to that of beams of 1M width.

The Bending Moments at critical sections are to be found and the

corresponding reinforcement are designed. Instead of number of bars,
spacing of bars is to be found .8mm or 10mm diameter bars are commonly
used in slabs.

s Figure 3.14 Slab

TYPES OF

SLABS ONE

WAY SLAB

A Slab which is supported on two opposite edges only is called as slabs spanning in one
direction
or one way slab. If the slab is supported on all four edges and the ratio of
longer span to shorter span (ly/lx) is greater than 2, practically the slab
spans across the shorter span. Such slabs are also designed as one way
slabs. One way slabs bends in one direction.

TWO WAY SLAB

When the slabs are supported on all the four edges and the ratio of longer
span to the shorter span (ly/lx) is less than or equal to 2, the slabs are likely
to bend along the two spans and such slabs are called as two way slabs.
FLOORING This is the surface on which we do most of our activities. Floorings
is laid over the filling of the plinth and on subsequent floors. Flooring can be
done with different materials, but care must be given that the ground below
the floor is well compacted. Flooring is done to prevent dampness from rising
to the top and to have a firm platform that can be kept hygienic and clean.
STAIRS

A stair is a sequence of steps and it is provided to afford the means of ascent

and descent between the floors and landings. The apartment or room of a
building in which stair is located is called staircase. The space or opening
occupied by the stair is called a stairway. There are different kind of stairs
are used in buildings, like RCC stair, wooden stair, metal stair, brick stair etc.
SURFACES / FINISHES External finishes are the outer most layer of
protection, which protect the structure from weathering. Internal finishes are
the layers given on internal faces. They give durability and pleasing
appearance to the inside

3.5 SUMMARY

In this chapter we have discussed about the general item of works that are
to be carried out for the construction of a building. These are the works that
are done according to the layouts that are to be satisfied by the client
requirements.
 CHAPTER – 4 STUDY INTERPRETATION
INTRODUCTION
This part describes about the meaning or discussion of results obtained by
conducting the tests during the study or doing of the project.

OBSERVATIONS
DURING THIS MINI PROJECT AT SITE WE HAVE OBSERVED THE FOLLOWING
THEY ARE AS FOLLOWS:

We have observed the work from superstructure.

Observed shuttering of column and laying of columns and extension of

columns from floor to floor.

Observed the type of bricks used for walls and

construction of walls. Observed reinforcement laying in

slabs beams and columns.

Checked whether the reinforcement provided is as per layout or not.

 Observed laying of slab using R.M.C

Observed construction procedure for constructing overhead

water tank. Observed laying of plumbing from water tank to the

rooms in the buildings. Observed electrical layout and its

installation.

Observed installation of false ceiling.

Observed the plastering stages interior and exterior. First coat is of 1:6
ratio and later second coat is laid using 1:3 ratio

Water proofing course used is Dr. FIXIT used 100 ml for 50kgs of

cement. Observed laying of VDF flooring in cellar and silt floor.

Observed treatment of sewage water and its reusage as water for

gardening, flushing. Observed treatment of water treatment plant and

purification of water process.

Observed installation of fire fighting

alarms. Observed architectural works in

each flat. Observed laying of beaker

rod in expansion joints.

Observed safety precautions followed by labours and

engineers. Observed installation of mx box in pergolas.

Observed the work whether it is as per layouts or not and re construction in

case of not laid correctly are in wrong place.

Checked dimensions in each and

every flats. COMPRESSIVE

STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

Objective

The compressive strength of concrete is given in terms of the characteristic

compressive strength of 150 mm size cubes tested at 28 days (fck)- as per
Indian Standards (ACI standards use cylinder of diameter 150 mm and height
300 mm). The characteristic strength is defined as the strength of the
concrete below which not more than 5% of the test results are expected to
fall.

Characteristic strength of concrete is the strength of concrete specimens

casted and tested as per given code of practice and cured for a period of 28
days; 95% of tested cubes should not have a value less than this value.
Apparatus Required

1)Compression Testing Machine

The testing machine may be of any reliable type, of sufficient capacity for
the tests and capable of applying the load at the specified rate. The
permissible error shall be not greater than ± 2 percent of the maximum load.

2)Moulds/ Cubes for Testing

The mould shall be of 150 mm size conforming to IS:

10086-1982. Procedure

1. Place the prepared concrete mix in the steel cube mould for casting. 2.
Once it sets, After 24 hours remove the concrete cube from the mould. 3.
Keep the test specimens submerged underwater for stipulated time. 4. As
mentioned the specimen must be kept in water for 7 or 14 or 28 days and
for every 7 days the water is changed. 5. Ensure that concrete specimen
must be well dried before placing it on the UTM. 6. Weight of samples is
noted in order to proceed with testing and it must not be less than 8.1Kg. 7.
Testing specimens are placed in the space between bearing surfaces. 8. Care
must be taken to prevent the existence of any loose material or grit on the
metal plates of machine or specimen block. 9. The concrete cubes are placed
on bearing plate and aligned properly with the center of thrust in the testing
machine plates. 10. The loading must be applied axially on specimen without
any shock and increased. 11. Due to the constant application of load, the
specimen starts cracking at a point & final breakdown of the specimen must
be noted. Results of cube test Average Compressive strength at 7 days =
N/mm² The average Compressive strength at 28 days
= N/mm² FIELD DRY DENSITY OF SOIL BY CORE CUTTER
METHOD

Objective To determine the field density of soil by core

cutter method. Apparatus

1.Cylindrical core cutter

2.Steel rammer

3.Steel dolly

4.Balance

5.Steel rule

6.Spade or pickaxe
7.Straight edge

8.Knife

Fig : Core cutter test

at field Procedure

1.Determine the internal diameter and height of the core cutter to the nearest 0.25mm.

2.Determine the mass (M1) of the cutter to the nearest gram.

3.Expose a small area of the soil to be tested. Level the surface, about 300mm square in
area.

4.Place the dolley over the top of the core cutter and press the core cutter
into the soil mass using the rammer. Stop the pressing when about 15mm
of the dolley protrudes above the soil surface.

5.Remove the soil surrounding the core cutter, and take out the core
cutter. Soil soil would project from the lower end of the cutter.

6.Remove the dolley. Trim the tip and bottom surface of the core
cutter carefully using a straight edge.

7.Weigh the core cutter filled with the soil to the nearest gram (M2).

8.Remove the core of the soil from the cutter. Take a representative
sample for the water content determination.

9.Determine the water

content. SUMMARY

In this chapter we have discussed about the work that we observed during
the construction of g+2 building at R&B DEPARTMENT.
 CHAPTER – 5 CONCLUSIONS
SUMMARY
We can conclude that there is difference between the theoretical and
practical work done. As the scope of understanding will be much more when
practical work is done. As we get more knowledge in such a situation where
we have great experience doing the practical work.

Here we observed that works going on in the site which gives us different
experience of process of, we are moved with different types of people. And
we observed footings, plinth beams, columns, beams and slabs. We
observed different types of drawings of beams, columns, slabs, footings,
plinth beams, stair case, brickwork etc.
 CONCLUSIONS
Whatever may be the construction, the process followed is same.

Basically it involves excavation, foundation, reinforcement works, plinth

beams, slabs, brick works, plastering, painting, etc.

We have observed how to read a layout and

checking of layout. We have noticed that the work is

done as per clients requirements.

Better knowledge is obtained during this practical work about construction

as per norms. Building by laws is also known during this work.

Safety measurements that are to be followed while working at higher levels

are also known during the construction.

We came to know that the structure is constructed after certain soil tests
are done to know whether this land is suitable for construction are not.
 ANNEXURE-I
SAFETY DEFINATION

“Relative freedom from danger, risk, or threat of harm, injury, or loss to

person or property, whether caused deliberately or by accident”.

BE VIGILANT WITH ELECTRICITY AND EQUIPMENT

Construction sites require a lot of electrical

installations. Lifting equipment mostly
involves electricity and weights.

When working with such equipment, you need to be extra cautious to see
there is no wear and tear in the machine.

Never stand or work immediately below a heavy

suspended load. PPE (Personal Protective

Equipment’s)

SAFETY HELMET: It is used for avoiding head injury to head while working in
site. It protects head from falling objects.

FIRST AID BOX: First aid box is used to carry emergency treatment equipment’s.

SAFETY GOGGLES: Used for protection from dust particles, flying chips and
the Impact of fragments.

EAR MUFF OR PLUG: It is used to protect the ears from noise.

PROTECTIVE GLOVES: They are used for protecting our hands from
damage and accidents while working with hands.

SAFETY BELT: It is used to wear to the employers to save them who works
at heights and hazardous locations.

SAFETY SHOES: They are used to wear to foots to save our foots from
injuries, damages and accidents caused by stepping on objects and slips.

FIRE BLANKET: It is used to cover our body while working in fire works and
during fire accidents.

FIRE EXTINGUISHER: They are used to extinguish fire in fire

accidents. WELDING SCREEN: It is used to wear on our face

while doing welding works.

 ANNEXURE –II
NCL SINDHU PROJECT is located at Dandamudi Enclave Kompally. The head
of the organization was Mr. sardar Executive Engineer of the organization.
During this project the head of the project Ramana who helped us to take
part in this organization and complete our project. The total cost of the
project was about 600 crore.

NCL SINDHU PROJECT is constructing apartments and they classified them as

Blocks-A,B,C,D. Each block has its site Engineers Block –A Venkatesh

Site Engineer for Block –B

Chandrashekar Site Engineer for
Block –C Dhriti

Site Engineer for Block –D Bhanumurthy

These are the people who helped us to finish our mini project
 CEMENT CONCRETE
In its simplest form, concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates. The paste,
composed of Portland cement and water, coats the surface of the fine and coarse
aggregates. Through a chemical reaction called hydration, the paste hardens and
gains strength to form the rock-like mass known as concrete.

Within this process lies the key to a remarkable trait of concrete: it's plastic and
malleable when newly mixed, strong and durable when hardened

Concrete's durability, strength and relatively low cost make it the backbone of
buildings and infrastructure worldwide—houses, schools and hospitals as well as
airports, bridges, highways and rail systems. The most-produced material on Earth
will only be more in demand as, for example, developing nations become
increasingly urban, extreme weather events necessitate more durable building
materials and the price of other infrastructure materials continues to rise.

Even construction professionals sometimes incorrectly use the terms cement and
concrete interchangeably. Cement is actually an ingredient of concrete. It is the fine
powder that, when mixed with water, sand, and gravel or crushed stone (fine and
coarse aggregate), forms the rock-like mass known as concrete.
The Forms of Concrete

Concrete is produced in four basic forms, each with unique applications and properties
1.Ready-mixed concrete, far the most common form, accounts for nearly three-
fourths of all concrete. It's batched at local plants for delivery in the familiar trucks
with revolving drums.

2.Precast concrete products are cast in a factory setting. These products benefit
from tight quality control achievable at a production plant. Precast products range
from concrete bricks and paving stones to bridge girders, structural components,
and wall panels. Concrete masonry another type of manufactured concrete, may be
best known for its conventional 8-by-8-by-16-inch block Today's masonry units can
be molded into a wealth of shapes, configurations, colors, and textures to serve an
infinite spectrum of building applications and architectural needs.

3.Cement-based materials represent products that defy the label of "concrete," yet
share many of its qualities. Conventional materials in this category include mortar,
grout, and terrazzo. soil-cement and roller-compacted concrete —"cousins" of
concrete—are used for pavements and dams. Other products in this category
include flowable fill and cement-treated bases.

4.A new generation of advanced products incorporates fibers and special

aggregate to create roofing tiles, shake shingles, lap siding, and countertops.

< OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement) Concerete is used at our site

Here are 6 common quality tests on concrete before and after completion of casting on site.
 Slump test before leaving the batching plant and on arrival on site. ...
 Compressive strength test. ...
 Water Permeability test. ...
 Rapid Chloride Ion Penetration Test. ...
 Water Absorption Test. ...
 Initial Surface Absorption Test.
 Compressive Strength Test
Compressive strength of concrete cube test provides an idea about all the
characteristics of concrete. By this single test one judge that whether Concreting
has been done properly or not. Concrete compressive strength for general
construction varies from 15 MPa (2200 psi) to 30 MPa (4400 psi) and higher in
commercial and industrial structures.

Compressive strength of concrete depends on many factors such as water cement

ratio, cement strength, quality of concrete material, quality control during production
of concrete etc.

Test for compressive strength is carried out either on cube or cylinder. Various
standard codes recommends concrete cylinder or concrete cube as the standard
specimen for the test.

Procedure: Compressive Strength Test of Concrete Cubes

For cube test two types of specimens either cubes of 15cm X 15cm X 15¢cm or
10cm X 10cm x 10cm depending upon the size of aggregate are used. For most
of the works cubical moulds of size 15cm x 15cm x 15cm are commonly used.

This concrete is poured in the mould and tempered properly so as not to have any
voids. After 24 hours these moulds are removed and test specimens are put in
water for curing. The top surface of these specimen should be made even and
smooth. This is done by putting cement paste and spreading smoothly on whole
area of specimen.

This concrete is poured in the mould and tempered properly so as not to have any
voids. After 24 hours these moulds are removed and test specimens are put in
water for curing. The top surface of these specimen should be made even and
smooth. This is done by putting cement paste and spreading smoothly on whole
area of specimen.
Precautions for Tests

The water for curing should be tested every 7 days and the temperature of water must be at
27+-20C.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

References:
1. Theory of Structures by ramamrutham for literature review on

kani's method. 2.Theory of structures by B.C. punmia for literature on

moment distribution method
3.Reinforced concrete Structures by a.k. jain and b.c. punmia for re design of
beams, columns and slab. 4.Fundamentals of Reinforced concrete structure by N. c.
Sinha .

Code Books
S 456-2000 code book for design of beams,
columns and slabs2.SP-16 for design of
columns.