2.

0 Determiningthe ensity of åmObjec

Density is a measure of how much matter is packed in a unit of volum e.
is
• Density is defined as mass per unit volume. The density of an Objector a substance
calculated using its mass divided by its volume.
Mass
Density =
Volume
water
The density of an object affects its ability to float or sink in a given medium such as
or sea water. (More about density and its effect is explained in section 2.1.4.)
• To calculate the density of an object, we need to find its mass and volume.

Finding the mass of objects

• The mass ofan object is a measure of the amount of matter it is made of.
and
• Mass is measured using an electronic balance or a beam balance (Fig. 2.1.3a(i)
Fig. 2.1.3a(ii)).

Fig. 2.1.3a(i) An electronic balance is Fig. 2.1.3a(ii) A beam balance may not be that
convenient to use. You can easily read off the convenient to use.
value displayed.

Point to note
Sevabalanpe$pæer efore to avoid Zero errors.

• The SI unit ofmass is the kilogram (kg).

• Other units of mass are the gram (g), milligram (mg) and tonne (t). For a small amount of
matter, the more practical units will be the gram (g) or milligram (mg). For a very large
amount of matter, a more practical unit is the tonne (t).
• It is useful to be able to do unit conversions of mass (Table 2.1.3a).

1 g = 1000mg I mg = 0.001 g
1 kg = 1000g 1 0.001 kg
1 1000 kg 1 0.001 t

Table 2.1.3a Conversions of units of mass

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 Exploring Diversity of Matterby its Physical Properties

Finding the volume of liquids

The volume of an object is a measure of the amount of space it occupies.
• Volume of liquids are measured using different kinds of apparatus designed for different
purposes.
Fig. 2.13b shows some of the commonly used apparatus for measuring volume ofliquids
accurately. (Refer to Chapter 1 for more details on how to use the various apparatus.)

c:

Measuring Syringe Burette Pipette Volumetric

cylinder flask

Fig. 2.1.3b Apparatuses for measuring volume of liquid accurately

Point to note
e
o not use beakers tomeasure volume if you want to measure the volume of aliquid accurately.
s are nainly used

• The SI unit of volume is the cubic metre (m3).

• A common unit for measuring smaller volumes is the cubic centimetre (cm3).
The litres (O and the millilitres (ml) are units usually used in measurements of volume of
a liquid.
• It is useful to be able to do unit conversions of volume (Table 2.1.3b).

1 ml = 1 cm3
11=1000cm3
1 1 000 000 cm 3 1 cm 3= 0.001 1
(Remark:1 m x I m x I m = 1 m3 1 cm3= 0.000001m3
100 cm x 100 cm x 100 cm = 1 000 000 cm3)
(Hint: 1 m = 100cm)

Table 2.1.3b Conversions of units of volume

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Finding volume of solids
We can find the volume of solids using the volume displacement method
or the mathematical formulae method.
O tiona for N _ tenc
The volume displacement method is mainly used for finding the volume Of irregular
objects. The method works because matter occupies space (Fig• and
Fig. 2.1.3c(ii)).

1. Begin with a known 50 50 2. Lower the stone gently

volume of water in a 40 40 into the water with the
measuring cylinder. help of a string tied to the
30 30
object.
Record the initial
20
reading (VI).
20
Observe the rise in the
10 10 water level and record the
final reading (V2).

3. The volume of the stone is the

difference between the initial and
the final readings (V2—VI).
Volume of stone = 40 cm3—30 cm 3
= 10 cm3

Fig. 2.1.3c(i) Using volume displacement method to find volume of an object that sinks such as a stone

Precaution
Always ensure that there s enough ater•jn'the measuring cylinder initially to fülly covet the
bject but not too much to the point that it will result in water spilling out as the object is bein
owered into the water.

50 50
1. Determine 2. Tie the cork stopper
the volume of 40 40 to the sinker and
water and the 30 30 Immerse them into
sinker (VI). the water to find their
20 20
total volume (V2)•
10 10

3. The volume of the cork stopper is the

difference between the initial and the final
readings (V2—VI).
Volume of cork stopper = 46 cm3—36 cm 3
= 10 cm3
Fig. 2.1.3c(ii) Using volume displacement method to find volume of
an object that floats such as a cork stopper

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 Exploring Diversity of Matterby its Physical Properties

Mathematical formulae are used to calculate the volume of an object with a regular shape
(Fig. 2.1.3d).
Key: 1= length w = width h = height r = radius

olume of cub01d= w olume o cylinder = 7t oumeos

Fig. 2.1.3d Mathematical formulae for calculating the volume of a cuboid, a cylinder and a sphere

• We need to take different measurements of an object in order to calculate its volume.

Length, width, height and radius are distances between two points. We can use 'length' as
a general term to refer to these measurements.
• The SI unit for length is the metre (m). Other commonly used units are the kilometre
(km), centimetre (cm) and millimetre (mm).
Long distances are measured in kilometres (km) while short distances are measured in
centimetres (cm) or in millimetres (mm).
It is useful to be able to do unit conversion of length (Table 2.1.3c).

1 cm = 10 mm 1 mm = 0.1 cm
1 m = 100 cm 1 cm = 0.01 m
1 km = 1000 m 1 m = 0.001 km
1 Ian = 100 000 cm I cm = 0.00001 km

Table 2.1.3c Conversion of units of length

• Measuring tapes and digital calipers are examples of instruments for measuring lengths
(Fig. 2.1.3e).

Instruments

Measuring tapes

The flexibility ofthe measuring tapes allows them to go around objects to take measurements.

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 Instruments
Digital calipers
on the LCD display
Digital calipers are used to take dimensions of small objects. The measurement
can be read off easily without parallax error.
internaljaws
splay scale

tail
power zero setting
ON/OFF

externaljaws
diameters of Circular
The jaws of a digital calipers are useful for measuring the internal or the external
objects.

15.3 mm
OFF— ON — zero

O
external diameter of a metal nut

{0.2 mn
OFF— ON — zero

internal diameter of a metal nut

The tail of the digital calipers is used for measuring depth.

Fig. 2.1.3e Uses of measuring tapes and digital calipers

Effects of density
Density of an object is defined as its mass per unit of its volume.
The formula or equation for calculating density is
Mass
Density =
Volume

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 Exploring Diversity of Matterby its Physical Properties

Learning tips
se the diagram be oW to help you remember how to Calculate the Various quantities'irrthe
quation.

Mass
Mass
Mass = Density x Volume Volume =
Density
Density Volume

I unit for density is kg/cm g.

common unit for density is g/cm 3.
o ayneed tQßo someu (tconversions when answering questions involvingdensity ofobjects.

• The density of pure water is 1 g/cm3or 1000 kg/m3.

The knowledge of density enables us to explain why some things float while others sink

oil

water

Fig. 2.1.3f Vegetable oil has a lower density than Fig. 2.1.3g The plastic block has a density higher
water. Water has a lower density than corn syrup. than oil but lower than water.
Thus, it sinks in oil and floats on water.

tap water

salt water

Fig. 2.1.3h The same egg sinks in tap water but floats on salt water,
The egg has a density higher than tap water but lower than salt water.

C EducationalPublishing House Pte Ltd 83

 volume Of the object is
Changing the shape of an object can affect its density if the
affected (Fig. 2.1.3(i)).

The clay boat contains air.

The volume of the clay boat
is the total volume of the clay
part and the air.

of a boat have equal masses.

Fig. 2.1.3(i) The clay in the shape of a ball and the clay in the shape
of the clay boat.
The volume of the clay ball is smaller than the volume
boat has a density lower than water.
Therefore, the clay ball has a density higher than water while the clay

I am I am
Checkpoint very clear not very clear

1
Density is defined as mass per unit volume. It is a
measure of how much matter there is in a unit of volume.

The formula to calculate density is

Mass
Density = Volume

2 Mass

Density Volume

We can calculate the mass of an object using the formula

3
Mass = Density x Volume

We can calculate the volume of an object using the

4 Mass co
formula Volume = Density

Mass is a measure of the amount of matteran object is

5 made of. It is measured using an electronic balance or a
beam balance.

The Sl unit of mass is the kilogram (kg). Other units of

6
mass are the gram (g), milligram (mg) and tonne (t).

Conversion of units of mass:

7 I g = 1000mg 1 mg = 0.001 g

1 kg 1000 g 1 g = 0.001 kg
It = 1000kg 1 kg = 0.001 t

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 Exploring Diversity of Matterby its Physical Properties

Checkpoint I am I am
very clear not very clear
The volume of an object is a measure of the amount of
8
space it occupies.

Apparatuses for measuring volume of liquids accurately

9 are measuring cylinders, syringes, burettes,pipettes and
volumetric flasks. co
Volume of a solid is determined using the volume
10 displacement method
mathematical formulae method.
or the
co
11 Volume of cuboid = lwh
co
12 Volume of cylinder = 7tr2h

4
13 Volume of sphere — Ttr3

Measuring tapes and digital calipers are instrumentsfor

14
measuring lengths.

The Sl unit for length is the metre (m). Other commonly

15 used units are the kilometre (km), centimetre (cm) and
millimetre (mm).

Conversion of units of length:

1 cm = 10 mm 1 mm = 0.1 cm
16 1 m = 100 cm 1 cm = 0.01 m
1 km = 1000 m 1 m = 0.001 km
1 km = 100 000 cm 1 cm = 0.00001 km

The Sl unit for density is kg/m3. A common unit for density

17 3
is g/cm .

The density of an object determines whether it will float or

18
sink in a liquid.

An object will float if it is less dense than the liquid it is

19
placed in.

co
An object will sink if it is denser than the liquid it is placed
in.

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 Review Questions 2.1.3
1. (a) Write down the formula to calculate density of an object.

(b) What is the SI unit for density?

(c) Circle the correct formulae.

Density
Density
(i) Mass — Volume (ii) Volume = ¯üÄ-

Mass
Volume
(iii) Mass = (iv) Volume = Density
Density

(v) Mass = Density x Volume (v) Volume = Density x Mass

2. State if the following instruments measure length, mass or volume.

(a) Electronic balance:

(b) Digital calipers:

(c) Burette:

3. Fill in the blanks to complete the conversion of units correctly.

(a) cm = 1 m =

(b) cm = 0.01 m

(c) t

(d) 1000 mg — kg

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 Exploring Diversity of Matterby its Physical Properties

4. Which piece of apparatus measures one specific volume only? Circle the correct
answer.

Measuring cylinder Pipette Syringe

5. Which of the following are correct formulae to calculate the volume of a cuboid, a
cylinder and a sphere? Draw a line to connect the correct formula to the object.
(r = radius, I = length, w = width, h = height)

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

nr2h Ttr3h lwh

Cuboid Cylinder Sphere

6. Express 1 g/cm 3in kg/m 3.

7. Fill in the blanks with the correct words to describe the effects of density.

The density of is 1 g/cm3. Objects with density

than I g/cm3 will float and objects with density

than 1 g/cm3will sink in water.

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 RevieviTest
Multiple-choice Questions Choose the correct answer.

to two
1. The diagram shows four electric circuits. Each electric circuit is connected
different materials labelled 1, 2, 3 and 4.

3
1

4
2

2
2

4
3

are connected to
The table shows what happens to the bulb when different materials
the electric circuit.

Material Bulb lights up

1 and 2 Yes

3 and 4 No

1 and 3 Yes

2 and 4 No

Which of the following correctly describes materials l, 2, 3 and 4?

A Materials 1 and 3 are good conductors of electricity.
B Materials 1 and 4 are good conductors of electricity.
C Material 2 and 3 are poor conductors of electricity.
D Material 2 and 4 are poor conductors of electricity.

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 Exploring Diversity of Matterby its Physical Properties

2. The diagram shows a liquid being heated in a glass test tube over a Bunsen burner.

test tube test tube

holder

flame

Some physical properties of matter are listed below:

1 High strength
2 High melting point
3 Good electrical conductivity
4 Transparent

Which of the listed physical properties make glass a suitable material for making test
tubes?
A 1, 2 and 3 only
B 1 and 3 only
C 3 and 4 only
D 2 and 4 only

3.
The hardness of four materials were investigated using the scratch test. The results are
shown below.
Results
Material I can scratch material 2.
Material 2 can scratch material 1.
Material 3 can scratch material 2.
Material 4 cannot scratch material 1.

Which of the following is definitely correct?

A Material 1 is harder than material 2.
B Material 2 is harder than material 3.
C Material 2 is harder than material 1.
D Material 3 is harder than material 4.

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4.

Which of the following groups of materials is correct?

Good electrical conductivity and low Ceramic, glass, metal

A Group 1
melting point
Good electrical conductivity and high Ceramic, fibres, glass
B Group 2
melting point
Poor electrical conductivity and poor Ceramic, fibres, glass
C Group 3
thermal conductivity
Poor electrical conductivity and good Glass, metal, plastic
D Group 4 thermal
conductivity

O tionalorN Scienc
bed made of fabric stuffed
The diagram shows a dog cage made of metal and a dog
with fibres.

dog cage Éjiiäiiiiii-iEIidIl!hiI

dog bed

Which of the following best explains the choice ofmaterials used to make the dog cage
and the dog bed for their intended purposes?
A Metal has high strength. Fibres are flexible.
B Metal has a high melting point. Fibres are poor conductors of heat.
C Metal is hard. Fibres are poor conductors of electricity.
D Metal is a good conductor of electricity. Fibres are poor conductors of
electricity.

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 Exploring Diversity of Matterby its Physical Properties

6. How is mass different from density of an object?

A Mass is the amount of matter an object has. Density is the total of mass and
volume of an object.
B Mass is the amount of matter an object has. Density is the amount of matter an
object has in proportion to its volume.
C Mass is how much space an object occupies. Density is the amount of matter an
object is made up of.
D Mass is how much matter there is in per unit volume of an object. Density is the
amount of space an object occupies.

7. Object T sinks in water. Which of the following about object T is correct?

A Density of object T is 1000 kg/m3.
B Density of object T is more than 1000 kg/m3.
C Mass of object T is more than I kg.
D Volume of object T is less than 1 m3.

8. Two liquids, X and Y, were placed into two containers as shown in the diagram below.

density = 1.2 g/cm3 density = I g/cm3

Liquid X Liquid Y

A solid object with a density of 1.1 g/cm3was dropped into liquid X and another solid
object with a density of 1.2 g/cm3was dropped into liquid Y.

Four predictions were listed.

1 The object in liquid X will float.
2 The object in liquid X will sink.
3 The object in liquid Y will float.
4 The object in liquid Y will sink.

Which of the predictions matches the results observed?

A 1 and 3
B land4
C 2and3
D 2and4

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9. The diagram shows two shapes, L and M, that were cut out from the same sheet of
copper.

How are L and M different?

A Density of L is more than M.
B Density of M is more than L.
C Mass of M is more than L.
D Volume of L is more than M.

10. Mrs Kee poured a few drops of vegetable oil into a pot of water. She observed that the
oil floats on water.

Why does the vegetable oil float on water in the pot?

A The mass of the oil is less than the mass of water in the pot.
B The volume of water in the pot is more than the volume of oil.
C Vegetable oil has a higher boiling point than water.
D Vegetable oil has a lower density than water.

11. The diagram shows a solid object made of certain material. The mass of the object is
500 g.

height = 3 cm

width = 2 cm
length = 5 cm

Which of the following is th'e correct formula to calculate its density?

500 g 5 cm x 2 cm x 3 cm
A Density = 5 cm x 2 cm x 3 cm B Density =
500g
500 g 5 cm x 2 cm
C Density = D Density =
5 cm + 2 cm + 3 cm 3 cm x 500 g

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 Exploring Diversity of Matterby its Physical Properties

12. The diagram shows two solid balls made of the same type of plastic.

Which of the following describes what happened when both balls were dropped into
the same container of water?

O
c

13. Which of the following explains why a coconut tree floats while a grain of sand sinks
in sea water?
A The coconut tree has a greater mass than a grain of sand.
B The grain of sand has a greater mass than a coconut tree.
C The coconut tree has a greater volume than the grain of sand.
D The sea water has a higher density than the coconut tree.

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9
 Diagram 2 shows the same three
14. Diagram 1 shows three objects in a tank of liquid A.
objects in a tank of liquid B.

of 1.2 g/cm3
liquid A has a density

Diagram I

I g/cm3
liquid B has a density of

Diagram 2
the objects shown?
Which of the following is a correct estimate of the density of

Objects Density

Higher than 1.2 g/cm 3

B 00 Lower than 1 g/cm 3

c Higher than 1.2 g/cm 3

Lower than 1 g/cm 3

15. Matter R has a density of 1300 kg/m3. 3900 kg of matter R was used to make a sphere.
What would the volume of the sphere be?
A 0.3 m3
B
C 30 m3
D 300 m3

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 Exploring Diversity of Matterby its Physical Properties

16. A volume of 250 ml of petrol has a mass of 200 g. What is the density of 1000 ml of
the same petrol?
A 0.08 g/ml
B 0.8 g/ml
C 8 g/ml
D 800 g/ml

17. The table shows the mass and volume of four objects l, 2, 3 and 4.

Object Mass / kg Volume / ms

1 120 0.09

2 100 0.05

3 80 0.08
4 50 0.07

3
Which of the objects will float when placed in sea water with a density of 1030 kg/m ?
A 1, 2 and 4 only
B l, 3 and 4 only
C 2 and 3 only
D 3 and 4 only

The diagram shows three layers of liquids and three solid objects placed in the layers.

water

Which of the following statements is correct?

A Sl has a lower density than Ll.
B *has a higher density than Sr
C S2and water have same density.
D S3has a density lower than Sl and Sr

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19. A straight iron rod was bent into a shape as shown in the diagram.

Which of the following describes the iron rod after it was bent?

Increased Decreased Remained the same

Mass
Volume
Density

Increased Decreased Remained the same

Mass
Volume
Density

c Increased Decreased Remained the same

Mass
Volume
Density

D Increased Decreased Remained the same

Mass
Volume
Density

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 Exploring Diversity of Matterby its Physical Properties

The diagram shows what happened when a stone was placed into the displacement
can.

displacement
can
water
stone

measuring
cylinder
water
collected

Before placing the stone in water After placing the stone in water

Which of the following can be measured using the method shown?

A The mass of the stone.
B The volume of the stone.
C The density of the stone.
D The density of water.

Structured and Free-response Questions Writeyour answers in the spaces or lines given.

21. (a) Explain the underlined phrases in the following statements.

(i) Metal has high-electrical-conductiyity.

The phrase means that Metal allows electric current to pass through
the material easily.

(ii) Materials with low thermal conductivity are used to make cooler boxes for
keeping fish and meat fresh during the delivery period.

Materials that do not allow heat to flow through them easily

(b) An archaeologist found some ceramic objects in the ground. What physical
property allows ceramic objects to remain in the ground for thousands of years?
Ceramic does not corrode

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22. The chart below is used to classify certain classes of materials based on their Physical
properties.

Classes of materials

Poor conductor of electricity Good conductor of electricity

metal
Low melting point High melting point (iii)

Plastic (ii) glass

(a) In each of the boxes, name the class of materials (i), (ii) and (iii).

(b) Give a reason why the classification chart is not easy to be used for classifying
objects we use in daily life.

23. When glass is heated to a high temperature, it becomes soft and can be moulded into
different shapes. The diagram shows a hot piece of glass being moulded. Study how
objects P and Q are used.

hot glass

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 Exploring Diversity of Matterby its Physical Properties

(a) What physical properties must objects P and Q have for them to be used in the
ways shown?

(i) Object P: High melting point

(ii) Object Q: low thermal conductivity

(b) What property of glass allows a glass measuring cylinder to be used for its
purpose?
high melting point

Clen

The diagram shows the hardness of some objects in comparison with the substances on
the Mohs' scale of hardness.

Mohs' Scale of Hardness

1 Talc
2 Gypsum
Fingernail 2.5
3 Calcite
Copper coin 3.5
4 Fluorite
Iron nail 4.5
5 Apatite
Steel knife 5.5
6 Orthoclase
Quartz
8 Topaz
9 Ruby, sapphire (corundum)
10 Diamond

(a) How do you determine that steel knife is harder than the iron nail?
We can use the scratching method.If the knife can scratch the iron nail but and the iron nail

cant scratch the knife, the steel knife is harder.

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 jewellery• What is the
(b) Gemstones such as ruby and sapphire are used for making
to compare the hardness of ruby
advantage of using the Mohs' scale of hardness
with the steel knife?

It is more clear that the ruby is harder than the steel knife

(c) Steel is both hard and strong. What does this mean?
Steel can scratch some objects and can withstand heavy weight placed on top of itwithout breaking

25. The diagram shows object G.

2 cm

6 cm

G.
(a) Name an instrument that can be used to measure the diameter of object
Digital Calipers

(b) What two things do we need to determine before we could tell whether object G
would float or sink in a swimming pool?
The density of Object G and the density of the eater in the swimming pool.

(c) Two objects, L and M, were dropped into a swimming pool. Object L sank to the
bottom of the pool while object M floated.
State a difference in the physical property between objects L and M based on the
information given above.

Object L has a greater Density

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 Exploring Diversity of Matterby its Physical Properties

26.
Pure gold is a metal with a density of 19.3 g/cm3. To increase the hardness and strength
of gold, a small amount of other metals such as copper is added to make ornamental
gold. Ornamental gold is used for making jewellery and medals.

(a) Besides being hard and strong, state two other physical properties of ornamental
gold that make it suitable for making jewellery such as necklaces and rings.
It needs to be waterproof and not flexible

(b) A ring was claimed to be made of pure gold. Use the idea of density to explain
how it can be proven that the ring was indeed made of pure gold. (Details on how
the measurements were made are not required.)

ut the density of the ring and if it is lesser than the density of gold, the ring is not made of pure gold

(c) The density of copper is 8.92 g/cm3. What would the density of the ring be if it
was not made of pure gold?
28.22 g/cm3

27. (a) The density of salt water is 1.1 g/cm3. Solid S has a mass of 35 g and a volume
of 50 cm3.

Would the solid S float or sink when placed in the salt water? Show your
calculations and explain your answer.
35/ 50 = 0.7 g/cm3. The solid S would float in salt water as it has a lesser density of 0.7 g/cm3 then water which is 1.1 g/cm3

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 l. Salt was then added into
(b) An egg sank in a liquid initially as shown in Diagram
Diagram 2 shows what happened
the glass and stirred gently to dissolve the salt.
after all the salt had dissolved.

tap water
salt water
egg

Diagram 2
Diagram 1
that salt has on the water in
Based on the observations shown, explain the effect
the glass.

The salt caused the density of the water to increase

28. Each of the objects below has a mass of 600 g.

5 cm 2 cm 2 cm
4 cm

10 cm 6 cm 10 cm 4 cm

4 cm

Object A Object B Object C Object D

(a) Complete the table below.

Object Volume / cm3 Density / g/cm 3

196.25 3.06

37.68 15.9

c 40.00 15

64.00 9.38

(b) Based on your calculations, what is the relationship between the volume and
density of the objects?

The larger the volume of the object , the smaller the density of the object

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 Exploring Diversity of Matterby its Physical Properties 2

(c) What detemines whether an object will float or sink when placed in water?

The density of the object and the density of the water

29.
The method shown below is used to find the volume of object M which has an irregular
shape.

= 90
= 80
75 ml
= 60
50 ml

object M
water

(a) This method of determiningthe volume of an object is used for objects with a
density higher than 1 g/cm3. Explain why.

(b) Explain how this method of determining the volume of object M is accurate.

O Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd 103

 (c) The volume of floating object N can be determined using object M, a measuring
cylinder and water. Assume that the volume of object M is VM

Fill in the blanks to compete the method used to determine v M.

this
(i) Pour 50 ml water into the measuring cylinder. Use VI to represent
volume.

(ii) Gently drop followed by object

object
are then
into the measuring cylinder. Both objects
completely submerged in the water.

(iii) Read the volume of water plus the objects in the

measuring cylinder. Use V2 to represent this volume.

(iv) Volume of N =

30. Practical skills question

(a) A sailor noticed that the height, h, of his boat that was visible above the water
surface became different as it moved from a river into the sea. The diagram
shows his observation.

Boat in the river Boat in the sea

(i) An empty boat with a mass of 1000 kg could float on a river. Explain how
this is possible.

(ii) Based on the diagram given, where do you think the boat can carry more
mass—when it is in the river or in the sea? Explain your answer.

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 Exploring Diversity of Matterby its Physical Properties

(iii) A small object of a certain mass was placed inside the boat. How would
the overall density of the boat be affected? Explain your answer using the
density formula.

(b) Astudent investigated the effect of temperature on the density of water as shown
below.

Beaker A Beaker B

Method
1. Fill two identical beakers with the same amount of water. Label the beakers
A and B.
2. Place three drops of blue ink into beaker A and chill it in the refrigerator
till the water reaches IOOC.
3. Warm up beaker B over a Bunsen burner up 700C.
4. Remove some chilled blue water from beaker A using a dropper and add it
drop by drop into beaker B.

Results
The chilled blue water sank in the warm water.

(i) Based on the results of the investigation, what could the effect of
temperature on the density of water be?

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