Test Bank for Discovering the Life Span 5th Edition by

Feldman
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Discovering the Life Span 5e. Feldman

TOTAL
ASSESSMENT Chapter 2
GUIDE The Start of Life

Learning Objective Remember Understand Apply What Analyze It

the Facts the Concepts You Know
Introduction Multiple Choice 1-4, 66
Essay
LO 2.1: Describe how Multiple Choice 5-8, 10, 11, 15 9, 13, 16 12, 14
genes and chromosomes Essay 121 122
provide our basic genetic
endowment.
LO 2.2: Explain the Multiple Choice 17-20, 22-24 21 25-28
mechanisms by which
genes transmit Essay
information.
LO 2.3: Describe the role Multiple Choice 29, 31-34 30
of genetic counselors and
Essay
differentiate between
different
forms of prenatal testing.
LO 2.4: Explain how the Multiple Choice 35-37
environment and Essay
genetics work together to
determine human
characteristics.
LO 2.5: Explain how Multiple Choice 38-42
genetics and the Essay
environment jointly
influence physical traits,
intelligence, and
personality.
LO 2.6: Describe ways in Multiple Choice 43
which genes influence Essay
the environment.
LO 2.7: Explain the Multiple Choice 44-55
process of fertilization Essay
and the three stages of
development.
LO 2.8: Describe some of Multiple Choice 56, 57
the physical and ethical Essay
challenges that relate to
pregnancy.
LO 2.9: Describe the Multiple Choice 58-62, 64 63 65
threats to the fetal Essay 123
environment and what
can be done about them.

1
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TOTAL
ASSESSMENT Chapter 2
GUIDE The Start of Life

Learning Objective Remember Understand Apply What Analyze It

the Facts the Concepts You Know
LO 2.10: Describe the Multiple Choice 67-72, 74, 77-80 73 75, 76 81
normal process of labor Essay 124
and the events that occur
in the first few hours of a
newborn’s life.
LO 2.11: Describe the Multiple Choice 82-90
major current Essay 125
approaches to childbirth.
LO 2.12: Describe the Multiple Choice 93, 95, 97, 100 92, 94, 96 91, 101 98, 99
causes of, consequences Essay
of, and treatments for
preterm births and the
risks that postmature
babies face.
LO 2.13: Describe the Multiple Choice 102, 103 104
process of cesarean Essay
delivery, and explain the
reasons for its increase
in use.
LO 2.14: Explain the Multiple Choice 106, 107 105
factors that lead to Essay
stillbirth, infant
mortality, and
postpartum depression.
LO 2.15: Describe the Multiple Choice 108 113
physical capabilities of Essay
the newborn.
LO 2.16: Describe the Multiple Choice 109-112 114 113
sensory capabilities of Essay
the newborn.
LO 2.17: Describe the Multiple Choice 115, 117, 119 116 118
learning capabilities of Essay
the newborn.
LO 2.18: Describe the Multiple Choice 120
social competencies of Essay 126
newborns.

2
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Chapter 2

The Start of Life

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. What are male reproductive cells called?

a) sperm
b) ova
c) organelles
d) zygotes

Answer: a
Learning Objective: None
Topic: Earliest Development
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2. What is a female reproductive cell called?

a) a chromosome
b) a sperm
c) a zygote
d) an ovum

Answer: d
Learning Objective: None
Topic: Earliest Development
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3. About an hour or so after a sperm enters the ovum, these two cells suddenly fuse, becoming
one cell. What is this cell called?

a) a chromosome
b) a gamete
c) a zygote
d) a gene

Answer: c
Learning Objective: None
Topic: Earliest Development
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Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

4. Male and female reproductive cells are also known as __________.

a) gametes
b) zygotes
c) genes
d) chromosomes

Answer: a
Learning Objective: None
Topic: Earliest Development
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

5. __________ are the basic units of genetic information.

a) Zygotes
b) Sperm
c) Genes
d) Gametes

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic
endowment.
Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

6. What is the substance that genes are composed of that determines the nature of each cell in the
body and how it will function?

a) chromosomes
b) gametes
c) zygotes
d) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules

Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic
endowment.
Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
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Difficulty Level: Easy

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

7. All genes are composed of specific sequences of which kind of molecules?

a) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

b) calcium
c) mitochondria
d) RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic
endowment.
Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

8. What is the name of the rod-shaped portions of DNA that are organized in 23 pairs?

a) genes
b) gametes
c) chromosomes
d) monochromes

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic
endowment.
Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

9. How many pairs of chromosomes are found in each of the non-sex cells?

a) 54
b) 52
c) 46
d) 23

Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic
endowment.
Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Difficult
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APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

10. Which process accounts for the replication of most types of cells, resulting in nearly all the
cells in the body containing the same 46 chromosomes as the zygote?

a) meiosis
b) constriction
c) mitosis
d) reproduction

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic
endowment.
Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Difficult
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11. Gametes are formed in the human body through what process?

a) replication
b) meiosis
c) mitosis
d) neurogenesis

Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic
endowment.
Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Difficult
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12. Marissa and Melissa are twins who are genetically identical. Which term would a geneticist
use to describe them?

a) gamete-deprived twins
b) dizygotic twins
c) monozygotic twins
d) replicated twins

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic
endowment.
Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
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Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

13. Monozygotic twins may differ from one another as they age. What causes these differences?

a) unfolding of genetic tendencies

b) chromosomal differences
c) environmental forces
d) DNA deterioration

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic
endowment.
Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

14. Shane and Sia are twins, but they are not genetically identical. Which term would a geneticist
use to describe them?

a) gamete-deprived twins
b) dizygotic twins
c) monozygotic twins
d) unreplicated twins

Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic
endowment.
Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

15. Which chromosome pairing is found on the 23rd pair of chromosomes in males?

a) XX
b) XY
c) yX
d) YY

Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic
endowment.
Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
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Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

16. What is the fundamental factor that determines the sex of a child?

a) the ovum
b) the sperm
c) chromosome variety
d) chromosome division

Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic
endowment.
Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Difficult
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

17. What is the term used to describe the one trait that is expressed when two competing traits
are present?

a) recessive
b) genotypic
c) dominant
d) phenotypic

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information.
Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

18. Which term is used to refer to an observable trait?

a) a karyotype
b) a prototype
c) a genotype
d) a phenotype

Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information.
Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
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19. When a child inherits similar genes for a given trait from her or his parents, how would a
geneticist describe that child?

a) monozygotic
b) homozygous
c) phenotypic
d) heterozygous

Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information.
Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Difficult
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

20. When a child receives different forms of a certain gene from her or his parents, how would a
geneticist describe that child?

a) monozygous
b) phenozygous
c) homozygous
d) heterozygous

Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information.
Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Difficult
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

21. What kind of inheritance results in a combination of multiple gene pairs contributing to the
production of a particular trait?

a) X-lined
b) interstitial
c) polygenic
d) homozygous

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information.
Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Difficult
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

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22. How many genes do humans have?

a) 100,000
b) 50,000
c) 25,000
d) 10,000

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information.
Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Difficult
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

23. Which term refers to studying the effects of heredity on psychological characteristics and
behavior?

a) gene sequence
b) mapping
c) behavioral genetics
d) human genome

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information.
Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

24. Sometimes genes, for no known reason, change their form through a called spontaneous
__________.

a) acceleration
b) combustion
c) mutation
d) malformation

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information.
Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Level: Moderate
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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25. Sara has an extra chromosome on her twenty-first pair of chromosomes, causing her to have
a disorder known as __________.

a) hemophilia
b) fragile X syndrome
c) sickle-cell anemia
d) Down syndrome

Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information.
Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Difficult
APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

26. Emily has a disorder that is produced by an injury to a gene on the X chromosome, producing
a mild to moderate intellectual disability. What disorder does Emily have?

a) Down syndrome
b) Tay-Sachs disease
c) fragile X syndrome
d) Klinefelter’s syndrome

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information.
Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Difficult
APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

27. Richie has a blood disorder that gets its name from the shape of his malformed red blood
cells. What disorder does Richie have?

a) sickle-cell anemia
b) hemophilia
c) Klinefelter’s syndrome
d) fragile X syndrome

Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information.
Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

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28. Akili has the disorder that results from the presence of an extra X chromosome that produces
underdeveloped genitals, extreme height, and enlarged breasts. What disorder does Akili have?

a) Klinefelter’s syndrome
b) Down syndrome
c) Tay-Sachs disease
d) fragile X syndrome

Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information.
Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

29. Which profession focuses on helping people deal with issues related to inherited disorders?

a) psychological counseling
b) retroactive counseling
c) genetic counseling
d) family counseling

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between
different forms of prenatal testing.
Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

30. Assunta talks to her physician about assessing the health of her unborn child. The physician
recommends a test that combines a blood test and ultrasound sonography. Which procedure did
the physician recommend?

a) amniocentesis
b) sonogram
c) first-trimester screen
d) embryoscopy

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between
different forms of prenatal testing.
Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Difficult
APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.
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31. What is the process in which high-frequency sound waves scan a mother’s womb to produce
an image of an unborn baby?

a) embryoscopy
b) ultrasound sonography
c) amniocentesis
d) chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between
different forms of prenatal testing.
Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

32. Which process identifies genetic defects by examining a small sample of fetal cells drawn by
a needle inserted into the amniotic fluid?

a) amniocentesis
b) karyotype
c) ultrasound sonography
d) chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between
different forms of prenatal testing.
Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

33. Which test is carried out 15 to 20 weeks into a pregnancy, and allows the analysis of fetal
cells that can identify a variety of genetic defects with nearly 100 percent accuracy?

a) chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

b) ultrasound sonography
c) embryoscopy
d) amniocentesis

Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between
different forms of prenatal testing.
Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
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Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

34. The symptoms of Huntington’s disease typically manifest themselves when people reach
which decade of life?

a) 50s
b) 20s
c) 70s
d) 40s

Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between
different forms of prenatal testing.
Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

35. What do developmentalists call patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent
and enduring characteristics in an individual?

a) genetics
b) personality
c) temperament
d) phenotype

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Explain how the environment and genetics work together to
determine human characteristics.
Topic: The Role of the Environment in Determining the Expression of Genes: From Genotypes
to Phenotypes
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

36. Which term refers to the determination of an individual’s traits through a combination of
both genetic and environmental factors?

a) multifactorial transmission
b) inheritance
c) natural selection
d) unifactorial transmission

Answer: a

14
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Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Explain how the environment and genetics work together to
determine human characteristics.
Topic: The Role of the Environment in Determining the Expression of Genes: From Genotypes
to Phenotypes
to Phenotypes
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

37. Monozygotic twins who are raised in different adoptive households would provide an
opportunity to disentangle the relative effects of which two developmental factors?

a) genotypes and phenotypes

b) genetics and the environment
c) monozygotic and dizygotic influences
d) isolation and sociability

Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Explain how the environment and genetics work together to
determine human characteristics.
Topic: The Role of the Environment in Determining the Expression of Genes: From Genotypes
to Phenotypes
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

38. As genetic similarity between two individuals increases, what also tends to reliably increase?

a) similarity in occupation
b) similarity in blood pressure
c) similarity in intelligence test scores
d) similarity in respiration rate

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Explain how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical
traits, intelligence, and personality.
Topic: Genetics and the Environment: Working Together
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

39. Which “Big Five” personality trait refers to the degree of emotional stability an individual
characteristically displays?

a) openness to experience
b) neuroticism
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c) shyness
d) extroversion

Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Explain how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical
traits, intelligence, and personality.
Topic: Genetics and the Environment: Working Together
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

40. How do parents in the United States and Asian cultures compare in their attitudes toward
children’s activity levels?

a) U.S. parents encourage lower activity levels, whereas Asian parents encourage
greater activity in their children.
b) Both U.S. parents and Asian parents encourage passivity in their children.
c) U.S. parents encourage higher activity levels, whereas Asian parents encourage
greater passivity in their children.
d) Both U.S. parents and Asian parents encourage higher activity levels in their
children.

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Explain how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical
traits, intelligence, and personality.
Topic: Genetics and the Environment: Working Together
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

41. When one monozygotic twin has schizophrenia, the chance that the other twin will also
develop the disorder is approximately __________.

a) 10 percent
b) 25 percent
c) 50 percent
d) 100 percent

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Explain how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical
traits, intelligence, and personality.
Topic: Genetics and the Environment: Working Together
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Difficult
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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42. If genetics were the sole cause of a disorder, what would be the risk factor between
monozygotic twins for developing the disorder?

a) 10 percent
b) 25 percent
c) 50 percent
d) 100 percent

Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Explain how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical
traits, intelligence, and personality.
Topic: Genetics and the Environment: Working Together
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

43. Which of the following illustrates a situation in which genes influence the environment?

a) Marcello asks his parents if he can join the youth football league.
b) Jeannie likes to perform short dance numbers around the house because she gets
praised by her parents for doing so.
c) Beatrix seeks quiet settings such as libraries and museums that match her introverted
nature.
d) George’s parents are both artists, so they enroll George in art classes from a young
age.

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.6 Describe ways in which genes influence the environment.
Topic: Can Genes Influence the Environment?
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Difficult
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

44. What is the process by which a sperm and an ovum join to form a single new cell?

a) fertilization
b) sex segregation
c) germinal bonding
d) prenatal determination

Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Explain the process of fertilization and the three stages of
development.
Topic: The Moment of Conception and the Onset of Development
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
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APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

45. What is the first and shortest stage of the prenatal period called?

a) fertilization stage
b) germinal stage
c) conception stage
d) embryonic stage

Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Explain the process of fertilization and the three stages of
development.
Topic: The Moment of Conception and the Onset of Development
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

46. What term is used to describe the fertilized egg during the germinal stage of prenatal
development?

a) ovum
b) sperm
c) fetus
d) blastocyst

Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Explain the process of fertilization and the three stages of
development.
Topic: The Moment of Conception and the Onset of Development
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

47. Which organ provides nourishment and oxygen to a developing fetus via the umbilical cord?

a) amniotic sac
b) ectoderm
c) placenta
d) endoderm

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Explain the process of fertilization and the three stages of
development.
Topic: The Moment of Conception and the Onset of Development
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
18
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APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

48. What is the name of the period from 2 to 8 weeks following fertilization, during which
significant growth occurs in the major organs and body systems?

a) embryonic stage
b) fetal stage
c) celerity stage
d) fertilization stage

Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Explain the process of fertilization and the three stages of
development.
Topic: The Moment of Conception and the Onset of Development
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

49. During the embryonic stage of prenatal development, which term refers to the layer of cells
that will form skin, hair, teeth, sense organs, the brain, and the spinal cord?

a) ectoderm
b) placenta
c) endoderm
d) mesoderm

Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Explain the process of fertilization and the three stages of
development.
Topic: The Moment of Conception and the Onset of Development
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

50. During the embryonic stage of prenatal development, which term refers to the layer of cells
that produces the digestive system, liver, pancreas, and respiratory system?

a) ectoderm
b) placenta
c) endoderm
d) mesoderm

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Explain the process of fertilization and the three stages of
development.
Topic: The Moment of Conception and the Onset of Development
19
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Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

51. During the embryonic stage of prenatal development, which term refers to the layer of cells
that forms the muscles, bones, blood, and circulatory system?

a) mesoderm
b) ectoderm
c) endoderm
d) placenta

Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Explain the process of fertilization and the three stages of
development.
Topic: The Moment of Conception and the Onset of Development
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

52. During the embryonic stage of prenatal development, how many layers of cells eventually
form every part of the human body?

a) 5
b) 3
c) 8
d) 10

Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Explain the process of fertilization and the three stages of
development.
Topic: The Moment of Conception and the Onset of Development
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Difficult
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

53. During which stage of prenatal development does the child become easily recognizable?

a) embryonic
b) germinal
c) fetal
d) marginal

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Explain the process of fertilization and the three stages of
development.
20
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Topic: The Moment of Conception and the Onset of Development

Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

54. Which stage of prenatal development formally starts when the differentiation of the major
organs has occurred?

a) fetal
b) embryonic
c) germinal
d) tonsorial

Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Explain the process of fertilization and the three stages of
development.
Topic: The Moment of Conception and the Onset of Development
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

55. Which hormone in males do some scientists speculate may lead to differences in male and
female brain structure, and later variations in gender-related behavior?

a) serotonin
b) dopamine
c) androgen
d) oxytocin

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Explain the process of fertilization and the three stages of
development.
Topic: The Moment of Conception and the Onset of Development
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Difficult
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

56. Which term describes the procedure of fertilization in which a man’s sperm is placed directly
into a woman’s reproductive tract by a physician?

a) in vitro fertilization
b) intrafallopian transfer
c) artificial insemination
d) germinal insemination

Answer: c
21
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Learning Objective: LO 2.8 Describe some of the physical and ethical challenges that relate to
pregnancy.
Topic: Pregnancy Problems
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

57. Which term describes the procedure in which a woman’s ova are removed from her ovaries,
and a man’s sperm are used to fertilize the ova in a laboratory?

a) in vitro fertilization
b) intrafallopian transfer
c) artificial insemination
d) germinal insemination

Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.8 Describe some of the physical and ethical challenges that relate to
pregnancy.
Topic: Pregnancy Problems
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

58. Which term describes an environmental factor that produces birth defects?

a) virus
b) allele
c) teratogen
d) diffuser

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.9 Describe the threats to the fetal environment and what can be done
about them.
Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

59. Older mothers are considerably more likely to give birth to children with which genetic
disorder?

a) Tay-Sachs disease
b) Down syndrome
c) Huntington’s disease
d) sickle-cell anemia

22
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Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.9 Describe the threats to the fetal environment and what can be done
about them.
Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

60. Which disease, when contracted by a pregnant woman, increases the possibility that the fetus
may develop a birth defect?

a) AIDS
b) chicken pox
c) psoriasis
d) mumps

Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.9 Describe the threats to the fetal environment and what can be done
about them.
Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Difficult
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

61. Which sexually transmitted disease can be communicated to the child as it passes through the
birth canal to be born?

a) gonorrhea
b) syphilis
c) AIDS
d) mumps

Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.9 Describe the threats to the fetal environment and what can be done
about them.
Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

62. Which disorder is caused by a pregnant mother consuming substantial quantities of alcohol
during pregnancy, potentially resulting in intellectual impairment and delayed physical growth in
the child?

a) Down syndrome
b) Parkinson’s disease
23
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Discovering the Life Span 5e. Feldman

c) fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

d) acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.9 Describe the threats to the fetal environment and what can be done
about them.
Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

63. Bitsy is pregnant, but continues to consume substantial quantities of alcohol. What risk is she
imposing on her unborn child?

a) fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

b) Moebius syndrome
c) Down syndrome
d) Prader-Willi syndrome

Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.9 Describe the threats to the fetal environment and what can be done
about them.
Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Easy
APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

64. Which behavior has been shown to reduce the oxygen content and increase the carbon
monoxide content of a pregnant woman’s blood, thereby affecting the developing child?

a) taking LSD
b) smoking cigarettes
c) excessive exercise
d) ingesting cocaine

Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.9 Describe the threats to the fetal environment and what can be done
about them.
Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

65. How can a father’s habits affect the health of an unborn child during prenatal development?

24
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a) A father’s nicotine intake produces DNA changes that are passed to the fetus on
chromosome 23.
b) A father’s use of barbiturates interacts with a mother’s use of marijuana, resulting in
missing chromosomes on a child’s 8th pair.
c) A father’s use of alcohol or illegal drugs can affect his sperm, which in turn may lead
to chromosomal damage that affects the fetus.
d) A father’s use of crack cocaine causes sperm mutations, such that two sperm are
capable of fertilizing a single ovum.

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.9 Describe the threats to the fetal environment and what can be done
about them.
Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development
Skill Level: Analyze It
Difficulty Level: Difficult
APA LO: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

66. What is the correct term for a newborn baby?

a) fetus
b) embryo
c) neonate
d) infant

Answer: c
Learning Objective: None
Topic: Birth
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

67. The release of __________ in a high enough concentration by the mother’s pituitary gland
causes the mother’s uterus to begin periodic contractions.

a) oxytocin
b) corticotropin
c) cortisol
d) oxycontin

Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Describe the normal process of labor and the events that occur in
the first few hours of a newborn’s life.
Topic: Labor: From Labor to Delivery
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Difficult
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
25
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Discovering the Life Span 5e. Feldman

68. How many stages are in the labor process?

a) 5
b) 4
c) 3
d) 2

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Describe the normal process of labor and the events that occur in
the first few hours of a newborn’s life.
Topic: Labor: From Labor to Delivery
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

69. The final part of the first stage of labor, when contractions increase to their greatest intensity,
is known as __________.

a) birth
b) false delivery
c) transition
d) episiotomy

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Describe the normal process of labor and the events that occur in
the first few hours of a newborn’s life.
Topic: Labor: From Labor to Delivery
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

70. During which stage of labor does the neonate’s head emerge from the birth canal?

a) second stage
b) third stage
c) first stage
d) birth

Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Describe the normal process of labor and the events that occur in
the first few hours of a newborn’s life.
Topic: Labor: From Labor to Delivery
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
26
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Discovering the Life Span 5e. Feldman

71. Which stage of labor occurs when a baby begins the process of leaving the mother’s body?

a) first
b) second
c) third
d) final

Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Describe the normal process of labor and the events that occur in
the first few hours of a newborn’s life.
Topic: Labor: From Labor to Delivery
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

72. During which stage of birth do the umbilical cord, still attached to the neonate, and the
placenta expel from the mother’s body?

a) fourth
b) second
c) first
d) third

Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Describe the normal process of labor and the events that occur in
the first few hours of a newborn’s life.
Topic: Labor: From Labor to Delivery
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

73. During childbirth, an obstetrician decides there is a need for an episiotomy. What does this
mean?

a) the fourth step in the Bradley method is applied

b) the third stage of childbirth is concluded
c) the doctor makes an incision to enlarge the size of the vaginal opening
d) the doctor decides the mother requires a cesarean procedure

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Describe the normal process of labor and the events that occur in
the first few hours of a newborn’s life.
Topic: Labor: From Labor to Delivery
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Difficult
27
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Discovering the Life Span 5e. Feldman

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

74. What is the standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good
health in newborns called?

a) the Wilson scale

b) the Apgar scale
c) the Lamaze scale
d) the Bradley scale

Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Describe the normal process of labor and the events that occur in
the first few hours of a newborn’s life.
Topic: Labor: From Labor to Delivery
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

75. A newborn baby scores 6 on the Apgar scale. What does this indicate?

a) The baby is normal and healthy.

b) The baby requires help to start breathing.
c) The baby needs immediate, life-saving intervention.
d) The baby is premature.

Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Describe the normal process of labor and the events that occur in
the first few hours of a newborn’s life.
Topic: Labor: From Labor to Delivery
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

76. A newborn baby scores below 4 on the Apgar scale. What does this mean?

a) The baby is normal and healthy.

b) The baby requires help to start breathing.
c) The baby needs immediate, life-saving intervention.
d) The baby is premature.

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Describe the normal process of labor and the events that occur in
the first few hours of a newborn’s life.
Topic: Labor: From Labor to Delivery
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Moderate
28
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APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

77. What term describes when an infant, during the birth process, experiences a restriction of
oxygen that produces cognitive defects?

a) lumbago
b) anoxia
c) episiotomy
d) lanugo

Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Describe the normal process of labor and the events that occur in
the first few hours of a newborn’s life.
Topic: Labor: From Labor to Delivery
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

78. The American College of Medical Genetics recommends that all newborns be screened for
__________ disorders.

a) 50
b) 29
c) 96
d) 40

Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Describe the normal process of labor and the events that occur in
the first few hours of a newborn’s life.
Topic: Labor: From Labor to Delivery
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Difficult
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

79. What is the thick, greasy substance that covers the newborn and smooths its passage through
the birth canal?

a) mucous
b) babo
c) lanugo
d) vernix

Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Describe the normal process of labor and the events that occur in
the first few hours of a newborn’s life.
Topic: Labor: From Labor to Delivery
29
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Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

80. What term is used for the fine dark fuzz that covers a newborn?

a) lanugo
b) vernix
c) scrum
d) dross

Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Describe the normal process of labor and the events that occur in
the first few hours of a newborn’s life.
Topic: Labor: From Labor to Delivery
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

81. What does contemporary research indicate about the importance of bonding between a parent
and child?

a) Neonates should be isolated and untouched for a period of 2 hours shortly after birth,
to allow their bodily systems to adjust to the birthing process.
b) There does not appear to be a critical period during which bonding must take place.
c) After the birth of a child, bonding between parents is more important than bonding
between a parent and the neonate.
d) Bonding needs to happen within 30 minutes after birth, or parent–child closeness will
be negatively affected thereafter.

Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Describe the normal process of labor and the events that occur in
the first few hours of a newborn’s life.
Topic: Labor: From Labor to Delivery
Skill Level: Analyze It
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

82. Which childbirth method is based on the principle that childbirth should be as natural as
possible and involve no medication or medical intervention?

a) Bradley method
b) Ludovico technique
c) water birthing
d) hypnobirthing

30
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Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.11 Describe the major current approaches to childbirth.
Topic: Approaches to Childbirth: Where Medicine and Attitudes Meet
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

83. Which childbirth method is occasionally known as “husband-coached childbirth”?

a) Lamaze technique
b) hypnobirthing
c) Bradley method
d) Ludovico technique

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.11 Describe the major current approaches to childbirth.
Topic: Approaches to Childbirth: Where Medicine and Attitudes Meet
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

84. Which childbirth method involves the person in labor producing a state of focused
concentration while focusing inward during delivery to produce a sense of peace and calm?

a) hypnobirthing
b) Bradley method
c) Lamaze technique
d) natural childbirth

Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.11 Describe the major current approaches to childbirth.
Topic: Approaches to Childbirth: Where Medicine and Attitudes Meet
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

85. Which type of physician specializes in delivering babies?

a) doula
b) pediatrician
c) obstetrician
d) gynecologist

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.11 Describe the major current approaches to childbirth.
Topic: Approaches to Childbirth: Where Medicine and Attitudes Meet
31
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Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

86. Which birthing trend is relatively new in the United States but has existed for centuries in
other cultures?

a) using a midwife
b) using a doula
c) using hypnosis
d) using natural birthing techniques

Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.11 Describe the major current approaches to childbirth.
Topic: Approaches to Childbirth: Where Medicine and Attitudes Meet
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

87. What is a doula?

a) a midwife who delivers the child

b) an obstetrician who delivers the child
c) a birthing assistant who provides support to the mother
d) a hypnotist who prepares the mother for childbirth

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.11 Describe the major current approaches to childbirth.
Topic: Approaches to Childbirth: Where Medicine and Attitudes Meet
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

88. What is an advantage of administering a walking epidural or dual spinal-epidural during

childbirth?

a) It uses small needles and continuous doses of anesthetic.

b) It permits the woman to lay prone during labor, which stimulates faster delivery.
c) It encourages women to move around less during labor.
d) It costs less to administer than other types of medication.

Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.11 Describe the major current approaches to childbirth.
Topic: Approaches to Childbirth: Where Medicine and Attitudes Meet
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
32
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APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

89. Which side effect can result from administering anesthetics to a mother during childbirth?

a) decreased physiological responses in the newborn

b) fast labor
c) a higher level of physiological activity in the newborn
d) increased bonding time with the infant because the mother does not feel any pain

Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.11 Describe the major current approaches to childbirth.
Topic: Approaches to Childbirth: Where Medicine and Attitudes Meet
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

90. In the United States currently, the average hospital stay for a normal birth is __________
days.

a) 2
b) 4
c) 7
d) 9

Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.11 Describe the major current approaches to childbirth.
Topic: Approaches to Childbirth: Where Medicine and Attitudes Meet
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Difficult
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

91. Which reason would explain why Chris and Sandy’s baby was considered preterm?

a) The baby was born prior to 38 weeks after conception.

b) The baby weighed 3,700 grams.
c) The baby weighed less than 2,500 grams.
d) The baby was born a week earlier than anticipated.

Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.12 Describe the causes of, consequences of, and treatments for
preterm births and the risks that postmature babies face.
Topic: Preterm Infants and Postmature Babies
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

33
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Discovering the Life Span 5e. Feldman

92. The extent of danger faced by preterm infants largely depends upon which factor?

a) the mother’s age

b) whether the baby has suffered loss of oxygen (anoxia)
c) the baby’s ability to regulate her or his body temperature
d) the baby’s birthweight

Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 2.12 Describe the causes of, consequences of, and treatments for
preterm births and the risks that postmature babies face.
Topic: Preterm Infants and Postmature Babies
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

93. Small-for-gestational-age infants are those who __________.

a) are born 40 weeks after conception

b) weigh less than 4,500 grams
c) weigh 90 percent or less of the average weight of other infants the same gestational
age
d) weigh less than 1,250 grams

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.12 Describe the causes of, consequences of, and treatments for
preterm births and the risks that postmature babies face.
Topic: Preterm Infants and Postmature Babies
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Difficult
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

94. Keeping a neonate in the hospital to gain weight is important to help the infant __________.

a) recover from being malnourished

b) learn to breastfeed
c) fight infection
d) build fat layers to prevent chilling

Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 2.12 Describe the causes of, consequences of, and treatments for
preterm births and the risks that postmature babies face.
Topic: Preterm Infants and Postmature Babies
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

34
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Discovering the Life Span 5e. Feldman

95. Which condition is considered the most extreme case of prematurity?

a) small-for-gestational-age infants
b) very-low-birthweight infants
c) preterm infants
d) low-birthweight infants

Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.12 Describe the causes of, consequences of, and treatments for
preterm births and the risks that postmature babies face.
Topic: Preterm Infants and Postmature Babies
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

96. What is the major reason why very-low-birthweight babies are in grave danger from the
moment they are born?

a) exposure to toxic chemicals in the womb

b) development outside the womb
c) immaturity of their organ systems
d) rejection by the mother

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.12 Describe the causes of, consequences of, and treatments for
preterm births and the risks that postmature babies face.
Topic: Preterm Infants and Postmature Babies
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

97. Which definition best describes the “age of viability?”

a) the point at which an infant can survive prematurely, approximately 22 weeks

b) the point at which an infant can survive prematurely, approximately 6 months
c) the point at which an infant can survive prematurely, approximately 3½ months
d) when an infant is born earlier than 25 weeks

Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.12 Describe the causes of, consequences of, and treatments for
preterm births and the risks that postmature babies face.
Topic: Preterm Infants and Postmature Babies
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Difficult
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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98. As the age of viability gets pushed earlier and earlier due to advancements in medical
technology, what ethical issue must be addressed?

a) Should women with a history of many successful deliveries be discouraged from

becoming pregnant?
b) Should limits be placed on advancements in medical technology?
c) Is it defensible to expend billions of dollars caring for infants who may have a very
low chance of survival?
d) Would caring for very-low-birthweight infants be more effective in the home than in
a hospital?

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.12 Describe the causes of, consequences of, and treatments for
preterm births and the risks that postmature babies face.
Topic: Preterm Infants and Postmature Babies
Skill Level: Analyze It
Difficulty Level: Difficult
APA LO: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

99. How do premature babies compare to full-term babies by the time both reach adulthood?

a) There are usually few differences between the two groups.

b) Premature infants usually develop into physically disabled adults.
c) Full-term infants, on average, score 20 points higher on intelligence tests.
d) Premature babies ironically surpass full-term babies in size and weight in adulthood.

Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.12 Describe the causes of, consequences of, and treatments for
preterm births and the risks that postmature babies face.
Topic: Preterm Infants and Postmature Babies
Skill Level: Analyze It
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

100. Which factor may cause preterm births?

a) a mother working during pregnancy

b) a father’s age
c) genetic abnormalities
d) the mother’s second pregnancy

Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.12 Describe the causes of, consequences of, and treatments for
preterm births and the risks that postmature babies face.
Topic: Preterm Infants and Postmature Babies
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
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Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

101. Stephanie is two weeks past her due date, but her baby has not yet been born. Stephanie’s
baby would be classified as __________.

a) premature
b) postmature
c) being in fetal distress
d) a stillbirth

Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.12 Describe the causes of, consequences of, and treatments for
preterm births and the risks that postmature babies face.
Topic: Preterm Infants and Postmature Babies
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Easy
APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

102. A birth in which the baby is surgically removed from the uterus, rather than traveling
through the birth canal, is called a __________.

a) stillborn delivery
b) fetal displacement
c) cesarean delivery
d) postmature delivery

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.13 Describe the process of cesarean delivery, and explain the reasons
for its increase in use.
Topic: Cesarean Delivery: Intervening in the Process of Birth
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

103. Which warning sign indicates that a cesarean delivery is appropriate?

a) the mother is under 40

b) the labor is taking over two hours
c) the fetus has a sudden change in heart rate
d) the Lamaze techniques are no longer effective

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.13 Describe the process of cesarean delivery, and explain the reasons
for its increase in use.
Topic: Cesarean Delivery: Intervening in the Process of Birth
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Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Easy
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

104. What has contributed to a sharp increase in cesarean deliveries?

a) fetal monitoring
b) the increased popularity of home births
c) the increased use of midwives
d) a rise in postmature infants

Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.13 Describe the process of cesarean delivery, and explain the reasons
for its increase in use.
Topic: Cesarean Delivery: Intervening in the Process of Birth
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Difficult
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

105. Sara’s newborn has died. While suffering from depression, she may also develop which of
the following disorders?

a) dysthymia
b) cyclothymia
c) bipolar disorder
d) posttraumatic stress disorder

Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 2.14 Explain the factors that lead to stillbirth, infant mortality, and
postpartum depression.
Topic: Stillbirth, Infant Mortality, and Postpartum Depression
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

106. Other countries fare significantly better than the United States in assisting prenatal
development by providing which of the following social programs?

a) better nutrition for pregnant mothers

b) paid maternity leave for pregnant mothers
c) up to five years of paid leave for fathers and co-parents
d) free birth control for all citizens past the age of 15

Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.14 Explain the factors that lead to stillbirth, infant mortality, and
postpartum depression.
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Topic: Stillbirth, Infant Mortality, and Postpartum Depression

Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

107. Which term describes a period of deep depression following the birth of a child?

a) postpartum depression
b) cyclothymia
c) infant-induced disconnection
d) “delivery drop”

Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.14 Explain the factors that lead to stillbirth, infant mortality, and
postpartum depression.
Topic: Stillbirth, Infant Mortality, and Postpartum Depression
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

108. A neonate enters the world with unlearned, organized, and involuntary responses that occur
automatically in the presence of stimuli; these responses are called __________.

a) behavioral intentions
b) instincts
c) reflexes
d) preparations

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.15 Describe the physical capabilities of the newborn.
Topic: Physical Competence: Meeting the Demands of a New Environment
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

109. Which visual skill do newborns possess?

a) perfect visual acuity

b) sharp distance perception
c) awareness of different levels of brightness
d) accentuated night vision

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.16 Describe the sensory capabilities of the newborn.
Topic: Sensory Capabilities: Experiencing the World
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
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Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

110. Newborns can distinguish different colors, but which colors do they seem to prefer?

a) red and black

b) blue and green
c) yellow and blue
d) pink and blue

Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.16 Describe the sensory capabilities of the newborn.
Topic: Sensory Capabilities: Experiencing the World
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

111. If a newborn baby hears a recording of her or his own crying, the baby is likely to
__________.

a) cry even louder and longer

b) show a startle response
c) fall asleep
d) stop crying

Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 2.16 Describe the sensory capabilities of the newborn.
Topic: Sensory Capabilities: Experiencing the World
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

112. Which sense is not only well developed but reasonably sophisticated at birth?

a) touch
b) hearing
c) taste and smell
d) vision

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.16 Describe the sensory capabilities of the newborn.
Topic: Sensory Capabilities: Experiencing the World
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

40
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113. Svetlana is holding her new baby while she enjoys some peppermint candy. She notices that
when the candy comes close to the baby’s face, the baby becomes more physically and facially
active. What sense has the peppermint activated?

a) vision
b) smell
c) hearing
d) touch

Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.16 Describe the sensory capabilities of the newborn.
Topic: Sensory Capabilities: Experiencing the World
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Easy
APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

114. What is the current position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
regarding male circumcision?

a) Circumcision is an unnecessary procedure that causes physical and psychological

harm to a male infant.
b) The procedure should only be carried out in the context of religious or cultural
practices, but not medically.
c) Circumcision is an important public health measure in which the benefits outweigh
the risks.
d) Rates of urinary tract infections are greatly reduced in uncircumcised males,
indication that circumcision can be harmful.

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.16 Describe the sensory capabilities of the newborn.
Topic: Sensory Capabilities: Experiencing the World
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

115. One way newborns learn about their environment is through the principles first identified by
Ivan Pavlov, called __________.

a) operant conditioning
b) habituation conditioning
c) modeling
d) classical conditioning

Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 2.17 Describe the learning capabilities of the newborn.
Topic: Early Learning Capabilities
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Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

116. What is the key feature of classical conditioning?

a) sensory stimulation
b) stimulus substitution
c) learned reflexes
d) unlearned responses

Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.17 Describe the learning capabilities of the newborn.
Topic: Early Learning Capabilities
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

117. A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending

on its association with positive or negative consequences, is called __________.

a) operant conditioning
b) habituation
c) classical conditioning
d) modeling

Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.17 Describe the learning capabilities of the newborn.
Topic: Early Learning Capabilities
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

118. Elaine is reading a fairy tale to her newborn as she feeds the baby from a bottle. Although
the milk in the bottle is gone, the baby continues to suck on the nipple as the mother continues to
read the story. This is an example of what type of learning?

a) habituation
b) operant conditioning
c) modeling
d) classical conditioning

Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.17 Describe the learning capabilities of the newborn.
Topic: Early Learning Capabilities
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
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Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

119. The decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the
same stimulus is called __________.

a) modeling
b) habituation
c) operant conditioning
d) classical conditioning

Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.17 Describe the learning capabilities of the newborn.
Topic: Early Learning Capabilities
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

120. When a newborn’s behavior meshes with parental behavior, it helps the baby grow and
develop __________.

a) reflexes
b) imitative skills
c) social relationship skills
d) dependency

Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.18 Describe the social competencies of newborns.
Topic: Social Competence: Responding to Others
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

ESSAY QUESTIONS

121. Explain the contribution of the woman’s ovum and the man’s sperm in determining the sex
of a child.

Answer: a good answer would include the following key points:

• When the ovum and sperm meet at fertilization, the ovum provides an X chromosome,
whereas the sperm provides either an X or a Y chromosome.
• If the sperm contributes its X chromosome, the XX pairing will produce a girl.
• If the sperm contributes its Y chromosome, the XY pairing will produce a boy.

Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic
endowment.
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Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

122. Explain how adoption, twin, and family studies shed light on the contributions of genetics
and the environment to a person’s development.

Answer: a good answer would include the following key points:

• Monozygotic twins share 100 percent of their genes in common, whereas dizygotic twins
and non-twin siblings share 50 percent of their genes, and strangers share 0 percent of
their genes. These facts set the stage for investigating the roles of genetics and the
environment in shaping development.
• Monozygotic twins raised in the same environment wouldn’t allow for the disentangling
of genetic and environmental influences, given that both genes and environment are
relatively constant for this group. However, monozygotic twins raised in different
adoptive environments would allow an estimation of the relative contributions of genetic
and environmental factors to development; genes are identical, environment differs.
• Comparing monozygotic and dizygotic twins within relatively the same environment
allows for an estimation of genetic contributions; here genes differ (100 percent versus 50
percent) but environment stays the same.
• Comparing strangers within the same environment provides similar information; here
there is no genetic overlap and constancy in the environment.
• One might imagine an “ideal” family composed of one set of monozygotic twins, one set
of dizygotic twins, two non-twin siblings, two adopted siblings, and two non-sibling
adoptees! All combinations of genetic and environmental experience could presumably
be investigated.

Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic
endowment.
Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life
Skill Level: Analyze It
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

123. Explain how a father’s behavior may influence prenatal development.

Answer: a good answer would include the following key points:

• Fathers should avoid smoking because secondhand smoke may affect the mother’s health,
and in turn, this affects the unborn child. Fathers’ smoking has been linked to lower birth
weight in babies.
• A father’s use of alcohol and drugs may impair sperm and may lead to chromosomal
damage that may affect the fetus at conception.
• Use of alcohol and drugs, as well as physical and/or emotional abuse, may increase stress
in the mother’s (and therefore the unborn child’s) environment.

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• A father’s exposure to environmental toxins such as lead or mercury may cause toxins to
bind to sperm and cause birth defects.

Learning Objective: LO 2.9 Describe the threats to the fetal environment and what can be done
about them
Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Difficult
APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

124. Connie is days away from giving birth, and she wants to review what to expect during the
labor process. Describe the hallmarks of each of the three stages of labor and the advice you’d
give to Connie at each stage.

Answer: a good answer would include the following key points:

• Stage 1 is characterized by uterine contractions. As labor progresses the contractions
become more frequent and last longer.
• The final part of the first stage is called transition; contractions are strongest and the
cervix is fully open. Connie should expect that Stage 1 is the longest stage of delivery.
• Stage 2 begins as the baby’s head emerges from the mother’s vagina. Connie can be
relieved that this is a relatively brief stage, but she should also know that an episiotomy
might be performed.
• Stage 3 occurs when the umbilical cord and placenta are expelled; this takes only a few
minutes. Connie should know that, at this point, delivery is complete.

Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Describe the normal process of labor and the events that occur in
the first few hours of a newborn’s life.
Topic: Labor: From Labor to Delivery
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Moderate
APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

125. What does the availability and popularity of methods such as Lamaze, Bradley, water
birthing, and hypnobirthing indicate about attitudes toward childbirth? How does reliance on
doulas and midwives contribute to these attitudes?

Answer: a good answer would include the following key points:

• Childbirth used to be viewed as a medical procedure, performed appropriately only in a
hospital setting.
• Attitudes began to change during the 1970s, as social critics and childbirth advocates
argued for emotional and psychological improvements for parents and child.
• The availability of options indicates that people want control over their preferred methods
of birthing.
• Doulas and midwives illustrate that people other than physicians can play an important
role in the process of childbirth.

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Learning Objective: LO 2.11 Describe the major current approaches to childbirth.

Topic: Approaches to Childbirth: Where Medicine and Attitudes Meet
Skill Level: Analyze It
Difficulty Level: Difficult
APA LO: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

126. Discuss aspects of an infant’s social competence and a baby’s ability to imitate behavior.

Answer: a good answer would include the following key points:

• Research from the late 1970s indicated that babies were able to imitate a behavior
modeled by an adult if the behavior was something that the infant already performed
spontaneously.
• Psychologist Tiffany Field reported that infants could discriminate between basic facial
expressions of emotion, such as happiness, sadness, and surprise.
• Subsequent research has found that babies cannot demonstrate imitative skills
consistently, and that they can only produce a single imitative movement such as sticking
out the tongue, which may be more of an exploratory action.
• Aspects of newborns’ behavior act as forerunners for more formal types of social
interactions when they grow and develop.

Learning Objective: LO 2.18 Describe the social competencies of newborns.

Topic: Social Competence: Responding to Others
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Difficult
APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

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REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS

The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel
for Discovering the Life Span, Fifth Edition.

End of Module Quiz: 2.1 Prenatal Development

EOM Q2.1.1

The process called __________ involves the replication of cells, and the process of __________
involves the gamete receiving one of the two possible chromosomes in a pair.
a) meiosis; mitosis
b) mitosis; meiosis
c) fusion; sequencing
d) sequencing; fusion
Consider This: Genes determine how the cells in the body will function. LO 2.1 Describe how
genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment.
Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic
endowment.
Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Difficult

EOM Q2.1.2

Why are males more likely than females to have red-green color blindness?
a) They have a Y chromosome.
b) They have two X chromosomes.
c) They have only one X chromosome.
d) They do not have any X chromosomes.
Consider This: Sometimes information from one chromosome can counteract information from
another chromosome. LO 2.2 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information.
Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information.
Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate

EOM Q2.1.3

The prenatal procedure by which a sample of fetal cells is drawn from the fluid surrounding the
fetus is called __________.
a) chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
b) ultrasound
c) embryoscopy
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d) amniocentesis
Consider This: This procedure allows analysis of the fetal cells that can identify a variety of
genetic defects with nearly 100 percent accuracy. LO 2.3 Describe the role of genetic counselors
and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing.
Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between
different forms of prenatal testing.
Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy

EOM Q2.1.4

The fact that many human traits are determined by a combination of genetic and environmental
factors is referred to as __________.
a) natural selection
b) multifactorial transmission
c) joint evolution
d) binary influence
Consider This: A genotype provides a particular range within which a phenotype may achieve
expression. LO 2.4 Explain how the environment and genetics work together to determine
human characteristics.
Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Explain how the environment and genetics work together to
determine human characteristics.
Topic: The Role of the Environment in Determining the Expression of Genes: From Genotypes
to Phenotypes
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy

EOM Q2.1.5

One major personality trait that has been linked to genetic factors is __________, defined as the
degree to which a person is outgoing and seeks contact with others.
a) neuroticism
b) introversion
c) friendliness
d) extroversion
Consider This: Research evidence suggests that some of our most basic personality traits have
genetic roots. LO 2.5 Explain how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical traits,
intelligence, and personality.
Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Explain how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical
traits, intelligence, and personality.
Topic: Genetics and the Environment: Working Together
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
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Difficulty Level: Easy

End of Module Quiz: 2.2 Prenatal Growth and Change

EOM Q2.2.1

How are sperm and ova alike?

a) They both enter the fallopian tube.
b) There are about the same number of both.
c) They are created at about the same time.
d) They are about the same size.
Consider This: When sperm and ova join together, this is called fertilization. LO 2.7 Explain the
process of fertilization and the three stages of development.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Explain the process of fertilization and the three stages of
development.
Topic: The Moment of Conception and the Onset of Development
Skill Level: Analyze It
Difficulty Level: Difficult

EOM Q2.2.2

In order, the three stages of prenatal development are the __________ stage, the __________
stage, and the __________ stage.
a) embryonic; fetal; germinal
b) germinal; fetal; embryonic
c) embryonic; germinal; fetal
d) germinal; embryonic; fetal
Consider This: The first stage is from fertilization to 2 weeks. LO 2.7 Explain the process of
fertilization and the three stages of development.
Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Explain the process of fertilization and the three stages of
development.
Topic: The Moment of Conception and the Onset of Development
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate

EOM Q2.2.3

About 15 percent of couples experience __________.

a) abortion
b) IVF
c) miscarriage
d) infertility

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Consider This: This condition is negatively correlated with age. LO 2.8 Describe some of the
physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy.
Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 2.8 Describe some of the physical and ethical challenges that relate to
pregnancy.
Topic: Pregnancy Problems
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy

EOM Q2.2.4

To help a couple overcome infertility, a doctor removes the woman’s ova and then fertilizes
them with the man’s sperm in a laboratory. The doctor then implants the fertilized egg back into
the woman’s uterus. What is this procedure called?
a) stillbirth
b) surrogacy
c) in vitro fertilization
d) artificial insemination
Consider This: Worldwide, some 8 million babies have been created this way. LO 2.8 Describe
some of the physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy.
Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.8 Describe some of the physical and ethical challenges that relate to
pregnancy.
Topic: Pregnancy Problems
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Moderate

EOM Q2.2.5

An environmental agent such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produces a birth
defect is called a(n) __________.
a) teratogen
b) exposure
c) abnormality
d) pollutant
Consider This: Although it is the job of the placenta to keep these from reaching the fetus, the
placenta is not always successful. LO 2.9 Describe the threats to the fetal environment and what
can be done about them.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.9 Describe the threats to the fetal environment and what can be done
about them.
Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy

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End of Module Quiz: 2.3 Birth and the Newborn Infant

EOM Q2.3.1

The __________ is a standard measurement system designed to assess five basic qualities in a
newborn: appearance (color), pulse (heart rate), grimace (reflex irritability), activity (muscle
tone), and respiration (respiratory effort).
a) wellness indicator
b) Brazelton assessment
c) birth index
d) Apgar scale
Consider This: Using this measurement, health care workers assign the newborn a score ranging
from 0 to 2 on each of the five qualities. LO 2.10 Describe the normal process of labor and the
events that occur in the first few hours of a newborn’s life.
Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Describe the normal process of labor and the events that occur in
the first few hours of a newborn’s life.
Topic: Labor: From Labor to Delivery
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy

EOM Q2.3.2

When it comes to bonding, which statement best represents the current thinking of
developmental researchers?
a) Deep emotional bonding occurs only if mothers massage their newborns.
b) Immediate skin-to-skin contact between mother and baby is necessary for successful bonding
to occur.
c) When mothers are able to have physical contact right after their newborn’s birth, they have a
better bond with their newborn for many years.
d) There is little evidence that supports the idea that there is a critical period for bonding to
occur soon after birth.
Consider This: Current thinking is reassuring to parents who adopt a child. LO 2.10 Describe the
normal process of labor and the events that occur in the first few hours of a newborn’s life.
Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Describe the normal process of labor and the events that occur in
the first few hours of a newborn’s life.
Topic: Labor: From Labor to Delivery
Skill Level: Analyze It
Difficulty Level: Difficult

EOM Q2.3.3

__________ anesthesia, which produces numbness from the waist down, is used during
childbirth to reduce pain in the mother.
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a) Local
b) Oral
c) Epidural
d) Intravenous
Consider This: About half of women who receive anesthesia during childbirth do so in this form.
LO 2.11 Describe the major current approaches to childbirth.
Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.11 Describe the major current approaches to childbirth.
Topic: Approaches to Childbirth: Where Medicine and Attitudes Meet
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy

EOM Q2.3.4

A baby born 39 weeks after conception and weighing 3,400 grams would be characterized as
__________.
a) preterm only
b) small-for-gestational-age only
c) both preterm and small-for-gestational-age
d) neither preterm nor small-for-gestational-age
Consider This: The average newborn weighs about 7½ pounds. LO 2.12 Describe the causes of,
consequences of, and treatments for preterm births and the risks that postmature babies face.
Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 2.12 Describe the causes of, consequences of, and treatments for
preterm births and the risks that postmature babies face.
Topic: Preterm Infants and Postmature Babies
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate

EOM Q2.3.5

Which of the following statements regarding infant mortality in the United States is true?
a) Infant mortality is very low in the United States because low-birthweight deliveries are so
rare.
b) Infant mortality is higher in the United States than some countries due to having higher rates
of low-birthweight deliveries.
c) Compared to all other countries, the United States has the lowest infant mortality rate.
d) Compared to all other countries, the United States has the highest infant mortality rate.
Consider This: Poverty and prenatal care affect the infant mortality rate. LO 2.14 Explain the
factors that lead to stillbirth, infant mortality, and postpartum depression.
Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.14 Explain the factors that lead to stillbirth, infant mortality, and
postpartum depression.
Topic: Stillbirth, Infant Mortality, and Postpartum Depression
Skill Level: Analyze It
Difficulty Level: Difficult
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End of Chapter 2 Quiz: The Start of Life

EOC Q2.1

__________ twins are twins who are nearly identical, whereas __________ twins come from two
separate ova.
a) Dizygotic; monozygotic
b) Monozygotic; dizygotic
c) Dizygotic; gametic
d) Gametic; trizygotic
Consider This: Dizygotic twins are also called fraternal twins. LO 2.1 Describe how genes and
chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment.
Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic
endowment.
Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy

EOC Q2.2

Martin is from the Czech Republic and has Jewish ancestry. Before he and his wife try to have a
baby, he wants to take a genetic test to see if he carries the gene for __________, which is
common for people of his background.
a) sickle-cell anemia
b) Klinefelter’s syndrome
c) Tay-Sachs disease
d) Down syndrome
Consider This: There is no treatment for this disorder, which produces blindness and muscle
degeneration prior to death. LO 2.2 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit
information.
Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information.
Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Difficult

EOC Q2.3

Caleb was born with a bright and boisterous temperament. He was always laughing and was
quick to engage with people. His parents belong to a very strict religious sect that forbids any
overt expression of emotion in adults. How will multifactorial transmission affect Caleb?
a) He will eventually rebel against his parental environment and exhibit outlandish behavior.
b) His expressive demeanor will be softened by the parental environment.
c) His expressive demeanor will be eliminated by the parental environment.
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d) He will maintain his expressive temperament throughout his life.

Consider This: Temperament refers to patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent
consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual. LO 2.4 Explain how the environment
and genetics work together to determine human characteristics.
Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Explain how the environment and genetics work together to
determine human characteristics.
Topic: The Role of the Environment in Determining the Expression of Genes: From Genotypes
to Phenotypes
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Difficult

EOC Q2.4

What is one way in which researchers learn about the effect of nature versus nurture on human
development?
a) through chronic villus sampling
b) through genetic testing
c) by testing the temperament of newborns
d) by studying twins
Consider This: Researchers cannot control either the genetic backgrounds or the environments of
humans in the way they can with nonhumans. LO 2.4 Explain how the environment and genetics
work together to determine human characteristics.
Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Explain how the environment and genetics work together to
determine human characteristics.
Topic: The Role of the Environment in Determining the Expression of Genes: From Genotypes
to Phenotypes
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate

EOC Q2.5

What can decrease the chance of developing schizophrenia for someone genetically disposed to
the disorder?
a) a stress-free environment
b) genetic testing
c) a calm temperament
d) nothing
Consider This: Data illustrate that genetics is not the only factor to influence the development of
schizophrenia. LO 2.5 Explain how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical
traits, intelligence, and personality.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Explain how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical
traits, intelligence, and personality.
Topic: Genetics and the Environment: Working Together
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Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

EOC Q2.6

Which of the following is an example of a way in which a person’s genetic predisposition might
influence the external environment?
a) A boy who is shorter than average takes hormones to increase his height.
b) A boy who is talented at chess also is good at math.
c) A child who sings well is discouraged from a career in music by parents who disapprove.
d) A girl who is physically coordinated and strong for her age spends as much time as she can
playing sports.
Consider This: The relative influence of nature and nurture shifts over the life span. LO 2.6
Describe ways in which genes influence the environment.
Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 2.6 Describe ways in which genes influence the environment.
Topic: Can Genes Influence the Environment?
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate

EOC Q2.7

The __________ serves as a filter and conduit between the mother and the fetus.
a) uterus
b) blastocyst
c) placenta
d) cervix
Consider This: This organ provides nourishment and oxygen and removes waste materials from
the developing child. LO 2.7 Explain the process of fertilization and the three stages of
development.
Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Explain the process of fertilization and the three stages of
development.
Topic: The Moment of Conception and the Onset of Development
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy

EOC Q2.8

On a graph comparing the following four issues to the increase in a woman’s age, which line will
show a downward trend?
a) potential for pregnancy
b) potential for having a stillborn baby
c) potential for miscarriage
d) potential for fetal chromosomal abnormalities

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Consider This: About 15 percent of couples suffer from infertility, the inability to conceive after
12 to 18 months of trying to become pregnant. LO 2.8 Describe some of the physical and ethical
challenges that relate to pregnancy.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.8 Describe some of the physical and ethical challenges that relate to
pregnancy.
Topic: Pregnancy Problems
Skill Level: Analyze It
Difficulty Level: Difficult

EOC Q2.9

Ted and Rosa rushed to the hospital, ready to welcome their new baby soon. But within a few
hours, they were driving home again. It turns out they were fooled by Rosa’s __________.
a) transition
b) Braxton-Hicks contractions
c) anoxia
d) Apgar scale
Consider This: These can fool expectant parents, but they do not signify that the baby will be
born soon. LO 2.10 Describe the normal process of labor and the events that occur in the first
few hours of a newborn’s life.
Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Describe the normal process of labor and the events that occur in
the first few hours of a newborn’s life.
Topic: Labor: From Labor to Delivery
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Difficult

EOC Q2.10

What Apgar score might be cause for some concern but not alarm?
a) 8 to 9
b) 7 to 8
c) 5 to 7
d) 2 to 3
Consider This: A score is given for each sign at 1 minute and 5 minutes after the birth. LO 2.10
Describe the normal process of labor and the events that occur in the first few hours of a
newborn’s life.
Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Describe the normal process of labor and the events that occur in
the first few hours of a newborn’s life.
Topic: Labor: From Labor to Delivery
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate

EOC Q2.11
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Which of the following is an alternative birthing procedure?

a) Apgar method
b) hypnobirthing
c) epidural birthing
d) Braxton-Hicks method
Consider This: The goal with this approach is to create a sense of peace. LO 2.11 Describe the
major current approaches to childbirth.
Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.11 Describe the major current approaches to childbirth.
Topic: Approaches to Childbirth: Where Medicine and Attitudes Meet
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate

EOC Q2.12

What percent of infants are born earlier than normal?

a) about 10 percent
b) about 20 percent
c) about 30 percent
d) about 40 percent
Consider This: The extent of danger faced by preterm babies largely depends on the child’s
weight at birth. LO 2.12 Describe some of the causes of, consequences of, and treatments for
preterm births and the risks that postmature babies face.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.12 Describe some of the causes of, consequences of, and treatments
for preterm births and the risks that postmature babies face.
Topic: Preterm Infants and Postmature Babies
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy

EOC Q2.13

Why is the use of fetal monitors considered a factor in the increase of cesarean sections
performed in the United States?
a) C-sections are performed to justify the cost of the monitors.
b) Fetal monitors more often pinpoint respiratory distress syndrome.
c) Fetal monitors have high rates of false readings for fetal distress.
d) Fetal monitors allow C-sections to be performed in the home.
Consider This: Fetal monitors measure the baby’s heartbeat during labor. LO 2.13 Describe the
process of cesarean delivery, and explain the reasons for its increase in use.
Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.13 Describe the process of cesarean delivery, and explain the reasons
for its increase in use.
Topic: Cesarean Delivery: Intervening in the Process of Birth
Skill Level: Analyze It
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Difficulty Level: Difficult

EOC Q2.14

In what decade did the infant mortality rate in the United States begin declining?
a) 1940s
b) 1950s
c) 1960s
d) 1970s
Consider This: Infant mortality is defined as death within the first year of life. LO 2.14 Explain
the factors that lead to stillbirth, infant mortality, and postpartum depression.
Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 2.14 Explain the factors that lead to stillbirth, infant mortality, and
postpartum depression.
Topic: Stillbirth, Infant Mortality, and Postpartum Depression
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate

EOC Q2.15

Newborns often exhibit __________, unlearned, organized, involuntary responses that occur
automatically in the presence of certain stimuli.
a) syndromes
b) reflexes
c) perceptions
d) appetites
Consider This: Some of these responses are well rehearsed, having been present for several
months before birth. LO 2.15 Describe the physical capabilities of the newborn.
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 2.15 Describe the physical capabilities of the newborn.
Topic: Physical Competence: Meeting the Demands of a New Environment
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy

EOC Q2.16

Newborns’ sensory competence includes the ability to __________.

a) swallow
b) see color differences
c) grasp objects
d) eat
Consider This: Newborns actively pay attention to certain types of information in their
environment. LO 2.16 Describe the sensory capabilities of the newborn.
Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 2.16 Describe the sensory capabilities of the newborn.
Topic: Sensory Capabilities: Experiencing the World
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Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

EOC Q2.17

At first, baby Joseph seemed very interested when his father dangled his keys in front of him.
However, after a few minutes, he stopped paying attention. This is an example of __________.
a) habituation
b) classical conditioning
c) operant conditioning
d) social learning
Consider This: This might be the most primitive example of learning. LO 2.17 Describe the
learning capabilities of the newborn.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.17 Describe the learning capabilities of the newborn.
Topic: Early Learning Capabilities
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Moderate

EOC Q2.18

Why is imitation important?

a) It is a foundation of social interaction.
b) It is a foundation for operant conditioning.
c) It is a foundation for classical conditioning.
d) It is a foundation for habituation.
Consider This: It is unclear exactly when imitation begins. LO 2.18 Describe the social
competencies of newborns.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 2.18 Describe the social competencies of newborns.
Topic: Social Competence: Responding to Others
Skill Level: Analyze It
Difficulty Level: Difficult

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