Algebraic methods, 7 Mixed Exercise

3 x 4 − 21x 3 x 4 21x 4 a f(x) = 2x3 − 2x2 − 17x + 15

1 a = − f(3) = 2(3)3 − 2(3)2 − 17(3) + 15
3x 33x 3 x
= x −7 = 54 − 18 − 51 + 15
=0
So (x − 3) is a factor of
x 2 − 2 x − 24 2x3 − 2x2 − 17x + 15.
b
x2 − 7 x + 6
( x − 6)( x + 4) 2 x2 + 4 x − 5
=
( x − 6)( x − 1) b x − 3 2 x3 − 2 x 2 − 17 x + 15
x+4 2 x3 − 6 x 2
=
x −1 4 x 2 − 17 x

2x2 + 7 x − 4 4 x 2 − 12 x
c −5 x + 15
2x2 + 9x + 4
(2 x − 1)( x + 4) −5 x + 15
=
(2 x + 1)( x + 4) 0
3 2
2x −1 2x − 2x − 17x + 15
=
2x +1 = (x − 3)(2x2 + 4x − 5)
So A = 2, B = 4, C = − 5
3x 2 + 5
5 a f(x) = x3 + 4x2 − 3x − 18
2 x + 4 3 x 3 + 12 x 2 + 5 x + 20
f(2) = (2)3 + 4(2)2 − 3(2) − 18
3 x3 + 12 x 2 = 8 + 16 − 6 − 18
0 + 5 x + 20 =0
So (x − 2) is a factor of x3 + 4x2 − 3x − 18.
5 x + 20
0 x2 + 6 x + 9
3 x3 + 12 x 2 + 5 x + 20 b x − 2 x3 + 4 x 2 − 3 x − 18
So = 3x 2 + 5
x+4 x3 − 2 x 2
6 x 2 − 3x
2x2 − 2 x + 5
3 x + 1 2 x3 + 0 x 2 + 3x + 5 6 x 2 − 12 x
2 x3 + 2 x 2 9 x − 18
9 x − 18
−2 x 2 + 3 x
0
−2 x 2 − 2 x
x3 + 4x2 − 3x − 18 = (x − 2)(x2 + 6x + 9)
5x + 5 = (x − 2)(x + 3)2
5x + 5 So p = 1, q = 3
0
3
6 f(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 − 18x + 8
2 x + 3x + 5 f(2) = 2(2)3 + 3(2)2 − 18(2) + 8
So = 2x2 − 2 x + 5
x +1 = 16 + 12 − 36 + 8
=0
So (x − 2) is a factor of
2x3 + 3x2 − 18x + 8.

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 2x2 + 7 x − 4
6 x − 2 2 x3 + 3 x 2 − 18 x + 8 9 a (1) + (2):
3r = 9
2 x3 − 4 x 2 r=3
7 x 2 − 18 x Substituting in (1)
3−s=3
7 x 2 − 14 x
s=0
−4 x + 8 Checking in (2):
−4 x + 8 2r + s = 2(3) + (0) = 6
So r = 3, s = 0
0
2x + 3x − 18x + 8 = (x − 2)(2x2 + 7x − 4)
3 2
b h(x) = x3 + 4x2 + 3x
= (x − 2)(2x − 1)(x +4) = x(x2 + 4x + 3)
= x(x + 3)(x + 1)
7 f(x) = x3 − 3x2 + kx − 10
f(2) = 0 10 a g(x) = 2x3 + 9x2 − 6x − 5
(2)3 − 3(2)2 + k(2) − 10 = 0 g(1) = 2(1)3 + 9(1)2 − 6(1) − 5
8 − 12 + 2k − 10 = 0 =2+9−6−5
2k = 14 =0
k=7 So (x − 1) is a factor of 2x3 + 9x2 − 6x − 5.

8 a f(x) = 2x2 + px + q 2 x 2 + 11x + 5

f(−3) = 0 x − 1 2 x3 + 9 x 2 − 6 x − 5
2(−3)2 + p(−3) + q = 0
18 − 3p + q = 0 2 x3 − 2 x 2
3p − q = 18 (1) 11x 2 − 6 x
f(4) = 21
2(4)2 + p(4) + q = 21 11x 2 − 11x
32 + 4p + q = 21 5x − 5
4p + q = −11 (2) 5x − 5
(1) + (2):
0
7p = 7
3 2
p=1 g(x) = 2x + 9x − 6x − 5
Substituting in (2): = (x − 1)(2x2 + 11x + 5)
4(1) + q = −11 = (x − 1)(2x + 1)(x + 5)
q = −15
Checking in (1): b g(x) = 0
3p − q = 3(1) − (−15) = 3 + 15 = 18 (x − 1)(2x + 1)(x + 5) = 0
So p = 1, q = −15 So x = 1, x = − 12 or x = −5

b f(x) = 2x2 + x − 15 11 a f(x) = x3 + x2 − 5x − 2

= (2x − 5)(x + 3) f(2) = (2)3 + (2)2 − 5(2) − 2
= 8 + 4 − 10 − 2
9 a h(x) = x3 + 4x2 + rx + s =0
h(−1) = 0 So (x − 2) is a factor of x3 + x2 − 5x − 2.
3 2
(−1) + 4(−1) + r(−1) + s = 0
−1 + 4 − r + s = 0
r−s=3 (1)
h(2) = 30
(2)3 + 4(2)2 + r(2) + s = 30
8 + 16 + 2r + s = 30
2r + s = 6 (2)

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 x 2 + 3x + 1 x2 − 6x + 5
11 b x − 2 x 3 + x 2 − 5 x − 2 13 b x + 4 x3 − 2 x 2 − 19 x + 20
x3 − 2 x 2 x3 + 4 x 2
3x 2 − 5 x −6 x 2 − 19 x
3x 2 − 6 x −6 x 2 − 24 x
x−2
5 x + 20
x−2
5 x + 20
0
0
3 2
f(x) = x + x − 5x − 2 f(x) = x3 − 2x2 − 19x + 20
= (x − 2)(x2 + 3x + 1) = (x + 4)(x2 − 6x + 5)
= (x + 4)(x − 5)(x − 1)
f(x) = 0 when x = 2 f(x) = 0 when
or x2 + 3x + 1 = 0 x = −4, x = 5 or x = 1
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
x= 14 a f(x) = 6x3 + 17x2 − 5x − 6
2a
3 2
−3 ± (3) 2 − 4(1)(1) 2 2 2 2
f   = 6   + 17   − 5   − 6
x= 3 3 3 3
2(1)
 8  4 2
−3 ± 5 = 6   + 17   − 5   − 6
=  27  9 3
2
16 68 10
−3 + 5 = + − −6
So the solutions are x = 2, x = 9 9 3
2 =0
−3 − 5 So (3x − 2) is a factor of f(x).
and x = .
2
2x2 + 7 x + 3
2x2 − 7 x + 3 3 x − 2 6 x3 + 17 x 2 − 5 x − 6
12 x + 1 2 x3 − 5 x 2 − 4 x + 3 6 x3 − 4 x 2
2 x3 + 2 x 2 21x 2 − 5 x
−7 x 2 − 4 x 21x 2 − 14 x
−7 x 2 − 7 x 9x − 6
3x + 3 9x − 6
3x + 3 0
0 3 2
f(x) = 6x + 17x − 5x − 6
2x − 5x − 4x + 3 = (x + 1)(2x2 − 7x + 3)
3 2 = (3x − 2)(2x2 + 7x + 3)
= (x + 1)(2x − 1)(x − 3) So a = 2, b = 7, c = 3
The roots are x = −1, x = 12 and x = 3.
b f(x) = (3x − 2)(2x2 + 7x + 3)
So the positive roots are x = 12 and x = 3.
= (3x − 2)(2x + 1)(x + 3)

13 a f(x) = x3 − 2x2 − 19x + 20 c (3x − 2)(2x + 1)(x + 3) = 0

f(−4) = (−4)3 − 2(−4)2 − 19(−4) + 20 The real roots are x = 23 , x = − 12 and
= −64 − 32 + 76 + 20
x = −3.
=0
The remainder is 0.

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15 LHS =
x− y ( ×
x+ y ) 19 To show something is untrue you only
( x− y) ( x+ y) need to find one counter example.
Example: when n = 6,
( x − y)( x+ y ) n2 − n + 3 = 62 − 6 + 3 = 33
= which is not a prime number.
x− y
So the statement is untrue.
= x+ y
= RHS  1  4 − 
2
20 LHS =  x −   x 3 + x 3 
 x  
x− y
So ≡ x+ y 7 1 1
−
5
x− y = x +x −x −x
3 3 3 3

7 5
−
16 Completing the square: = x −x 3 3

1
n2 − 8n + 20 = (n − 4)2 + 4  1 
= x 3  x2 − 2 
The minimum value is 4, so n2 − 8n + 20  x 
is always positive. = RHS
17 A(1,1), B(3,2), C(4,0) and D(2, −1)  1  4 − 
2 1
 1 
So  x −   x 3 + x 3  ≡ x 3  x 2 − 2 
2 −1 1  x    x 
The gradient of line AB = =
3 −1 2
0−2 21 Remember, in an identity you can start
The gradient of line BC = = −2 from the RHS or the LHS. Here it is easier
4−3
−1 − 0 1 to start from the RHS.
The gradient of line CD = = RHS = (x + 4)(x − 5)(2x + 3)
2−4 2 = (x + 4)(2x2 − 7x − 15)
−1 − 1 = 2x3 + x2 − 43x − 60
The gradient of line AD = = −2
2 −1 = LHS
AB and BC, BC and CD, CD and AD and So 2x3 + x2 − 43x − 60
AB and AD are all perpendicular. ≡ (x + 4)(x − 5)(2x + 3)
Distance AB = (3 − 1) 2 + (2 − 1) 2
22 x2 − kx + k = 0 has two equal roots,
= 5 so b2 − 4ac = 0
Distance BC = (4 − 3) 2 + (0 − 2) 2 k2 − 4k = 0
k(k − 4) = 0
= 5
k = 4 or 0.
Distance CD = (2 − 4) 2 + (−1 − 0) 2 So k = 4 is a solution.
= 5
23 Using Pythagoras’ theorem:
Distance AD = (2 − 1) 2 + (−1 − 1) 2 The distance between opposite edges
= 5   3 
2

( )
2

All four sides are equal and all four angles = 2  3 −   

  2  
are right angles, therefore ABCD is a  
square.  3
= 23 − 
 4
18 1 + 3 = even 9
3 + 5 = even =
5 + 7 = even 2
7 + 9 = even 9
is rational.
So the sum of two consecutive positive 2
odd numbers is always even.

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24 a Let the first even number be 2n. 25 a The assumption is that x is positive.
The next even number is 2n + 2.
(2n + 2)2 − (2n)2 = 4n2 + 8n + 4 − 4n2 b When x = 0, 1 + 02 = (1 + 0)2
= 8n + 4
= 4(2n + 1)
4(2n + 1) is a multiple of 4 so is always
divisible by 4.
So the difference of the squares of two
consecutive even numbers is always
divisible by 4.

b Let the first odd number be 2n − 1.

The next odd number is 2n + 1.
(2n + 1)2 − (2n − 1)2
= (4n2 + 4n + 1) − (4n2 − 4n + 1)
= 8n
8n is a multiple of 8, which is always
divisible by 4, so the statement is also true
for odd numbers.

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Challenge

1 a Diameter of circle = 1,
so side of outside square = 1
Using Pythagoras’ theorem:
  1 2  1 2  4
Perimeter of the inside square = 4    +    = = 2 2
 2 2  2
 
Perimeter of the outside square = 4 × 1 = 4
The circumference of the circle is between the perimeters of the two squares, so 2 2 < π < 4.

1
b Perimeter of inside hexagon = 6 × = 3 because the triangles with 60° angles are equilateral.
2
3
Perimeter of outside hexagon = 6 × = 2 3
3
The circumference of the circle is between the perimeters of the two hexagons, so 3 < π < 2 3

ax 2 + (b + ap ) x + (c + bp + ap 2 )
2 x − p ax3 + bx 2 + cx +d
ax3 − apx 2
(b + ap ) x 2 + cx
(b + ap ) x 2 − (bp + ap 2 ) x
(c + bp + ap 2 ) x + d
(c + bp + ap 2 ) x − (cp + bp 2 + ap 3 )
d + cp + bp 2 + ap 3
ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d
So = ax2 + (b + ap)x + (c + bp + ap2) with remainder.
x− p
So, d + cp + bp2 + ap3
f(p) = ap3 + bp2 + cp + d = 0, which matches the remainder d + cp + bp2 + ap3 = 0
Therefore (x − p) is a factor of f(x).

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