Journal of Transportation Engineering and Traffic Management
Volume 5 Issue 3
e-ISSN: 2584-1823
Parking Demand and Supply Analysis in a Commercial Area of
Dhaka City: A Case Study in Kawran Bazar Area
Md. Shofiul Islam1, Sanzida Akter2*, Miad Talukder3
1
Lecturer, Fareast International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
2
Junior Engineer, Institute of Water Modelling, Dhaka, Bangladesh
3
Assistant Engineer, Bd Technology Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh
*
Corresponding Author
E-Mail Id:
[email protected] ABSTRACT
Dhaka is one of the busiest cities in Bangladesh. Most of the area is mixed of residential and
commercial activities. However, some of the commercial areas are important like Kawran
Bazar the central business hub and largest wholesale market of Dhaka. 4 on street parking
areas have been analyzed here with the help of parking inventory and in-out survey from 9:00
am to 5:00 pm. The study is done to understand the parking demand and supply scenario of
Kawran bazar which can provide valuable feedback for policymakers to make some
important decisions regarding parking situation. Parking demand and supply have been
analyzed throughout the working day with different parking terms. The result shows that
parking demand is always quite higher than parking supply. The probability of rejection is
found almost 100% in this area. There has been also seen some illegal parking. Parking
Efficiency has been found more than 100% most of the time which indicates that parking
spaces are overutilized. These results indicate the cause of huge traffic congestion in this
area. However, some recommendation has been made based on the results to improve the
situation.
Keywords: Parking, accumulation, turnover, efficiency, demand, supply, probability
INTRODUCTION births in 2011 with an expectation to
In the context of Dhaka which is one of the decrease to 177 by year 2020 now
most populated cities in the world, projected to be 43% higher at 251 per
sufficient parking space is the best way to 100000 live births [2]. Moreover, the
set, which is needed to establish the growth of registered passenger car number
efficient transportation system. Dhaka is in Dhaka in the years between 2021 and
the political, commercial as well as the 2022 was 4.36% [3]. The city traffic
social capital of the entire country of congestion, the poor road infrastructure,
Bangladesh. According to the projection of and unavailability of efficient and
demographic report made for Dhaka City, environmentally friendly transport systems
the population in 2024 is expected to be leading to increased and more Extended
over 23,940,000 [1]. This study reckoned Use of Private Cars. The rate in expansion
that population growth gives rise to a of parking space in Dhaka city is not in
significantly enhanced car usage. Evidence proportion to the rate of growth in
from BRTA reveals that the growth rate of ownership of private cars. As per an
over 10 years for passenger car vehicles approximation, car is used for
was a compound annual growth rate of 5. approximately 400 hours in total 8760
Previously, the estimated maternal hours of the year. This means that it is
mortality ratio was 311 per 100000 live parked for the other 8360 hours available
HBRP Publication Page 27-35 2024. All Rights Reserved Page 27
Journal of Transportation Engineering and Traffic Management
Volume 5 Issue 3
e-ISSN: 2584-1823
in a year of 8760 hours. Management on organizations. Appropriate parking spaces
the parking of the rising number of private guarantee the necessary parking space for
car owners both individuals and companies the clients and owners and subsequently,
is essential in addressing traffic jam in guarantee optimum business processes and
Dhaka city. customer satisfaction. The study seeks to
establish the parking demand and parking
The purposes of this study were to stock in the Kawran Bazar area as well as;
determine the nature of parking provision get a glimpse on parking parameters such
and demand in the Kawran Bazar’s as accumulation, turnover, spillover,
business district. Kawran Bazar is an efficiency as well as probability of
extremely overcrowded business area of rejection by duration. The purpose of this
Dhaka City which is famous for numerous research is to get great understanding on
markets; government buildings and the attributes of parking area and parking
business organizations. The area has very availability and demand in the Kawran
many pedestrians and very many vehicles Bazar zone. From this analysis, the city
which make it prone to many instances of planners of Dhaka shall find guidance to
traffic congestion primarily owed to scarce the decision-making process that led to
parking space. Many people living both in surge supplementary parking facilities, and
and around Dhaka city use private cars and enhancement of parking management. It
motorbikes to get to their places of work will contain much useful information that
within the Kawran Bazar. The official will be beneficial to the organization in the
working also involves the use of private future when strategists are planning on
cars for various official works and many how develop the organization further.
international as well as domestic
AREA PROFILE AND METHODOLOGY
Study Area Profile
Fig. 1: Study Area of Kawran Bazar (Google Map).
Kawran Bazar is one of the central number of commodities like fruits,
business hub and largest wholesale market vegetables, and other products are
of Dhaka the capital city of Bangladesh. available [15] The total area is estimated to
Situated in Tejgaon Thana, business be 1650737. 31 sq. ft. Most of the parking
activity is highly concentrated here, in Kawran Bazar is on-street, which is
numerous companies and firms, offices, often unregulated and leads to high
media organizations [4]. The area is congestion. There are a few off-street
famous for the market business, in which a parking facilities, but they are insufficient
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Journal of Transportation Engineering and Traffic Management
Volume 5 Issue 3
e-ISSN: 2584-1823
to meet the high demand. These include
small parking lots associated with The surveys were done on two distinct
commercial buildings. [4]. working days. On the initial day, a parking
inventory survey was conducted to gather
Data Collection and Methodology information regarding the quantity,
Typically, two types of parking surveys are category, and whereabouts of space that is
conducted. The two types of surveys currently or potentially accessible for
mentioned are the area parking survey and parking inside a specific region. A survey
the site-specific parking survey [5]. A site- was done the next day using an In-Out
specific parking study is undertaken to method, which involved counting the
assess the parking supply and demand in number of parked vehicles every 30
an area or for a particular land use. This minutes over an 8-hour period.
data enhances the precision of parking
features [6]. The survey covered both the morning and
evening peak times, from 9:00 am to 5:00
As a single study area has been chosen for pm. There are four on-street parking places
this research, data has been gathered have been spotted. First, the already
through surveys conducted at specified parked vehicles are counted there. After
locations. The parking demand and supply that in-out survey was done for all 4 places
conditions of Kawran Bazar have been in 8 hours.
analyzed using seven aspects of parking -
parking accumulation, parking volume, Later, all the data from 4 places are
parking load, parking turnover, average summarized for analyzing the parking
parking duration, parking spill-over, and terms. There are some off-street parking
chance of rejection. The effectiveness of facilities also in some important buildings.
these seven parking strategies has been These numbers of parking supplies are
assessed by analyzing the data collected compared with BNBC standards.
from two parking surveys: the parking
space inventory and the In-Out Survey.
Fig. 2: Designated on-street parking places (Google map).
Parking Terminologies particular period of time, relative to the
Parking volume refers to the total number total available parking capacity.
of vehicles that are parked within a
specific time frame. Parking efficiency is The measure provides a comprehensive
the quantitative measure of the proportion assessment of the efficiency with which
of parking spaces occupied during a the parking space is utilized [7]. The
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Journal of Transportation Engineering and Traffic Management
Volume 5 Issue 3
e-ISSN: 2584-1823
average duration of time that a car remains [9]. The probability of rejection formula
in a parking space is referred to as the for parking cars helps determine the
average parking duration. Parking likelihood that an incoming vehicle will
accumulation refers to the total number of not find an available parking space.
cars present in a specific region at a given
moment. This is particularly useful for assessing the
adequacy of parking facilities. The
Typically, this is represented by an formula is P = (AM/M!) / (1+A+A2/2! +
accumulation curve. Parking spillover is A3/3! +…………+ AM/M!) where, P is
determined by assessing the insufficiency Probability of rejection, A is traffic load
of available parking spaces at various time calculated as the product of the incoming,
intervals. Parking spillover refers to the vehicle flow rate Q, the average parking
difference between the number of vehicles duration T and M is number of parking
parked and the capacity of the parking area stalls
DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
Parking Accumulation
Parking Accumulation
Number of accumulated cars
200
150
100
50
0
10:30-11:00
9:00-9:30
9:30-10:00
10:00-10:30
11:00-11:30
11:30-12:00
12:00-12:30
12:30-1:00
1:00-1:30
1:30-2:00
2:00-2:30
2:30-3:00
3:00-3:30
3:30-4:00
4:00-4:30
4:30-5:00
Time (9:00 am to 5:00 pm)
Fig. 3: Parking Accumulation Curve (Kawran Bazar).
Parking accumulation refers to the been no major fluctuation in most of the
evaluation of when the demand for parking time during survey period. Most of the
is at its highest and lowest levels. time parking accumulation is greater than
the number of designated parking spaces.
The parking accumulation curve clearly
indicates that the highest parking demand The average parking accumulation at the
occurs between 10:00 am and 10:30 am, study road is 123.94 vehicles per 30
accommodating a total of 162 vehicles. minutes, indicating that 123.94 vehicles
The off-peak period has been determined are anticipated to be present during each
to be from 4:00 am to 4:30 am. There has 30-minute interval
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Journal of Transportation Engineering and Traffic Management
Volume 5 Issue 3
e-ISSN: 2584-1823
Parking Efficiency
160%
Parking Efficiency (%)
140%
120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
9:00-9:30
11:30-12:00
9:30-10:00
10:00-10:30
10:30-11:00
11:00-11:30
12:00-12:30
12:30-1:00
1:00-1:30
1:30-2:00
2:00-2:30
2:30-3:00
3:00-3:30
3:30-4:00
4:00-4:30
4:30-5:00
Time (9:00 am to 5:00 pm)
Fig. 4: Parking Efficiency (Kawran Bazar).
Parking Efficiency parking lot is utilized an average of 4.34
Parking efficiency is assessed by times throughout the survey period. It can
determining the proportion of available be greater if the average parking duration
parking lots that are being utilized. The decreases.
parking inventory study revealed that there
are a total of 110 approved parking spaces Probability of Rejection
across the four locations. Parking load within 8 hours has been
found 1983 vehicles-hours and the parking
The graph indicates that the parking spaces space is 110. The probability of rejection is
are frequently overutilized, with many approximately 1.0000.
users parking their cars illegally or
carelessly near the designated areas. This result indicates that the probability of
a vehicle being rejected (not finding a
This results in a reduced road capacity. parking space) is extremely high,
Furthermore, it suggests that managing the essentially 100%. This is due to the very
parking pressure will become extremely high traffic load compared to the number
challenging if the parking volume of available parking bays.
increases throughout this specific period.
Due to higher factorial value complex
Parking Turnover calculation, it has been done using python.
Total Volume during the survey period is So, the vehicles not getting a parking
477 vehicles. Parking Capacity is 110 space generally can park on empty places
space hours, so parking turnover has been in the road. It will create much pressure on
found 4.34 vehicles per space over the the road. It also responsible for traffic
survey period. The data suggests that each congestion in Kawran Bazar area.
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Journal of Transportation Engineering and Traffic Management
Volume 5 Issue 3
e-ISSN: 2584-1823
Parking Spillover
Parking Spillover (9:00 am to 5:00 pm)
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Capacity Spillover
Fig. 5: Parking Spillover (Kawran Bazar).
The spillover appears to peak between the spillover throughout the day, the
10:30 AM and 2:00 PM, indicating a overall demand for parking remains
particularly high demand for parking relatively consistent. This suggests a
during these hours. This aligns with the steady flow of vehicles entering and
typical workday schedule, where people exiting the area, contributing to the
arrive at offices and businesses, leading to persistent parking challenge. But the
increased vehicle traffic and parking capacity is very limited.
congestion. While there are fluctuations in
Parking Duration
Parking Duration in hour (Kawran Bazar Area)
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Number of Parked
vehicles
Fig. 6: Parking Duration in hours.
Kawran Bazar, a bustling commercial hub which have been seen to stay in the
in Dhaka, exhibits diverse parking designated on-street parking areas of
durations as depicted in the attached bar important offices. These cars likely to be
graph. The data reveals that the majority of stay every day in the designated on-street
vehicles are parked for more than 5 hours, parking areas as most of them belong to
HBRP Publication Page 27-35 2024. All Rights Reserved Page 32
Journal of Transportation Engineering and Traffic Management
Volume 5 Issue 3
e-ISSN: 2584-1823
the official people. But this demand is also stops for shopping or business transactions
higher than the supply. A significant are common. Understanding these patterns
number staying for less than 1 hour which is crucial for urban planning and traffic
indicates a high turnover rate, likely due to management in such densely populated
the area’s commercial nature, where quick areas.
Overall Demand and Supply Situation (On-street Parking)
Demand and Supply Situation of
Kawran Bazar (On-street Parking)
200
150
100
50
0
9:00-10:30 12:30-2:00 3:30-5:00
Demand Supply
Fig. 7: Comparison of Parking Demand and supply in Different Period of the Day.
The studied area exhibits temporal area is expected to be good as people often
fluctuations in the demand-supply leave the area after completing their
dynamics. During the morning (9:00 am – work.But here in 3:30-5:00 pm the demand
10:30 am) and noon (12:30 pm – 2:00 pm) is quite high as there is a huge market
periods of the day, the demand exceeds the place here also.
supply. A significant influx of individuals
commute to their workplaces throughout OFF-STREET PARKING SUPPLY
both time periods, and a substantial According to BNBC, space should be
number of people also visit marketplaces. allocated for 1 car for every 200-meter
Parked cars exert higher pressure during square for business purpose. But most of
the morning hour compared to the noon the buildings with important offices that
period. The traffic congestion worsens are surveyed do not have the expected
during the morning period compared to the number of parking supplies according to
afternoon hour. During the afternoon, the their area.
demand-supply condition in a commercial
Comparion of off-street parking supply with BNBC
guideline
150
100
50
0
Building 1 Building 2 Building 3 Building 4 Building 5 Building 6 Building 7
Expected number of parking bays according to BNBC guideline
Provided Parking Bays
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Journal of Transportation Engineering and Traffic Management
Volume 5 Issue 3
e-ISSN: 2584-1823
Fig. 8: Off-street Parking Supply and BNBC parking requirements according to the building
area.
Only building 5 has satisfactory number of Implement security measures such as
parking’s where building 6 and 7 has no surveillance cameras and emergency
parking bays. Other buildings have lower call stations at off street parking
supplies than the requirements according Ensure that parking spaces are within a
to BNBC. reasonable distance from the facility’s
entrance.
CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS Dhaka is one of the most unlivable cities
Based on the previous discussion, it is in the world. To make it livable sustainable
evident that the parking situation in the transport system is must. Systematic
commercial area of Kawran Bazar is management of transport system and
unsatisfactory. As there is 100% parking facilities both are required to solve
probability of rejection illegal parkings are these problems. Both public awareness and
a common scenario which has also been Government initiatives are also required
observed from inventory survey. Parking for efficient parking system.
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