RATES OF REACTION

GRADE 11
- Please take out your
chemistry books, we will
be doing writing today
Ms.Wallace
The speed of chemical reactions varies considerably. Some
reactions occur very rapidly, such as precipitation. Others occur
very slowly, such as the rusting of iron and steel.
Subject: Chemistry

Topic: Rates of reaction

Subtopics:
1. Definition of rates of reaction
2. Factors affecting rates of reaction
3. Collision theory
 Objective:
•Define rate of reaction
•Identify factors which affect
the rate of reaction
 What do you think the term “rate”
means in everyday language?

• (Encourages students to connect

their general understanding of “rate”
to this new context.)
Can you give some examples of rates
you encounter in daily life?

•(Examples could include

speed, heart rate, or cooking
time.)
When we talk about a chemical reaction,
what might we be measuring when we
refer to its “rate”?
• (Guides students to think about
what could change during a
reaction, such as reactant
consumption or product
formation.)
 Why do you think it’s important to
understand how quickly a reaction happens?
Can you think of any real-world applications?

• (Helps students link reaction rates to practical

applications like medicine, industry, or
environmental science.)
If you were asked to measure how fast a
reaction occurs, what kinds of things
might you measure or observe?
• (Opens up ideas on measurable factors, like
changes in concentration, temperature, or
visible changes over time.)
Based on what we discussed, how would
you define the term “rate of reaction” in
your own words?
• (Encourages students to synthesize their
thoughts into a clear definition.)
 Rates of reaction
• The rate of reaction is a measured change in
the concentration of a reactant or product
with time, at a given temperature.
• The speed of a reaction is called the rate of
the reaction
 Calculating the rate of reaction from
Time (s)
experimental results:
0 10 30 40 50

Volume of CO2 (cm3) 0 120 200 290 330

Determine the rate of the reaction for the first 10s.

Rate = Change (increase) in the concentration of products
Time taken for change

Rate = Final volume of gas - initial volume of gas produced

Final time- initial time

=120 cm3 - 0 cm3

10 s - 0 s
= 120cm3/10s = 12cm3s-1
Determine the rate of the reaction between 50s and 30s.
 How can rate of reaction be measured?
Measuring the rate of a reaction means measuring the change
in the amount of a reactant or the amount of a product.
What can be measured to calculate the rate of reaction
between magnesium and hydrochloric acid?
hydrochloric magnesium
magnesium + acid
→
chloride + hydrogen

● The amount of hydrochloric acid used up (cm3/min).

● The amount of magnesium chloride produced (g/min).
● The amount of hydrogen product (cm3/min).
 Setting up rate experiments
What equipment is needed to investigate the rate of
hydrogen production?
glass tube rubber connecter gas syringe

conical rubber bung

flask

hydrochloric
acid

magnesium
 Calculating rate of reaction from graphs
How can the rate of reaction be calculated from a graph?
hydrogen produced (cm3) 70
60
50 x
rate of reaction = X
40
30 Y
20 y
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
time (seconds)
The gradient of the graph is equal to the initial rate of reaction at that time

rate of reaction = 45 cm3 rate of reaction = 2.25 cm3/s

20 s
1. Determine the average rate of the reaction in
the first minute.
Rate of reaction= increase in volume of H2 gas
Time taken for increase
1. Determine the average rate of the reaction in
the second minute.
Rate of reaction= increase in volume of H2 gas
Time taken for increase
Time taken = final - initial
= 120s - 60 s = 60 s
 What is the rate of these reactions?
• The speed of different chemical reactions
varies hugely. Some reactions are very fast
and others are very slow.
rusting baking explosion

slow fast very fast

 Why are some reactions faster than
others?

Collision Theory
MgOH(aq) + HCl (aq)→ MgCl2(s) + H2O(l)
 What is Collision Theory?
In order for a chemical reaction to take place, all of the
following must occur:

1. The particles of the reactants must collide with each

other so that the bonds in the reactants can be broken.

So that new bonds can form.

 What is Collision Theory?
2. The reactant particles must collide with enough energy,
(activation energy) to break original bonds and to enable new
bonds to form.

The minimum amount of energy needed for the particles to react is

called the activation energy, and it is different for each reaction.
• If particles collide with less energy than the activation
energy, they will not react. The particles will just bounce
off each other.
 What is Collision Theory?
3. The reactant particles must collide with the correct
orientation.

They must line up correctly with each other so that bonds

can break and reform in the correct way.
Not all collisions result in a reaction occurring.
Some do not occur with the required activation
energy and some do not occur with the correct
orientation of particles. Any collision that results
in a reaction is known as an effective collision.
This affects the rate.
 The rate of a reaction depends on:

• The collision of particles

• the energy with which particles collide.

• the orientation of the particles

 What does the rate of a chemical
reaction measure?
a. The quantity of reactants used up
b. The speed at which products are formed
c. The change in temperature during the
reaction
d. The color change observed
 In the collision theory, what is
essential for a successful reaction?
• a. High reactant concentration
b. Frequent collisions with proper orientation
c. Low temperature
d. Large-sized reactant particles
 Define the term "activation energy"
and its role in reaction rates.
• The minimum amount of energy needed for
the particles to react.
• It determines the likelihood of successful
collisions.
•Anything that increases the
number of successful collisions
between reactant particles will
speed up a reaction.
 What factors affect the rate of
reactions?
• The rate of a reaction is dependent on four
main factors:
• • Concentration.
• • Temperature.
• • Surface area (particle size).
• • Presence or absence of a catalyst.
 How does these factors affect the rate
of reaction?
Factor Effect on the rate of reaction Explanation
Concentration The higher the concentration Increasing the concentration of a
of reactants of a reactant, the faster the reactant increases the number of
reaction. particles in a unit volume of
This applies to reactants in solution.
solution. As a result, the particles collide
more frequently, increasing the
chances of effective collisions.
Factor Effect on the rate of reaction Explanation
Temperature The higher the temperature at Increasing the temperature of a
which a reaction occurs, the reaction gives the reactant particles
faster the reaction. more kinetic energy.
For some reactions, if the As a result:
temperature increases by • The particles move faster so collide
10°C, the rate of the reaction more frequently.
approximately doubles. • With increased kinetic energy, more
particles have enough energy to
overcome the activation energy
barrier.
A combination of the two increases
the chances of effective collisions.
Factor Effect on the rate of reaction Explanation
Surface area The smaller the particles of a The reaction occurs on the surface
(particle size) reactant, the faster the of a solid. Small solid particles have
reaction. a larger total surface area than large
This applies to reactants in the particles with the same mass.
solid state. Decreasing
particle size exposes a greater
surface area to
the other reactant. As a result, the
particles collide more frequently,
increasing the chances of effective
collisions.
Factor Effect on the rate of reaction Explanation
Presence or When added, most Enzymes are biological
absence of a catalysts speed up a catalysts.
catalyst reaction. They speed up chemical
A few catalysts (inhibitors reactions occurring in living
or negative catalysts) slow cells.
down a reaction. Tetraethyl lead(IV) (Pb(C,H,)) is
an inhibitor that used to be
added to petrol ('leaded petrol
') to stop premature ignition ('
knocking').
 What are catalysts?
Catalysts are substances that change the rate of a reaction
without being used up in the reaction.
Catalysts never produce more product – they just produce
the same amount more quickly.
Ea without
catalyst Different catalysts work in
different ways, but most
energy (kJ)

lower the reaction’s

activation energy (Ea).
Ea with
catalyst

reaction (time)
Note that the following also affect the rate of
some reactions.
Which factor does NOT typically affect
the rate of a reaction?
• a. Temperature
b. Concentration of reactants
c. Surface area of reactants
d. Color of reactants
 A catalyst is a substance that:
• a. Slows down a reaction
b. Increases the temperature of a reaction
c. Provides more reactants
d. Speeds up a reaction without being
consumed
 Part B: True or False
• ____ An increase in temperature generally
results in an increase in reaction rate.
• ____ Surface area does not affect the rate of
reaction.
• ____ A decrease in reactant concentration
may lead to an increase in reaction rate.
• ____ Catalysts participate in the reaction and
RATES OF REACTION

GRADE 11

Class 2
 INTRODUCTION
• Organization of classroom
• Control of class attendance
• Reminder of the previous lesson
• Check homework
 What does the rate of a chemical
reaction measure?
a. The quantity of reactants used up
b. The speed at which products are formed
c. The change in temperature during the
reaction
d. The color change observed
 In the collision theory, what is
essential for a successful reaction?
• a. High reactant concentration
b. Frequent collisions with proper orientation
c. Low temperature
d. Large-sized reactant particles
 Define the term "activation energy"
and its role in reaction rates.
• The minimum amount of energy needed for
the particles to react.
• It determines the likelihood of successful
collisions.
Class: Grade 11.
Subject: Chemistry

Topic: Rates of reaction

Subtopics:

Rate Curves
•Anything that increases the
number of successful collisions
between reactant particles will
speed up a reaction.
 What factors affect the rate of
reactions?- explain each
• The rate of a reaction is dependent on four
main factors:
• • Concentration.
• • Temperature.
• • Surface area (particle size).
• • Presence or absence of a catalyst.
 INTRODUCTION
• Organization of classroom
• Control of class attendance
• Reminder of the previous lesson
• Check homework
 Objective:
•Interpret graphical
representation of data
obtained in studying rates of
reaction.
• A rate curve can be drawn if a
measured property, such as
concentration, is plotted on a
graph against time as the reaction
proceeds.
From the graph we can see:
 Components of a Rate Curve:
• Time (x-axis): Represents the duration of the
reaction.
• Rate of Reaction (y-axis): Represents the rate
at which the reaction is proceeding.
20 0.050

32 0.031

44 0.023

52 0.019

59 0.017
 0.0100

0.090

0.080

0.070

0.060

0.050
RATE

0.040
(S-1)

0.030

0.020

0.010

0 0 0 0 0
TIME (S)
0 0 0 0 0