2020

TIPDIL VE YÖKDIL SAĞLIK SINAVLARINDAKI SORU FORMATINA

%100 UYGUN SORU BANKASI

Saner Bircan
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CONTENTS

TENSES ------------------------------------ PAGE 2

PASSIVE VOICE ------------------------- PAGE 18
IF CLAUSE --------------------------------- PAGE 26
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE ------------------- PAGE 36
GERUND INFINITIVE ------------------- PAGE 48
CONJUNCTIONS ------------------------ PAGE 60
CLOZE TEST ----------------------------- PAGE 83
SENTENCE COMPLETION ----------- PAGE 89
TRANSLATION ( ENG. –TUR. ) ------ PAGE 110
TRANSLATION ( TUR. – ENG. ) ------ PAGE 125
IRRELEVANT SENETENCES -------- PAGE 138
PARAGRAPH COMPLETION -------- PAGE 161
PASSAGES ------------------------------- PAGE 191
GRAMMAR REVISION ------------------ PAGE 211
CEVAP ANAHTARI ---------------------- PAGE 223

1
1- The rate of food allergies around the world 5- The new cell phone guidelines ------ since
------ and the rise in food allergies ------ 2009, but experts ------ them yet.
western countries most for years.
A) had existed / had not published
A) was increasing / would affect B) will exist / does not publish
B) is increasing / has affected C) existed / did not publish
C) will increase / had affected D) have existed / have not published
D) increased / will be affecting E) would exist / will have not published
E) increases / affected

2- In European countries, parents generally --- 6- Pope Francis ------ that the Vatican ------ the
--- their children at an early age, however, sales of cigarettes and other tobacco
recently more and more parents ------ their products in the Roman Catholic state in 2023.
children treated.
A) has announced / will ban
A) vaccinate / have not wanted B) had announced / has banned
B) will vaccinate / had not wanted C) will announce / banned
C) had vaccinated / did not want D) announces / would have banned
D) vaccinated / would not want E) announced / had banned
E) have not vaccinated / won’t want
7- Authorities ------ to restrict the personal use
3- Shopkeepers who ------ medical marijuana of cars to every second day in Delhi, a
claim that prices ------ up because of measure that ------ in the past.
additional taxes.
A) will want / had worked
A) sold / had gone B) would want / will work
B) would sell / have gone C) had wanted / works
C) sell / will go D) have wanted / would work
D) had sold / went E) want / worked
E) have sold / would go
8- According to the World Health
4- Cell phones ------ radiation in the form of Organization, about 800,000 people ------ from
low-energy radio waves when they ------ and suicide every year so they ------ strict
send signals from cell towers. precautions until the death rate reduces.

A) emitted / received A) died / would take

B) have emitted / have received B) had died / have taken
C) emit / receive C) die / will take
D) will emit / had received D) will die / will have taken
E) had emitted / will receive E) have died / had taken

2
9- People ------ for almost 3 years now, but, by 13- Recently, the American pharmaceutical
the end of the week, we ------ our projects on company Pfizer ------ that it --- no longer ---
the new hospital. drugs that can be used for lethal injections to
the American government.
A) waited / would complete
B) have waited / will have completed A) had said / would sell
C) wait / had completed B) says / has sold
D) will wait / have completed C) said / will be selling
E) had waited / completed D) has said / will sell
E) will say / had sold
10- Childhood obesity ------ tenfold in the last
four decades and it ------ millions of children 14- Because many adults ------ to do the
since 1975. recommended exercises, they often ------ the
risk of heart disease that can be cut down in
A) had risen / affected half through exercise.
B) will rise / affects
C) would rise / had affected A) fail / face
D) has risen / has affected B) failed / will face
E) rose / will affect C) had failed / faced
D) have failed / would face
11- Miwa Sado is a Japanese journalist who E) will fail / had faced
------ in 2013 after he ------ too hard, and so her
case became public this week after labor 15- The government of Botswana, knowing
inspectors published a detailed report. that up to a third of its population had HIV or
AIDS, ------ that it ------ free antiretroviral
A) died / had worked treatment to every citizen with AIDS.
B) will die / has worked
C) would die / will work A) would announce / will offer
D) had died / worked B) announced / would offer
E) dies / works C) has announced / offered
D) had announced / offers
12- For the first time England’s Prince Harry E) will announce / has offered
------ about how he ------ emotionally after the
death of his mother Lady Diana. 16- When the heart ------ blood away, this
generates a pulse of pressure that ------
A) had talked / has struggled through the body.
B) will talk / had struggled
C) has talked / struggled A) pushes / moves
D) talked / will struggle B) pushed / will move
E) talks / would struggle C) had pushed / would move
D) will push / moved
E) has pushed / had moved

3
17- A study which was published in the 21- Age-specific death rates ------ for younger
journal Scientific Reports early last month ---- age groups and ------ for older age groups
-- some metabolic changes triggered by every year.
fasting that researchers ------ aware of
previously. A) increased / will decrease
B) will increase / had decreased
A) identifies / have not been C) have increased / would decrease
B) will identify / are not D) are increasing / decreased
C) identified / had not been E) increase / decrease
D) had identified / were not
E) has identified / will not be 22- Officials ------ that annual medical cost of
obesity in the United States ------ $187 billion
18- During the last years, U.S. officials ------ US dollars by 2025.
great strides in the control of malaria which
------ back the beginning of the 20th century. A) estimated / reached
B) estimate / will have reached
A) made / had dated C) had estimated / reaches
B) will make / has dated D) have estimated / is reaching
C) would make / dated E) will estimate / has reached
D) make / will date
E) have made / dates 23- Every year, about 790,000 Americans ------
a heart attack and of these cases, 210,000
19- More than 119,000 people ------ from happen to people who ------ already a first
bloodstream Staphylococcus aureus (staph) heart attack.
infections in the United States in 2017 – and
nearly 20,000 ------. A) had / will have
B) have / have had
A) had suffered / had died C) had had / have
B) have suffered / will die D) will have / had had
C) suffered / died E) are having / would have
D) would suffer / have died
E) suffer / would die
24- During pregnancy, many women ------
20- Many people ------ the latest official federal whether her baby ------ mommy’s eyes or
government cancer data after they ------ the daddy’s dimples.
Data Visualizations tool.
A) wonder / will have
A) explore / will use B) wondered / would have
B) have explored / would use C) had wondered / had
C) had explored / used D) will wonder / has
D) will explore / are using E) have wondered / had had
E) explored / had used

4
25- Staying in control of your weight ------ to 29- Scientists ------ for years to learn who ------
good health as you ------. Alzheimer’s disease.

A) contributed / aged A) had been attempting / would get

B) had contributed / will age B) are attempting / had gotten
C) has contributed / had aged C) have been attempting / will get
D) contributes / age D) attempted / was getting
E) will contribute / have aged E) attempt / got

26- After my father ------ a contaminated food 30- Until now, doctors in the United States ----
or drink, it ------ hours or days before he -- laser ablation mainly to treat tumors of the
developed symptoms. brain, spine and prostate.

A) had consumed / will take A) have used

B) consumed / took B) will use
C) has consumed / has taken C) had used
D) will consume / takes D) used
E) would consume / had taken E) will be using

27- Computer-assisted history taking systems 31- During the nineteen sixties, researchers
------ available since the 1960s, however, their ------ changes in the brains of people with
use ------ still variable across healthcare Parkinson’s, and then these discoveries ------
delivery systems. to medicines to treat the effects of the
disease.
A) had been / will remain
B) are / would remain A) had discovered / led
C) have been / remains B) discovered / had led
D) had been / has remained C) will discover / have led
E) will be / had remained D) have discovered / will lead
E) discover / lead
28- By 19th century, the history and physical
examination ------ nearly the only diagnostic 32- When the brain ------ a sudden burst of
tools that the physician ------. electricity, the body ------ physical changes
called epileptic seizures.
A) had been / used
B) have been / will use A) had / will experience
C) would be / had used B) has / experiences
D) will have been / uses C) will have / will experience
E) were / has used D) had had / has experienced
E) would have / experienced

5
33- Doctors ------ dementia completely yet, but 37- The World Health Organization ------
research ------ some form of treatment before mosquito control efforts ------ in many areas
long. now.

A) had not treated / provides A) says / are improving

B) did not treat / would provide B) said / will be improving
C) do not treat / had provided C) had said / have improved
D) have not treated / will provide D) will say / had improved
E) won’t treat / provided E) has said / improved

34- It ------ about forty years since the United 38- Health experts ------ that soon, more
States Food and Drug Administration ------ a people
drug for treating lupus. ------ from cancer than from AIDS,
tuberculosis and malaria combined.
A) had been / approves
B) will be / had approved A) predicted / had died
C) is / will approve B) have predicted / would die
D) was / has approved C) will predict / died
E) has been / approved D) predict / will die
E) had predicted / would have died
35- It is likely that many people ------ to
alternative medicine soon because they ------ 39- As recently as the nineteen seventies,
from traditional medicines for a long time. little research ------ about a subject that ------
most people at some time and this subject is
A) will return / have not benefited pain.
B) would return / had not benefited
C) had returned / won’t benefit A) exists / interested
D) will have returned / did not benefit B) existed / interests
E) returned / do not benefit C) will exist / will interest
D) had existed / has interested
36- Doctors always ------ catheters to open E) has existed / would interest
blocked arteries that ------ blood to the heart.
40- The rate of breast cancer in Japan,
A) used / will supply Singapore and Korea ------ now three times
B) have used / would supply what it ------ forty years ago.
C) use / supply
D) will use / supplied A) was / had been
E) had used / have supplied B) is / was
C) will be / has been
D) had been / will be
E) would be / would be

6
41- In 1996 British scientists ------ the first 45- Due to recent advances in medical care
mammal, a sheep called Dolly, since then, the and social inclusion, life expectancy ------
cloning of mice, cattle, cats and other dramatically for individuals with Down
mammals ------ successful. syndrome.

A) clone / had been A) had increased B) will increase

B) had cloned / were C) would increase D) has increased
C) cloned / have been E) was increasing
D) have cloned / will be
E) will clone / are 46- Scientists ------ to determine which of the
genes on chromosome 21 ------ different
42- Doctors ------ that by the end of next characteristics of the disorder when present
month, they ------ the treatment for him. in three copies.

A) think / will have completed A) are trying / cause

B) thought / had completed B) were trying / would cause
C) will think / complete C) tried / had caused
D) would think / completed D) try / caused
E) have thought / would complete E) will try / have caused

43- For a long time, people ------ human 47- Although social and medical interventions
cloning as a science fiction, but some ------ people live longer so far, none of the
scientists still believe that it ------ possible to techniques ------ the aging process.
clone a human being from the cells of one
adult. A) had helped / will affect
B) would help / had affected
A) had thought / would be C) have helped / has affected
B) will think / will have been D) helped / affects
C) thinks / had been E) are helping / is affecting
D) has thought / will be
E) is thinking / was 48- Before the last epidemic ------ to central
cities, it ------ many victims throughout the
44- Most calorie-restriction and fasting-diet country.
studies ------ in younger people, but
researchers ------ to study older adults. A) will spread / claimed
B) would spread / has claimed
A) had been / began C) spreads / would claim
B) will be / would begin D) spread / had claimed
C) are / were beginning E) has spread / claims
D) have been / are beginning
E) were / will begin

7
49- A Vaccination program, which is carried 53- More than 25 million people ------ of AIDS
out by local officials, ------ countryside before since the first cases were reported and today
long and they ------ it by next week. more than 35 million people around the world
------ with an HIV infection.
A) will reach / will have completed
B) would reach / had completed A) had died / lived
C) reached / completed B) will die / will live
D) had reached / will complete C) died / would live
E) has reached / are completing D) die / had lived
E) have died / are living
50- Doctors first ------ Hypnosis as a surgical
anesthetic but then they ------ it the following 54- Throughout human history, the world ------
year. many contagious diseases and it is certain
that we ------ to experience it.
A) have used / will abandon
B) will use / abandon A) had experienced / would continue
C) used / had abandoned B) has experienced / will continue
D) use / would abandon C) experiences / continue
E) had used / abandoned D) experienced / continued
E) will experience / have continued
51- Most acute diarrhea episodes ------ only a
few days to a couple of weeks and generally 55- The Third Plague Pandemic ------ to a
------ no special treatment. bubonic plague pandemic that ------ in the
Yunnan province in China last century.
A) lasted / needed
B) have lasted / will need A) referred / has started
C) last / need B) refers / started
D) had lasted / has needed C) will refer / starts
E) will last / had needed D) had referred / will start
E) has referred / had started
52- The largest plague outbreak in the 20th
century ------ in Manchuria between 1910 and 56- When Pepsi ------ out a crystal clear cola in
1911 and it still occasionally ------ smaller 1992, it was thought that consumers ------ it
outbreaks in parts of sub-Saharan Africa. because clear meant pure and healthy.

A) had occurred / caused A) brought / would buy

B) would occur / will cause B) will bring / had bought
C) occurred / causes C) brings / will buy
D) has occurred / has caused D) had brought / have bought
E) occurs / would cause E) has brought / buy

8
57- Every day, 29 people in the United States 61- Scientists ------ that they ------ cancer cells
------ in motor vehicle crashes that ------ an at their roots soon.
alcohol-impaired driver.
A) claim / will stop
A) died / have involved B) claimed / would stop
B) had died / involved C) had claimed / have stopped
C) have died / will involve D) will claim / stop
D) die / involve E) have claimed / stopped
E) will die / had involved
62- After scientists ------ hard, they found that
58- On average, bacterial meningitis ------ sadness or a stressful event ------ heart
about 4,100 cases and 500 deaths in the muscles to become weaker.
United States each year between 2003 and
2007. A) work / will cause
B) have worked / had caused
A) had caused B) would cause C) worked / caused
C) caused D) will cause D) were working / had caused
E) causes E) will work / causes

59- A new medical report ------ out that the 63- Within the last 20 years Ozone hole ------
number of obese people around the world bigger and now ------ over some parts of
------ by 600% over the past 40 years. Australia, New Zealand and the northern
hemisphere as well.
A) had found / increased
B) will find / increases A) has been getting / lies
C) has found / has increased B) had gotten / is lying
D) would find / is increasing C) got / had been lying
E) finds / will increase D) gets / would lie
E) will get / lied
60- Within the next decade, 20% of the world's
population ------ overweight, so more and 64- As soon as the Zika virus ------ to spread
more medical experts ------ to prevent it. throughout Central and South America, health
experts thought that it ------ to brain defects in
A) would be / had tried babies.
B) will be / are trying
C) is / were trying A) has started / will lead
D) had been / tried B) starts / would lead
E) has been increasing / try C) started / had led
D) will start / leads
E) had started / led

9
65- Until the Zika virus ------ in South America 69- Refined flour and sugar, which ------ very
and spread rapidly across Brazil, experts ------ common in the 19th century, ------ an
it as a threat to global health. important part, in the increasing number of
diabetics.
A) has appeared / do not consider
B) appeared / did not consider A) became / play
C) appears / will not consider B) become / played
D) had appeared / had not considered C) have become / will play
E) will appear / have not considered D) had become / have played
E) will become / had played
66- Once a child ------ from decaying teeth the
problem ------ into adulthood. 70- By the early 1960s the Nobel committee
------ that Avery and his team ------- right all
A) suffers / will continue along and deserved the Nobel Prize.
B) suffered / would continue
C) had suffered / has continued A) will accept / have been
D) was suffering / continued B) would accept / were
E) will suffer / continues C) accepted / had been
D) had accepted / will be
67- Since Alexander Fleming ------ penicillin in E) has accepted / have been
the early 20th century antibiotics ------
hundreds of millions of lives. 71- Several experiments carried out by
researchers, only on mice, ------ that skin
A) had discovered / would save damage ------ susceptibility to asthma.
B) discovered / have saved
C) will discover / saved A) had confirmed / created
D) has discovered / have been saving B) will confirm / had created
E) discovers / will be saving C) confirms / would create
D) have confirmed / creates
68- When he ------ the treatment for arthritis, E) would confirm / has created
Dr. Aschner ------ worldwide famous as a
leading authority on the illness. 72- An average of 1,557 people ------ into
cardiac arrest each day in 2013, a statistic
A) finds / will have become that ------ to climb each year.
B) had found / had become
C) will find / has become A) had gone / continued
D) found / became B) went / continues
E) has found / will become C) have gone / has continued
D) will go / continues
E) go / had continued

10
73- As he ------ those antibiotics, it ------ very 77- After 2013's Typhoon Haiyan ------ the
difficult to find out just what the problem is. Philippines on November 8th, it measured 300
miles across and ------ about deaths of
A) has taken / will be millions.
B) had taken / has been
C) takes / had been A) has struck / has brought
D) had taken / was B) will strike / would bring
E) will take / would be C) had struck / brought
D) struck / had brought
74- American medical researchers say they E) strikes / will bring
------ a simple blood test that can tell if a
woman ------ ovarian cancer. 78- Osteoporosis predominantly ------ people
as they age, so as the population of the U.S.
A) have developed / has is growing older, it is possible that the
B) had developed / had had condition
C) will develop / will have ------ more prevalent over time.
D) developed / would have
E) develop / had A) affected / had become
B) has affected / is becoming
75- For years, people ------ whether they are C) will affect / became
safe from germs when they ------ in small, D) would affect / becomes
enclosed areas. E) affects / will become

A) had wondered / will travel 79- Although the links between triclosan and
B) wondered / would travel osteoporosis were not as strong as the
C) will wonder / travelled authors ------, the chemical ------ to affect bone
D) have wondered / travel density in some way.
E) wonder / had travelled
A) had expected / appears
76- Abortion rates ------ significantly over the B) will expect / appeared
last 25 years in developed countries and ------ C) have expected / will appear
at a historic low. D) expect / had appeared
E) are expecting / will have appeared
A) have declined / are
B) had declined / will be
C) declined / were
D) will decline / would be
E) decline / had been

11
80- According to many estimates, between 70 84- French authorities ------ trials of gene
and 90 percent of all women with ovarian therapy since a boy ------ a disease similar to
cancer ------ a recurrence at some point after leukaemia.
their diagnosis, depending on how advanced
the disease ------. A) had suspended / contracts
B) suspended / has contracted
A) would have / is C) will suspend / had contracted
B) had had / will be D) have suspended / contracted
C) will have / was E) suspend / will contract
D) have had / would be
E) had / had had 85- The students who ------ a top grade in
pharmacology were admitted to post-
81- Obesity currently ------ more than 1 in 3 graduate studies.
people in the United States and every year, at
least 2.8 million people ------ due A) have received
complications related to excess weight. B) will receive
C) had received
A) affected / died D) would receive
B) is affecting / had died E) were receiving
C) has affected / would die
D) affects / die 86- In the United States alone, about 2.8% of
E) had affected / will die all adults ------ a diagnosis of bipolar disorder
in the last year, according to the National
82- At one time, scientists believed that when Institute of Mental Health.
an individual ------ maturity, “aging genes” -----
- to direct its progress toward the grave. A) hold
B) will hold
A) had achieved / would begin C) had held
B) has achieved / had begun D) held
C) achieved / began E) were holding
D) achieves / begins
E) will achieve / will begin 87- Antibiotic drugs usually ------ bacteria, but
they ------ effective against viruses.
83- Over the past decade, doctors ------
concerned about how the tiniest particles in A) kill / are not
the air adversely ------ health. B) killed / were not
C) had killed / have not been
A) had become / affected D) have killed / will not be
B) have become / affect E) will kill / had not been
C) will become / had affected
D) become / will affect
E) became / would affect

12
88- By the end of the next year, scientists ------ 92- Septicemia ------, in the past, more or less
their studies on new vaccine programs in the an incurable disease, but now the rate of cure
schools where doctors ------ every child. ------ over ninety per cent.

A) would have completed / will vaccinate A) was / has risen

B) had completed / vaccinated B) will be / had risen
C) complete / have vaccinated C) had been / is rising
D) will have completed / vaccinate D) would be / rises
E) completed / will be vaccinating E) has been / rose

89- By 1960’s, experts ------ the virus which 93- According to the WHO, a number of
had killed a lot of people living in the Europe, laboratory-confirmed human cases of H5N1
but since then, the struggle ------ on. ------ since 2013 and scientists ------ closely it
now.
A) eradicated / has been going
B) had eradicated / had been going A) occurred / have monitored
C) were eradicating / will have gone B) had occurred / monitored
D) eradicate / would go C) will occur / were monitoring
E) have eradicated / went D) have occurred / are monitoring
E) occur / will be monitoring
90- John Snow, who ------ chloroform to
Queen Victoria in 1853 at the birth of Prince 94- By protecting the global community from
Leopold, ------ the practice of anesthesia on a infection before it ------ , one can potentially
firm basis in Britain. save millions of lives.

A) administers / had established A) struck

B) administered / established B) will strike
C) will administer / has established C) strikes
D) has administered / establishes D) has struck
E) had administered / will establish E) had struck

91- We ------ up this new treatment protocol 95- He ------ well since we -----him on the
before long and see whether it ------ of some cholesterol-lowering diet and drug regimen.
use to the patients.
A) had been feeling / start
A) would take / had been B) will feel / started
B) will take / will be C) has been feeling / started
C) had taken / was D) is feeling / would start
D) take / is E) felt / have been starting
E) have taken / has been

13
96- The use of sweeteners in food 100- Before the carbon isotope radio (CIR)
manufacturing------ steadily over the past two urine test ............ standard protocol for
decades and ---- no signs of abating. testing athletes for doping , analysts ..............
on a more primitive urine screen for this
A) would rise / will show purpose.
B) had risen / would show
C) has risen / shows A) becomes / would have relied
D) would have risen / had shown B) became / had to rely
E) rose / will show C) has become / had relied
D) had become / relied
97- Without adequate nutrient and energy E) will become / could relied
reserves, an underweight person probably ----
-- a particularly tough battle against such 101- Compact discs (CDs first ------ popular
medical stresses. culture in the 1980s, however, their history
------ back to the 1960s.
A) would have
B) will have A) had entered / went
C) had B) will enter / has gone
D) may have had C) entered / goes
E) had had D) has entered / will go
E) enters / had gone
98- Most physical anthropologists ---- that
modern human abilities ---- present since the 102- Since 1920s, when John Robert Powers
emergence of Homo sapiens some ------ the first modeling agency, it ------
40,000100,000 years ago. beautiful people to help sell everything from
magazines to computers to vacation
A) will agree / would be destinations.
B) could agree / are
C) have agreed / were A) will open / would provide
D) agree / have been B) had opened / will provide
E) had agreed / must be C) opens / had provided
D) opened / has provided
99- Although winemaking in France ------ back E) has opened / provided
to pre - Roman times it ------ the Romans who
spread the practice.

A) dates / was
B) dated / had been
C) will date / has been
D) would date / will be
E) had dated / had been

14
103- Beginning in the 1970s, Americans ------ 107- According to the World Health
increasingly more aware of diet and health Organization, about 800,000 people ------
issues, and ------ rejecting their traditional from suicide every year so they ------ strict
red-meat diets in favor of healthier. precautions until the death rate reduces.

A) became / began A) died / would take

B) had become / had begun B) had died / have taken
C) become / will begin C) die / will take
D) will become / would begin D) will die / will have taken
E) have become / begin E) have died / had taken

104- In the past thirty years, American’s 108- In the last 200 years, cities ------ very fast
consumption of restaurant and take-out food and many ------ centers of commercial and
------ and it seems that it ------ to rise. industrial activity.

A) had doubled / would continue A) had expanded / had become

B) will double / continued B) will expand / become
C) doubled / had continued C) have expanded / have become
D) has doubled / will continue D) expanded / became
E) doubles / continues E) expand / will become

105- After the United States ------ the great

economic crisis in 1930’s, over 85,000
businesses ------. 109- The Samaritan organization was
established in the 1950's by Reverend Chad
A) will experience / have failed Varan who ------ to form this organization to
B) had experienced / failed be able to help people who ------ of committing
C) would experience / fail suicide.
D) experienced / had failed
E) experiences / will fail A) decided / were thinking
B) decides / think
106- The rate of food allergies around the C) had decided / would think
world ------ and the rise in food allergies ------ D) will decide / thought
western countries most for years. E) has decided / have thought

A) was increasing / would affect

B) is increasing / has affected
C) will increase / had affected
D) increased / will be affecting
E) increases / affected

15
110- According to the population viability 114- Australia’s economy ------- steady growth
analysis (PVA), a species ------ extinct when over the past decade, however, the Australian
the last individual ------. mining boom ------ to an end.

A) became / died A) had been experiencing / came

B) had become / will die B) will experience / would come
C) has become / had died C) had experienced / has come
D) becomes / die D) has been experiencing / is coming
E) will become / has died E) experienced / will be coming

111- People ------ initially zoos as places of 115- When Pepsi ------ out a crystal clear cola
entertainment, and their suggested in 1992 it thought that consumers ------ it
involvement with conservation ------ until because clear meant pure and healthy.
about 30 years ago.
A) brought / would buy
A) had created / had not arisen B) will bring / had bought
B) will create / would not arise C) brings / will buy
C) created / did not arise D) had brought / have bought
D) would create / does not arise E) has brought / buy
E) have created / was not arising
16- Last year, the population of Australia ------
112- Although the output per hour of work ----- by almost 400,000, since 1970 it ------.
- since 1945, leisure ------ reserved largely for
the unemployed and underemployed today. A) will rise / doubled
B) has risen / had doubled
A) has doubled / seems C) rose / has doubled
B) doubled / has seemed D) rises / will double
C) doubles / will seem E) had risen / doubles
D) will double / seemed
E) had doubled / had seemed
117- Archeologists ------ the first drawings in
113- In contrast to other countries that ------ caves that ------ back about 30,000 years.
the EU over the past years, Turkish
membership ------ along many problems. A) had discovered / will date
B) would discover / dated
A) had joined / brought C) discover / had dated
B) have joined / brings D) discovered / date
C) will join / had brought E) will discover / have dated
D) joined / has brought
E) join / will bring

16
118- The tradition of Christmas cards ------ in
Britain in the time of Queen Victoria - over
170 years ago and it --- still --- well today.

A) began / is going
B) had begun / would go
C) has begun / will go
D) begins / had gone
E) will begin / has been going

119- Although the lives of the Siriono ------ in

the last decades, the image of them as Stone
Age relics ------.

A) had changed / will endure

B) changed / endured
C) have changed / has endured
D) are changing / would endure
E) will change / endures

120- Because many adults ------ to do the

recommended exercises, they always ------ the
risk of heart disease that can be cut down in
half through exercise.

A) fail / face
B) failed / will face
C) had failed / faced
D) have failed / would face
E) will fail / had faced

17
 PASSIVE VOICE TEST

1-Ebola ------ in 1976 in both the Democratic 5- AIDS ------ before 1980s, when doctors in
Republic of Congo and in Sudan and more the United States ------- some patients
recently, an outbreak ------ from West Africa. suffering from unusual diseases.

A) had been seen / will occur

A) was not discovered / noticed
B) was seen / has occurred
B) had not been discovered / had noticed
C) saw / has been occurred
D) is seen / occurred C) has not discovered / were noticed
E) has seen / was occurred D) did not discover / had been noticed
E) is not discovered / will notice
2- Since the first cases of AIDS ------ in 1981,
infection with human immunodeficiency virus 6- More than a decade of basic research ------
(HIV) ------ to pandemic proportions. before the gene responsible for Huntington’s
disease ------ and cloned in 1993.
A) were reported / has grown
B) are reported / had grown
A) was carried out / had been identified
C) reported / has been grown
D) report / will be grown B) will carry out / identifies
E) have reported / grew C) would be carried out / will identify
D) had been carried out / was identified
3- The vaccine of scarlet fever --- no longer ---, E) has carried out / identified
as its use ------ by the use of antibiotics.
7- Due to a very great increase in recent years
A) has been used / had eliminated in sexually transmitted diseases, various
B) was used / is eliminated precautions ------ in a number of countries.
C) will use / would be eliminated
D) is used / was eliminated A) have taken
E) had used / eliminated B) will be taken
C) had taken
4- Significant changes ------- in Health Sector D) have been taken
since the collapse of the Soviet Union. E) are taken

A) had been observed 8- Previously, scientists always ------ that the

B) will be observed brain ------ into distinct and highly specialized
C) observed systems.
D) have been observed
E) have observed A) are believed / organizes
B) had believed / was organized
C) will believe / had been organized
D) have been believed / will organize
E) believed / has been organize

18
9- In a paper that ------ previous week, the 12- The term "glymphatic" ------ by Maiken
researchers report how they ------ data pooled Nedergaard, a Danish neuroscientist who ------
from eight major international studies on the system.
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
A) had been used / has discovered
A) published / will analyze B) used / would be discovered
B) was published / analyzed C) was used / discovered
C) has been published / was analyzed D) has used / was discovered
D) is published / will be analyzed E) is used / discovers
E) had published / has analyzed

10- When a tissue ------, a rapid chain of 13- Scientists ------ whether Dolly, the cloned
events leads to the production of fibrin, a sheep, would live a normal life span or simply
stringy, insoluble mass of protein fibers that live out the remaining years of the sheep from
------ a clot from liquid blood. which she ------.

A) was injured / formed A) have wondered / will be cloned

B) is injured / forms B) were wondered / has been cloned
C) injures / is formed C) wonder / will clone
D) has been injured / will form D) wondered / had been cloned
E) has injured / was formed E) had been wondered / cloned

11- The fact that no one ------ ESCs from 14- According to Vietnamese researchers, the
cloned human embryos yet simply means bird flu virus ------ hundreds of people, who
that the science is less advanced than ------ ----- yet.
over the past two years.
A) may have affected / haven’t been diagnosed
A) has derived / has been supposed B) can be affected / hadn’t diagnosed
B) had derived / had supposed C) affected / won’t be diagnosed
C) will derive / was supposed D) will be affected / have not affected
D) was derived / will suppose E) would affect / isn’t affected
E) has been derived / has supposed

19
15- In Britain , the practice of anesthesia ------ 19- During the worldwide malaria epidemic of
on a firm basis by John Snow , who ------ 1992, it ------ that the disease ------ a resistance
chloroform to Queen Victoria in 1853 at the to certain drugs that had once been effective.
birth of Prince Leopold.
A) observed / has been developed
A) will be established / administers B) will be observed / will develop
B) was established / administered C) was observed / had developed
C) had established / will administer D) had been observed / develops
D) is established / is administered E) would observe / was developed
E) establishes / administered
20- For many years whooping cough ------
16- In England, special educational merely as a bother to the patient and a
arrangements ------ for children with IQs of nuisance to others; as, in fact, a trivial
between 50 and 70 or 75. disease.

A) were made A) had regarded

B) are made B) will be regarded
C) have been made C) regarded
D) make D) has been regarded
E) had made E) is regarded

17- It ------ that people in the US ------ 21- Soon, with all these advances in
Mediterranean eating habits and begin technology, patients with weak hearts ------
indulging in olive oil and wine. from the comfort of their own homes.

A) has been suggested / adopt A) will have monitored

B) had been suggested / can adopt B) are being monitored.
C) suggested / were adopted C) will be monitored
D) was suggested / will adopt D) would monitor
E) would suggest / had been adopted E) have been monitored

18- The value of heat for the preservation of 22- Health Watch, which, initially at least, ------
food ------- for thousands of years, but it ------ by pharmaceutical companies, an aggressive
until the nineteenth century. campaign ------ against natural medicines
nowadays.
A) had been known / won’t be realized
B) will be known / was not realized A) was financed / is waging
C) has been known / was not realized B) had financed / was waging
D) knows / won’t be realized C) has been financed / had waged
E) was known / has not realized D) financed / had been waging
E) will be financed / would wage
20
23- The relationship between genes and 26- Prolonged thiamin deficiency ------ in the
proteins ------ in 1909 when English physician disease “ beriberi “, which ------ firstly in East
A. Garrod ------ that genes dictate phenotypes Asia when the custom of polishing rice
through enzymes, the proteins that catalyze became widespread.
chemical processes in the cell.
A) will be resulted / observed
A) has proposed / is suggested B) has resulted / will have been observed
B) is being proposed / was suggested C) results / was observed
C) had been proposed / would suggest D) was resulted / has been observed
D) was proposed / suggested E) had resulted / would observe
E) proposed / will suggest
27- Most people in poor countries ------ from
24- Hypnosis ------ as a surgical anaesthetic in malaria, AIDS, tuberculosis and many
India in 1845, but it ------ with the introduction diseases lesser known in rich countries,
of ether the following year. because their governments ------ the prices
drug companies want.
A) had been used / was abandoned
B) used / is abandoned A) suffer / cannot afford
C) has used / will be abandoned B) suffered / have not been afforded
D) used / had abandoned C) have been suffered / had not afforded
E) will be used / have been used D) will suffer / don’t afford
E) may suffer / were not afforded
25- In the past addiction ------ just to
psychoactive substances, people now insist 28- Unfortunately, most oral cancers ------
that psychological dependency ------ as until they ------ to the lymph nodes of the jaw
addictions. and neck.

A) would relate / will be counted A) won’t diagnose / have spread

B) relates / will be counted B) haven’t been diagnosed / will be spread
C) had been related / was counted C) wasn’t diagnosed / had spread
D) will be related / is counted D) aren’t diagnosed / spread
E) was related / is counted E) hadn’t spread / would be spread

21
29- Alcohol ------ for centuries as an 32- Various agencies ------ to keep pesticide
anesthetic, but it was difficult to determine use within safe limits, and most consumers
the correct dosage because doctors ------ sure feel they ------ on them.
how much would be fatal.
A) were set up / have depended
A) has used / will be B) have been set up / depend
B) will be used / had been C) would set up / were depending
C) was used / would be D) are being set up / are depended
D) had used / can be E) would have set up / have been depended
E) is used / will be
33- Barack Obama ------- his first routine
30- Investigators ------ various methods over physical examination as President of the
the years to search for genes that ------ to United States.
intelligence, which is a so‐called quantitative
trait. A) will complete
B) had been completed
A) are using / contributed C) completed
B) are used / will be contributed D) would complete
C) have used / contribute E) was completed
D) uses / were contributed
E) would be used / are going to contribute 34- Experts say that smoking ------ an
estimated five million people worldwide every
31- The acquired immunodeficiency year.
syndrome ( AIDS ) ------ firstly in 1981 and
since then , it ------ a major worldwide A) killed
pandemic. B) would kill
C) is killed
A) had been recognized / has become D) kills
B) has recognized / became E) has been killed
C) will be recognized / becomes
D) was recognized / has become 35- On 25 July 1978, a girl called Louise
E) recognized / will become Brown ------ the world's first 'test-tube baby'
after an egg from her mother's body ----- in a
laboratory.

A) became / had been fertilized

B) becomes / will fertilize
C) had become / was fertilized
D) became / had fertilized
E) has become / has been fertilized

22
36- Last week, scientists ------ a sealant that 40- Vitamins ------ synthetically in large
could potentially stop bleeding and the quantities and this ------ them easily available
technique ------ useful in emergency rooms, as to most of the population.
well as on the battlefield.
A) are produced / has made
A) were developed / is B) were produced / has been made
B) develop / will be C) have been produced / had made
C) developed / could be D) had produced / made
D) had been developed / has been E) will be produced / is made
E) will be developed / had been
41- Because essential causes of
37- Although aspirin ------ firstly by a German schizophrenia ---- yet ----, current treatment
company in 1899, people ------ it around the methods ------ on both clinical research and
world much longer than that in recent years. experience.

A) would be sold / had used A) have not known / base

B) was sold / have used B) are not known / are based
C) sell / used C) were not known / were based
D) had been sold / have been used D) had not known / based
E) sold / are being used E) have not been known / had been based

38- It ------ nearly two years since the last 42- In the USA, more than 60 percent of the
cases of SARS ------ in China. population ------ little exercise, even though
we ------ time and again of the wonderful
A) is / reported effects of regular physical activity on body
B) has been / were reported and mind.
C) was / have been reported
D) will be / report A) is gotten / have reminded
E) would be / are reported B) got / had been reminded
C) was gotten / will remind
39- Recent findings ------ key questions about D) gets / have been reminded
how tumor cells ------ residence in other E) had gotten / are reminded
parts of the body.

A) had answered / took up

B) have answered / take up
C) will be answered / are taken up
D) are answered / were taken up
E) would answer / have taken up

23
43- In 1883, before the electron ------, the 47- Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), ------
Swedish physicist and chemist Svante commonly in persons with type 1 and type 2
August Arrhenius ------ the existence of ions DM. and most cases are mild and ------
in solutions in order to explain electrolysis. medical emergencies.

A) had discovered / had been postulated A) was seen / will not consider
B) will discover / is postulated B) saw / will not be considered
C) has been discovered / would be postulated C) will have been seen / have not considered
D) was discovered / postulated D) is seen / are not considered
E) will be discovered / postulates E) has been seen / were not considered

44- Although no cure for AIDS ------, doctors 48- Specialists who focus on diseases of the
------ the sufferings of those with the disease. heart ------ cardiologists, although many
specialties of medicine ------ in treatment.
A) has been found / are able to alleviate
B) had been found / can be alleviated A) were called / will involve
C) will find / have alleviated B) called / had been involved
D) found / will be alleviated C) are called / are involved
E) is found / had alleviated D) call / have been involved
E) have called / involved
45- Chinese medicine ------ us that all
acupuncture points ------ along pathways 49- Bone marrow, also known as myeloid
called meridians. tissue in red bone marrow, ------ in almost any
bone that ------ cancellous tissue.
A) will be taught / located
B) is taught / were located A) is found / will hold
C) has taught / locate B) has found / is held
D) teaches / are located C) is found / holds
E) has been taught / will be located D) has been found / was held
E) would find / has been held
46- Some new ideas ------ in order to reduce
family size today so day care centers ------ . 50- Hurricanes are powerful storms that ------
in tropical waters and have historically
A) try / have been needed claimed thousands of lives and ------ billions
B) tried / will have needed of dollars in damage.
C) have been tried / had needed
D) are being tried / are needed A) are occurred / are caused
E) are tried / were needed B) occurred / were caused
C) have occurred / will be caused
D) occur / caused
E) were occurred / have caused
24
51- Stem cells ---- artificially and ------ into 55- Africa's population growth rate is much
specialized cell types with characteristics higher than the world average and it ------ that,
consistent with cells of various tissues such by the year 205O Africa ------ for twenty-one
as muscles or nerves. percent of the world's population.

A) have been grown / had transformed A) has estimated / accounts

B) grew / will be transformed B) was estimating / had been accounting
C) grow / transform C) will be estimated / accounted
D) are grown / transformed D) will have estimated / is accounting
E) may grow / are transformed E) is estimated / will account

52- Pigs are unusual as they ------ with 56- Recently, a new way of treating this
influenza strains that usually ------ three disease ------ .
different species: pigs, birds and humans.
A) would be developed
A) infected / have been infected B) has been developed
B) are infected / infect C) had developed
C) are infected / infected D) has been developing
D) have infected / are infected E) was being developed
E) were infected / had infected
57- If a person ------ in more food than
53- Tropical rainforests ------ the world's required to meet the body's needs, the excess
largest pharmacy, because over one quarter calories ------ to fat.
of natural medicines ------ within them.
A) will take / have converted
A) are called / had been discovered B) takes / are converted
B) will have called / are discovered C) is taken / convert
C) had been called / discovered D) has taken / were converted
D) have been called / have been discovered E) was taken / had converted
E) are being called / were discovered
58- Chemical preservatives ------ as
54- Cells ------ for the first time by the English substances which ------ to foods to prevent
scientist Robert Hooke, who, in 1665, deterioration.
------ a book about his findings.
A) are defined ;/ are added
A) were described / published B) define / added
B) had described / would have published C) have defined / will be added
C) will be described / was published D) were defined / have been added
D) has described / had published E) had been defined / add
E) would be described / has been published
25
59- Strict dieting to lose weight, ------ only 63- St John's Wort, a natural herbal
under a physician's care. supplement which ------ Hypericin, ------ for
centuries to treat minor ailments.
A) has attempted
B) would be attempted A) is contained / used
C) is attempting B) contains / has been used
D) is attempted C) is containing / is being used
E) had been attempting D) was containing / is used
E) has contained / has used
60- Saturated fats ......... to raise the level of
cholesterol in the blood so doctors ------ to 64- Today, in many countries, as many as one
abstain from it. third of all cancer deaths ------ to cigarette
smoking.
A) have known / are advised
B) know / have advised A) are attributed
C) were known / will be advised B) attribute
D) knew / advised C) had attributed
E) are known / advise D) were attributed
E) will have attributed
61- The leader of the ‘Help the Children’
program ------ that every child in the area 65- The disease of cattle, Texas Fever, ------ in
------ by a doctor before the end of the month. the Western Hemisphere during the Spanish
colonization of Mexico, but by 1980, it ------
A) hoped / will be seeing completely from the US.
B) hopes / is going to see
C) is hoped / had been seen A) had introduced / was eradicated
D) will hope / has been seen B) introduced / was eradicating
E) was hoped / will have been seen C) must be introduced / could be eradicated
D) has been introduced / had eradicated
62- Originally, only the Chinese ----- E) had been introduced / was eradicated
acupuncture, but since the 1970s Western
interest in this form of medical treatment 66- Residents who ------ near the nuclear
------ . power plant worry that their children ------ to
radioactivity.
A) were using / will have grown
B) have used / was growing A) lived / expose
C) used / has been growing B) were lived / exposed
D) were used / is growing C) have lived / will have exposed
E) had been using / grew D) are lived / had exposed
E) live / are being exposed

26
67- At the beginning of the 2Oth century most
solid waste ------ of by dumping it onto vacant
land near where it ------ .

A) had disposed / has generated

B) has been disposed / generates
C) will have disposed / is generating
D) disposed / has been generated
E) was disposed / was generated

68- Although very often the autopsy ------ only

with forensic, or legal, medicine in the
determination of the cause or details of death
from foul play, it ------ a number of other
purposes as well.

A) is associated / serves
B) has been associated / is served
C) associated / was serving
D) was associated / has been served
E) had associated / served

69- People generally ------ the diet that his

doctor ------.

A) violated / was recommended

B) will violate / had been recommended
C) violates / recommends
D) is violated / is recommended
E) had violated / recommended

70- Researchers ------ more research ------ on

anxiety disorders and treatments that are
culturally sensitive.

A) had said / needed

B) say / is needed
C) have said / had needed
D) have been said / was needed
E) were said / needs

27
1- Scientists warn that the number of deaths 5- Most people are convinced that, ------ they
------ to rise if nothing ------ to fight air ------, they will eat more, but this is not true at
pollution. all.

A) would continue / was done A) were / to exercise

B) may continue / does B) had / exercised
C) will continue / is done C) will / exercise
D) had continued / would do D) should / exercise
E) could have continued / had been done E) have / to be exercised

2- A recently published medical report issued 6- If the doctor ------ for additional tests to be
by the University of Oxford claimed that fewer performed, then this illustrates that he ------
people ------ if doctors ------ them blood other problems.
pressure drugs.
A) had asked / suspects
A) can die / would give B) would ask / may suspect
C) asks / suspects
B) could die / had given
D) has asked / had suspected
C) should die / was giving
E) asked / will suspect
D) would die / gave
E) should have died / had given 7- As long as adolescents ------ to assert their
individuality, family tensions ------ and battles
3- If you ------ the doctor's advice, you ------ a are fought over clothes and hair styles.
complete recovery by this time.
A) begin / increase
B) began / will increase
A) have followed / would make
C) have begun / had increased
B) will follow / make
D) began / had increased
C) had followed / would have made E) will increase / have increased
D) would follow / will make
E) follow / must have made 8- If a child ------ nightmares frequently, this
–---- probably due to some sort of insecurity.
4- There ------ such great confusion at the
meeting unless the chairman ------ with his A) had / will be
previous explanations. B) had had / would have been
C) would have / was
D) had / was
A) would not have been / had continued E) has / is
B) will not have been / continued
C) could not be / has continued
D) may not be / will continue
E) should not have been / would continue

28
9- Some observers ------ that all the African 13- If they ---- us their plans at the beginning,
wildlife ------ in danger of extinction within these problems ---- us now.
forty years if numbers diminish at this rate.

A) estimated / had been A) showed / would not have been worrying

B) estimate / will be B) had shown / would not worry
C) will estimate / has been C) show / will not be worrying
D) had estimated / would be D) have shown / could not be worrying
E) were estimating / was E) will show / may not be worrying
10- If there ---- any delay in getting him to
14- Even if a drug .............. by the Food and
hospital the outcome ---- fatal.
Drug Administration (FDA), the manufacturer
A) had been / could have proved ............... any previously undetected adverse
B) is / would have proved drug reactions.
C) were / will have proved
D) has been / is proving A) is approved / would report
E) will be / would prove B) was approved / will report
C) had been approved / has report
11- If such a treatment for tuberculosis ----
D) has been approved / must report
available centuries ago, it ---- the course of
E) will be approved / has reported
history.

A) had been / will have changed 15- If you ........... with your hands
B) was / would be changed outstretched, the bones of your hands, wrists
C) would have been / might change and arms.......... to absorb the shock and then
D) had been / might have changed return to their original shape.
E) has been / should have been changed
A) fell forward / would flex
12- In infants "low-level" lead exposure ------
B) had fallen / would have flexed
serious impairment of mental development
even if there is any awareness of the C) fall forward / will flex
intoxication. D) will fall forward / flex
E) have fallen forward / will flex
A) may produce
B) had produced 16- Many people ………… that if they have a
C) produced good night’s sleep, they ……… without an
D) would produce alarm and feel rested and refreshed.
E) should have produced
A) have thought / would wake up
B) thought / would wake up
C) will think / will wake up
D) had thought / would have waken up
E) think / will wake up

29
17- ------ he to be taken to hospital late, the 21- If blood vessels ------, people may suffer
outcome ------ fatal. from an infection, gangrene, so, sometimes,
doctors ------ frostbitten areas like fingers and
A) Had / could have proved toes.
B) Is / will prove
C) Were / would prove A) are damaged / have to remove
D) Has / is proving
B) damaged / will be removed
E) Should / may prove
C) damage / would remove
D) can be damaged / had to remove
18- If Julie ------ herself like that while we were
E) would have damaged / are removing
away, she ------ from anorexia nervosa today.
22- If we ------ serious about suppressing
A) hasn’t starved / wouldn’t suffer
ebola, we ------ stronger measures than those
B) didn’t starve / isn’t suffering
currently in practice.
C) hadn’t starved / wouldn’t be suffering
D) wouldn’t starve / won’t be suffering
A) were / can adopt
E) wasn’t starving / isn’t suffering
B) had been / may adopt
C) could be / must have adopted
19- If he ---- with this rare congenital disorder
D) are / will have to adopt
at this early age, treatment ---- less
E) will be / are adopting
successful.
23- The starving people in Zaire are terribly
A) hasn’t been diagnosed / had been
under- nourished. Unless they ------ the right
B) weren’t diagnosed / was
food soon, there ------ a serious famine.
C) wouldn’t be diagnosed / will be
D) hadn’t been diagnosed / would have been
A) received / would be
E) isn’t diagnosed / has been
B) have received / must have been
C) receive / will be
20- People ------ from malaria if they ------ for
D) had received / had been
the disease or the treatment is delayed.
E) could receive / will be
A) would die / have not been treated
24- It seems logical that if aspirin ------ prevent
B) have died / could not treat
a second heart attack from occurring, it ------
C) had died / had not been treated
the first occurrence.
D) die / are not treated
E) will die / could not be treated
A) could help / had alleviated
B) helps / should be able to alleviate
C) had helped / will have alleviated
D) helped / alleviated
E) would help / had alleviated

30
25- If disasters such as earthquakes and 29- It ------ so much fun for him if she ------ the
floods ------ predictable, the damage they way he did when she told him she was
cause ------ substantially. pregnant.

A) were / could be reduced A) will not have been / has reacted

B) are / had been reduced B) cannot have been / will react
C) had been / must have reduced C) would not be / reacts
D) have been / will be reduced D) would not have been / had reacted
E) would be / has reduced E) should not be / reacted

26- Given the ability of modern technology to 30- The child comes into the world with the
destroy the environment, it is clear that, ability to learn, and he ------ of himself,
unless we ------ careful, the human race ------. provided he ------ with sufficient outward
stimulus.
A) are / may eradicate
B) were / will eradicate A) can learn / is supplied
C) had been / must have eradicated B) could learn / was supplied
D) will be / can have eradicated C) may learn / had been supplied
E) have been / can eradicate D) would learn / will be supplied
E) had learnt / had been supplied
27- Many studies show that unless you ------
your stomach lining to be eaten away, you 31- ------ the health department to notice this
------ to a soothing and regular diet. contagious disorder in good time which killed
a lot of children last year, it ------ possible to
A) wanted / must have stuck prevent it.
B) had wanted / will have stuck
C) should want / will stick A) Should / will be
D) have wanted / would stick B) Has / had been
E) want / must stick C) Had / would have been
D) Can / may be
28- If the effort ------ immediately, the delicate E) Were / would be
global ecosystem ------ irreversibly out of
balance. 32- The amount of data stored is so vast that
even if we ------ a number on it, it ------ beyond
A) was not made / will be thrown our comprehension.
B) will not be made / had been thrown
C) has not been made / can be thrown A) had put / can be
D) is not made / could be thrown B) have put / might have been
E) would not be made / may be thrown C) put / would be
D) will put / should be
E) put / had been

31
33- If the smallpox and polio successes ------ 37- But for various advances in modern
in a low-tech world, think how much more we medicine, certain diseases ------ incurable and
------ with vastly improved tools, ------ to millions of deaths.
infrastructure, and communication.
A) can be / led
A) achieved / accomplished B) should be / can lead
B) may have been achieved / would accomplish C) would be / lead
C) would be achieved / may have accomplished D) had been / will lead
D) had been achieved / could have accomplished E) have been / must lead
E) are achieved / should accomplish
38- If children a------ to its own devices for too
34- Every child ------ displaced to some degree long, it is likely that they ------ on some
if a new sibling ------. dangerous enterprise.
A) were left / would be embarked
A) might feel / had arrived
B) had been left / can have embarked
B) can feel / should arrive
C) may be left / should embark
C) had felt / would arrive
D) would be left / would embark
D) may feel / arrives
E) are left / may embark
E) would feel / must have arrived
39- Unless the doctor ------ on strict diet
35- ------ we desire to reduce the
during holiday, she ------ from digestive
destructiveness of earthquakes, we ------ and
troubles after too much eating and drinking.
construct buildings and other structures
capable of withstanding strong shaking.
A) had insisted / will have suffered
A) Are / will design B) insisted / could have suffered
B) Had / would design C) would insist / had suffered
C) Were / could design D) can insist / might be suffered
D) Can / should design E) has insisted / would suffer
E) Should / must design
40- If he ------ that treatment plan which was
36- The causes and consequences of the HIV
discovered by doctors, it ------ him to recover
epidemic ------ if innovative policies and
until next month.
programs ------ out in time.
A) sustains / could be helped
A) can be understood / can be carried
B) has sustained / would help
B) are understood / carry
C) had sustained / should have helped
C) were understood / had been carried
D) sustained / would help
D) should be understood / have been carried
E) will sustain / can help
E) must have been understood / will be carried

32
41- If the clinic where I worked for a long time 45- If a child ------ a lot of violent movies on
------ effective precautions in time, it ------ from television channels, this child ------ in a
the last fluctuations in economy today. problematic adulthood.

A) has taken / cannot suffer A) had watched / should have lived

B) had taken / would not suffer B) watched / will live
C) could take / will not suffer C) has watched / would live
D) took / would have not suffered D) will watch / must live
E) can take / did not suffer E) watches / may live

42- If we ------ to be successful against the 46- If all the students ------ together and help
new epidemic, everyone ------ on this issue. their sick friends then they ------ a great
appreciation.
A) wanted / should have cooperated
B) had wanted / can be cooperated A) had come / would receive
C) want / needs to cooperate B) would come / have received
D) would want / would cooperate C) will come / can receive
E) wanted / cooperated D) came / would receive
E) have come / should have received
43- If he ------ not to pay attention to his health
it is thought that his career ------ to an end. 47- If Florence Nightingale ------ alive today,
I'm sure she ------ very impressed with the
A) continued / would come current standard of nursing care in the
B) continues / will come majority of the world.
C) will continue / can come
D) would continue / had come A) were / would be
E) had continued / would have come B) was / could have been
C) is / will be
44- If critical periods ------ throughout D) has been / might be
pregnancy, a woman ---- continuously ---- E) could be / was
good care of her health.
48- Marcus .......... over to help you with the
A) had occurred / would be taken project over the weekend unless he did not
B) occur / should take take his mother to hospital for some tests.
C) have occurred / will take
D) occurred / would take A) is coming
E) will occur / can take B) will come
C) has come
D) would come
E) may come

33
49- Bed-wetting is common in children up to 53- If the rules ------ this medical error would
the age of five, but if the problem ------ beyond never have occurred.
this age, a physical examination ------ in case
there is a serious medical problem. A) have not been ignored
B) will not be ignored
A) has persisted / may recommend C) would not be ignored
B) persists / is recommended D) cannot be ignored
C) persisted / were recommended E) had not been ignored
D) will persist / has recommended
E) would persist / will recommend 54- If only you ------ the dentist when the
trouble began, you ------ all this expensive
50- Without help from chemistry and a treatment now.
microscope, It ------ hard to accept that the
rock called limestone comes from sea shells A) had consulted / would not be needing
and corals. B) have consulted / have not needed
C) will consult / would not need
A) will be D) consulted / did not need
B) would be E) could consult / do not need
C) has been
D) were 55- If living standards of the poor ------, the
E) had been incidences of rheumatic fever disease ------ .

51- If her health ------ overnight, she ------ to A) had raised / are dropping
school tomorrow. B) would have been raised / dropped
C) will raise / were going to drop
A) hasn't improved / couldn't have gone D) were raised / would drop
B) won't improve / hasn't been going E) are raised / have been dropped
C) might not improve / doesn't go
D) didn't improve / isn't going to go 56- If you ------ too much pain while you ------,
E) doesn't improve / won't be able to go you must take one of these painkillers.

52- If our health service were indeed A) could experience / had been recovering
excellent, Mrs Beard ------ for a hip B) would experience / have recovered
replacement operation, during which time she C) must experience / will recover
------ hardly able to move. D) experience / are recovering
E) experienced / would have recovered
A) won't have waited / had been
B) hasn't been waiting / will be
C) wouldn't have been waiting / has been
D) isn't going to wait / would be
E) weren't waiting / would have been

34
57- Thousands of people ------ to death in
Ethiopia if food aid ------ them soon.

A) may starve / does not reach

B) could starve / will not reach
C) had starved / would not reach
D) starved / cannot reach
E) have starved / could have not reached

58- If you ------ in doses of more than 10 times

the recommended daily, vitamins A and D
------ toxic.

A) took / would have been

B) take / may be
C) have taken / should be
D) can take / will be
E) had taken / would have been

59- If healthy, the lining of the mouth (oral

mucosa) ------ reddish pink, and the gums,
which fit protectively around the teeth, ------
paler pink.

A) was / could be
B) is / are
C) would be / had been
D) will be / were
E) has been / should be

60- If fundamental precautions ------ against

obesity, children ------ from it.

A) are taken / should have not suffered

B) had taken / would have not suffered
C) will take / cannot suffer
D) have been taken / may not suffer
E) were taken / would not suffer

35
 ADJECTIVE CLAUSE ( RELATIVE CLAUSE TEST )

1- Since the human body consists of many 4- The hypnotic trance may be classified
different organs and tissues, each ------ has a according to its degree, ………… depends
function essential for the maintenance of life, partly on the hypnotist and partly on the
it is to be compared to an extremely complex subject.
system.
A) that
A) which B) where
B) of whose C) whose
C) in which D) which
D) of which E) on which
E) that
5- The potato provides an adequate amount of
2- Artificial respiration ------ pumps the breath vitamin C in countries ……….. it is eaten
of life into the lungs of a victim of drowning, frequently and in a large amounts.
suffocation, electric shock or gas poisoning
is one of the most vital of all first-aid A) where
procedures. B) on which
C) which
A) which D) whom
B) where E) of whose
C) where
D) who 6- In an age ------ medical science was
E) in which combating heart disease with costly high-
tech interventions, American physician Dean
3- The traditional role of Connecticut’s acute Ornish was something of a throwback.
care hospitals , many ------ were established
during the late 19th and early 20th centuries , A) whose
has been as central providers of health care B) whom
services to their surrounding communities. C) who
D) that
A) in which E) when
B) by which
C) of which
D) whose
E) in that

36
7--Joseph is an accomplished doctor, ------ 11-The refugees, ------ had come to Germany
skills include painting and drawing. from war-stricken Togo, suffered from some
contagious diseases ------ spread dangerously
A) who in temporary accommodations.
B) whose
C) whom A) who / that
D) which B) which / which
E) that C) when / in which
D) where / whom
8-Romania has over 100.000 children living in E) that / whose
orphanages, one in five of ------ will end his
life in a psychiatric institution. 12-State officials said two hundred people
were injured in the train crash, of ....... ninety-
A) where five had serious injuries.
B) whose
C) whom A) where
D) which B) whose
E) when C) whom
D) that
9-This internationally acclaimed psychiatrist, E) when
some of ------ achievements are the treatment
of the worst patients in the country, will be 13-My aunt, ------ son-in-law is the managing
holding a seminar on psychiatry techniques director of a large hospital, has been to a
this weekend. garden party at Buckingham Palace.

A) who A) who
B) that B) whom
C) which C) which
D) whose D) whose
E) when E) where
‘
10-In Hong Kong, ------ there are many steep 14-The first practical deep sea diving suit,
areas, ninety percent of the people live on .......... was used to recover treasure from a
fifteen percent of the land, resulting in the shipwreck called the 'Mary Rose', was
highest population density in the world. developed by John and Charles Dean.

A) whose A) that
B) who B) who
C) which C) when
D) when D) where
E) where E) which

37
15-Thanks to modern technology, people 19-The World Wildlife Fund is an organization
........ have hearing problems are enjoying ------ helps protect wildlife, especially
improved hearing with the use of hearing endangered species.
aids.
A) where
A) which B) whose
B) when C) when
C) that D) which
D) where E) in which
E) whose
20-Matthew's brother, on ------ directions we
16- In 183O the US Army forced the Cherokee were relying, hadn't drawn a very good map,
Indians to march 2,000 miles to Oklahoma. so it took us an hour to find the hospital.
Approximately fifteen thousand Indians were
involved in this march, four thousand ------ A) which
died on the way. B) whom
C) who
A) for which D) whose
B) whose E) where
C) of whom
D) where 21-They have some data on the patients with
E) about which Ebola ------- enable them maintain useful
treatments on these patients.
17- I had never had any health problems until
last July, ------ I was taken to hospital with a A) which
very high fever. B) who
C) whom
A) where D) where
B) which E) of whom
C) that
D) when 22-The German town Regensburg, ------ lies at
E) whom the point where the river Regen flows into the
river Danube, is famous for thermal spring ----
18- We should put the adverts of the new -- a lot of people receive treatments.
hospital ------ lots of people will see them.
A) where / which
A) which B) whose / which
B) that C) that / whose
C) where D) which / in which
D) who E) in which / whom
E) whose

38
23-A speedy response by life savers is 27-The new hospital, ------ will be completed
essential in the icy waters of the Arctic, ------ it next year, will seat 30,000 patients.
is a race against time to save victims at sea.
A) what
A) which B) where
B) of whom C) when
C) whose D) how
D) where E) which
E) what
28-The only reason ------ she stayed at the
24-Liquorice, ------ contains clycyrrhetic acid, company was the additional money she was
was a favourite ingredient of ancient Egyptian offered.
medicines.
A) which
A) who B) where
B) when C) whose
C) which D) whom
D) where E) why
E) that
29-Unfortunately, the friend with ------ I
25- When I was at school, there was a girl in intended to go on holiday to Side is ill, so I'll
my class ------ skin was so sensitive that she have to cancel my trip.
couldn't expose her skin to the sun even with
cream on. A) who
B) whom
A) where C) where
B) whose D) that
C) whom E) which
D) which
E) that 30-According to the research, the time ------
most road accidents happen is early evening.
26-As a retired person, the place in ------ my
mother spends the most time is the garden. A) of whom
B) at which
A) that C) whose
B) who D) in that
C) where E) where
D) which
E) when

39
31-Retirement, during .......... people have 35-The emergency workers , ------ was an
plenty of free time, should be a time of expert, prepared themselves as the injured
enjoyment and relaxation. man, ------ had been hit by a bus in a busy part
of the city, was brought into the hospital.
A) whose
B) that A) which / in which
C) which B) whose / whom
D) when C) some of whom / that
E) what D) who / of which
E) one of whom / who
32-Discus throwing is an athletic discipline
......... tests strength and agility. 36-280,000 children die of Tuberculosis each
year. However, these are deaths ------ could be
A) that prevented with a simple vaccine.
B) what
C) when A) what
D) where B) why
E) how C) who
D) that
33-The health secretary has announced that E) where
over the next ten years, 180 million pounds
will be spent on health , some ------ will pay for 37-Chromes disease is an illness ..........
the new insurance system. affects a person's intestines and bowels.

A) of whom A) why
B) for what B) which
C) where C) where
D) of which D) whom
E) that E) when

34-Walrus fur ------ is used by the Eskimos for 38- There were only eleven entries to the
clothing, has a special oily texture ......... vacancy in the hospital, none ------ were very
stops it freezing. impressive.

A) that / when A) of which

B) which / who B) for whom
C) that / that C) from that
D) who / where D) whose
E) whom / which E) in whom

40
39-The quality of the air ------ we breathe can 43- The way ------ different species occur all
have a dramatic effect on our health. over the world gives us evidence for
evolution ------ also shows us how and why all
A) who living things change over a certain period of
B) where time.
C) when
D) that A) whose / that
E) why B) in which / which
C) by which / where
40-Sarah, ------ suffers from a chest pain for D) that / whose
some time now, will go to see the doctor E) which / who
tomorrow.
44- There are more pigs in China, ------ the
A) whose meat constitutes the major source of animal
B) whom protein ------ is useful for human health and
C) of whom the manure is used to fertilize the fields.
D) who
E) that A) where / that
B) which / when
41-Health care providers ------ work in the east C) in which / whose
regions in Turkey have some troubles staying D) that / whom
in a comfortable flat. E) whose / which

A) who
B) where
C) when 45- It was the English physicist Henry
D) in which Cavendish ------ first confirmed that water is a
E) whose combination of hydrogen and oxygen ------
mix at room temperature with no chemical
42-Mammals ------ eat plants have a reaction.
complicated system with long intestines ------
help break down food. A) who / that
B) which / which
A) which / that C) whose / whom
B) that / where D) by whom / which
C) whose / in which E) that / whose
D) who / who
E) where / which

41
46- The honesty ------ doctor spoke during the 50- Asthma ------ 230 million people around
appointment ------ impressed us all was clear the world are suffering is an illness ------
and was appreciated by everybody. narrows the breathing passages.

A) whose / whom A) from which / that

B) that / whose B) whose / where
C) which / who C) which / who
D) with which / that D) of which / whose
E) in which / in that E) when / which

47- The university hospital, ------ a lot of 51- I have a lot of friends in my language
students applied, didn’t complete its course, some ------ are from foreign countries
prerequisites decided to hire experts ------ ------ there is not enough language education.
could deal with this problem next term.
A) of whom / where
A) when / whose B) in which / that
B) whom / of which C) where / whose
C) that / which D) of which / who
D) for which / who E) who / whom
E) in which / by which
52- About 200 million people all over the
48- Hot-water spas were popular in the world suffer from a disease called diabetes ---
nineteenth century among the patients, ------ --- sometimes people don’t know but it is a
believed that soaking in the water had disease ------ is very common in the world.
therapeutic effects and since then, these spas
have continued to be used by people ------ A) that / in which
seek treatment. B) about which / which
C) whose / where
A) where / that D) who / that
B) that / whose E) whom / of whom
C) who / who
D) in which / whom 53- Scientists in laboratories in London, ------
E) whose / which cloning is only done, will begin carrying out
sheep cloning ------ is tried to be prevented by
49- They hired the surgeon ------ they animal lovers.
interviewed last week and he had essential
qualities ------ were claimed for their job. A) of which / in which
B) by whom / which
A) who / whose C) that / whose
B) which / where D) whose / whom
C) whom / which E) who / where
D) when / who
E) that / in which

42
54- In the last few decades ------ scientists 58- Thanks to modern technology, people -----
have been able to find out why earthquakes - have hearing problems are enjoying
happen the world has experienced 14 big improved hearing with the use of hearing aids
earthquakes ------ have caused thousands ------ was invented by a group of doctors.
deaths.
A) who / which
B) which / that
A) where / whose
C) where / whose
B) when / which
D) that / whom
C) that / when
E) when / in which
D) whose / who
E) which / that
59- Frank Sinatra, ------ songs are known
worldwide, died earlier this year due to bird
55- Deserts ------ are hot areas of land that get
flu ------ scientists have been studying for
very little rain cover about 20% of the world’s
years.
land. The biggest of them is the Sahara
desert, ------ is about the same size as Europe.
A) when / where
B) whose / on which
A) which / whose
C) who / of which
B) whom / where
D) that / that
C) that / which
E) whom / who
D) whose / that
E) where / who
60- My mother had never had any health
problems until last week, ------ she was taken
56- Fossils of bacteria appear in rocks ------
to hospital with a very high fever and flu ------
are about 3.5 billion years old and ------ a lot of
prevent her to behave comfortably.
scientists study.
A) whom / who
A) where / of which
B) where / that
B) whose / whom
C) which / whose
C) that / who
D) when / which
D) who / where
E) in which / by whom
E) which / on which
61- Our previous chief physician, ------ had
57- Everything is made up of atoms each one
been a doctor for over fifteen years, has
----- has three particles: protons, neutrons
decided to open his own health center ------ I
and electrons and protons, ------ are in the
can work as nurse.
center of atoms, have a positive charge.
A) which / when
A) in which / that
B) of whom / whose
B) which / whose
C) who / where
C) whose / whom
D) that / who
D) of which / which
E) whose / which
E) whom / of which

43
62- The heart, ------ main function is to pump 66- Last week, Dr. Julia promised to give out
blood around the body, is greatly affected by rewards his staff ------ has worked for years,
the food we eat. and each of them took these rewards today
most ------ were given to successful people.
A) which
B) where A) who / when
C) who B) where / in which
D) that C) with whom / of which
E) whose D) by whom / that
E) which / whose
63- I know I've put my drugs, ------ was
prescribed by my doctor, in my handbag ------ 67- Barbara Cartland, ------ light-hearted
I thought it would be safe, but now I can't find romantic novels were popular, died earlier
it. this year.
A) which / where
A) whom
B) that / which
B) that
C) whose / by which
C) where
D) by whom / who
D) who
E) where / that
E) whose
64- A speedy response by life savers is
68- The health minister ------ is admired by
essential in the icy waters of the Arctic, ------ it
people has declared that over the next ten
is a race against time to save victims at sea.
years, almost 500 million pounds will be
spent on health sector, some ------ will used
A) which
for new devices.
B) of whom
C) whose
A) where / in which
D) where
B) who / of which
E) who
C) that / for whom
D) whose / when
65- Unfortunately, the friend with ------ I
E) whom / that
intended to go on holiday to Side is ill, so I'll
have to cancel my trip.
69- The cardiologist about ------ theories I am
writing went insane before he died.
A) whose
B) whom
A) which
C) that
B) that
D) where
C) where
E) who
D) whose
E) when

44
70- County Air Ambulance is a charity ------ 74- The farmer ......... crops were damaged by
provides emergency medical services to rural the police during the search for a body wants
parts of the county. compensation.

A) which A) whose
B) whose B) when
C) where C) which
D) whom D) that
E) with whom E) who

71- The operation, ------ the surgeons are

monitored on cameras twenty-four hours a 75- 280,000 children die of Tuberculosis each
day, has caused controversy among official year. However, these are deaths ------ could be
authorities ------ think this behavior as prevented with a simple vaccine.
impolitic.
A) when
A) where / whose B) whom
B) in which / who C) that
C) that / whom D) who
D) by which / that E) where
E) who / where
76- Chromes disease is an illness ------ affects
72- The room we receive treatment now is the a person's intestines and bowels.
one ------ the president came for a formal
ceremony. A) where
B) in which
A) when C) whose
B) where D) in which
C) that E) that
D) which
E) whose 77- The firemen, three ------ were injured
themselves in the rescue attempt in a fire ------
73- The emergency staff prepared themselves broke out in city center, were awarded medals
as the injured man, ....... had been hit by a bus for bravery by the health minister.
in a busy part of the city, was brought into the
hospital. A) for which / whom
B) of whom / which
A) which C) whose / that
B) where D) who / where
C) who E) that / in which
D) when
E) whom

45
78- In the developing world, the public sector 82- It was a place ------ genteel families came
health care infrastructure is typically in search of health and quiet.
overwhelmed, ------ is not surprising
considering national governments spend on A) to which
health as a share of national income. B) when
C) whose
A) that D) whom
B) who E) of which
C) which
D) on which 83- Regular dental care can ensure that your
E) of whom baby's teeth and gums stay free of the
bacteria ------ cause decay.
79- Those people ------ names are on the
operation list will be treated by new surgery A) whose
techniques. B) that
C) where
A) whom D) in which
B) whose E) who
C) where
D) who 84- The word "dentist" denotes a doctor ------
E) that work is the care of teeth ------ have different
problems.
80- Grandpa remembers the terrible days ------
she experienced a fatal disease. A) whose / that
B) which / whose
A) where C) that / where
B) in which D) of which / in which
C) whose E) who / which
D) when
E) who 85- There is whole body exposure ------ the
effects of hypothermia depend.
81- The reason ------ Sandra went to law
school is that she didn't want to be a doctor. A) on which
B) when
A) for whom C) whose
B) why D) that
C) in which E) of whom
D) on which
E) that

46
86- There are many little known diseases in 90- Your baby ------ nicotine, carbon
the world, one ------ is XP, a (19) genetic monoxide, and other harmful chemicals
disorder ------ affects one in a million children. passes during pregnancy should be
prevented from smoking.
A) where / who
B) of which / that A) to whom
C) who / where B) which
D) in which / whose C) whose
E) that / of whom D) that
E) where
87- Nearly 4,000 Londoners died of bronchitis
in 1952 ------ the air was the air was polluted in
the city ------ experts worked hard to find out a
solution.

A) when / where
B) which / that
C) whose / when
D) that / who
E) where / of which

88- There are no pharmaceutical companies

------ are willing to invest heavily in the
development of drugs to treat a condition
------ is present in one in every hundred
thousand people.

A) who / in which
B) that / that
C) which / who
D) where / whose
E) whom / of which

89- Nowadays many more patients ------ suffer

from an infectious disease can be managed at
home ------ many conditions are convenient.

A) that / at which
B) whose / who
C) who / where
D) which / on which
E) whom / in which

47
 GERUND – INFINITIVE TEST

1- Lifestyle changes can let you ------ control 5- Stephen’s parents encourage him ------ a
of your heart health, and ------ your lucrative career in medicine; they desire ------
cholesterol level is one such important him become rich and successful.
lifestyle change.
A) to pursue / to see
A) to take / managed B) pursuing / to be seen
B) take / managing C) to be pursued / seeing
C) to be taken / having managed D) pursued / seen
D) taken / to manage E) having pursued / see
E) taking / manage
6- Researchers are trying ------ cancer
2- It is normal for children ------ trouble screening tests to people who might have
focusing and ------ at one time or another. difficulty ------ them.

A) having / to behave A) to be brought / access

B) had / behaved B) to bring / accessing
C) to have / behaving C) brought / to access
D) to have had / to be behaved D) bringing / to be accessed
E) have / behave E) having brought / accessed

3- The best way ------ yourself from getting the 7- Dry food is easier ------ and less expensive
flu is ------ your hands often, keep your hands than canned food, however, many pet owners
to yourself, and go to your doctor for the flu prefer ------ their animal canned food.
shot or mist.
A) to store / give
A) preventing / to be washed B) storing / to be given
B) to be prevented / washed C) to be stored / to give
C) prevented / to have washed D) to have stored / given
D) to prevent / to wash E) stored / to give
E) prevent / wash
8- ------ a reward is usually effective, in ------ a
4- Cocoa and dark chocolate are believed ------ withdrawn child to participate in a social
prevent heart attacks, or help ------ them from activity.
happening.
A) Promising / encouraging
A) helping / to be kept B) To have promised / to encourage
B) helped / keeping C) Promised / to be encouraged
C) to help / keep D) Promise / encourage
D) to be helped / to keep E) Having promised / encouraged
E) having helped / kept

48
9- After four months, dance program helped 13- Most CVD occurs when fatty substances,
older Latino adults ------ faster and improve ------ plaque or atheroma, build up in the lining
their physical fitness ------ their risk for heart of blood vessels, ------ them to narrow.
disease.
A) called / causing
A) walked / reduced B) to call / caused
B) to be walked / to be reduced C) to be called / to cause
C) walk / reducing D) calling / to be caused
D) having walked / to reduce E) call / cause
E) to walk / to have reduced
14- Dementia is a condition ------ a person’s
10- After ------ breast cancer treatment, women thinking, their behavior and their ability ------
aged 45 and over have a heightened risk of everyday tasks.
------ cardiovascular disease.
A) affected / to be performed
A) completing / developing B) to affect / performing
B) to complete / developed C) to be affected / perform
C) to be completed / to develop D) affect / being performed
D) having completed / develop E) affecting / to perform
E) completed / to be developed
15- As soon as surgeons in France had
11- For some couples, ------ a baby is a fairly performed the first partial face transplant late
straightforward process. However, other in November, psychologists began ------
couples have difficulty ------. whether the patient was mentally stable
enough ------ the stressful, high-risk
A) to have / to conceive procedure.
B) have / to be conceived
C) having had / conceive A) to question / to handle
D) having / conceiving B) to be questioned / handling
E) to have had / conceived C) questioned / to be handled
D) questioning / handled
12- Neurology involves ------ and ------ E) question / handle
conditions of the central, peripheral and
autonomic nervous systems. 16- ------ the body’s metabolic activities, the
average person may spend more than two-
A) diagnosed / to be treated thirds of his/her energy ------ in a day.
B) to be diagnosed / treat
C) to diagnose / treated A) Supporting / to exercise
D) having diagnosed / to treat B) To support / exercising
E) diagnosing / treating C) To be supported / to be exercised
D) Having supported / exercised
E) Supported / exercise

49
17- The new strain of the virus is difficult ------ 21- If a bunion causes ------ severe discomfort,
by health professionals and so they only a surgical procedure ------ a bunionectomy
consider ------ its effects. may be performed.

A) to eradicate / abate A) to be occurred / calling

B) eradicating / abated B) occur / to call
C) to be eradicated / abating C) occurring / to be called
D) eradicated / to abate D) to occur / called
E) eradicate / to be abated E) to have occurred / call

18- Many experts seem ------ the fact that no 22- The exact location of the pain and the
more than five per cent of cancers are underlying cause is important ------ because
considered ------ hereditary. abdominal pain can be serious enough ------
our life.
A) to forget / to be
B) forgetting / having been A) to be determined / to threaten
C) to be forgotten / be B) determining / threaten
D) forget / being C) to determine / threatening
E) forgotten / had been D) to have determined / to be threatened
E) determined / threatened
19- ------ healthy food choices and exercising
regularly may help ------ diabetes. 23- The German psychiatrist Emil Kraeplin
was the first ------ bipolar disorder and he
A) To make / to be prevented used the term "manic depressive" ------ how
B) Making / prevent mania and depression both affect the patient.
C) Make / preventing
D) Having made / to prevent A) to be described / explained
E) To be made / prevented B) to describe / to explain
C) described / explaining
20- One of the first things ------ after receiving D) describe / to be explained
a diagnosis of diabetes or pre-diabetes is ------ E) having described / explain
with a qualified health care provider.
24- The abscess may involve ------ in the side
A) doing / to be talked of the face or in the neck, severe pain,
B) to do / to talk difficulty ------ the mouth and fever.
C) to be done / talked
D) done / talking A) to swell / opened
E) having done / to have talked B) to be swelled / to open
C) swell / open
D) to have swelled / to be opened
E) swelling / opening

50
25- When ------ to the heart with a 29- A patient ------ with such symptoms
stethoscope, one does not hear the opening should be suspected of ------ until there is
of the valves because this is a relatively evidence to the contrary.
slow-developing process ------ no noise.
A) presented / to poison
A) listen / to be made B) present / to be poisoned
B) listening / making C) to present / poison
C) to listen / to make D) to be presented / poisoned
D) listened / make E) presenting / poisoning
E) to be listened / having made
30- Vitamin B12 deficiency is difficult ------
26- The capacity of the kidneys ------ their because symptoms can be too subtle ------.
excretion of sodium, in response to changes
in sodium intake, is enormous. A) diagnosing / to detect
B) diagnosed / detecting
A) to be altered C) to diagnose / to be detected
B) to have been altered D) to be diagnosed / detect
C) altering E) diagnose / detected
D) to alter
E) alter 31- The vitamin B12, ------ naturally only in
animal products, helps ------ nerve and blood
27- The doctors are pleased ------ a progress cells.
in his treatment, but they expect him ------ a
full recovery. A) occurred / maintained
B) occurring / maintain
A) making / to be made C) to occur / to maintain
B) to make / to make D) to be occurred / to be maintained
C) made / being made E) having occurred / maintaining
D) make / make
E) having made / made 32- We keep ------ that some day physiology
could become a completely mature subject
28- ------ the immune system to create that does not need ------ from year to year.
antibodies is useful but it is not enough ------
malaria. A) wishing / to change
B) wished / to have been changed
A) Encouraging / to stop C) to wish / changing
B) To encourage / stopping D) wish / to be changed
C) Encourage / to be stopped E) to be wished / change
D) Having encouraged / stop
E) To be encouraged / stopped

51
33- Just after the muscles start ------, the 37- A new drug arrived in the 1980s that was
glottis shuts off the windpipe, ------ the said ------ highly effective in controlling the
characteristic "hie" sound. disease and experts continue to spend their
time ------ this medicine.
A) moving / produced
B) to be moved / to produce A) was / developed
C) to move / producing B) to have been / to develop
D) to have been moved / produce C) to be / developing
E) moved / to be produced D) being / develop
E) be / to be developed
34- It's hard ------ the suspicion that
sometimes a medical condition cures itself 38- Indivudual ‘ banks ‘ of immune cells ------
without ------ support from the medicine. from pigs might one day be used ------ our
own immune systems or to fight HIV and
A) to escape / taking cancer.
B) escape / to take
C) to be escaped / take A) to take / boosting
D) escaped / to be taken B) taken / to boost
E) escaping / took C) taking / to be boosted
D) to be taken / boost
35- Cells are totally dependent on their local E) take / to have been boosted
environment in order to ------.
39- However effective the drugs ------ in the
A) propagating treatment of malaria may be, it is still
B) propagated important ------ the mosquito that causes the
C) having propagate disease.
D) propagate
E) being propagated A) use / controlling
B) to be used / controlled
36- In Britain, the highest level medical jobs C) using / to be controlled
continue ------ by men of 55 or more, but we D) to use / control
must provide more women ------ the top tier. E) used / to control

A) to be dominated / to reach 40- Many people consider ------ smoking and

B) dominating / reaching experts suggest ------ alternatives.
C) to dominate / reached
D) dominated / to be reached A) quitting / finding
E) dominate / to have been reached B) to quit / found
C) quit / having found
D) having quitted / to find
E) quitted / to be found

52
41- Many people don’t know how ------ 45- Children who are not allowed ------ things
alternative therapies and some studies give may have trouble ------ social skills.
them opportunity ------ its advantages.
A) to be experienced / developed
A) to be used / understanding B) experience / develop
B) to use / to understand C) experiencing / to develop
C) using / understood D) experienced / to be developed
D) used / to be understood E) to experience / developing
E) to have used / understand
46- Dementia is a condition ------ a person’s
42- Patient stopped ------ about his disease thinking, their behavior and their ability ------
after ------ the treatment plan. everyday tasks.

A) to complain / begun A) affected / to be performed

B) complained / having begun B) to affect / performing
C) complaining / beginning C) to be affected / perform
D) to be complained / to begin D) affect / being performed
E) complain / begin E) affecting / to perform

43- There have been some very serious cases 47- All of your body organs (such as your
of poisoning as a result of ------ aspirin, liver, heart, muscles) need oxygen ------
therefore children’s aspirins are not properly and ------.
recommended ------.
A) to be functioned / surviving
A) taking / to be taken B) to function / survive
B) took / to take C) functioning / to survive
C) to have been taken / take D) functioned / survived
D) taken / taking E) function / to be survived
E) to take / taken
48- Dry food is easier ------ and less expensive
44- It is possible ------ our lost memories to than canned food, however, many pet owners
the surface through several methods . choose ------ their animal canned food.

A) to bring A) to store / giving

B) brought B) store / given
C) to be brought C) to be stored / to give
D) bring D) stored / to be given
E) having brought E) storing / give

53
49- New experiments on animals give hope 53- Researchers ------ on a new drug claim
that a cure based on ------ stem could become that it could be a first step to ------ autism.
cells a reality in the future for patients ------
with Parkinson’s disease. A) worked / treat
B) working / treating
A) transplant / to live C) to work / treated
B) transplanting / living D) work / to treat
C) to transplant / lived E) being worked / to be treated
D) transplanted / to be lived
E) to be transplanted / live 54- ------ ourselves from UV resources, we
must avoid ------ to sun rays a long time.
50- ------ the relation between cell phones and
cancer is difficult ------ . A) Protecting / exposed
B) To be protected / expose
A) To investigate / understood C) To protect / exposing
B) Investigating / to be understood D) Protect / to expose
C) To be investigated / understand E) Having protected / to be exposed
D) Investigated / understanding
E) Being investigated / to understand 55- According to a research completed in the
1990s, a type of cytokine has the capacity
51- Immunologists are trying ------ a ------ cancer cells, when ------ at high levels
successful vaccine and effective drugs ------ directly into some tumors.
HIV infected patients.
A) to kill / used
A) to be developed / treating B) killing / to use
B) developed / treated C) to be killed / use
C) to develop / to treat D) having killed / using
D) developing / to be treated E) kill / to be used
E) develop / treat
56- The first doctor ------ the reason of his
52- The human ear is equipped ------ sound disease is expected ------ his techniques to
frequencies between about 20 and 20,000 other doctors.
cycles per second although it is necessary
------ individuals in terms of their age and A) detecting / to be taught
health. B) having detected / teaching
C) detect / taught
A) to be registered / to be regarded D) to detect / to teach
B) register / being regarded E) to be detected / teach
C) to register / to regard
D) registered / regarding
E) registering / regarded

54
57-As well as ------ nerve damage, glia may 61- People who develop the flu are advised
also be critical to ------ and forming memories. ------ home to recover and avoid ------ the virus
to others.
A) repairing / learning
B) to repair / to learn A) to be stayed / spread
C) repaired / to be learnt B) having stayed / having spread
D) to be repaired / learn C) stay / to be spread
E) repair / having learnt D) to stay / spreading
E) stayed / to spread
58- Different MBTs showed various levels of
effectiveness when it came to ------ pain and 62- High blood sugar in diabetes causes the
------ individuals' need for opioids. lens of the eye ------, which changes your
ability ------.
A) relieving / reducing
B) to relieve / reduced A) swollen / to be seen
C) relieved / to reduce B) to be swollen / see
D) relieve / to be reduced C) to swell / to see
E) to be relieved / reduce D) swelling / seeing
E) swell / having seen
59- ------ flu-like symptoms is unlikely ------
that you have bird flu - unless you have been 63- The most common way ------ arrhythmia is
in recent close contact with birds in an area by ------ an electrical recording of the heart
where outbreaks have been reported. rhythm, using a machine called an
electrocardiogram.
A) To have / indicating
B) Have / to be indicated A) diagnosing / took
C) Had / indicate B) to be diagnosed / take
D) Having had / indicated C) to diagnose / taking
E) Having / to indicate D) diagnosed / to be taken
E) diagnose / to take
60- It is worth ------ that hair loss are
nonspecific and might be due to other 64- Cholesterol is a fatty substance ------ a
conditions as well, Thus, a person must visit lipid that is important ------ the normal
their doctor ------ their thyroid levels checked. functionality of the body.

A) noted / to have had A) calling / to be aided

B) noting / to have B) called / to aid
C) to be noted / had C) to call / aiding
D) to note / having D) to be called / aid
E) note / had E) call / aided

55
65- Reconstructive plastic surgery is used 69- Scientists managed ------ frogs, and
------ damaged tissue after ------ some people suggested that it might be possible
procedures. ------ humans, too.

A) repair / tested A) cloning / cloning

B) to be repaired / to test B) to be cloned / cloned
C) to repair / testing C) cloned / to be cloned
D) repaired / to be tested D) to clone / to clone
E) repairing / test E) to have cloned / clone

66- Occasionally ------ an unpleasant smell is 70- ------ its vast benefit, it is impossible ------
normal. However, several conditions can that television is harmful.
cause a bad smell that seems ------ from the
inside of the nose. A) Considering / to say
B) To be considered / saying
A) to encounter / coming C) Having considered / say
B) encountering / to come D) Consider / to be said
C) to be encountered / come E) To consider / said
D) encountered / having come
E) encounter / to have come 71- Scientists in laboratories in London, by
whom cloning is only done, will begin ------
67- When ------ to determine whether the pain sheep cloning which is tried ------ by animal
is coming from the back or kidneys, some lovers.
conditions are needed ------ into account.
A) to carry out / preventing
A) trying / to be taken B) carried out / to prevent
B) tried / taking C) carry out / prevented
C) to try / to take D) carrying out / to be prevented
D) to be tried / take E) to be carried out / prevent
E) try / taken
72- ------ the antibiotic vancomycin before ------
68- Any injury is forceful enough ------ the jaw radiation therapy alters gram-positive
and it is also likely ------ the cervical bacteria in the gut.
vertebrae.
A) To take / undergone
A) to be fractured / injuring B) Having taken / to undergo
B) fracturing / injured C) Being taken / undergo
C) to fracture / to injure D) Taking / undergoing
D) fractured / injure E) Take / to be undergone
E) fracture / to be injured

56
73- ------ clear the sinuses, people should 77- Anything ------ your body’s ability ------
inhale steam from a bowl of water and enough oxygen to your blood can cause a
covering the head with a towel may help ------ V/Q mismatch.
this more effective.
A) affecting/ to deliver
A) To be helped / made B) affected / to be delivered
B) Helping / making C) to be affected / delivered
C) Help / to make D) affect / delivering
D) Being helped / to be made E) to have affected / deliver
E) To help / make
78- Mental exhaustion can make you ------
74- When ------ with an unplanned pregnancy, overwhelmed and emotionally drained, and
some women might consider ------ a home make your responsibilities and problems
abortion. seem impossible ------.

A) having faced / performed A) felt / overcoming

B) being faced / to perform B) feel / to overcome
C) faced / performing C) to feel / overcome
D) to face / to be performed D) to be felt / to be overcome
E) facing / perform E) to have felt / to have overcome

75- Strengthening the legs is a much better 79- ------ what causes herpes and the course
goal than ------ smaller thighs. of the lesions can help you ------ the condition
and prevent the spread of it to others.
A) to be attained B) attained
C) being attained D) to have attained A) To understand / managing
E) attaining B) To be understood / to be managed
C) Understanding / manage
76- Mouthwashes are useful ------ an adjunct D) Understand / managed
tool to help bring things into balance. E) Having understand / being managed

A) to be brushed B) brushed 80- Influenza, ------ the flu, is a respiratory

C) brushing D) brush illness ------ by a virus. It’s contagious,
E) to brush meaning it spreads from person to person.

A) to be called / cause
B) called / caused
C) to call / causing
D) calling / being caused
E) being called / to cause

57
81- If you have a severe, primary cherry 85- If you ------ your doctor for a sore throat,
allergy, you might experience intense they’ll likely use a rapid strep test ------ your
gastrointestinal symptoms after ------ the fruit, condition.
including stomach pain or cramping and
vomiting. A) see / to diagnose
B) to see / diagnosing
A) consumed B) to consume C) will see / diagnose
C) to be consumed D) consuming D) had seen / to be diagnosed
E) being consumed E) have seem / diagnosed

82- it’s not uncommon ------ pain in your 86- In some cases, gout starts out in one of
perineum. However, Injuries, urinary tract your big toes before ------ on to other areas,
issues, infections, and other conditions are such as your elbow. Over time, these flare-
believed ------ perineum pain. ups may last longer than they previously ------.

A) feeling / caused A) moved / do

B) to be felt / cause B) to move / will do
C) to feel / to cause C) moving / did
D) feel / causing D) to be moved / would do
E) having felt / to be caused E) move / had did

83- Candida is known ------ in the vagina. 87- Your rectum and colon are both part of
Approximately 20 percent of women normally the digestive system, so rectal and colon
have candida without any symptoms. cancers are often known ------ under the term
However, sometimes the yeast multiplies, colorectal cancer.
------ a yeast infection.
A) being grouped B) to group
A) to be found / causing C) to be grouped D) grouped
B) find / to cause E) grouping
C) found / to be caused
D) to find / to cause 88- ACV, ------ with cider made from pressed
E) finding / cause apples, is a considered ------ a number of far-
reaching health benefits.
84- Between ------ all day, eating on the run,
and having little time for fun and relaxation, A) start / having
it’s normal ------ exhausted at least some of B) to start / had
the time. C) starting / to have
D) started / having had
A) worked / feeling E) to be started / have
B) to work / felt
C) being worked / having felt
D) working / to feel
E) to be worked / feel

58
89- When I talk to most women about caffeine,
I usually hear something like, “I’ll do anything
you want me ------, but don’t make me ------ up
coffee.”

A) doing / giving
B) to do / give
C) to be done / to give
D) done / given
E) having done / to be given

90- A 2015 study ------ that anxiety and

depression increase the risk of GERD, and
other studies have found that GERD’s
negative effect on quality of life increases
anxiety and depression, ------ a vicious cycle.

A) found / creating
B) finds / to create
C) will find / created
D) had found / to be created
E) is finding / create

59
 CONJUNCTIONS and ADVERBIAL CLAUSES TEST

1- Bacteria are ---- small ---- you can only see 5- Fear of falling can keep people from going
them with the help of a microscope. about their normal activities and, ------, they
may become frailer, which actually increases
A) such / as their risk of falling again.
B) too / to
C) either / or A) however
D) neither / nor B) as a result
E) so / that C) for example
D) in addition to
2- Many people think that cloning is only done E) namely
by scientists in laboratories, ------ cloning also
occurs in nature. 6- Some women don't have any trouble with
menopausal symptoms ------ others can
A) so experience hot flashes, trouble sleeping,
B) in that moodiness and irritability.
C) but
D) so that A) because
E) because B) since
C) in case
3- Eye diseases, ------ glaucoma, cataracts, D) whereas
and macular degeneration, as well as some E) after
medicines, can cause vision problems.
7- ------ people with dementia, those with mild
A) likewise cognitive impairment can cope with their
B) as well regular routine, like getting dressed or
B) nor preparing meals.
D) as
E) such as A) Just as
B) As opposed to
4- Communication is hard for people with C) Such as
Alzheimer’s disease ------ they have trouble D) While
remembering things. E) Due to

A) therefore 8- People who have kidney disease or high

B) unless blood pressure must avoid sodium
C) in order that bicarbonate ------ it can increase sodium
D) except that levels in the blood.
E) because
A) since
B) hence
C) only if
D) otherwise
E) so that

60
9- ------ impaired communication, a person 13- Botulinum neurotoxin is probably best
with autism may also display repetitive or known to Americans as “BOTOX”, a cosmetic
unusual behaviors. medicine, ------ as a cause of potentially
dangerous foodborne illnesses.
A) Owing to
B) Contrary to A) because
C) As B) due to
D) In addition to C) in addition to
E) Despite D) although
E) rather than
10- The causes of autism are currently not
known, but significant numbers of studies are 14- ------ there is no single test for bipolar
underway ------ learn how it develops. disorder, there is no single way that its
symptoms manifest.
A) in order to
B) in case A) Just as
C) as well as B) Although
D) in spite of C) Even so
E) instead D) In that
E) Instead
11- Appendicitis probably happens because
---- a stomach infection moves to the 15- Vaccinations ---- protect children from
appendix ---- a hard piece of stool becomes developing a potentially serious disease ----
trapped in the appendix. protect the community by reducing the
spread of infectious disease.
A) neither / nor
B) so / that A) not only / but also
C) hardly / when B) so / that
D) as / as C) not / but
E) either / or D) such / as
E) too / to
12- The cause of abdominal pain can be
difficult to isolate, ------ the abdomen houses 16- ------ recent advances in medical care and
most of the vital organs. social inclusion, life expectancy has
increased dramatically for individuals with
A) about Down syndrome.
B) besides
C) as A) Instead of
D) before B) Despite
E) unless C) Due to
D) Because
E) While

61
17- ------ the variability in Down syndrome, 21- There are many causes of insulin
individuals with Down syndrome have a resistance, including a strong association
widely recognized characteristic appearance. with genetics, ------, insulin resistance is often
associated with an infection or severe
A) Because of illnesses.
B) So
C) Apart from A) for example
D) Despite B) therefore
E) However C) because
D) in addition
18- ------ acne is not a serious health threat, E) that is
severe acne can lead to disfiguring and
permanent scarring. 22- Body mass index is closely related to
body fat percentage but is much easier to
A) Although measure, ------, it is used by many primary-
B) Moreover care providers to identify obesity.
C) No matter how
D) Instead of A) for instance
E) Because B) even so
C) therefore
19- People with anorexia eat ---- little ---- they D) in that
have unhealthy weight loss and become E) likewise
dangerously thin.
23- If you have hair loss, you may want to see
A) such / that a doctor to evaluate ------ there are any
B) neither / nor medical reasons for the hair loss.
C) too / to
D) so / that A) unlike
E) so / as B) whether
C) just as
20- Women are more than twice ---- likely ---- D) as far as
men to get an anxiety disorder in their E) though
lifetime.
24- ------ many forms of therapy have been
A) such / as tried, none has been able to prevent the
B) if / then disease from progressing.
C) so / that
D) as / as A) As soon as
E) both / and B) Owing to
C) Because
D) Although
E) As such

62
25- Some families may fail to provide for 28- Patients with hyperopia tend to have more
many of their children's emotional and eye fatigue, strain, and headache from
physical needs, ------, the families' prolonged reading ------ the extra focusing
communication patterns may severely limit effort required.
the child's expressions of feelings and needs.
A) such as
A) furthermore B) because of
B) instead C) instead of
C) thereby D) rather
D) in that E) despite
E) in fact
29- Many students enter into an intimate
26- There is currently no vaccine for Ebola, relationship during college and it feels
------ it is extremely important to take the exhilarating and easy at first, as time goes on,
necessary precautions to prevent further ------, ups and downs are going to happen.
transmission of Ebola.
A) hence
A) in order that B) for instance
B) because C) however
C) so D) as well
D) but E) so that
E) unless
30- Symptoms of flu are similar to those of a
27- Unlike tobacco cigarettes, e-cigarette cold ------ are often more severe and start very
users do not inhale tobacco smoke; ------, suddenly.
users inhale a vapor that the e-cigarette
produces from heated liquid nicotine. A) rather than
B) but
A) for example C) since
B) that is D) so
C) therefore E) and
D) otherwise
E) instead 31- ------ a chronic process, stress fractures
may require 2 weeks to visualize on X-Ray
films.

A) Despite
B) Besides
C) As
D) Since
E) Although

63
32- At least 70 percent of all people 36- Women should not drink alcohol ------ they
committing suicide give some clue as to their are sexually active and use effective
intentions ------ they make an attempt. contraception (birth control).

A) after A) unlike
B) during B) though
C) before C) as far as
D) unless D) unless
E) even so E) if

33- Nausea and vomiting most often are ------ 37- ------ avian influenza A virus usually does
viral gastroenteritis or the morning sickness not infect people, rare cases of human
of early pregnancy. infection with this virus have been reported.

A) with a view to A) Even if

B) owing to B) Instead
C) in spite of C) Such as
D) once D) In that
E) apart from E) Rather than

34- Even if you're healthy, it's important to 38- Most people recover from meningitis,
make a plan ------ the time comes when you ------, permanent disabilities such as brain
aren't able to make decisions for yourself. damage and learning disabilities can result
from the infection.
A) although
B) in addition A) for example
C) in case B) however
D) before C) that is
E) just as D) but for
E) therefore
35- ------ drinking by persons under the age of
21 is illegal, people aged 12 to 20 years drink 39- Most mothers want to breastfeed but stop
21% of all alcohol consumed in the United early ------ a lack of ongoing support.
States.
A) despite
A) Because B) due to
B) Further C) though
C) For D) as if
D) Although E) besides
E) When

64
40- At the moment a food allergy cannot be 44- ------ most dental problems start during
cured, ------, it is very difficult to determine childhood, there are many adults who suffer
which food children are allergic to. from tooth decay.

A) in addition A) Even so
B) so B) Besides
C) that is C) Since
D) indeed D) When
E) still E) Whereas

41- China and the United States have the 45- Small holes need to be filled ------ we can
highest number of obese in the world, ------, prevent teeth from falling out at an early age.
the poorest countries have the lowest number
of overweight people. A) but
B) so that
A) for example C) in case of
B) in contrast D) except that
C) as soon as E) though
D) therefore
E) also 46- ------ your brain, your teeth were not ready
to work from the day you were born.
42- ------ some experts state that there are
many ways to measure happiness, others say A) Like
that you can’t really measure happiness but B) As well as
you can see it. C) Unlike
D) Even though
A) However E) Despite
B) While
C) Because 47- ------ Chernobyl does not produce
D) If electricity anymore, about 4,000 workers still
E) Unlike work at the nuclear power plant.

43- Health experts warn that the food industry A) Even though
should do more to produce healthier food, B) After
------ beverages with less sugar. C) Because
D) As long as
A) likewise E) Thereby
B) such as
C) as well as
D) as if
E) even if

65
48- ------ there was little immunity in the 52- Many illicit drugs are highly addictive and
human population to the H1N1 strain, it had pose serious risks and using these drugs
the ability to spread easily from person to usually begins ------ curiosity.
person worldwide.
A) despite
A) Thereby B) in addition
B) Although C) on behalf of
C) In order that D) because of
D) Because E) instead of
E) As soon as
53- The attitude of the child depends heavily
49- If the knee is stressed from a specific on the social environment ------ on the
direction, ------ the ligament trying to hold it in parents.
place against that force can stretch or tear.
A) due to
A) whether B) as well as
B) so that C) so that
C) so as to D) because
D) then E) despite
E) when
54- In very hot climates, tourists are subject
50- Scarlet fever is predominantly a childhood to heat exhaustion ------ the amount of fluid
disease occurring in children 2-10 years of they drink is sufficient.
age, ------ it can less commonly occur in older
children and adults. A) because
B) in case
A) even so C) unless
B) moreover D) besides
C) only if E) however
D) because
E) though 55- The intensive research has shown that the
drug has many side-effects and ------ has to be
51- The exact cause of eczema is unknown, eliminated from use.
and there is no cure, ------, there are treatment
options available to help manage symptoms. A) for example
B) in that
A) nevertheless C) therefore
B) that is D) as to
C) for example E) even so
D) so
E) in case

66
56- ------ hard they tried, they couldn't prevent 60- Although mild symptoms ------ social
AIDS from spreading all over the world. withdrawal may persist, parents with minor
psychological problems may want to bring up
A) No matter how children.
B) In spite of
C) Despite A) such as
D) Rather than B) instead of
E) Even if C) such
D) as far as
57- As we age, our brain physically shrinks E) unlike
and faces an inevitable decline ---- on cellular
---- vascular function. 61- Viruses containing gold particles could be
employed ------ tiny cameras to take
A) as / such photographs within living cells.
B) so / that
C) such / as A) just as
D) neither / nor B) thanks to
E) both / and C) likewise
D) as
58- After AIDS was discovered in the early E) despite
1980s, doctors in the United States argued
------ some patients suffer from unusual 62- Some patients cannot tolerate contact
diseases or not. lenses ------ they irritate the surface of their
eyes.
A) however
B) so A) therefore
C) whether B) because
D) unlike C) whereas
E) since D) even though
E) in addition
59- To put it simply, fainting is ------ a
temporary shortage in the blood going to the 63- Hepatitis A is most commonly spread
brain. through close contact, ------, It can be spread
by eating or drinking HAV-contaminated food
A) in spite of or water.
B) except for
C) due to A) further
D) when it comes to B) by contrast
E) instead of C) for example
D) instead
E) as a result of

67
64- E-cigarette use is soaring among U.S. 68- Inactivity or long periods in bed ------
teenagers, largely ------ advertising aimed at illness or following surgery may cause
their age group. constipation.
A) due to
A) instead of
B) in spite of
B) rather than
C) moreover
C) owing to
D) in fact
D) in contrast to
E) except
E) while
69- ------ only a small percentage of Americans
65- The symptoms of nearsightedness
rely primarily on alternative care, most
usually go away ------ treatment with
Americans seek out alternative therapies as a
eyeglasses or contact lenses.
complement to their conventional healthcare.
A) since
A) Despite
B) when
B) Even so
C) before
C) Because
D) after
D) Unless
E) whereas
E) Whereas
66- Every pregnancy carries its risks, ------
70- New research examines World Health
good prenatal care and support can help
Organization data on adolescent to reveal
reduce those risks.
------ about half of 4 would be gaming for two
or more hours per day.
A) so
B) unless
A) whether
C) still
B) as though
D) but
C) although
E) because
D) since
E) as well as
67- Many people are unprepared to deal with
the legal and financial consequences of a
71- To avoid water contamination that occurs
serious illness ------ Alzheimer's disease.
due to runoff into storm drains on streets, it is
------ important to dispose of hazardous
A) just as
materials in the proper way.
B) such as
C) unlike
A) in order to
D) despite
B) rather
E) rather
C) enough
D) otherwise
E) so that

68
72- Pesticides can protect your health by 76- It is best to see a doctor for coughs that
killing germs, animals, or plants that could persist for longer than 3 weeks, ------ they may
hurt you; ------, they can also be harmful to indicate something more serious.
people or pets.
A) so
A) however B) if
B) for example C) however
C) thereby D) as
D) in case E) unless
E) that is
77- Allergies occur ------ the immune system
73- Your skin is your body's largest organ overreacting to a harmless substance, such
and it has many different functions, ------, it as pollen or dust.
covers and protects your body and also It
helps keep germs out. A) as a result of
B) instead of
A) even so C) in order to
B) namely D) regardless of
C) in other words E) except for
D) even if
E) for example 78- ------ the radiologist confirms the location
as being outside of the breast tissue itself,
74- Your connective tissue supports many then these types of calcifications require no
different parts of your body, ------, it can further testing.
support your skin, eyes, and heart.
A) Just as
A) except for B) if
B) in addition to C) After
C) when it comes to D) Because
D) instead E) Although
E) for instance
79- Clinical trials are a type of research study
75- A kidney stone may be ---- small ---- a to explore ------ a medical treatment, drug,
grain of sand. strategy or device is safe and effective for
human use.
A) so / that
B) both / and A) whenever
C) too / to B) though
D) as / as C) whereas
E) such / as D) despite
E) if

69
80- ------ hydration can relieve or improve 84- In certain parts of the world, over the past
many cases of constipation, certain juices are couple of decades, mouth cancer rates have
an excellent option. soared; ------, in the United Kingdom, rates of
mouth cancer have increased by 68 percent.
A) Since
B) However A) instead
C) In that B) even so
D) Although C) owing to
E) Just as D) for instance
E) as far as
81- Babies may experience congestion in
their nose (called nasal congestion), or it may 85- There are many different causes of ear
look ------ the congestion is in their chest. drainage, ------, the most common type of
drainage from the ear is earwax, which keeps
A) so that the ear clean and healthy.
B) thanks to
C) because A) however
D) as if B) moreover
E) as long as C) therefore
D) for example
82- ------ an episode of overeating can happen E) so that
to anyone occasionally, some people have a
binge eating disorder, which usually requires 86- The damage to the cells in the brain
professional attention. becomes progressively worse ------ areas of
the brain no longer function properly.
A) As to
B) Although A) before
C) Because B) until
D) In spite of C) whereas
E) In order that D) unless
E) besides
83- Genetics uses information from one or
two genes to explain a disease or condition, 87- Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a
------ genomics examines all of the genetic common, long-term condition of the digestive
information to determine biological markers system that affects around twice ----- many
predisposing an individual to disease. women ----- men.

A) As though A) so / that
B) whereas B) such / as
C) because C) as / as
D) so D) such / that
E) in addition E) neither / nor

70
88- MS can be debilitating, and it affects such 92- Some people find that they bruise -----
a large number of people worldwide, ------, easily ----- they do not remember the original
scientists are still unsure what causes it. cause.

A) in addition A) too / to
B) for example B) hardly / when
C) that is C) so / that
D) even so D) so / as
E) in case E) both / and

89- Every 4 minutes, a baby is born with a 93- People gain weight by consuming more
birth defect in the United States; ------ , nearly energy than they burn, ------, consuming fewer
120,000 babies are affected by birth defects calories, or energy, can help.
each year.
A) therefore
A) however B) nonetheless
B) that is C) for instance
C) by contrast D) even if
D) even if E) in fact
E) unlike
94- There is currently no cure for Parkinson’s
90- Sometimes dark urine doesn’t have disease; ------, treatments are available to help
anything to do with hydration or overall reduce symptoms and maintain quality of life
health, ------ , it’s related to something you ate for as long as possible.
or drank or a medicine you took.
A) hence
A) instead B) so that
B) therefore C) thereby
C) as if D) however
D) because of E) moreover
E) in other words
95- Medical abortions may cause some pain
91- A bruise occurs when blood becomes and cramping ------ they cause the uterus to
trapped under the skin, usually ------ an contract to expel the pregnancy tissue.
impact that damages a tiny blood vessel.
A) so
A) besides B) if only
B) due to C) that is
C) except D) because
D) thereby E) though
E) likewise

71
96- Health care providers can diagnose 100- Fibroids can usually be removed via
certain birth defects during pregnancy, with laparoscopy, ------ in extreme cases, open
prenatal tests; ------, it important to get regular surgery is required.
prenatal care.
A) after
A) yet B) though
B) hence C) since
C) however D) as far as
D) for example E) so long as

E) instead 101- ------ a preoccupation with body image

and weight loss, the prevalence of obesity in
97- ------ you suffer from diabetes, your feet or the US continues to rise dramatically.
hands might feel numb, tingly or painful.
A) As long as
A) Unlike B) Because of
B) So that C) Despite
C) Although D) Since
D) Before E) Instead of
E) If
102- ------ 25 to 30 per cent of all people
98- Mostly older people develop cataracts, experiencing some form of excessive mood
------ younger people can also get cataracts disturbance during their lifetime, only about
and, in rare cases, babies may be born with 10 per cent a disorder is severe enough to
cataracts. require medical attention.

A) thus A) Although
B) but B) In spite of
C) so C) Even so
D) like D) As far as
E) nor E) When

99- There is a vaccine available for the flu and 103- Measles is an airborne disease which
it's recommended 'at risk' people, ------ the spreads easily through the coughs and
elderly or those with chronic illnesses, have sneezes of infected people, ------, it may also
an annual flu vaccination. be spread through direct contact with mouth
or nasal secretions.
A) such as
B) as if A) for instance
C) as long as B) even if
D) besides C) in addition
E) due to D) apart from
E) namely

72
104- Life expectancy is on the rise for females 108- ------ he had taken reasonable care of
who undergo breast cancer treatment, they, himself, he made a complete recovery.
------, face a number of health risks in the
aftermath of therapy. A) Likewise
B) Before
A) moreover C) Although
B) nevertheless D) As soon as
C) thereby E) In order to
D) rather than
E) thus 109- No new drugs can go into production or
be prescribed ------ they receive a license from
105- Recommendations to reduce the Ministry of Health.
cardiovascular disease risk include ------
screening ------ intervention. A) as long as
B) so far as
A) neither / nor C) unless
B) not only / but also D) while
C) too / to E) since
D) rather / than
E) such / that 110- ------ a very great increase in recent years
in sexually transmitted diseases, various
106- If you cannot stop yawning and you precautions have been taken in a number of
cannot remember driving the last few miles, countries.
you are probably ---- drowsy ---- drive safely.
A) In contrast to
A) both / and B) Instead of
B) such / as C) Even if
C) so / that D) Like
D) as / as E) Due to
E) too / to

111- The body is made of units called cells,

107- At room temperature, unsaturated fats, which give it shape ------ carrying out the
such as those found in oil, are usually liquid, functions of movement, metabolism,
------ saturated fats, such as those found in absorption, and excretion.
butter, are solid.
A) except
A) even so B) rather
B) like C) as well as
C) because D) nor
D) whereas E) as well
E) so

73
112- Contrary to what many people think, 116- ------ some aspects of caregiving may be
exercise actually gives you more ------ less rewarding, caregivers can also be at
energy. increased risk for negative health
consequences.
A) due to
B) by contrast A) Because
C) rather than B) While
D) as if C) Even so
E) though D) Before
E) Since
113- Most platelet disorders are ------ an
insufficient number of platelets, a condition 117- ------ you had gotten a flu shot last
known as thrombocytopenia. autumn, you wouldn’t have become so sick
with the flu.
A) due to
B) before A) Whereas
C) in addition to B) Because
D) but C) If
E) however D) Unlike
E) Otherwise
114- It's important to avoid extreme
temperatures and prolonged exposure to the 118- Modern human brains take up only about
sun's rays ------ sun exposure in the heat can 2 percent of our body weight as adults, ------
lead to heat exhaustion and UV rays can they use about 20 percent of our energy.
cause skin cancer.
A) but
A) so B) so
B) because C) hence
C) although D) because
D) despite E) unless
E) for example
119- ------ diabetes increases your risk of skin
115- China and the United States have the infections, it also increases infections in your
highest number of obese in the world, ------, mouth and gums.
the poorest countries have the lowest number
of overweight people. A) After
B) Just as
A) for example C) However
B) in contrast D) Unless
C) in other words E) In case
D) that is
E) in case

74
120- If dealt with promptly and calmly, a 124- French authorities have suspended trials
dislodged permanent tooth, in most cases, of gene therapy ------ a boy contracted a
can be successfully reattached and retained disease similar to leukemia.
for life. Primary teeth, ------, can rarely be
saved, and replanting them may damage the A) before
underlying tooth bud. B) since
C) while
A) For example D) as soon as
B) Therefore E) afterwards
C) Besides
D) Moreover 125- ------ dialysis is an option for people
E) However suffering from kidney disease, no similar
treatment is available for people with severe
121- Diarrhea, ------ 3 to 10 times a day, often liver disease.
in combination with nausea, vomiting,
bloating, gas, and abdominal cramps. A) Even so
B) Because
A) like C) In order that
B) so that D) In case
C) as much as E) While
D) so much that
E) such as 126- ------ many insomniacs believe that they
lack sufficient sleep, evidence shows that
122- Heel pain often occurs ------ daily they are in fact getting at least as much as
activities and exercise. they require.

A) in contrast to A) Until
B) as a result of B) Before
C) besides C) As if
D) because D) Whereas
E) so E) Since

123- Ovarian cancer is uncommon in 127- Being healthy today has very little to do
underdeveloped countries, perhaps ------ with actual weight, ------, someone's weight,
different dietary and environmental factors in although a health indicator, does not
these regions. necessarily determine his or her overall
health.
A) instead of
B) in case A) that is
C) because of B) thereby
D) since C) instead
E) as well as D) except that
E) whenever

75
128- X rays can only locate foreign objects 132- Headaches may occur at all ages ------
inside the body or take pictures of some they are less common in the very young and
internal organs, ------, CAT scanners can give in the aged.
a three- dimensional view of all the organs.
A) even so
A) for example B) whereas
B) namely C) although
C) whereas D) because
D) however E) unless
E) rather than
133- It is clear that some chemicals can
129- In the past, plastic surgery was a field damage the health of animals and humans,
reserved for the elite and notable public ------, this is not the only problem that can be
figures in society; ------, it was a taboo caused by the careless use of chemicals.
subject, never discussed openly.
A) hence
A) in other words B) still
B) thus C) for instance
C) moreover D) apart from
D) in that E) as for
E) as for
134- People who work together often get the
130- Many traditional medicines use wildlife same diseases, ------, lung cancer is common
as ingredients. Traditional East Asian among asbestos workers and miners.
medicine, ------, uses more than 1000 plant
and animal species. A) nevertheless
B) for instance
A) in addition C) therefore
B) as well as D) in addition
C) besides E) just as
D) for example
E) even so 135- ------ certain medications, when given in
large or prolonged dosages, herbs may give
131- During each heartbeat, both sides of certain harmful effects.
your heart relax to draw in blood and then
contract to squeeze blood ---- to the lungs ---- A) Just as
the rest of the body. B) As if
C) Although
A) either / or D) Like
B) such / as E) As well
C) if / then
D) hardly / when
E) as / as

76
136- A deficiency in Vitamin D is known to 140- ------ salts are lost from the body daily
cause various diseases ------ insufficient through sweat, urine and feces, they must be
calcium in the bones. replaced by dietary intake.

A) as well as A) Although
B) except B) Whereas
C) so that C) Since
D) due to D) In addition to
E) in contrast to E) Conversely

137- The electrodes can stimulate ------ a 141- Humans have around five million body
single neuron in the brain ------ many hairs which is as many as a chimpanzee has,
simultaneously. ------ ours are smaller and finer.

A) so / that A) because
B) such / as B) although
C) the same / as C) moreover
D) so / as D) as though
E) not just / but E) when

138- ---- early ---- 1840, life expectancy started

increasing in Sweden. Soon, the trend 142- For some people, stress and anxiety
appeared in other developed countries, too. becomes ---- forceful ---- it can take over their
lives.
A) both / and
B) too / to A) as / such
C) such / as B) too / to
D) not / but C) so / as
E) as / as D) either / or
E) so / that
139- The most effective measure people can
take against hypertension is to find out ------ 143- Since his cancer was diagnosed and he
they have it. began to take some medicines, he feels ------
he's living on borrowed time.
A) unless
B) as to A) like
C) if B) such as
D) unlike C) just as
E) as for D) as if
E) though

77
144- The symptoms of Parkinson's disease 148- Essential tremor does not change a
occur ------ the death of dopamine-producing person's life expectancy, ------, it can affect a
cells in a part of the brain called the person's quality of life and cause disability.
substantia nigra.
A) for example
A) contrary to B) however
B) owing to C) so that
C) although D) moreover
D) because E) except for
E) despite
149- ------ women in lower socioeconomic
145- ------ Parkinson's disease impacts a groups get heart disease, it does not appear
specific part of the brain, neuroimaging is the to be linked to sleep in the same way as in
only way to distinguish between men.
parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease.
A) Since
A) In spite of B) Whether
B) Whenever C) Although
C) Because D) Only if
D) As well as E) Otherwise
E) In case

146- ------ the insertion of the IUD, some 150- Some may have general abdominal pain
people may continue to experience cramping. ------ others may feel pain in a specific spot.

A) Since A) while
B) By contrast B) in fact
C) After C) after
D) When it comes to D) if
E) Then E) likewise

147- The body can ache ---- as a result of a flu 151- A dental abscess is a collection of pus
---- because of conditions such as that forms within a tooth or its surrounding
fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, structures ------ a bacterial infection.
stress, multiple sclerosis, and low levels of
vitamin D. A) as a result of
B) in spite of
A) neither / nor C) because
B) so / that D) as well
C) rather / than E) apart from
D) either / or
E) so / as

78
152- Dental whitening strips typically contain 156- When a person needs an organ
hydrogen peroxide ------ the main active transplant, it is ------ one of their organs is
ingredient. working very poorly or failing.

A) just as A) so
B) when B) because
C) despite C) due to
D) as D) in spite of
E) rather E) though

153- Some people prefer to use natural home 157- It seems ------ children with serious
remedies, ------ products containing fluoride. illnesses lose their childhood since they have
to grow up quickly.
A) in case of
B) though A) though
C) as though B) instead of
D) fairly C) because
E) rather than D) as if
E) before
154- ------ red meat and seafood are good
sources of iron, many plant-based foods also
contain plenty of this mineral. 158- Women over 35 who are heavy smokers
are advised not to use Thalidomide ------ its
A) Similarly dangerous side effects.
B) Although
C) On grounds that A) despite
D) In case B) besides
E) So far as C) owing to
D) instead of
155- The urine's appearance can help a E) that is
doctor determine ------ a person has certain
health conditions. 159- Everybody is exposed to a certain
amount of stress, ------, it should be made
A) once clear that stress doesn't occupy a greater
B) whether place in our lives today than it did in the past.
C) because
D) though A) for example
E) even so B) even if
C) since
D) nonetheless
E) therefore

79
160- A patient should explain the symptoms 164- Emotional stress, smoking and drinking
very well ------ the doctor can diagnose his alcohol and throat infections are all possible
illness precisely. causes of vocal loss, ------ some drugs, such
as anti-histamines, can alter voice quality.
A) in case of
B) so that A) when
C) unless B) no matter how
D) moreover C) whether
E) except for D) likewise
E) while
161- ------ you haven't been involved in an
accident so far, you may still have one any 165- Food preservation systems in general
moment in the future. slow down or stop the growth of
microorganisms, ------ not all microorganisms
A) Despite are harmful.
B) Even if
C) Because A) so
D) Whether B) nor
E) Instead C) if
D) but
162- ------ blaming yourself for the accidents E) since
you've had up to now, try to be more careful
in the future not to have one. 166- The amount of salt used determines ------
or not any organism can grow and what types
A) Instead of will grow.
B) Since
C) Although A) even if
D) Because of B) whether
E) Due to C) whereas
D) however
163- The old problem of famine has largely E) because
disappeared, ------ poor harvests may still
result in serious malnutrition. 167- Hypnotized people become highly
suggestible, ------ they may easily be
A) even so influenced by the suggestions of others.
B) though
C) in that A) yet
D) as long as B) then
E) before C) in other words
D) in case
E) however

80
168- At present, lasers have many other uses 172- ------ a person comes in contact with a
in hospitals; ------, they are used in sterilizing particular allergen to which they are allergic,
instruments, stopping bleeding and removing an allergic response is triggered causing
birthmarks. symptoms which include sneezing, wheezing,
rash, itchy eyes and sickness.
A) however
B) for example A) Whereas
C) in that B) Before
D) except C) When
E) therefore D) Until
E) Beforehand
169- Very few modern hypnotists use the old
method of staring into the subject's eyes, 173- ------ a child frequently complains of joint
------, they use methods which emphasize pain, then juvenile idiopathic arthritis or JIA
relaxing or even sleep. may be the cause.

A) instead A) Rather than

B) in case B) If
C) so that C) As far as
D) in addition D) Similarly
E) particularly E) As for

170- ------ many people who can be put into a 174- Bones support the body structurally,
deep trance quite easily, there are others who protect our vital organs, and allow us to
are not affected at all. move, ------, they provide an environment for
bone marrow, where the blood cells are
A) Because of created.
B) For
C) Likewise A) As well as
D) In contrast to B) For example
E) Even if C) That is
D) Nevertheless
171- ------ specialists know that smoking E) In addition
tobacco cigarettes is a top risk factor for
many forms of cancer, it remains unclear
whether smoking marijuana can increase
cancer risk in a similar way.

A) Even if
B) Because
C) In that
D) As
E) Unless

81
175- Many people want to know the answer to 178- A person should always see a doctor for
this question: How much should I weigh? memory loss ------ even subtle memory loss
However, there is not one ideal healthy may signal a more serious problem.
weight for each person, ------ a number of
different factors play a role. A) because
B) as if
A) despite C) though
B) though D) whereas
C) as if E) unless
D) through
E) because 179- Gum disease, also known ------
periodontal disease, is an infection of the
176- Pregnant women have a higher risk of tissues that surround your teeth.
depression ------ increased stress, physical
health changes, chemical changes in the A) such as
body, and other factors. B) as
C) as well as
A) in spite of D) as if
B) moreover E) through
C) due to
D) instead of 180- It is possible to have gum disease and
E) so that have no warning signs, ------, regular dental
checkups and periodontal examinations are
177- Studies found that people with a prior very important.
history of depression were ------ likely to
remember negative adjectives from a list than A) therefore
people who had never experienced B) however
depression. C) so that
D) in contrast
A) most E) that is
B) the more
C) more
D) the least
E) much

82
Common allergens include pollen and certain When we are ill with a virus infection, it is (6) ------
food; (1) ------, metals and other substances may the virus has entered cells in our body and taken
also cause problems. Food, insect stings, and over their machinery to make copies of itself.
medications are common causes of severe Finding ways to (7) ------ this process is important
reactions. Their development is (2) ------ both for antiviral drug development. Now, a new study
genetic and environmental factors. The reveals how the flu virus relies on a protein in the
underlying mechanism involves immunoglobulin host cell to help it. (8) ------ its mission. The
E antibodies (IgE), part of the body's immune researchers found that a host protein called
system, binding to an allergen and then (3) ------ ANP32A allows the flu virus to replicate in cells.
a receptor on mast cells or basophils The study team (9) ------ the findings in the
(4) ------ it triggers the release of inflammatory journal Nature and suggested recently that they
chemicals such as histamine. Diagnosis is may lead to improvements in how we treat
(5) ------ based on a person's medical history. pandemic and seasonal flu, (10) ------ infects over
800 million people worldwide every year.
1- A) for example 6- A) so
B) moreover B) that is
C) instead C) because
D) unless D) after
E) because E) except that

2- A) due to 7- A) invade
B) like B) provide
C) despite C) attempt
D) so D) disrupt
E) in order to E) increase

3- A) for 8- A) to be completed
B) from B) complete
C) to C) completed
D) of D) to have completed
E) in E) being completed

4- A) why 9- A) had reported

B) that B) may report
C) who C) will report
D) whose D) report
E) where E) have reported

5- A) typically 10- A) where

B) badly B) that
C) seriously C) which
D) adversely D) who
E) purely E) in which

83
Diabetes has become more common in countries An antibiotic that removes metals from the brain
(11) ------ food is plentiful. Excess sugar is emerging (16) ------ a prime candidate for
consumption can lead to obesity, cardiovascular treating Alzheimer's. This (17) ------ a
disease, and other health problems. (12) ------, its controversial theory that blames the
relationship with type 2 diabetes is still complex accumulation of metals, rather than the formation
and unclear. The number of people with diabetes of insoluble plaques, for the disease's
in the United States (13) ------ more than characteristic mental deterioration. The antibiotic,
threefold between 1990 and 2010. Research into clioquinol, binds to copper and zinc and is small
the connection (14) ------ sugar consumption and enough (18) ------ into the brain. It is no longer
type 2 diabetes is ongoing. Most doctors argue manufactured (19) ------ was last used in the
that sugar alone does not (15) ------ diabetes. 1970s to treat intestinal infections. Now, in
various medical schools, efforts (20) ------ to
11- A) when resurrect the drug to treat Alzheimer's.
B) that
C) where 16- A) like
D) of which B) as
E) whom C) just as
D) as well
12- A) Therefore E) despite
B) Otherwise
C) But for 17- A) resists
D) Even if B) bears
E) However C) assumes
D) boosts
13- A) increased E) unites
B) will increase
C) had been increasing 18- A) getting
D) would increase B) to get
E) increases C) gotten
D) get
14- A) from E) having gotten
B) between
C) of 19- A) but
D) about B) so that
E) among C) besides
D) as if
15- A) trigger E) unless
B) hinder
C) occur 20- A) are being made
D) unit B) have made
E) oppose C) are making
D) were making
E) were made

84
Despite the fact that the first synthetic hair dyes Health care professionals may quickly dismiss
(21) ------ in 1907, it has really only been in the alternative therapies as ineffective and perhaps even
last 50 years or so that hair has been dangerous, (26) ------, their clients think otherwise. In
scientifically studied. Before that, it was deemed a survey of over 1,500 people, 1 out of every 3 (27) --
---- at least one alternative therapy in the past year for
too trivial (22) ------ worthy of the attention, but
a variety of medical complaints from anxiety and
the amount that scientists can now tell (23) ------
headaches to cancer and tumors. Visits to alternative
a person from the study of their hair, often simply therapies (28) ------ visits to primary care physicians.
by looking at it under a microscope, is Interestingly, those who seek alternative therapies
remarkable. Humans have around five million seem to do so not so much (29) ------ they are
body hairs which is (24) ---- many ---- a dissatisfied (30) ------ conventional medicine, because
chimpanzee has, although ours are smaller and they find these alternatives more in line with their
finer. An unborn baby has a kind of fine down all beliefs about health and life.
over its body (25) ------ begins to grow about 12
weeks after conception. 26- A) therefore
21- A) create B) so that
B) are created C) moreover
C) have been created D) however
D) created E) for example
E) were created
27- A) used
22- A) being B) has used
B) be C) would use
C) having been D) may use
D) to be E) uses
E) been
28- A) outnumbered
23- A) for B) satisfied
B) into C) possessed
C) about D) reversed
D) with E) declined
E) onto
29- A) whom
24- A) such / as B) where
B) too / to C) in which
C) as / as D) who
D) rather / than E) of whom
E) either / or
30- A) to
25- A) that B) under
B) where C) with
C) whose D) for
D) whom E) on
E) to which

85
A century ago, most people who suffered Psychology’s involvement in health (36) ------
(31) ------ traumatic injuries or contracted serious back to the beginning of the 20th century, but at
infections died soon afterward. Also those who that time, few psychologists were involved
developed heart disease or cancer had little (37) ------ medicine. The psychosomatic medicine
expectation of a long life after the disease
movement sought to bring psychological factors
(32) ------. Death was a familiar experience, and most
into the understanding of disease, (38) ------ that
people expected little more than comfort care from
doctors. Today, death is often seen (33) ------ an view gave way to the biopsychosocial approach
event that can be deferred indefinitely rather than as to health and disease. By the 1970s,
an intrinsic part of life. The leading causes of death psychologists (39) ------ to develop research and
for people over age 65 years are some diseases (34) treatment aimed at chronic disease and health
------ heart disease, cancer, stroke, chronic promotion. This research and treatment led
obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia (35) ------ (40) ------ the founding of two new fields:
dementia. behavioral medicine and health psychology.

31- A) neither 36- A) dates

B) as well B) dated
C) such C) had dated
D) nor D) would date
E) either E) has been dating

32- A) diagnoses 37- A) on

B) was diagnosed B) upon
C) had diagnosed C) with
D) diagnosed D) in
E) has been diagnosed E) from

33- A) rather 38- A) nor

B) likewise B) if
C) as C) as well
D) as if D) but
E) despite E) even so

34- A) as though 39- A) had begun

B) but for B) were begun
C) besides C) have been begun
D) such as D) begin
E) so that E) are begun

35- A) due to 40- A) from

B) in addition to B) into
C) for instance C) to
D) in spite of D) for
E) nevertheless E) over

86
Insulin, a hormone (41) ------ from the pancreas, In the middle of the 1970s a new disease
controls the amount of sugar in the blood. (46)------. It was called AIDS, or acquired immune
(42) ------ people eat or drink, food is broken down deficiency syndrome. Scientists and doctors
into materials, including the simple sugar glucose, didn’t know anything about it at first but until
that the body needs to function. Sugar is absorbed
today AIDS (47) ------ 25 million people and about
into the bloodstream and stimulates the pancreas (43)
50 million may be infected. AIDS occurs all over
------ produce insulin. Insulin allows sugar to move
from the blood into the cells. Once inside the cells, it the world, (48) ------ southern Africa, Asia and the
is converted to energy, (44) ------ is either used United States have had more AIDS victims than
immediately or stored as fat or glycogen until it is other countries. People generally contracts AIDS
needed. The levels of sugar in the blood vary (49) ------ sexual contacts and intravenous
normally throughout the day. They rise after a meal injections. People (50) ------ about the mortal
and return to normal within about 2 hours (45) ------ effects of AIDS.
eating.
46- A) improved
41- A) to release B) rejected
B) release C) emerged
C) released D) elevated
D) to be released E) evaluated
E) releasing
47- A) had killed
42- A) Before B) is killing
B) When C) has killed
C) However D) will kill
D) For example E) would kill
E) Otherwise
48- A) however
43- A) to B) so
B) from C) moreover
C) on D) that is
D) in E) except
E) by
49- A) despite
44- A) that B) such as
B) where C) besides
C) whose D) due to
D) in which’ E) as well as
E) which
50- A) may inform
45- A) unless B) should inform
B) after C) must have been informed
C) thereby D) had to inform
D) further E) must be informed
E) like

87
According to new research drinking coffee may A new medical report has (56) ------ that the
actually be healthier than previously thought. number of obese people around the world
Some health experts now say that a few cups of (57) ------ by 600% over the past 40 years. The
coffee a day (51) ------ the risk of certain illnesses report says that about 12% of the world's
including liver disease, cancer, stroke, dementia, population suffers from obesity. Within the next
and Alzheimer’s disease. Coffee may (52) ------- decade 20% of the world's population (58) -------
substances that help fight these diseases. overweight. The report is based on the body
Caffeine is probably not one of them since mass index (BMI), the relationship (59) ------
people (53) ------- drank decaffeinated coffee had height and weight. A normal, healthy person has
the same benefits. (54) ------ there is no real a BMI of between 20 and 25. People with a BMI
proof that coffee consumption will actually help of over 30 are considered (60) ------ obese. Most
you live longer, it seems to be safe (55) ------ it. of the world's obese people live in the wealthy
countries of the world.
51- A) must reduce
B) have to reduce 56- A) made up
C) could have reduced B) broke out
D) should have reduced C) set out
E) may reduce D) took over
E) found out
52- A) break
B) contain 57- A) had increased
C) consist B) has increased
D) oppose C) will have increased
E) abate D) increases
E) will increase
53- A) who
B) whose 58- A) will be
C) whom B) had been
D) of whom C) has been
E) which D) was
E) would be
54- A) Even so
B) In particular 59- A) from
C) When B) on
D) Because C) in
E) Although D) between
E) among
55- A) drinking
B) to drink 60- A) to be
C) drink B) being
D) having drunk C) to have been
E) to be drunk D) be
E) was

88
 SENTENCE COMPLETION TEST

1- ------, however, about 18 million adult 4- Most chickenpox cases are in children
Americans have an alcohol use disorder under age 15, ------ .
(AUD).
A) for example, the classic symptom of
A) For most adults, moderate alcohol use is
chickenpox is an uncomfortable, itchy rash
probably not harmful
B) but older children and adults can get it
B) The drinking alcohol may cause problems at
C) so chickenpox is an infection caused by the
home, work, or school.
varicella-zoster virus
C) Too much alcohol is dangerous
D) and it can sometimes cause these serious
D) Heavy drinking can increase the risk of certain
problems
cancers
E) moreover, chickenpox vaccine can help
E) Drinking during pregnancy can harm your
prevent most cases of chickenpox
baby
2- ------, in addition, they also help form red 5- ------ whether you have kidney disease.
blood cells.
A) Blood and urine tests are the only way to
A) You can get B vitamins from proteins such as know
fish, poultry, meat, eggs B) The kidney damage occurs slowly over many
B) B vitamins help the process your body uses to years
get or make energy from the food you eat C) Chronic kidney disease (CKD) means
C) Many cereals and some breads have added B D) A high-protein diet generally isn't harmful
vitamins E) Being a vegetarian doesn't mean missing out
D) Not getting enough of certain B vitamins can on quality protein
cause diseases
E) A lack of B12 can cause anemia 6- ------ because you can breathe in germs
through your nebulizer and risk developing a
3- ------ if there was an outbreak that spread lung infection.
easily from person to person.
A) Use a tissue when you cough or sneeze
A) Treatment with antiviral medicines may make B) Germs can remain in the air on tiny droplets
the illness less severe C) It is important to always clean and disinfect
B) In some cases, bird flu can cause serious your nebulizer
complications and death D) There are things you can do to reduce your
C) Some people were at higher risk for serious risk of getting sick
illness E) Some germs can hide in soil and be carried on
D) The government could distribute the vaccine dust and dirt particles
for one type of H5N1 bird flu virus
E) Bird flu illness in people could have been
overcome

89
7- Because small intestine adenocarcinoma is 10- ------ when doctors catch and treat cancer
so uncommon, ------ . early.

A) small intestine cancer occurs slightly more A) People have a better chance of survival
often in men than in women B) Screening tests had been designed to detect
B) they may have few or no known risk factors conditions
C) different cancers have different risk factors C) There are kits that allow you to do this
D) risk factors for this disease have been hard to screening at home
study D) Many factors can lead to health disparities
E) this could be due to shared risk factors E) Asian Americans had higher rates of liver
cancer than others
8- If left untreated, ------ .
11- If you have a family history of the
A) cataracts can greatly limit vision colorectal cancer, ------ .
B) one another cause of impaired eyesight later
in life is cataracts A) they can remove them later with a
C) our vision had been sharp colonoscopy
D) this vision loss does not interfere with your B) other tests can be performed at home
everyday activities C) that may cause pain and swelling
E) they should see your eye doctor D) you may need to start screening earlier
E) many children suffer from malnutrition
9- ------, for example, they may experience
back or muscle injuries from lifting people. 12- ------, however, that doesn’t mean it’s easy
to treat.
A) A Caregiver tends to report lower levels of
physical activity A) Substance use disorder is a complicated
B) Caregivers may suffer from physical health disease
problems related to caregiving tasks B) Substance use disorder can often be treated
C) Nearly half of informal caregivers assist on an outpatient basis
someone who’s age 75 or older C) It can be dangerous to stop the drug without
D) Some people can thrive when caring for medical intervention
others D) Drug abuse can be a painful experience
E) Caregiving may help to strengthen E) Certain drugs can change the structure and
connections to a loved one inner workings of the brain

90
13- Whereas replacing saturated fat with 16- ------ while other people in their 40s and
unsaturated fat reduces the risk of heart 50s still get acne.
disease, ------ .
A) Acne is usually not a serious health threat
A) replacing saturated fat with simple B) Severe acne can lead to permanent scarring
carbohydrates does not C) For some people, acne goes away by the time
B) it will lead to heart attacks, or weight gain they reach their 30s
C) people started following low-fat diets D) There are things you can do to prevent acne
D) fat is an essential nutrient for our bodies E) People with severe acne should discuss
E) nutrition researchers emphasized eating a prescription drug options with a doctor
low-fat diet
17- ------, in addition, avoid home remedies
14- ------ , therefore, most adults should have like butter and eggs as these are not proven
a cholesterol test every 4 to 6 years. to be effective.

A) Millions of adults have high levels of the type A) Second-degree burns are more serious
of cholesterol that’s linked to heart disease and because the damage extends beyond the top
stroke layer of skin
B) Your cells use cholesterol for many important B) Seek emergency medical treatment if the burn
functions affects a widespread area
C) Too much cholesterol in your blood can cause C) There is a misconception that third-degree
waxy buildup called plaques in blood vessels burns are the most painful
D) Cholesterol travels through the bloodstream in D) There is no set timeline for complete
particles called lipoproteins spontaneous healing for third-degree burns
E) The most common cause of high LDL E) Never apply cotton balls to a burn because the
cholesterol is an unhealthy lifestyle small fibers can stick to the injury and increase
the risk of infection
15- In younger children, the eustachian tube
is narrower than adults, ------ . 18- ------, as a result, they are prone to viral
infections.
A) but you should visit a doctor
B) so it’s more likely to get blocked A) It is important to fuel the body and settle the
C) because many ear infections don’t need to be stomach
treated B) There are a few different causes of cervical
D) that is, they often clear up on their own vertigo
E) yet it’s not always easy to get young children C) The ears, nose, throat and mouth are at the
to take medications upper end of the airways system
D) Food stuck wass a common situation in
children
E) Bumps in the back of the throat may look
swollen and rough

91
19- ------ that can affect someone physically, 22- If they have congestive heart failure,
psychologically and socially. blood clots, kidney problems, infections, or
circulation problems, ------ .
A) The cause of eating disorders is complex
B) Eating disorders include a range of conditions A) they should have talked to a doctor
C) Whereas vomiting is one of the body's natural B) we can receive lymphatic massages
defenses against germs, poisons, and drugs C) people should not have a lymphatic massage
D) An eating disorder can affect almost anyone D) deep breathing acts like a pump that helps
E) The exact cause of eating disorders remains move fluid through the vessels
unclear E) so that people can boost their lymphatic
system function
20- There is currently no licensed treatment
for Ebola, ------ . 23- Although spatially the gums are near the
brain, ------ .
A) if the virus had spread through contact with
blood, body fluids or organs of an infected person A) some studies had found a link between
B) so the Ebola crisis in West Africa no longer periodontal disease and tooth loss
poses a global public health threat B) risk of cognitive decline in older men
C) They may cause a hemorrhagic fever increases
D) that broke out in Guinea in late 2013 C) anyone cannot normally associate dental
E) but new vaccines and drug therapies are complaints with neurological conditions
being developed and tested D) gum disease is an independent risk factor for
heart disease
21- The study found that people who drank 2– E) bacteria in the gums can enter the blood
3 cups of coffee each day had a 38% lower supply
risk of liver cancer, ------ .
24- ------ because a film of plaque, or bacteria,
A) in addition, those who drank 4 or more cups of accumulates on the teeth.
coffee a day had a 41% lower risk of liver cancer
B) however, drinking coffee can help to lower A) Gingivitis is a non-destructive type of
ALT levels periodontal disease
C) for example, it was the caffeine in coffee that B) Signs of gingivitis also include red and puffy
had liver protecting properties gums
D) therefore, regular exercise may have helped C) Gingivitis commonly occurs
him to improve liver health D) There are two main categories of gingival
E) by contrast, weight loss is an important factor diseases
in treating fatty liver disease E) Oral health may be affected by some
medications

92
25- ------, but, until now, no one knew how it 28- Ovarian cancer is most common in
managed to last a lifetime. women
------ .
A) They may lay in the imperfect alignment of
crystals A) who have been through menopause
B) Our bodies are excellent at recovering from B) but it can affect women of any age
injury C) that the main treatment choices for ovarian
C) Because every mealtime, enamel is put under cancer are surgery and chemotherapy
incredible stress D) unless radiation therapy was not used to
D) Tooth enamel is the hardest substance in the destroy cancer cells
human body E) because these cellular changes can result
E) Gilbert would take a detailed look at the from cancer
structure of enamel
29- ------, but they are also possible in the
26- Not only can oral diseases reduce a United States.
person's quality of life, ------ .
A) More than 60 million people have chronic
A) researchers have linked gum disease and Toxoplasma gondii infections
tooth loss to the occurrence of stroke B) More than 300,000 people live with the
B) racial and ethnic minorities are particularly Trypanosoma cruzi infection
vulnerable to the negative consequences of poor C) The only people who need treatment for
oral health parasites are the people who have parasitic
C) but they can also increase the risk of other infections
serious conditions D) Parasitic infections usually kill children in sub-
D) so minorities have less access to preventive Saharan Africa
dental care E) Some parasite cleansers may be effective for
E) there was no significant relationship between people who do have an infection
gum and cognitive problems
30- Pain cannot be treated with over-the-
27- ------ ,however, this type of infection does counter medicine ------ .
not cause illness.
A) because anesthesia would be a way to control
A) Influenza is not common during the summer pain
months B) unless it is a milder form
B) Vaccines help develop immunity by imitating C) that there are numerous treatment options
an infection from medication and therapies to mind-body
C) Flu symptoms tend to come on suddenly techniques
D) In some cases, people feel very hot or D) so many cases of them are not serious
feverish E) straining the neck muscles can cause
E) The flu goes away on its own without soreness in this area
treatment

93
31- ------ so that they can pass into our body. 34- ------, where a toothbrush is unable to
reach.
A) Any nutrient escapes through the walls of the
intestine into our blood A) Flossing can remove plaque and bacteria from
B) Before nutrients can go to work food must be between the teeth
broken down B) There is a lack of long-term studies proving
C) Water has many functions in our body that flossing is beneficial
D) Carbohydrates are the main source of energy C) Most dental health professionals recommend
for our body D) Many children and adolescents saw a dentist
E) Our body needs fat in small amounts last year in my town to help prevent cavities
E) People can speak to their dentist about how
32- ------, for example, not enough vitamin D often they need a checkup
may lead to bone illnesses.
35- Some mood stabilizers are more effective
A) In industrialized countries people often suffer at targeting manic episodes, ------ .
from eating too much
B) Not enough iron in your food reduces the A) that a person may take mood stabilizers on
blood’s ability to make red blood cells their own or in combination with other drugs
C) The key to staying healthy is eating the right B) while others are better at treating depressive
food episodes
D) Diseases often occur if you suffer from a lack C) so this effective treatment will include both
of vitamins medication and some form of talking therapy
E) Vitamin C is needed to fight off infections D) if a person takes them as prescribed by their
doctor
33- Over 15% of emissions from farming and E) but some new drugs show promise as
agriculture could be avoided ------ . treatments

A) so about 3.3 billion tons of carbon dioxide 36- Although a low sperm count can
comes from food waste negatively impact a person's fertility, ------ .
B) but richer countries waste more food than
poorer ones A) a doctor may consider these sperm count
C) because producing this meat is more energy levels in the normal range
intensive B) it does not mean that pregnancy is not
D) whereas huge amounts of food are thrown possible
away by consumers C) a high sperm count is more than 300 million
E) if we managed our food supplies better sperm per ml
D) the size and shape of the sperm can affect
fertility
E) there are two major determinants of sperm
count

94
37- Researchers have found that nilvadipine, 39- ------, nevertheless, not between teeth or
a drug ------, may help people with Alzheimer's inside pits and fissures on chewing surfaces.
disease.
A) The use of rotational electric toothbrushes
A) that doctors regularly use to treat hypertension might not reduce the risk of plaque and gingivitis
B) which have issues making judgments and B) Oral hygiene is effective at preventing gum
performing everyday tasks disease
C) that may have negative effects on the cerebral C) A toothbrush can be used to remove plaque
blood flow on accessible surfaces
D) which included 44 participants with mild to D) People who eat more free sugars get more
moderate Alzheimer's disease cavities
E) even though no medical treatment is without E) After brushing with fluoride toothpast
risk
40- Once reach the intestinal wall, ------ .
38- Studies have shown that there is no
difference in the effectiveness of waxed and A) microbiologists have studied its genetic
unwaxed dental floss, ------ . mechanisms
B) V. cholerae also exists outside the human
A) but some waxed types of dental floss are said body in natural water sources
to contain antibacterial agents C) fever is rare and should raise suspicion for
B) even so, the ability of different types of dental secondary infection
floss to remove dental plaque does not vary D) the cholera bacteria no longer need the
significantly flagella to move
C) they should be attached to or separate from a E) prevention methods against cholera include
floss dispenser improved sanitation and access to clean water
D) for example, flossing in combination with tooth
brushing helped prevent gum disease 41- A hospital-acquired infection (HAI), also
E) that is, its effectiveness must have been known as a nosocomial infection, is an
determined by the client's preference infection ------ .

A) but it can originate from the outside

environment
B) where hospital surveys had been conducted
C) that this complication procedures are used
D) that is acquired in a hospital or other health
care facility
E) so it kills all microorganisms on these devices

95
42- ------, and thus tend to perform well in 45- ------ , he has been involved with genetic
sports and have better fitness levels. manipulation.

A) High intensity training improved stamina more A) Before DNA experiments are designed to
than lower intensity endurance training transfer specific genetic information from a donor
B) Overall, physical inactivity causes 9% of organism to a recipient cell
premature mortality worldwide B) Ever since man the hunter and gatherer gave
C) Physical exercise is important for maintaining up his nomadic way of life and began to tend
physical fitness stock and grow crops
D) Children who have more proficient motor skills C) After the newly acquired gene had been
early on are more inclined to being physically expressed and will result in the production of a
active foreign protein
E) Dynamic exercises such as steady running, D) When DNA technology made important
tend to produce a lowering of the diastolic blood contributions in several areas of applied science
pressure during exercise E) Unless Enzymes are used to identify and
isolate DNA sequences
43- ------ why human nature is not perfect and
why people die. 46- ------ because they grow up differently.

A) Numerous legends have tried to explain A) Researchers have found out that identical
B) Christianity do not regard Adam and Eve as twins that carry the same DNA are different
sinful B) A full organism would not develop
C) Some studies will be carried out C) Animals have billions of cells
D) God created Adam and Eve as mortal D) Cloning occurs when you copy a living
creatures creature
E) They offer clues to their problems E) The cloning of certain animals may bring
advantages to humans
44- ------ , where water is in short supply and
temperatures are too extreme for ordinary 47- Whereas life expectancy in other parts of
agriculture. the world is going up, ------ .

A) Each tomato plant produces an average of 6 A) overdoses of painkillers and other opioids are
kilograms of fruit twice a year causing more and more premature deaths
B) The plants are fed by inorganic nutrients B) life expectancy in 2016 was 78.6 years
dissolved in water C) the average American is dying at an earlier
C) Because nothing is left to chance within the age
greenhouses D) more and more people are buying them
D) It was generally thought that plants need soil illegally on the streets
for growing in ancient times E) you needed a doctor's prescription to get them
E) In the past 40 years, hydroponic farming has
progressed in a number of areas

96
48- Exercise makes your muscles and bones 51- ------ by the time they reach their first
stronger, ------ . birthday.

A) however, it is important for keeping a healthy A) Many doctors were introducing measures to
weight encourage parents to have their children
B) therefore, they have a good night’s sleep vaccinated
C) for example, being strong does not always B) About 85 % of the world's children receive
mean that you have big muscles immunization
D) in addition, it keeps your body in a good C) Most children in European countries were
condition vaccinated
E) that they won’t get bigger muscles D) More and more parents had not wanted their
children treated
49- The earlier a cancer is found and located, E) The outbreak affects 15 countries
------ .
52- Scientists have been trying to find out
A) so the ultimate goal is to find cancer at early ------ .
stages of the illness
B) four out of five patients die shortly after it has A) which leads to children having fewer infections
been diagnosed B) that helps our immune system fight allergies
C) that could detect common cancer forms C) how the body reacted them
D) but the new blood test found signs of cancer D) which uses a combination of height and
in 70% of them weight
E) the better the chances are for it to be treated E) why we are becoming more allergic to food

50- Hardly had health experts begun to take 53- ------ that the number of obese people
strict precautions ------ . around the world has increased by 600% over
the past 40 years.
A) then people returned to their countries
B) when measles cases reduced dramatically A) The report is based on the body mass index
C) if deaths could be hindered (BMI)
D) so many drugs were distributed among people B) If you are inactive most of the time
E) we should support rescue teams in the region C) It is important for keeping a healthy weight
D) Many people living in the area wonder
E) A new medical report has found out

97
54- Although immunotherapies have been on 57- ------, where it is turned into images.
the market for some time, ------ .
A) The bionic eye works by gathering light and
A) this form of treatment kills off cancer cells sending it to the brain
B) chemotherapy could now be replaced with an B) Some chips have 15,000 light sensors
individualized treatment C) Lewis is the first person outside of Germany
C) it kills more people than any other disease in D) The bionic eye is hope for thousands of
the world people
D) only about a third of the drugs have worked E) Especially when they become older
and proved successful
E) normally our body controls this process 58- The Zika virus may be the reason ------ .

55- ------, but too much stress isn’t. A) if the brain cannot control the basic functions
of a child's life
A) Some people feel worried, upset and anxious B) why babies are born with small heads
all the time C) that live in the tropical areas of Central and
B) Managing stress is not an easy thing to do South America
C) The right amount of stress can be good D) that as many as four million people could be
D) There is a connection between happiness and infected by the end of 2016
health E) because in today's world viruses spread faster
E) Sadness or a stressful event can cause heart because of modern travel
muscles to become weaker
59- ------, for example, people should take on a
56- Scientists warn that the number of deaths healthy diet and do a lot of exercise.
will continue to rise ------ .
A) Today, more than 1 billion people around the
A) if nothing is done to fight air pollution world suffer from high blood pressure
B) after in developed countries laws have been B) High blood pressure can lead to strokes and a
passed to make air cleaner heart attack
C) because governments had not done enough C) There is a natural way of bringing down blood
to protect the population from pollution pressure
D) but more and more older people are in danger D) Health care in the developed world is much
of becoming ill better organized
E) or moving to greener energy would have a E) People may live with high blood pressure for
positive impact on our health years without even knowing it

98
60- Because many health professionals have 63- Although the majority of research has
left the island, ------ . focused on type 2 diabetes, ------.

A) Cuba earned money by sending health A) the risk increases exponentially as glycemic
workers abroad control worsens
B) more and more Cuban doctors and nurses B) type 1 diabetes appears to have an identical
had been leaving the country effect on the risk for periodontitis
C) Cuban hospitals do not have enough staff to C) they involve aspects of inflammation and
provide health care for their population immune functioning
D) Cubans are taking fast steps towards market D) plaque may be soft and uncalcified
economy E) it is bacteria which initiates the diabetes
E) they would work with more advanced
technologies 64- Gingivitis is a category of periodontal
disease in which there is no loss of bone, -----
61- Just as excessive smoking and drinking -.
alcohol are major problems for people in
Great Britain, ------ . A) but inflammation and bleeding are present
B) so each tooth is divided into four gingival units
A) that would make it as important as terrorism or C) if the diagnosis of the periodontal disease
climate change gingivitis is done by a dentist
B) obesity is dangerous for them D) in addition, a dental hygienist or dentist will
C) obesity should be included in national risk check for the symptoms of gingivitis
plans E) however, they can be prevented through
D) eating disorders were more common in regular oral hygiene
women than in men
E) the atria and ventricles work together 65- ------, while others typically develop in
later life.
62- Living longer is not desirable ------.
A) About 4% to 8% of people have at least one
A) but an ageing population places many food allergy
problems on society B) A food allergy is an abnormal immune
B) so old age almost always goes hand in hand response to food
with a deteriorating body C) the most common food allergies are allergies
C) because it contains a lot of vegetables to milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, and seafood
D) if the quality of life decreases D) Food allergies develop more easily in people
E) thanks to progress in medicine with the atopic syndrome
E) Some allergies more commonly develop early
in life

99
66- Scientists have created a new polio 69- Among the age groups, it is the very
vaccine ------. young and very old ------ .

A) that may help wipe out the disease altogether A) who had a mild infection of the respiratory
B) that the new vaccine already produces good tract
results at protecting children B) that suffer most from chronic bronchitis as well
C) which can deform bodies and paralyze as pneumonia
children C) that people in all age groups are susceptible
D) which was first discovered in 1840 to infections
E) after mass vaccination programs started in the D) and pneumonia have no connection
1950s whatsoever
E) so chronic cardiac disease can rarely be
67- Although Australia still reports a massive prevented
drinking problem, ------ .
70- ------ moreover, the ones we know about
A) other Australians have started campaigning are very poorly understood.
against alcohol
B) the number had doubled to 12% A) The brain is assumed to be the organ of
C) people have begun to consider that drinking higher mental function
alcohol is not the healthiest thing to do B) The brain is known to control all bodily
D) overall consumption of users is currently at functions by means of motor
about 70% of its original level C) Every bodily function is controlled by the brain
E) Such campaigns can have an effect on D) Most of the functions of the brain are still
people’s lifestyles, but it will take some time unknown
E) Sensory nerves perform most of the functions
68- ------, because the flu virus can change or controlled by the brain
may appear in a different form.
71- Even though plaque is the main cause of
A) Most people already have a certain amount of gingivitis, ------ .
immunity in their bodies
B) Vaccines against the flu must be administered A) other factors can make the inflammation
every year worse, especially pregnancy, puberty, and birth
C) Many vaccines protect you throughout your control drugs
life B) then, gingivitis is the inflammation of the gums
D) In the past vaccines helped save millions of C) a great majority of people understand the bad
lives around the world effects of plaque
E) By the end of the 1970s smallpox had D) many people became aware of the importance
disappeared completely of flossing
E) it hardens into tartar, which can’t be
completely removed by brushing and flossing

100
72- If there were not a mechanism that the 75- ------, for example, in the United States,
enables to get rid of the surplus calories, ------ 62% of kidney donors and 53% of liver donors
. are women.

A) food has become very plentiful and attractive A) The non-living donor is kept on ventilator
B) most people in civilized communities ate more support until the organs have been surgically
than they required removed
C) the body must have become far more active B) Most organ donation for organ transplantation
and healthy is done in the setting of brain death
D) its consumption should be stopped C) Most transplant livers come from a donor who
immediately has died
E) obesity would be much more common D) The majority of organ donors are women
E) Organ donation may be for research
73- ------, however, a more widespread
outbreak, known as acne, can lead to 76- If you do get quick treatment, you may be
scarring. able to prevent or limit damage to the heart
muscle; ------ .
A) A small cluster of pimples typically does not
require treatment A) thus, it's important to know the symptoms of a
B) Pimples occurred anywhere on his face heart attack
C) Cysts are a collection of skin cells and keratin B) for instance, each year almost 800,000
D) Some insects transport bacteria or viruses Americans have a heart attack
E) Certain people are at increased risk of C) then, the heart muscle began to die
developing a brain bleed following a head injury D) even so, health care providers had made a
diagnosis based on your symptoms
74- ------, but consuming too much of certain E) otherwise, cardiac rehabilitation and lifestyle
vitamins can be damaging. changes would help you recover

A) Vitamin and mineral supplements lost its

popularity in the United States
B) While some people need to take supplements
C) Vitamins are essential for good health
D) The scientists saw a relationship between B
vitamin supplementation and the risk of hip
fracture
E) Different vitamins have also different roles

101
77- In the 18th century it had been 80- Adults over the age of 65 years are more
demonstrated that the addition of citrus fruits likely than younger people to have heart
to the diet would prevent the development of disease ------ .
scurvy, ------ .
A) when the study confirmed the benefits of
A) in addition, in the 19th century it was shown exercise
that substituting unpolished for polished rice B) so regular exercise can slow the heart
would prevent the development of beriberi C) and the team divided the participants into
B) for example, polished rice is believed to be three groups
healthy D) because the heart changes with age
C) however, some specific foods were already E) why a range of chronic diseases accompanies
recognized as helpful to health aging
D) therefore, contagious diseases is very
common in many parts of the world 81- Raising the head up on extra pillows ------ .
E) that Frederick Hopkins advised taking
proteins, carbohydrates, fats and minerals A) that will soothe tired eyes
B) may help reduce dark circles and swelling
78- While trying to find the reason of his around the eyes
disease, ------ . C) can constrict blood vessels
D) has antioxidant properties
A) patients should change their daily habits E) do not alter dark circles
B) many parents don’t want to use vaccinations
C) doctors are also trying to ease symptoms of 82- When the researchers looked at the brain
the patient activity of people who had died during the
D) the death rate will continue to rise day, ------ .
E) it was believed that this technique would be
useful A) they found no difference between those with
schizophrenia and those without it
79- After extracting the active compounds B) they will find significant differences
from the plant matter, ------ . C) the authors emphasize the importance of the
findings
A) some manufacturers may add them to a D) some genes were turned on or off
carrier oil to get more product from the same E) Schizophrenia affected an estimated 1 percent
amount of essential oil of the population last year
B) these products would no longer be pure
essential oils
C) manufacturing processes can extract the
useful compounds from these plants
D) it is also dangerous to swallow essential oils
E) some people might take oral capsules
containing essential oils

102
83- ------, but stem cells are cells that do not 86- ------, our immune system kicks in to
yet have a specific role. protect us against the attack.

A) Stem cells are undifferentiated cells A) Unless itchy mosquito bites is a nightmare in
B) Whereas stem cells originate from these main the summer
sources B) Before a mosquito bite breaks the skin
C) Day-to-day living means the body is C) When a mosquito bites
constantly renewing its tissues D) Just as some people may never react to a bite
D) Cells in the body have specific purposes E) If the blood were to clot around the mosquito's
E) Adult stem cells can divide or self-renew mouth
indefinitely
87- ------, therefore, they may not seek help.
84- ------, moreover, it may be a symptom of
UC. A) The symptoms of Parkinson's disease develop
gradually
A) Anyone with UC should speak with a doctor B) Many people think that the early signs of
B) If there are changes in the frequency of bowel Parkinson's are normal signs of aging
movements C) Men were 50 percent more likely to develop
C) Blood in the stool may be a sign of colorectal Parkinson's disease than women overall
cancer D) Dopamine is a chemical in the brain that has
D) There is no guaranteed way to prevent UC several functions
E) People with UC should see their doctor at E) Dementia is the result of physical changes in
least once per year the brain

85- ------ that usually affects the lungs. 88- There are two different types of pancreatic
cancer, depending on ------ .
A) Tuberculosis was the second biggest killer,
globally A) that affect the exocrine functions
B) In the mid-1980s, TB cases began to rise B) which can affect the exocrine functions
worldwide C) that most of these tumors are benign
C) TB affects all age groups D) whether it affects the exocrine or endocrine
D) During a latent stage, TB has no symptoms functions
E) Tuberculosis is an infectious disease E) why he developed pancreatic cancer

103
89- Unlike some other diseases, both the 92- When people experience heightened
Asian flu and the Hong Kong flu, -----, mutated emotions, ----, they produce more stress
from pig viruses. hormones.

A) that took more than 1.5 million lives A) the body secretes more hormones
B) when the virus threatens to trigger a global B) the more often the stress and upset occurs
epidemic C) due to stress, upset or a related cause
C) which were not as deadly D) that creates even more stress for themselves
D) if it were as contagious as the flu E) when stress became too much
E) that caused economic losses exceeding $32
billion 93- Had I known about the consequences and
how they would affect my life ----.
90- Apart from being used for medicinal
purposes, tobacco became so valuable ----. A) I never tried smoking in the first place
B) I haven't eaten unknown food from a street
A) whereas it was widely believed to possess vendor
healing properties C) I didn't follow such a strict diet
B) which was not smoked in cigarette form D) I would never have tried drugs
C) that it even served as currency from time to E) I will learn the warning signs that a person
time shows
D) in order to isolate the pure form of nicotine
E) ever since it was discovered to be poisonous 94- There is no need for you to take any
medicine ------.
91- Emotions are mental states -----, rather
than through conscious effort. A) even if there were no signs of disease
B) before your health care provider might
A) if they were a way of communicating one's prescribe an antiviral medicine
feelings to others C) if you eat well-balanced meals
B) whether emotion makes up an essential part D) although the risk of transmission is not high
of human decision-making E) as soon as you had your blood pressure
C) what animals or all human beings experience checked
D) that arise spontaneously
E) why they are a part of the social process

104
95- ------, however, this is not the only problem 98- ------, instead, it should help prevent the
that can be caused by the careless use of infection.
chemicals.
A) The flu shot will not give a person influenza, or
A) The chemical had effects which the scientists the flu
had not predicted B) Getting the flu vaccine can give a person the
B) Chemicals can also disturb the ecological flu
balance of the environment C) The flu vaccine contains living viruses
C) It is clear that some chemicals can damage D) When a health professional injects the vaccine
the health of animals and humans into a person's body
D) If the ecological balance is disturbed E) The flu can be life threatening to people of all
E) Insects cause billions of dollars of damage to ages
crops every 10 year
99- ------ because these stimulants can
96- Life saving usually depends on some worsen the symptoms.
bystander ------ .
A) Hypothyroidism is a medical condition that
A) that need a supply of pure oxygen requires a doctor to diagnose and treat it
B) that it cannot be treated within three minutes B) Any exposure to stress or cold, even touching
C) who can perform artificial respiration with his a cold steering wheel can decrease blood
own bare hands circulation
D) if there was not enough time to get C) The thyroid gland is a small gland in the front
professional help of the throat
E) but you have to perform artificial respiration D) People with Raynaud's should avoid caffeine
and nicotine
97- Epilepsy can start at any age, ------ . E) There are many different causes and types of
anemia
A) that treatment involves using epilepsy drugs to
control seizures 100- ------, in addition, they may find it difficult
B) so it involve recurrent seizures to do everyday tasks.
C) however, hormone therapy is also the most
common treatment for these symptoms A) Whereas fatigue affects people with MS
D) but it mostly begins during childhood B) MS fatigue can cause someone's energy
E) how it may be at risk of heart disease levels to vary from one hour to the next
C) Certain regions of the brain or spinal cord may
cause MS fatigue
D) Treatment plans differ among individuals
E) People who have fatigue feel constantly
exhausted

105
101- During labor, squatting may help to open 104- ------; for example it increases the risk of
the pelvis, ------ . chronic diseases, weight gain, and tooth
decay.
A) when fetal heart rate is low.
B) since physical changes during pregnancy A) A diet high in sugar might be a key factor
created extra demands on the body contributing to chronic inflammation
C) moreover, exercise is rarely harmful B) A 2014 study showed that people who
D) then, notice vaginal bleeding reduced their intake of sugar sweetened drinks
E) therefore, it may be a good idea to practice it had lower inflammation factors in their blood
during pregnancy C) Sugar stimulates the production of free fatty
acids in the liver
102- Whereas small amount of zinc is an D) Different kinds of sugar may contribute more
important dietary nutrient that plays crucial or less to inflammation
roles throughout the entire body, ------ . E) A high sugar diet can have harmful effects on
health
A) over-the-counter vitamins, nutrient
supplements, and cold remedies contain zinc 105- Doctors do not know exactly ------ .
B) this condition is acute and very short lived
C) these symptoms occur within a few hours of A) why some people have allergic asthma
acute exposure B) that may make a person more prone to
D) taking in too much zinc can be harmful allergic asthma
E) zinc can interact with certain medications C) which may have different triggers
D) that they can make breathing difficult
103- Even if chronic and acute appendicitis E) so the result can be an asthma attack
have similar symptoms, ------ .
106- Hardly had doctors begun to the
A) all symptoms went away treatment ------ .
B) the most typical symptom of acute
appendicitis is abdominal pain A) so he rejected other therapies
C) there are important differences between them B) if they learned the reason of the disease
D) a doctor will also ask questions about the C) they plan to use genetic manipulation
symptoms D) when the symptoms decreased immediately
E) this surgery is called an appendectomy E) future studies should pay closer attention to
the animals' reactions to visual stimuli

106
107- ------, it is because one of their organs is 110- ------ but they should also refrain from
working very poorly or failing. excessive exercising.

A) while undergoing an organ transplant can A) Exercise is an important part of overall health
lengthen a person's life B) People should avoid a sedentary lifestyle
B) When people need an organ transplant C) Adults do moderate exercise for 150 minutes
C) After surgeons performed more than 36,000 a week
organ transplants in 2018 D) Some people should not follow a low-carb diet
D) Because the transplant process varies slightly E) A low-carb diet can have some benefits
depending on the organ
E) If they do not have an organ transplant 111- Dental plaque is a clear biofilm of
bacteria ------ .
108- ------, however, the disease remains a
significant burden on public health. A) although usually virtually invisible on the tooth
surface
A) Autophagic properties such as nutrient B) so these are in coffee, tea, and red wine
recycling can support cancer cell survival C) that this method of stain removal may take
B) The United States has seen a fall in cancer place at home as well as in a dental office
death rates in recent years D) that naturally forms in the mouth
C) Metastatic cancer is responsible for the vast E) that have a strong color
majority of cancer deaths
D) A new study reveals fresh insights into how 112- Although the majority of research has
cancer cells escape from primary tumors focused on type 2 diabetes, ------ .
E) Some scientists published a catalog
describing the mechanical properties of A) type 1 diabetes appears to have an identical
metastatic cells effect on the risk for periodontitis
B) genetics appear to play a role in determining
109- While lower respiratory tract infections the risk for periodontitis
involve the airways below the larynx, ------. C) the severity of disease referred to the amount
of periodontal ligament fibers
A) people who have lower respiratory tract D) smoking has several effects on the immune
infections will experience coughing response
B) they may also experience body aches E) nonsurgical therapy was found to have been
C) upper respiratory tract infections occur in the unsuccessful
structures in the larynx or above
D) a doctor will usually diagnose a lower
respiratory infection
E) this infection go away without needing
treatment

107
113- The younger the children were when 116- If ingested in excessive amounts, ------ .
they started swimming ------ .
A) fluoride can cause various health problems
A) as lung damage may occur in children and B) there are many other more dangerous
adults as a result of swimming in an indoor pool chemicals
B) after a toxic gas builds up C) most people in developed countries consider
C) the more likely they were to have asthma toothpaste a necessity
D) because these studies revealed a strong link D) it can be dangerous for health
between asthma and pool attendance E) they poison the bones
E) that the gas, nitrogen trichloride, is what gives
indoor pools their distinctive smell 117- Externally, humans and all other
vertebrates have bilateral symmetry, ------ .
114- When an individual achieved maturity,
------ . A) that is, in humans, the heart and the stomach
are on the left
A) they remain active long enough B) so there were differences in the internal
B) aging genes began to direct its progress organs
toward the grave C) however, internally, vertebrates are not
C) they also enhanced the organism’s health symmetric
D) aging really is just wearing out over time D) because their left side is a mirror image of
E) average life expectancy would decrease their right
E) therefore, we should consult a doctor abruptly
115- ------ ever since a boy contracted a
disease similar to leukaemia. 118- Heart failure occurs ------ .

A) French authorities have suspended trials of A) so it can make it difficult to isolate symptoms
gene therapy of a heart problem from those caused by other
B) The trials will not continue conditions
C) Gene therapy is still in its early stages B) only if this is chronic
D) None of these children were suffering any ill C) just as approximately 26 million people
effects worldwide were living with heart failure at the
E) Eight other children had been undergoing time.
gene therapy D) when your heart can’t pump enough blood to
meet your body’s demand
E) but heart failure is thea major cause of people
over 65

108
119- All children are naturally active, ------ .

A) however, many become overly active

B) so he or she must be checked by a doctor
C) thus, such behavior is markedly different from
true hyperactivity
D) for example, hyperactive children have trouble
sleeping
E) by contrast, he cannot sit still

120- Though caffeine may be good for world

class athletes, ------ .

A) caffeine might help people respond to things

more quickly
B) it may harm the health of people who are
overweight
C) caffeinated coffee and tea can help protect
your heart
D) too much caffeine made people anxious
E) we could have needed sleep to stay healthy

109
 ENGLISH – TURKISH TRANSLATION
1-It is said that a diet which contains nothing 2- The work of all the proteins in the body as
harmful may result in serious diseases if well as the metalloenzymes associated with
certain important elements are missing. many different metabolic actions, are
supported by zinc.
A) Zararlı hiçbir şey içermeyen bir beslenme bazı
önemli elementler eksik olduğunda ciddi A) Vücuttaki bütün metoloenzimlerin de proteinler
hastalıklara yol açabilir. de işi birçok farklı metobolik hareketleri çinko ile
B) Zararlı hiçbir şey içermeyen bir beslenmenin ilişkilendirmektir.
eğer belirli önemli elementler eksik olursa ciddi B) Birçok farklı metabolik hareketlerle ilişkili olan
hastalıklarla sonuçlanabileceği söyleniyor. metoloenzimler hariç vücuttaki bütün proteinlerin
C) Söylenilenlere göre bir beslenme zararlı işi çinko ile desteklenmelidir.
maddeler içeriyorsa belirlil elementlerin eksik C) Bazı farklı metabolik hareketlerle bağlantılı
olup olmaması bir sonuç çıkarmaz. olan metoloenzimlere ek olarak vücuttaki bütün
D) Zararlı hiçbir şey içermeyen bir beslenmenin proteinlerin işi de çinko ile desteklenmesi gerekir.
ancak belirli önemli elementler eksik oluduğunda D) Birçok farklı metabolik hareketlerle ilişkili olan
ciddi hastalıklarla sonuçlanacağı iddia ediliyor. metoloenzimlere ek olarak vücuttaki bütün
E) Söyleniyorki, eğer bazı önemli elementler proteinlerin işi de çinko ile desteklenir.
kaybolursa zararlı hiçbirşey içermeyen her E) Birçok farklı metobolik hareketlerle ilişkili olan
beslenme ciddi hasatalıklara yol açacaktır. metoloenzimler vücuttaki bütün proteinlerin işini
çinko ile desteklemektedir.

110
3- The objective of this project is to increase 4- Most people believe that some drugs are
the depth of awareness and understanding in acceptable and even desirable due to the
the world about the causes and medical benefits they confer.
consequences of the HIV epidemic through
new policies and programs. A) Çoğu insan bazı ilaçların sağladıkları tıbbi
faydalardan dolayı kabul edilebilir ve hatta arzu
A) Bu projenin esas amacı yeni politikalar ve edilebilir olduğuna inanıyorlar.
programlar ile HIV salgınının sebepleri ve B) Çoğu insan tarafından bazı ilaçların kabul
sonuçları hakkında dünyadaki farkındalığı ve edilebilir ve hatta arzu edilebilir oluğu kabul
anlayışı artırmaktır. ediliyor çünkü onlar tıbbi faydalar sağlıyorlar.
B) Yeni politikalar ve programlar yoluyla HIV C) Bazı ilaçların kabul edilebilir ve hatta arzu
salgınının sebepleri ve neticeleri hakkında edilebilir olmasının sebebi sağladıkları tıbbi
dünyadaki farkındalığın ve anlayışın derinliğini faydalardır ve buna birçok insan inanıyor.
artıran bir proje vardır. D) İlaçların bazılarının tıbbi faydalar sağlıyor
C) Bu proje ile amaçlanan şey yeni politikalar ve olması çoğu insanın onların kabul edilebilir ve
programlar yoluyla HIV salgını hakkındaki hatta arzu edilebilir olmasına inanmasına yol
anlayışın ve farkındalığın derinliğini artırmak açmaktadır.
olabilir. E) Çoğu ilaçlarda arzu edilebilen ve hatta kabul
D) Bu projenin amacı yeni politikalar ve edilebilen bazı tıbbi faydaların olması insanların
programlar vasıtasıyla HIV salgınının sebepleri onlara olan inancını artırıyor.
ve sonuçları hakkında dünyadaki farkındalığın ve
anlayışın derinliğini artırmaktır.
E) Bu projede amaç yeni politikalar ve programlar
yardımıyla HIV salgınının sebepleri ve sonuçları
ile ilgili dünyadaki farkındalığın ve anlayışın
derinliğini artırmak olacaktır.

111
5- Japan, which is the world’s second largest 6- If genetic testing is presented in such a
market for mobile phones, is rather reluctant way that people can understand what the
to limit their use in spite of the pressure limitations of the tests are and what the
coming from the medical circles. results mean, it may be useful.

A) Dünyanın en büyük cep telefonu pazarı olan A) Eğer genetik test testin sınırlarının ne olduğu
Japonya tıbbi çevrelerden gelen baskılara karşın ve neticelerinin ne anlama geldiği anlaşılırsa bazı
onların kullanımını sınırlandırmakta oldukça uygulamalarda insanlar için faydalı olabilir.
isteksiz görünüyor. B) Eğer genetik test, testlerin sınırının ne
B) Dünyanın en büyük ikinci cep telefonu pazarı olduğunu ve neticelerinin ne anlama geldiğini
olan Japon’da tıbbi çevrelerden gelen baskıya insanların anlayabileceği bir şekilde uygulanırsa
rağmen onların kullanımını sınırlandırmakta faydalı olabilir.
oldukça isteksizlik var. C) Genetik testin sınırlarının ne olduğunu ve
C) Dünyanın en büyük ikinci cep telefonu pazarı neticelerinin ne anlama geldiğini insanlar anladığı
olan Japonya tıbbi çevrelerden gelen baskıya sürece o bir şekilde faydalı olabilir diye
rağmen onların kullanımını sınırlandırmakta düşünülüyor.
oldukça isteksizdir. D) Genetik testler insanların onun sınırlarını
D) Tıbbi çevrelerden gelen baskıdan dolayı cep anlayabileceği ve ne anlama geldiğini
telefonu kullanımında Japonya’da olan ilgide kavrayabileceği bir şekilde uygulandığı için
oldukça fazla azalma olmuştur ve bu ikinci en faydalı olacaktır.
büyük pazara dönüşmüştür. E) Eğer genetik test, testin sınırlarının ne
E) Dünyanın en büyük ikinci cep telefonu pazarı olduğunu ya da neticelerinin ne anlama geldiğini
olan Japonya tıbbi çevrelerden gelen baskılarla insanların anlayabileceği bir şekilde uygulanırsa
birlikte onların kullanımını sınırlandırmaya yatkın faydalı olmalıdır.
hale gelmiştir.

112
7- Approximately, 1 million people in the 8- Music may have an impact on the brain and
world suffer from Parkinson’s disease which emotions in the long run since it involves
is a brain disorder characterized by difficulty many parts of the brain.
in initiating movements and slowness of
movement. A) Muziğin beyin ve duygular üzerinde etkisi
uzun vadede büyüktür çünkü beynin birçok
A) Dünyada tam olarak 1 milyon insan, bölgesini kapsar.
hareketleri başlatmaktaki zorluk ve hareket B) Muzik beyin ve duygular üzerinde uzun
yavaşlığı ile tanımlanabilen bir beyin hastalığı vadede bir etkiye sahiptir çünkü beynin birçok
olan Parkinson hastalığından müzdariptir. bölgesini kapsar.
B) Dünyadaki yaklaşık 1 milyon insan, hareketleri C) Müzik beynin birçok bölgesini kapsamasından
başlatmakta zorluk yaşamaktadır ve Parkinson dolayı uzun vadedeki etkisi beyin ve duygular
diye adlandırılan hareket yavaşlığından eziyet üzerinde hissedilmektedir.
çekmektedir. D) Müzik beyin ve duygular üzerinde uzun
C) Dünyadaki yaklaşık 1 milyon insan, hareketleri vadede bir etkiye sahip olduğundan dolayı beynin
başlatmaktaki zorluk ve hareket yavaşlığı ile birçok bölgesini kapsar.
ilişkili olan bir beyin hastalığı olan Parkinson E) Müzik ile beyin ve duygular üzerinde bir etki
hastalığından etkilenmektedir. hissedilir ve bu yüzden beynin birçok bölgesini
D) Yaklaşık 1 milyon insan, dünyada hareketleri kapsar.
başlatmaktaki zorluk ve hareket yavaşlığı ile
nitelenen bir beyin hastalığı olan Parkinson
hastalığından acı çekebilir.
E) Dünyadaki yaklaşık 1 milyon insan, hareketleri
başlatmaktaki zorluk ve hareket yavaşlığı ile
nitelenen bir beyin hastalığı olan Parkinson
hastalığından müzdariptir.

113
9- Red blood cells contain haemoglobin, 10- Generally, diseases of the heart and blood
which enables them to carry oxygen from the vessels, which for many years were known as
lungs and deliver it to all parts of the body. cardiovascular disease, have been among the
main causes of death in various developed
A) Kırmızı kan hücreleri onlara oksijeni countries.
akciğerlerden taşıyıp vücudun bütün bölgelerine
ulaştırmasına yardım eden hemeglobini içerir. A) Çoğunlukla yıllardan beri kardiyovasküler
B) Hemoglabin içeren kırmızı kan hücreleri hastalığı olarak bilinen kalp ve damar hastalıkları
oksijeni akciğerlerden taşıyıp vücudun bütün çeşitli gelişmiş ülkelerde ölümün esas
bölgelerine ulaştırır sebeplerinden biri olmuştıur.
C) Kırmızı kan hücreleri onlara oksijeni B) Genel olarak yıllardan beri kardiyovasküler
akciğerlerden taşıyıp vücudun bütün bölgelerine hastalığı olarak bahsedilen kalp ve damar
ulaştırmasına imkan sağlayan hemeglobini içerir. hastalıkları çeşitli gelişmiş ülkelerde ölümün
D) Kırmızı kan hücrelerinde oksijen akciğerlerden çeşitli sebepleri arasında olmuştıur.
taşınır ve vücudun bütün bölgelerine ulaştırılır ve C) Genellikle yıllar boyunca kardiyovasküler
bu da ona hemoglabini içermesine imkan verir. hastalığı olarak bildiğimiz kalp ve damar
E) Oksijen akciğerlerden taşınıp vücudun bütün hastalıkları çeşitli gelişmiş ülkelerde ölümün esas
bölgelerine ulaştırıldığında kırmızı kan hücreleri sebepleri arasında olmuştıur.
hemoglabin adındaki maddleri uzun vadede D) Genellikle yıllardan beri kardiyovasküler
kullanabilir. hastalığı olarak bilinen kalp ve damar hastalıkları
çeşitli gelişmiş ülkelerde ölümün esas sebepleri
arasında olmuştıur.
E) Genellikle yıllar içersinde kardiyovasküler
hastalığı olarak tanımlanan kalp ve damar
hastalıkları çeşitli gelişmiş ülkelerde ölümün esas
sebepleriden olmuştıur.

114
11- Quitting smoking is a good thing, but 12- Doctors advise patients not to consume
quitting can also lead to weight gain, veal meat on the grounds that it raises
therefore it is important to focus on diet and cholesterol levels.
exercise while you are quitting.
A) Doktorlar tarafından hastalara kolesterol
A) Sigarayı bırakırken kilo da alma olasılığınız seviyesini yükseltir diye dana eti tüketmemelerini
vardır bundan dolayıdır ki bırakırken diyet ve tavsiye etmektedir.
egzersize odaklanmak oldukça önemli olabilir. B) Doktorlar, hastalara kolesterol seviyesini
B) Sigarayı bırakmak için diyet ve egzersize yükseltme olasılığından dolayı dana eti
odaklanmak önemlidir çünkü kilo alabilirsiniz tüketmemelerini gerektiğini söylemektedir.
C) Sigarayı bırakmak iyi birşeydir ancak C) Hastalara kolesterol seviyesini yükselttiği
bırakmak aynı zamanda kilo almaya da yol gerekçesiyle dana eti tüketmemeleri tavsiyesi
açabilir bu yüzden bırakırken diyete ve egzersize doktorlara aittir.
odaklanmak önemlidir. D) Doktorlar, hastalara kolesterol seviyesini
D) Sigarayı bırakırken diyet ve egzersize yükselttiği gerekçesiyle dana eti tüketmemelerini
odaklanmak iyi birşeydir çünkü bırakırken kilo tavsiye etmektedir.
alabilirsiniz. E) Doktorların hastalara tavsiyesi kolesterol
E) Sigarayı bırakmak iyi birşeydir lakin bırakmak seviyesini yükselttiği gerekçesiyle dana eti
aynı zamanda kilo almanıza da sebep olabilir ek tüketmemeleri gerektiğidir.
olarak bırakırken diyete ve egzersize
odaklanmak önemli bir durumdur.

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13- Some experts believe that there is a close 14- Health experts have consistently
relationship between the increase in cancer promoted the benefits of physical activity,
cases in the Black Sea area and the accident particularly for preventing cardiovascular
in the nuclear reactor in Chernobyl. disease, the leading cause of premature
fatalities worldwide.
A) Bazı uzmanlar, Karadeniz bölgesindeki kanser
vakalarındaki artış ile Çernobil'deki nükleer A) Sağlık uzmanları ısrarla fiziksel aktivitenin
reaktördeki kaza arasında yakın bir ilişki faydalarını teşvik etmiştir ve özellikle
olduğuna inanmaktadır. kardiyovasküler hastalıkları önleyerek dünya
B) Bazı uzmanlar, Karadeniz bölgesindeki kanser çapında önde gelen ölüm sebepleri
vakalarındaki artış ile Çernobil'deki nükleer engellenebilir.
reaktördeki kaza arasında anlaşılmaz ilişki B) Sağlık uzmanları özellikle de dünya çapında
olduğunu iddia etmektedir. erken ölümlerin önde gelen sebebi olan
C) Bazı uzmanlara göre Karadeniz bölgesindeki kardiyovasküler hastalığı önlemek için fiziksel
kanser vakalarındaki artış ile Çernobil'deki aktivitenin faydalarını ısrarla teşvik etmiştir.
nükleer reaktördeki kaza arasında yakın bir ilişki C) Sağlık uzmanları öncelikle dünya çapında
olduğuna inanmaktadır. erken ölümlerin önde gelen sebebi olarak
D) Bazı uzmanlar, Karadeniz bölgesindeki kanser kardiyovasküler hastalığı önlemek amacıyla
sebeplerindeki artış ile Çernobil'deki nükleer fiziksel aktivitenin faydalarını ısrarla teşvik
reaktördeki kaza arasında uzak ilişki olduğuna etmiştir.
inanmaktadır. D) Sağlık uzmanları özellikle de dünya çapında
E) Uzmanların bazıları, Karadeniz bölgesindeki erken ölümlerin sebeplerinden biri olan
kanser vakalarındaki artış ile Çernobil'deki kardiyovasküler hastalığı yok etmek için fiziksel
nükleer reaktördeki kaza arasında yakın bir ilişki aktivitenin faydalarını ısrarla vurgulamıştır.
olduğunu düşünmektedir. E) Sağlık uzmanları özellikle de dünya çapında
erken ölümlerin önde gelen sebebi olan
kardiyovasküler hastalığı önlemekte fiziksel
aktivitenin faydalarını zaman zaman teşvik
etmiştir.

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15- Without early diagnosis and treatment, the 16- Dermatitis is a generic term that people
chance of cancer spreading to other parts of use to describe any change in the skin, such
the body may be much higher. as from infectious disease or an allergic
reaction.
A) Erken teşhis ve tedavi olmasa da kanserin
vücudun diğer bölgelerine yayılma şansı çok A) Dermatit, enfeksiyonlu hastalıklardan ya da
daha yüksek olabilir. alerjik bir reaksiyondan gelenler gibi derideki
B) Erken teşhis ve tedavi olmazsa kanserin herhangi bir değişikliği tanımlamak için insanların
vücudun diğer bölgelerine yayılma ihtimali çok kullandığı kapsamlı bir terimdir.
daha yüksek olacaktır. B) Dermatit, enfeksiyonlu hastalıklardan ya da
C) Erken teşhis ve tedavi olmazsa kanserin alerjik bir reaksiyondan gelenler gibi derideki
vücudun diğer bölgelerine yayılma şansı çok herhangi bir değişikliği kapsar ve insanların
daha yüksek olabilir. kullandığı kapsamlı bir terimdir.
D) Kanserin vücudun diğer bölgelerine yayılma C) Enfeksiyondan ya da alerjik reaksiyonlardan
şansı erken teşhis ve tedavi ile çok daha gelen deri hastalıklarını tanımlamak için
yükseklere çıkarılabilir. genellikle insanşar dermatit terimini kullanır
E) Erken teşhis ve tedavi olmasına rağmen çünkü derideki değişiklik ile ilgilidir.
kanserin vücudun diğer bölgelerine yayılma şansı D) Dermatit, hem enfeksiyonlu hastalıklardan
çok daha yüksek olabilir. hem de alerjik bir reaksiyondan gelen derideki
herhangi bir değişikliği tanımlamak için insanların
kullandığı farklı bir terimdir.
E) Dermatit, enfeksiyonlu hastalıklarda ya da
alerjik bir reaksiyonda oluşan derideki herhangi
bir değişikliği adlandırmak için insanların
kullandığı karmaşık bir terimdir.

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17- About 280,000 children die of 18- If you have hair loss, you may want to see
Tuberculosis each year. However, these are a doctor to evaluate whether there is a
deaths which could be prevented with a medical reason behind this hair loss.
simple vaccine.
A) Eğer saç dökülmesi yaşıyorsan ve bu saç
A) Her yıl yaklaşık 280.000 çocuk tüborkülozdan dökülmesinin arkasında tıbbi bir sebebin varsa
dolayı ölmektedir ama yine de bunlar basit bir bunu değerlendirmek için bir doktora görünmek
aşılamayla önlenen ölümlerdir. isteyebilirsin.
B) Her yıl yaklaşık 280.000 çocuk tüborkülozdan B) Eğer saç dökülmesi yaşadıysan, bu saç
ölmektedir ancak bunlar basit bir aşılamayla dökülmesinin arkasında tıbbi bir sebebin olup
önlenilebilen ölümlerdir. olmadığını değerlendirmek için bir doktora
C) Her yıl yaklaşık 280.000 çocuk tüborkülozdan görünmek istemelisin.
ölmektedir bu yüzden bu ölümler basit bir C) Eğer saç dökülmesi yaşıyorsan, bu saç
aşılamayla önlenilmelidir. dökülmesinin arkasında tıbbi bir sebebin olup
D) Her yıl yaklaşık 280.000 çocuk tüborkülozdan olmadığını değerlendirmek için bir doktora
ölmektedir fakat bu ölümler basit bir aşılamayla görünmek isteyebilirsin.
önlenilebilir. D) Saç dökülmesi yaşadıktan sonra bazı
E) Her yıl tam olarak 280.000 çocuk değerlendirmeler için doktora görünmelisin ancak
tüborkülozdan ölmektedir ama bunlar basit bir o zaman tıbbi bir değerlendirme yapılabilir.
aşılamayla önlenilebilecek ölümlerdi. E) Eğer saç dökülmesi yaşıyorsanız, bu saç
dökülmesi ile ilgili tıbbi bir sebebin olup
olmadığını değerlendirmek için bir doktora
görünmek isteyeceksiniz.

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19- Malnutrition increases the risk of infection 20- Although it firstly occured as an oral
and infectious disease, in addition, moderate health device, the toothbrush has been used
malnutrition weakens every part of the as a cleaning tool as well, specifically in the
immune system. military.

A) Yetersiz beslenme enfeksiyon ve enfeksiyonlu A) İlk kez ağız sağlığı aracı olarak ortaya
hastalıklar riskini artırırmasına ek olarak aşırı çıkmasına rağmen, diş fırçası özellikle de
olmayan yetersiz beslenme de bağışıklık askeriyede temizlik malzamesi olarak ta
sisteminindeki her bölümü zayıflatabilir. kullanılmıştır.
B) Hem yetersiz beslenme hem de ılımlı B) İlk kez ağız sağlığı aracı olarak ortaya çıkan
beslenme enfeksiyon ve enfeksiyonlu hastalıklar diş fırçası özellikle de askeriyede temizlik
riskini artırır ve bağışıklık sisteminin her malzamesi olarak ta kullanılmıştır.
bölümünü zayıflatır. C) Ağız sağlığı aracı olarak ortaya çıkmasına
C) Yetersiz beslenme enfeksiyon ve enfeksiyonlu rağmen, diş fırçası özellikle de askeriyede
hastalıklar riskini artırır ancak aşırı olmayan temizlik malzamesi olarak ta kullanılabilirdi.
yetersiz beslenme bağışıklık sisteminin her D) İlk kez ağız sağlığı aracı olarak ortaya
bölümünü zayıflatır. çıkmasına rağmen, diş fırçası aslında askeriyede
D) Yetersiz beslenme enfeksiyon ve enfeksiyonlu temizlik malzamesi olarak kullanılması da
hastalıklar riskini artırır ek olarak aşırı olmayan görülmüştür.
yetersiz beslenme bağışıklık sisteminin her E) Diş fırçası özellikle de askeriyede temizlik
bölümünü zayıflatır. malzamesi olarak kullanılmıştır ancak ilk kez ağız
E) Yetersiz beslenme enfeksiyon ve enfeksiyonlu sağlığı aracı olarak ortaya çıkdığı düşünülüyor.
hastalıklar riskine etki eder ve ayrıca aşırı
olmayan yetersiz beslenme bağışıklık sisteminin
her bölümünü kötüleştirir.

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21- Toothache, which is one of the most 22- In 2015, asthma caused about 397,100
common reasons for emergency dental deaths in 2015, most of which occurred in the
appointments, is the most common type of developing world.
pain in the mouth or face.
A) 2015’te, astım çoğu gelişmekte olan dünyada
A) Acil diş randevularının en yaygın sebebi olan ortaya çıkan yaklaşık olarak 397.100 ölüme
diş ağrısı ağız ya da yüzdeki en yaygın ağrı sebep olmuştur.
tiplerinden biri olarak görülür. B) Yaklaşık olarak 2015’te, astım çoğu
B) Acil olarak diş randevularına gitmenin en gelişmekte olan dünyada ortaya çıkan 397.100
yaygın sebeplerinden biri olan diş ağrısı ya ağız ölüme yol açmıştır.
ya da yüzdeki en yaygın ağrı tipidir. C) 2015’te, astım çoğu gelişmekte olan dünyada
C) Diş ağrısı acil doktor buluşmalarının en yaygın ortaya çıkan 397.100 ölüme sebep olmuş olabilir.
sebeplerinden biridir ve ayrıca yüz ve ağızdaki en D) 2015’ten beri, astım çoğu gelişmekte olan
yaygın ağrı tipidir. dünyada ortaya çıkan yaklaşık olarak 397.100
D) Diş ağrısı acil diş buluşmalarının en yaygın ölüme sebep olmuştur.
sebeplerinden biridir buna yüz ve ağızdaki en E) 2015 yılı boyunca, astım gelişmekte olan
yaygın ağrı tipi de dahildir. dünyada yaklaşık olarak 397.100 ölüme sebep
E) Acil diş randevularının en yaygın olmuştur.
sebeplerinden biri olan diş ağrısı ağız ya da
yüzdeki en yaygın ağrı tipidir.

120
23- AIDS has had a large impact on society, 24- An ulcer is an erosion of the top layer of
both as an illness and as a source of cells from an area, such as the wall of the
discrimination and the disease also must stomach or duodenum.
have led to large economic impacts.
A) Bir ülser, hücrelerin üst katmanının, mide
A) AIDS hem bir hastalık olarak hem de bir duvarı veya oniki parmak bağırsağına karşı bir
ayrımcılık kaynağı olarak toplum üzerinde etkiye aşınmadır.
sahip olmuştur ve hastalık büyük ekonomik B) Bir ülser, hücrelerin üst katmanının, mide
etkilere de yol açmıştır. duvarı veya oniki parmak bağırsağı gibi bir
B) AIDS hem bir hastalık olarak hem de bir alandan aşınmasıdı olduğu düşünülür.
ayrımcılık kaynağı olarak toplum üzerinde büyük C) Bir ülser, hücrelerin üst katmanının, mide
bir etkiye sahip olmuştur ve hastalık büyük duvarı veya oniki parmak bağırsağı gibi bir
ekonomik etkilere de yol açmış olabilir. alandan aşınmasıdır.
C) AIDS bir hastalık olarak da bir ayrımcılık D) Bir ülser, hücrelerin üst katmanının, mide
kaynağı olarak da toplum üzerinde büyük bir duvarı ve oniki parmak bağırsağının dahil olduğu
etkiye sahip olmuş olabilr ve hastalık büyük bir alanın aşınmasıdır.
ekonomik etkilere yol açmıştır. E) Bir ülser, hücrelerin üst katmanıda, mide
D) Hem bir hastalık olarak hem de bir ayrımcılık duvarı ile birlikte oniki parmak bağırsağı gibi bir
kaynağı olarak AIDS’in toplum üzerindeki büyük alandan aşınmasıdır.
etkisi ekonomik etkilere yol açmış olabilir.
E) AIDS bir hastalıkdır ve bir ayrımcılık kaynağı
olarak da toplum üzerinde büyük bir etkiye sahip
olmuştur ve bu hastalık büyük ekonomik etkilere
yol açmış olabilir.

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25- Some research in Belgium has shown that 26- It may be hard to escape the suspicion
lung damage may occur in children and that sometimes a medical condition will cure
adults as a result of swimming in an indoor itself without any help from the medicine.
pool where the level of chlorine in the water
exceeds 490 micrograms. A) Bazen tıbbi bir durumun ilaçtan hiçbir yardım
almadan kendi kendini tedavi edeceği
A) Belçika’daki bazı araştırmalar, akciğer şüphesinden kaçmak zor olmalı.
hasarının sudaki klor seviyesinin 490 mikrogramı B) Bazen tıbbi bir durumun ilaçtan herhangi bir
aştığı kapalı yüzme havuzlarında yüzmeden yardım olmaksızın kendi kendini tedavi edeceği
dolayı çocuklarda ve yetişkinlerde ortaya şüphesinden kaçmak zor olabilir.
çıkabileceğini göstermiştir. C) Bazen tıbbi bir durumun ilaçtan herhangi bir
B) Belçika’daki bazı araştırmalara göre akciğer yardım olmaksızın kendi kendini tedavi etmesi
hasarının sudaki klor seviyesinin 490 mikrogramı gerektiği gerçeğinden kaçmak zor olabilir.
aştığı kapalı yüzme havuzlarında yüzmeden D) Genellikle tıbbi bir durumun ilaçtan herhangi
dolayı çocuklarda ve yetişkinlerde ortaya bir yardım olmaksızın kendi kendini tedavi
çıkabilir. edeceği şüphesinden kaçmak zor olacaktır.
C) Belçika’daki bazı araştırmalarda, akciğer E) Tıbbi her durumun ilaçtan herhangi bir yardım
hasarının sudaki klor seviyesinin 490 mikrogramı olmaksızın kendi kendini tedavi edeceği
aştığı kapalı yüzme havuzlarında yüzmeden şüphesinden kaçmak bazen zor olabilir.
dolayı çocuklarda ve yetişkinlerde ortaya
çıkabileceğini görülmüştür.
D) Belçika’dakİ araştırmalar, akciğer hasarının
sudaki klor seviyesinin 490 mikrogramı aştığı
kapalı yüzme havuzlarında yüzmeden dolayı
çocuklarda ve yetişkinlerde görülebileceği
belirtilmiştir.
E) Belçika’daki bazı araştırmacılar tarafından,
akciğer hasarının sudaki klor seviyesinin 490
mikrogramı aştığı kapalı yüzme havuzlarında
yüzmeden dolayı çocuklarda ve yetişkinlerde
ortaya çıkabileceğini vurgulanmıştır.

122
27- Noticing some changes in a person's well- 28- While everybody can develop lung cancer,
being can help with identifying meningitis and cigarette smoking and exposure to smoke
other serious illnesses that require immediate can increase the likelihood that a person will
medical care. experience this condition.

A) Bir insanın sağlığındaki bazı değişiklikleri A) Herkes akciğer kanseri olabilmesine rağmen
farketmek menenjiti ve acil tıbbi yardıma ihtiyaç sigara içmek ve sigaraya maruz kalmak bir
duyan diğer ciddi hastalıkları tanımlamaya insanın bu durumu yaşaması ihtimalini
yardımcı olabilir. artıracaktır.
B) Bir insanın sağlığındaki bazı değişiklikleri B) Herkesin akciğer kanseri geliştirebilmese de,
farkettiğimizde menenjiti ve acil tıbbi yardıma sigara içmek en az sigaraya maruz kalmak kadar
ihtiyaç duyan diğer ciddi hastalıkları bir insanın bu durumu yaşayacağı ihtimalini
tanımlamamıza yardımcı olabilir. artırabilir.
C) Bir insanın sağlığındaki bazı değişiklikleri C) Akciğer kanserini herkes yaşayabilir ancak
farkederek menenjit ve acil tıbbi yardıma ihtiyaç sigara içmek en az sigaraya maruz kalmak kadar
duyan diğer ciddi hastalıklar tanımlanabilir. bir insanın bu durumu yaşayacağı ihtimalini
D) Bir insanın sağlığındaki bazı değişiklikleri artırabilir.
farketmek için menenjiti ve acil tıbbi yardıma D) Herkes sigaraya maruz kalabilir ve ya sigara
ihtiyaç duyan diğer ciddi hastalıkları tanımlamak içebilir ancak akciğer kanseri geliştirme ihtimali
yardımcı olabilir. her zaman yüksek olacaktır.
E) Bir insanda sağlıkla ilgili değişiklikler E) Herkesin akciğer kanseri geliştirebilmesine
ferkedilirse menenjit ve diğer ciddi hastalıkları karşın, sigara içmek ve sigaraya maruz kalmak
tanımlamak tedavide yardımcı olabilir. bir insanın bu durumu yaşayacağı ihtimalini
artırabilir.

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29- Should we consistently take in more 30- Medications can affect oral health,
energy than we need, we will gain weight. because some lessen the flow of saliva,
which has a protective effect both on teeth
A) İhtiyacımız olandan daha fazla enerji and gums.
almamalıyız aksi takdirde sürekli kilo alacağız.
B) Ne sürekli ihtiyacımız olandan daha fazla A) İlaçlar ağız sağlığını etkileyebilir çünkü bazıları
enerji almalıyız ne de kilo almalıyız. hem dişler hem de damaklar üzerinde koruyucu
C) İhtıyacımızdan fazla enerji almamız kilo etkiye sahip olan ağız suyunun akışını azaltabilir.
almamıza yol açacaktır. B) İlaçlar ağız sağlığına etki edebilir çünkü onlar
D) Eğer biz sürekli ihtiyacımız olandan daha fazla dişlerde ve damaklarda koruyucu etkiye sahip
enerji alırsak kilo alacağız. olan ağız suyunun akışını rahatlatabilir.
E) Sürekli Kilo almaya devam ettiğimiz sürece C) İlaçlar ağız sağlığını etkileyebilir çünkü
ihtiyacımız olandan daha fazla enerji almalıyız. bazıları ya dişler ya da damaklar üzerinde
koruyucu etkiye sahip olan ağız suyunun akışını
kötüleştirebilir.
D) İlaçların bazıları ağız sağlığını etkileyebilir
çünkü hem dişler hem de damaklar için koruma
sağlayan ağız suyunun akışını azaltabilir.
E) İlaçlar hem ağız sağlığını etkileyebilir hem de
dişler ve damaklar üzerinde koruyucu etkiye
sahip olan ağız suyunun akışını azaltabilir.

124
 TURKISH ENGLISH TEST
1-Amerikan Gıda ve İlaç İdaresinin lupusu 3- Geçen ay bir toplum sağlığı dergisinde
tedavi etmek için bir ilacı onayladığından beri yayınlanan bir çalışma gıda takviyesi ve
yaklaşık 40 yıl geçmiştir. vitamin takviyesi alan insanların daha sağlıklı
olmadığını ve daha uzun yaşamadıklarını
A) It has been about forty years after the United söylüyor.
States Food and Drug Administration released a
drug for treating lupus. A) A study was published in a public health
B) When the United States Food and Drug journal last month and it says that taking food
Administration approved a drug for treating lupus, supplements and vitamin supplements is not a
it lasted for almost forty years. healthy option or not help living longer.
C) It has been about forty years since the United B) Our healthy and long life don’t depend on food
States Food and Drug Administration approved a supplement or vitamin supplements and this was
drug for treating lupus. seen in a public health journal which was
D) It has been more than forty years since the published last month.
United States Food and Drug Administration C) A study released last month in a public health
produced a drug for treating lupus. journal says that people who take food
E) The United States Food and Drug supplements and vitamin supplements are not
Administration approved a drug for treating lupus healthier and do not live longer.
although it has been forty years. D) A study released last month in a public health
journal claims that people take food supplements
2- Bazı ilaçlar çok tehlikeli yan etkiler and vitamin supplements although they are not
üretebilir ama öyle olsa bile belirli durumlarda healthier and do not supply to live longer.
onları engellemek hata olurdu. E) According to a study released last month in a
public health journal, people who take food
A) Some drugs can produce very dangerous side supplements and vitamin supplements may not
effects but even so, in certain circumstances, it be healthier and may not live longer.
would be wrong to withhold them.
B) Dangerous side effects may be occur in
several drugs and so in some cases, it will be
wrong to maintain them.
C) Some of drugs should be withhold due to their
very dangerous side effects despite some
objections.
D) Every drug may produce very dangerous side
effects although it may be wrong to inhibit them
in some cases.
E) Some drugs can produce very highly
dangerous side effects, however, in every
condition, it is thought to be wrong to hinder
them.

125
4- Eğer cerrahi olmayan terapi hastalığı tedavi 5- Aslında toplantıdaki sosyal hizmetler
etmekte başarısız olduğu bulunursa uzmanlarının çoğu, ülkenin gençleri arasında
peridontal cerrahiyeye ilerleyen kemik kaybını alkol sorununun giderek artmakta olduğu
durdurmak için ihtiyaç duyulabilir. görüşünde.

A) Although nonsurgical therapy is found to have A) According to the social workers at the
been unsuccessful in treating the disease, meeting, it is the drink problem of the young that
periodontal surgery cannot be carried out to stop is on increase.
progressive bone loss. B) Actually the growing drink problem among the
B) As long as nonsurgical therapy is found to young people of the country was the main reason
have been unsuccessful in treating the disease, for the meeting of the social workers.
periodontal surgery should be activated to stop C) Obviously, most social workers at the meeting
progressive bone loss. believe that if the country’s young people go on
C) If nonsurgical therapy is found to have been drinking, this will create a problem.
unsuccessful in treating the disease, periodontal D) The fact that there is a drink problem among
surgery may be needed to stop progressive bone country’s young people was in the eyes of the
loss. social workers the real reason for the meeting.
D) If nonsurgical therapy was found to have been E) In fact, most of the social workers at the
unsuccessful in treating the disease, periodontal meeting are of the opinion that the drink problem
surgery could be needed to stop progressive among the country’s young people is on the
bone loss. increase.
E) If nonsurgical therapy is seen to have been
unsuccessful in treating diseases, periodontal
surgery can be done to reverse progressive bone
loss.

126
6- Bakteriler çeşitli şekillerde ve aktivitelerde 7- Dolly adında bir koyunun klonlanması bir
olan tek hücreli organizmalardır ve virüsler ile kaç yıl önce dünya boyunca şok dalgaları
birlikte bitki hayatının en yavaş formları yaydı ancak bu biyoteknolojideki
olarak bilinirler. ilerlemelerden sadece biri idi.

A) Bacteria are one-cell organisms of variable A) The cloning of a sheep named Dolly spread
shape and activity and besides the viruses and shock waves throughout the world a few years
bacteria are believed to be the slowest forms of ago, but that was only one of the breakthroughs
plant life. in biotechnology.
B) While bacteria are one-cell organisms of B) A sheep named Dolly was cloned and this
variable shape and activity the viruses are known event spread shock waves in the world some
as the slowest forms of plant life. years ago, but that was only one of the
C) In addition to viruses, bacteria are one-cell breakthroughs in biotechnology.
organisms of variable shape and activity and are C) The cloning of a sheep named Dolly increased
known as the slowest forms of plant life. shock waves all over the world in the past, but
D) Bacteria are one-cell organisms of variable that was only one of the breakthroughs
shape and activity and along with the viruses, in biotechnology.
they are known as the slowest forms of plant life. D) The cloning of a sheep spread shock waves
E) Bacteria are known as one-cell organisms of throughout the world a few years ago and its
variable shape and activity and along with the name was Dolly, thus, that was one of the
viruses, they are also known as the slowest breakthroughs in biotechnology.
forms of plant life. E) The cloning of a sheep named Dolly spread
shock waves throughout the world a few years
ago, hence, that could have been one of the
breakthroughs in biotechnology.

127
8- AIDS’ in hala tedavisi olmamasına rağmen 10- Hiperaktif çocuklara yazılan bazı ilaçlar
HIV enfeksiyonunu anlamakta ve onu tedavi fiziksel gelişmeyi geciktirebilmekte ve çocuğu
etmekte olağanüstü ilerlemeler karaciğer hastalıklarına karşı duyarlı
kaydedilmiştir. kılabilmektedir.

A) Despite remarkable progress, AIDS still has A) Some drugs which are prescribed for
hyperactive children can retard physical growth
no cure and has not been made in understanding
and make a child susceptible to liver ailments.
and treating HIV infection.
B) There are some drugs which can be
B) Although AIDS still has no cure, remarkable prescribed for hyperactivity in children but these
progress has been made in understanding and can retard physical growth and make a child
treating HIV infection. more susceptible to liver complaints.
C) Even if AIDS still has no cure, remarkable C) In some instances, drugs prescribed for
progress may be made in understanding and treating hyperactive children can retard normal
treating HIV infection. growth and may lead to liver ailments.
D) AIDS has no cure, but remarkable progress D) Retardation of physical growth and a
has been made in understanding and treating susceptibility to liver complaints are just two of
HIV infection. the possible effects of drugs used to treat
E) Though AIDS still has no cure, some effective hyperactive children.
progresses have been made in understanding E) Some of the drugs which have been given to
and treating HIV infection. hyperactive children have caused a slowdown in
their physical growth and resulted in liver
9- Otistik kız yada erkek çocuklarıyla çok az ailments.
bir zaman bile geçiren bir kişi bu çocukları
diğerlerinden ayıran davranışlarına aşına hale
gelir.

A) Anyone who has spent a little time with an

autistic boy and girl soon becomes familiar with
the behaviours that set all these children apart.
B) Someone who wants to spend time with an
autistic boy or girl soon becomes familiar with the
behaviours that set these children apart.
C) Anyone who has spent even a little time with
an autistic boy or girl soon becomes familiar with
the behaviours that set these children apart.
D) Anyone who has spent great amount of time
with an autistic boy or girl soon becomes familiar
with the behaviours that set all these children
apart.
E) Everybody who has spent a little time with an
autistic children soon becomes familiar with the
behaviours that set these children apart.

128
11- Egzama sanayileşmiş ülkelerde okul 13- Engellere rağmen, çevre kirliliği sorunu,
çağındaki çocukların % 10'unu etkiliyor ve ek kamu bilincinde ve bilim alanında son yıllarda
olarak görülme sıklığı gelişmekte olan önemli bir değişikliğe uğradı.
ülkelerde artıyor.
A) Pollution is a problem whose importance has
A) In developing countries, there are more and changed significantly in recent years, both in
more schoolchildren with eczema, compared with public awareness and in the scientific field.
only 10% in industrialized countries. B) In recent years, the term environmental
B) Eczema affects 10% of school-age children in pollution has undergone a change of meaning in
industrialized countries, and also its incidence is public consciousness and also in the field of
increasing in developing countries. science and is perceived as a problem against
C) Only 10% of school-aged children are affected drawbacks
by eczema in industrialized countries, but its C) The problem of environmental pollution has
prevalence is increasing in developing countries. undergone a significant change in public
D) Whether in industrialized or emerging awareness and science in recent years despite
countries, 10% of school-aged children are drawbacks.
affected by eczema. D) It is a problem that environmental pollution in
E) The number of school-aged children with public consciousness and in science has
eczema is constantly increasing by more than changed in recent years due to some drawbacks.
10% in both industrialized and emerging E) In public awareness and in the field of
countries. science, environmental pollution, the extent of
which has changed significantly in recent years,
is considered as a hinderance.
12- Kötü beslenen ya da çok sıkı rejimler
benimseyen kişiler diğer insanlara göre daha
kuru bir cilde sahiptirler.

A) By eating poorly, or by imposing very strict

diets, one risks to damage his skin irreversibly.
B) In order to have beautiful skin that is not dry,
you must eat properly and avoid too strict diets.
C) People who are malnourished or adopt very
strict regimes have a drier skin than other people.
D) The skin is the first victim of poor diet and very
strict diets.
E) If you have skin that is drier than other people,
it's often because you eat poorly or have very
strict diets.

129
14- Yardımcılarıyla birlikte uzman hekimler, 16- Bazı yiyecekler ve içeceklerin reflü
kan tahlilleri ve röntgen görüntülerine semptomlarını diğerlerine göre tetikleme
dayanarak bir teşhis koymayı başardı. ihtimali daha yüksek olmasına rağmen, asit
reflüsü herkes için farklı semptomlara sebep
A) Together with their assistants, specialist olur.
physicians managed to make a diagnosis based
on blood tests and X-ray images. A) If acid reflux causes different symptoms for
B) The specialists will not be able to make the everyone, then some foods and drinks trigger
diagnosis until the radiographs and the results of reflux symptoms slightly higher than others.
the blood tests are available if there is not a B) Acid reflux causes different symptoms for
support. everyone, though some foods and drinks are
C) The specialists except their assistants more likely to trigger reflux symptoms than
managed to make a diagnosis on the basis of others.
blood tests and X-rays. C) Although some foods and drinks may trigger
D) The diagnosis of the specialists is based on reflux symptoms much more than others, acid
the results of the blood tests and X-rays with the reflux could lead to different symptoms for
help of their assistants. everyone.
E) Blood tests and X-rays are to allow the D) Acid reflux causes different symptoms for
specialists to make a diagnosis as long as their everyone, even so, some kinds of foods and
assistants help drinks are more likely to trigger reflux symptoms
than others.
15- Diş etlerini canlandırmak herhangi bir E) Acid reflux causes always different symptoms
rahatsızlığı hafiflettiği için diş çıkaran bir for everyone except that some foods and drinks
bebek çoğunlukla parmaklarını ve digger sert are more likely to trigger reflux symptoms than
objeleri çiğneyecektir. others.

A) Even if stimulating the gums will help alleviate

some discomfort, a baby will often chew on
fingers and other hard objects.
B) A baby who is teething will stimulate his gums
in order to alleviate any discomfort and then will
chew on fingers and other hard objects.
C) In addition to alleviating any discomfort,
chewing on fingers and other hard objects is a
compulsory for a baby who is teething.
D) Because stimulating the gums alleviate any
discomfort, a baby who is teething will often chew
on fingers and other hard objects.
E) Alleviating any discomfort in the gums, a baby
can chew on fingers and other hard objects
because he is teething.

130
17- Eski Ahite dayanan ilk bilinen 18- Çocuğun süt dişlerinin hepsi ortaya
tanımlarından bu yana, depresyon normal çıktıktan hemen sonra, diş doktoru diş
hayat tarzının bozulması olarak minesini sertleştiren florürü dişlerin yüzeyine
gözlemlenmiştir. uygulamaya başlayabilir.

A) After its earliest known descriptions dated

back to the Old Testament, depression was A) Once the child's primary teeth have all come
observed as a hinderance of normal lifestyle. in, the dentist begins applying fluoride, which
B) Ever since its first known descriptions tracing hardens the tooth enamel, to the surface of the
back to the Old Testament, depression has been teeth.
described as a eradication of normal lifestyle. B) Just after the child's primary teeth have all
C) Its earliest known descriptions dates back to come in, the dentist may begin applying fluoride,
the Old Testament, since then, depression has which hardens the tooth enamel, to the surface of
been observed as a disruption of normal lifestyle. the teeth.
D) Its earliest known descriptions are attributed C) The child's primary teeth have all come in,
to the Old Testament, therefore, depression has afterwards, the dentist should begin applying
been observed as a disruption of normal lifestyle fluoride, which hardens the tooth enamel, to the
for a long time. surface of the teeth.
E) Since its earliest known descriptions dating D) Hardly have the child's primary teeth all come
back to the Old Testament, depression has been in when the dentist may begin using fluoride,
observed as a disruption of normal lifestyle. which supports the tooth enamel, to the surface
of the teeth.
E) As soon as the child's primary teeth have all
come in, the dentist will begin applying fluoride,
which hardens the tooth enamel, to the surface of
the teeth.

131
19- Vücudumuz terlemeö idrar çıkarma ve 20- İlaçlara olan ters reaksiyonlar çok
digger vücutsal işlevler gibi birçok yolla su yaygındır, ancak, gerçek ilaç alerjileri bu
kaybettiği için onu her gün içecekler ve vakaların sadece yüzde 5 ila 10’u arasında
yiyeceklerle yerini değişmemiz gerekir. ortaya çıkar.

A) Since our bodies lose water in a number of A) Although adverse reactions to medications are
ways such as sweat, urination, and other bodily very common, a lot of drug allergies occur in 5 in
functions, we need to replace it each day through 10 of these cases.
beverages and foods. B) Adverse reactions to medications are
B) Because our bodies lose water in various frequently seen. Nevertheless, true drug allergies
ways like sweat, urination, and other bodily may occur in only 5 to10 percent of all these
functions, everybody must replace it every day cases.
through beverages and foods. C) As long as adverse reactions to medications
C) Even if our bodies lose water in a number of are very common, true drug allergies take place
ways such as sweat, urination, and other bodily in 5 to10 percent of these cases.
functions, we can replace it each day through D) Adverse reactions to medications are very
beverages and foods. common. However, true drug allergies occur in
D) Unless our bodies lose water in a few ways only 5 to10 percent of these cases.
such as sweat, urination, and other bodily E) All adverse reactions to medications are very
functions, we cannot replace it each day through common. For instance, true drug allergies occur
beverages and foods. in more than 10 percent of these cases.
E) As our bodies lose water in a few ways such
as sweat, urination, and other bodily functions,
we had to replace it each day through beverages
and foods.

132
21- Uyurgezerliğe dahil olan psikiyatrik 23- Esas ilgisi onkoloji alanında bulunan
problemlerin olabileceğini öneren hiçbir özel cerrahlar arasındaki iletişimi kolaylaştırmak
tıbbi kanıt yoktur. için yıllık bir toplantı düzenlenecek.

A) We don’t have any medical evidence that A) With a view to facilitating communication
shows that there may be psychiatric difficulties among surgeons, an annual meeting will be held
involved in sleepwlking. because their interest lies in the field of oncology.
B) No specific medical evidence was suggested B) The field of oncology attracts surgeons and so
about psychiatric issues involved in sleepwalking. an annual meeting may be held in order to
C) There is nonspecific medical evidence that facilitate communication.
suggests that there may be psychiatric issues C) An annual meeting should be held among
involved in sleepwalking. surgeons whose interest lies in the field of
D) There is nonspecific medical evidence as to oncology because communication must be
whether there may be psychiatric issues involved facilitated.
in sleepwalking. D) An annual scientific meeting will be held so
E) Any specific medical evidence cannot explain as to facilitate communication among surgeons
the reason why psychiatric issues involve in whose primary interest lies in the field of
sleepwalking. oncology.
E) Surgeons whose primary interest lies in the
field of oncology will hold an annual meeting in
22- AIDS. Amerika’daki doktorların sıradışı order to facilitate communication among them.
hastalıklardan eziyet çeken bazı hastaları fark
ettikleri 1980’lerden keşfedilmedi.

A) AIDS was not discovered before 1980s, when

doctors in the United States noticed some
patients suffering from unusual diseases.
B) After doctors in the United States noticed that
some patients suffered from some known
diseases in 1980’s, AIDS was discovered.
C) Before doctors noticed that some patients
suffered from strange diseases in the United
States in 1980’s, AIDS was not discovered.
D) AIDS was not noticed before 1980’s and since
then, some patients have suffered from it
according to the doctors.
E) 1980’s, when doctors in the United States
noticed some patients suffering from an unusual
disease, led to some discoveries.

133
24- Sosyal ve tıbbi müdahaleler insanların 25- Bir insan, eğer sağlanılan oksijen miktarı
daha uzun yaşamalarına yardım etmiş ile akciğerlerde ihtiyaç duyulan mikta
olmasına rağmen tekniklerin hiçbiri yaşam arasındaki normal ve hassas denge
sürecini etkilememiştir. sürdürülemezse nefessiz kalabilir.

A) No techniques have an effect on the aging A) If the normal and delicate balance between
process, but both social and medical the amount of oxygen supplied and the amount
interventions have aided people to live longer. required in the lungs is disturbed, people are out
B) In spite of the fact that social and medical of breath.
interventions must have helped people live B) A person may be out of breath as long as the
longer, any techniques have not affected the normal and delicate balance between the amount
aging process. of oxygen supplied and the amount required in
C) Even if social and medical interventions are the lungs is not maintained.
thought to help people live longer, none of the C) If a person disturbs the balance between the
techniques have affected the aging process. amount of oxygen supplied and the amount
D) Even though social and medical interventions required in the lungs, he may be out of breath.
have helped people live longer, any technique D) A person may be out of breath if the normal
have affected the aging process. and delicate balance between the amount of
E) Although social and medical interventions oxygen supplied and the amount required in the
have helped people live longer, none of the lungs cannot be maintained.
techniques have affected the aging process. E) A person won’t be out of breath unless the
normal and delicate balance between the amount
of oxygen supplied and the amount required in
the lungs can be maintained.

134
26- Genellikle rüyaların sadece birkaç 27- Birçok çalışma, hafif, suni ve hatta
dakikasını hatırlamak mümkün olmasına önemsiz dışlanmanın bile belirli ölçülerde
rağmen insanlar eski zamanlardan beri güçlü duygusal reaksiyonlar ile
onlardan ve anlamlarından etkilenmiştir. sonuçlanabileceğini göstermiştir.

A) Whereas it is usually possible to remember a A) A number of studies have suggested that

few minutes of dreams, people have been subtle, artificial and even unimportant exclusion
fascinated with them and their meanings at can result in strong emotional reactions to some
recent times. extent.
B) Even though people can remember only a few B) According to many studies, subtle, artificial
minutes of dreams, people have been affected and even unimportant exclusion can result from
with them and their meanings since ancient strong emotional reactions to some extent.
times. C) A number of studies have claimed that subtle,
C) Although it is usually possible to remember artificial as well as unimportant exclusion may
only a few minutes of dreams, people have been lead to strong emotional reactions to a large
affected with them and their meanings since extent.
ancient times. D) Many studies have estimated that subtle,
D) People always have been disturbed by artificial and even unimportant exclusion can be
dreams and their meanings for a long time, but it felt in strong emotional reactions to some extent.
is possible to remember only a few minutes of E) A number of studies have suggested that
them. subtle, artificial or unimportant exclusion can
E) Although it is usually possible to remember result in strong emotional reactions to some or
only a few minutes of dreams and their meanings the other extent.
which have affected people since ancient times.

135
28- Çoğu insan unutkan olmaktan endişe 29- Bir insan hafif enfeksiyonlu yaraları evde
duyar ve onlar unutkanlığın Alzheimer tedavi edebilir ancak daha ciddi ya da devam
hastalığının ilk belirtisi olduğunu düşünürler, eden yara enfeksiyonlar tıbbi bakımı
aksine, bütün hafıza problemi olan insanların aramalıdır.
Alzheimer’ı yoktur.
A) A person should treat minor wound infections
A) Most of the people concern of becoming at home. Nevertheless, people with more severe
forgetful and also they think forgetfulness is the or persistent wound infections must seek medical
only sign of Alzheimer's disease, in fact, not all attention.
people with memory problems have Alzheimer's. B) No matter how minor or severe and persistent
B) Many people worry about becoming forgetful wound infections are, a person should seek
and they think forgetfulness is the first sign of medical attention.
Alzheimer's disease, by contrast, not all people C) A person is able to treat minor wound
with memory problems have Alzheimer's. infections at home. However, people with more
C) Many people may worry about becoming severe or persistent wound infections must seek
forgetful and may think forgetfulness is the first medical attention.
sign of Alzheimer's disease, indeed, not all D) A person is able to treat minor wound
people with memory problems have Alzheimer's. infections at home. However, people with more
D) Whereas many people worry about becoming severe or persistent wound infections must seek
forgetful and they think forgetfulness is the first medical attention.
sign of Alzheimer's disease, some people with E) While people can treat minor wound infections
memory problems have Alzheimer's. at home, people with more severe or persistent
E) Several people worry about becoming wound infections can seek medical attention.
forgetful and they think forgetfulness is one of the
signs of Alzheimer's disease, however, not all
people with memory problems have Alzheimer's.

136
30- Oxford Üniversitesi tarafından yayınlanan
son tıbbi rapor, eğer doktorlar insanlara
tansiyon ilacı verirse, onların daha azının
öleceğini iddia ediyor.

A) A recently medical report issued by the

University of Oxford claims that if doctors give
people blood pressure drugs, fewer of them will
die.
B) According to recently medical reports
published by the University of Oxford, fewer
people may die if doctors give them blood
pressure drugs.
C) A recently medical report released by the
University of Oxford predicts that fewer people
will die even if doctors give them blood pressure
drugs.
D) From a medical report issued by the
University of Oxford, we can understand that
fewer people will die if doctors give them blood
pressure drugs.
E) A recently medical report issued by the
University of Oxford agrees that some people will
die if doctors give them blood pressure drugs.

137
 IRRELEVANT SENTENCES TEST
(I) Unlike people with dementia, those with 3- (I) Malnutrition happens when people lack
mild cognitive impairment can cope with their nutrients, vitamins and minerals. (II) Not
regular routine, like getting dressed or enough proteins can have negative effects on
preparing meals. (II) However, they may have a person’s growth and lead to physical
trouble remembering dates, appointments problems. (III) Vitamins are important for
and where they left their keys. (III) We know good health and the functioning of your body.
that exercise has proven to be good for your (IV) For example, in Third World countries
heart and overall fitness. (IV) This may be the schools must try to teach children the right
first step to Alzheimer’s disease or dementia. eating habits and emphasize eating
(V) While there is no medicine and dietary vegetables and fruit. (V) A lack of them can
way to fight against memory loss, cause major problems and Vitamin A
neurologists encourage people to do some deficiency may lead to eye problems and
form of aerobic exercise, like walking, blindness.
running or cycling.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

2- (I) Measles is an infectious disease that can 4- (I) The first vaccines were created towards
be deadly if not treated. (II) It starts with a the end of the 18th century. (II) Since then,
runny nose, coughing and sneezing and is vaccines have saved the lives of millions of
often accompanied by fever. (III) Many are people in the past and virtually eradicated
introducing measures to encourage parents many diseases. (III) Smallpox, for example,
to have their children vaccinated. (IV) Typical was once one of the world’s most serious
symptoms show a red-brown rash on various diseases, which killed millions every year. (IV)
parts of the body. (V) One in a thousand By the end of the 1970s smallpox had
cases develops a swelling of the brain that disappeared completely because nearly
may cause serious diseases and even lead to everyone was vaccinated. (V) Although
blindness. vaccination is widely available and a part of
the regular health program in almost all
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
industrial countries, there are still countries,
especially in the Third World where people
die of serious diseases.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

138
5- (I) Doctors claim that feeling lonely raises 7- (I) New York has become the first American
the likelihood of suffering a premature death. city to ban the sales of sugary drinks that are
(II) Many of them go on for days and even larger than 16 ounces (about half a liter) at
weeks without communicating or talking to restaurants, stadiums and movie theatres. (II)
anyone else. (III) It is even worse than Mayor Bloomberg had tried to stop poor
smoking. (IV) People who are isolated for a people from using their food stamps to buy
longer period of time often do not seek help. sugary drinks and other sugared beverages.
(V) They eat and exercise less, which can lead (III) With this measure New York plans to fight
to increased blood pressure and heart the war against obesity. (IV) Although many
disease. food and drink manufacturers in the city are
against the measure, most health experts are
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
in favor of it. (V) A poll taken recently reports
that the majority of New Yorkers are also
against the ban.
6- (I) In 2016 California produced about 13
million pounds of pot. (II) In the last two A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
decades, special shops have been allowed to
sell marijuana only for medical reasons, in
order to treat pain and anxiety. (III) 80% of it 8- (I) Although caffeine may be good for world
was transferred illegally out of the state. (IV) class athletes, it may harm the health of
The illegal marijuana market, currently at 5 people who are overweight. (II) Some studies
billion dollars, is expected to grow to 7 billion have shown that caffeine might help people
in California by 2020. (V) In addition, the state respond to things more quickly. (III) Scientists
will be able to generate additional taxes from have found out that caffeinated coffee and tea
selling legal marijuana. can help protect your heart, brain and other
organs from disease. (IV) On the other hand
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
too much caffeine can make people anxious
and unable to sleep. (V) This is worrisome
because we need sleep to stay healthy.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

139
9- (I) It is no surprise that most of the world's 11- (I) A government spokesman says that
obese people live in the wealthy countries of Portugal, which had one of the highest drug
the world. (II) For example, six countries - the use rates in Europe, now has the problem
US, Britain, Ireland, Australia, Canada and under control. (II) They say that Portugal is a
New Zealand account for a fifth of the world's small country and does not have the same
obese people. (III) We also need to eat more problems that the Americans do, so the
fresh fruits and vegetables and reduce the situation cannot be compared. (III) Compared
intake of processed food. (IV) In contrast, the with the European Union and the United
poorest countries have the lowest number of States, Portugal is really making progress.
overweight people. (V) In southern Asia and (IV) More Americans have used cocaine than
southeastern Asia, for example, 25% of the Portuguese have taken marijuana. (V)
population are underweight. Americans are now looking towards
Portugal's success to try to find a solution to
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
their own problems.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
10- (I) Like all parts of the body, our bones
can also suffer from certain diseases. (II)
Bones need calcium to make them hard. (III) If 12- (I) Aspirin used to be regarded as a safe
your body does not get enough vitamin D cure for numerous ills and was widely used
bones don’t have enough calcium, they both in its soluble and insoluble form. (II)
become soft and curved. (IV) People suffer Children’s aspirins may prove to be
from osteoporosis when they have weak treacherous when children are concerned. (III)
bones. (V) Instead, joints attract diseases Now, however, it is not so well thought of. (IV)
when a person gets older. It is useful for the relief of headache or other
pains and it will reduce a fever for 2 or 3
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
hours and so make a patient feel more
comfortable, but except in very rare cases it
will cure nothing. (V) Moreover, there have
been some very serious cases of poisoning
as a result of taking aspirin.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

140
13- (I) We can all give reasons as to why 16- (I) Many people believe that breakfast is
people smoke, but the basic one is probably the most important meal of the day. (II) In
social. (II) Young people regard it as a addition, they believe that not eating it causes
prestige symbol, a sign of adult status. (III) various problems, such as fatigue,
Once the habit is established, the ritual of inefficiency at work and poor academic
lighting up somehow relieves tension. (IV) achievement in children. (III) However, some
Then again, to offer a cigarette is a gesture of medical doctors have started questioning the
goodwill, like shaking hands; a sharing of importance of breakfast. (IV) Some of them
cigarettes is a way of establishing a bond of have published books on diet recently, and
sympathy. (V) Nicotine is a stimulant of the they assert that breakfast is not an
nervous system and also has an effect on all indispensable meal for adults and even
the blood vessels of the body recommend skipping it. (V) Eating is a great
comfort and people want to release stress by
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
eating at the end of the day.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
14- (I) Over-dosage with thalidomide was
unlikely to prove fatal. (II) That is why It was
chemically related to other drugs which had 17- (I) There are certain drugs which help in
been in use for a long time. (III) It was recalling process. (II) Our unconscious mind
marketed in Europe and in Britain as a “safe contains many millions of past experiences
sedative”. (IV) The tragic results that followed that, so far as our conscious mind knows, are
its use by women in the early weeks of lost forever. (III) By means of several devices,
pregnancy are now well known. (V) Babies we now know how to bring back lost
were born with severe deformities of limbs, memories. (IV) One method is "free
internal organs or both. association", used by psychiatrists. (V) If a
patient lets his conscious mind wander at
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
will, it can give him clues to forgotten things
which, if skillfully pursued by the doctor, will
bring up whole networks of lost ideas and
15- (I) Adolescence is the period which comes forgotten terrors.
after the years of pure childhood and before
adult life. (II) At this time the young person is A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
preparing to be an adult. (III) Many changes
take place in the body, and many teenagers
worry about whether they are developing in a
normal way. (IV) Whereas childhood days are
forgotten, other interests emerge. (V) In
contrast, Adolescents are often clumsy in
their movements and aggressive in their
behavior.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

141
18- (I) Many people try to get rid of the signs 21- (I) Depending on the status of the bite
of stress instead of the cause. (II) They may wound, local wound care varies. (II) They will
take sleeping pills or try to control the recommend a reevaluation of bites in 48
various signs in other ways. (III) When you hours to look for infection. (III) If the wound
are getting a cold, one of the symptoms is was sutured on the first visit, then, the wound
being unable to breathe during the night. (IV) should be kept clean and dry. (IV) Showers
But, the only satisfactory way of stopping are permitted, but the area should be dried by
stress is to find the cause of it. (V) You may patting it softly to avoid disrupting the
not be able to change the cause of the stress sutures. (V) No baths or submersion of a
but understanding it will probably help. sutured wound should occur until the stitches
are removed and the patient it told it is
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
allowed.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
19- (I) Elizabeth Blackwell was the first
woman to receive an M.D. degree since the
Renaissance, in 1849. (II) She supported 22- (I) With regular exercise the body should
women’s medical education and helped many be fit enough to overcome any traumatic
other women’s careers. (III) She offered a experience. (II) With minor exceptions, all
practical solution to one of the problems emotions belong in one of two groups. (III)
facing women who were rejected from The unpleasant emotions, which harmfully
internships elsewhere but determined to over stimulate any organ or muscle. (IV)
expand their skills as physicians. (IV) When These emotions include anger, anxiety, fear,
Blackwell lost sight in one eye, she returned dissatisfaction. (V) Opposed to them are
to New York City in 1851, giving up her dream pleasant emotions which create an optimal
of becoming a surgeon. (V) She also stimulation in the body, one neither too
published several important books on the extreme nor too weak.
issue of women in medicine.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

23- (I) Sleep hygiene is considered as the

20- (I) In recent years remarkable results have foundation of "good sleep" across all ages.
been achieved in the field of organ (II) The term insomnia is defined as having
transplants. (II) Formerly, a genetically alien difficulty initiating and/or maintaining sleep.
tissue could not be transplanted. (III) Plastic (III) It can be transient, as when it occurs after
surgery used to depend on using the skin or some traumatic event, or it can be chronic.
tissues of the patient himself or of a (IV) It is generally not considered a problem
genetically identical twin. (IV) Naturally the unless it leads to functional daytime
future of medicine will be affected greatly impairment. (V) In children, it is often referred
developments in organ transplants. (V) This is to as "behavioral insomnia," and it is most
now no longer the case. commonly due to poor sleep hygiene.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

142
24- (I) Health food stores and popular 27-(I) Influenza viruses are small RNA viruses
magazine articles advertise a variety of that infect many mammals, including
protein supplements, and people take these humans, birds, and swine. (II) Before 2009,
supplements for many different reasons. (II) swine influenza predominately affected swine
Athletes take them to build muscle. (III) and was not transmitted often or easily to
Protein and amino acid supplements don’t people. (III) Swine were first noticed to have
work these miracles. (IV) Dieters take them to influenza-like illnesses in 1918 during the
maintain their bodies’ protein while losing human influenza pandemic. (IV) Even in the
weight. (V) Women take them to strengthen isolated instances in which swine influenza
their fingernails. infected people, it had very limited ability to
spread from person to person. (V) Most cases
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
were directly linked to contact with swine
through farming or at fairs.

25- (I) Nightmares occur during REM sleep A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

and thus are more common later in the night.
(II) The child acts scared and will often be
able to remember his or her dream. (III) Both 28- (I) For in-office bleaching, the dentist
conditions share several points that parents often combines bleach with a laser or light to
should consider when they encounter either speed up the process. (II) A visit usually takes
situation. (IV) In contrast, night terrors occur from 30 minutes to 1 hour, and you may need
in non-REM sleep and thus, generally, within more than one treatment. (III) Your dentist will
the first four hours of sleep. (V) The child may protect your gums with a gel or shield and
become very violent with thrashing of the then put the bleaching agent on your teeth.
arms and legs while crying out in a confused (IV) Colors may also change when the
manner. permanent teeth replace the primary teeth. (V)
The bleach concentrate used for the in-office
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
process is generally stronger than that used
in other methods, because the dentist can
watch how it is used.
26- (I) The chronic overarousal caused by
chronic stressors may contribute to coronary A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
heart disease (CHD). (II) CHD occurs when the
blood vessels that supply the heart muscles
are narrowed or closed, blocking the flow of
oxygen and nutrients to the heart. (III) This in
turn can make people feel better about
themselves. (IV) This can lead to pain, called
angina pectoris, that radiates across the
chest and arm. (V) When oxygen to the heart
is completely blocked, it can cause a
myocardial infarction.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

143
29- (I) A wide variety of teethers and toys are 31- (I) Nitrous oxide, sometimes called
made of nontoxic materials and are specially “laughing gas,” is one option your dentist
designed for teething babies. (II) These types may offer to help make you more comfortable
of foods can be given to babies older than 8 during certain procedures. (II) It is not
months. (III) Teething rings come in many intended to put you to sleep. (III) You will be
different sizes and shapes. (IV) Some are able to hear and respond to any requests or
made of firm rubber (with or without bumps). directions the dentist may have. (IV) Your
(V) Others are filled with water and made to dentist will ask you to breathe normally
be chilled in the refrigerator. through your nose, and within a few short
minutes you should start to feel the effects of
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
the nitrous oxide. (V) Your dentist must be
interested in the medications you are taking
because many can affect your dental
30- (I) Although people of any age may treatments.
contract fifth disease, children attending
elementary school are the major group at A)I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
risk. (II) The virus causing this condition,
human parvovirus B19, is spread by exposure
to airborne droplets exhaled by an infected 32- (I) Morphine, which is given as a painkiller
person. (III) The disease is seen mainly in the to many people with cancer, might stimulate
spring months, and often occurs as an the growth of tumors, say researchers in the
outbreak in a geographically limited region. US. (II) Their worrying findings have been
(IV) The only treatment for the patient during questioned by others in the field, but all agree
the acute illness phase is bed rest. (V) More that further studies are urgently needed to
than half of the children who are exposed to settle the issue. (III) In test tube experiments
fifth disease will contract the illness. and in mice, Kalpna Gupta and her colleagues
found that morphine encourages the growth
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
of blood vessels, known as angiogenesis. (IV)
Morphine assists the growth of blood
vessels. (V) The increased blood supply
accelerated the growth of breast tumors in
mice.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

144
33- (I) Dentin is less dense than enamel and 36- (I) An antibiotic that removes metals from
cementum and contains microscopic tubules the brain is emerging as a prime candidate for
(small hollow tubes or canals). (II) When treating Alzheimer's. (II) Some 54 million
dentin loses its protective covering of enamel Americans have disabilities and that number
or cementum these tubules allow heat and has been increasing. (III) It includes more
cold or acidic or sticky foods to reach the than 10 million children with developmental
nerves and cells inside the tooth. (III) Also, be disabilities a number accentuated by the fact
aware of what the teethers you choose for that 50 per cent of children with disabilities
your child are made from. (IV) Dentin may are not identified until school age. (IV) Early
also be exposed when gums recede. (V) The identification of developmental disabilities is
result can be hypersensitivity. crucial, as it has been shown to improve,
outcomes. (V) A good example of this is
A)I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
autism, where early identification and
treatment can lead a child to impressive gains
in communication, social skills and learning.
34- (I) Sunlight is admittedly an important
source of vitamin D. (II) Vitamin D deprivation A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
looks likely to prove a significant factor in
schizophrenia. (III) It is certainly not, however,
the whole cause. (IV) In many, if not all, 37- (I) Narrowly defined, fitness refers to the
cases, a genetic disposition also seems to be characteristics that enable the body to
involved. (V) And there is evidence that other perform physical activity. (II) These
triggers, such as maternal viral infections, characteristics include flexibility of the joints,
may play a role. strength and endurance of the muscles,
including the heart muscle, and a healthy
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
body composition. (III) However, a broader
definition of fitness is the ability to meet
routine physical demands with enough
35- (I) Gingivitis is the inflammation of the energy reserve to rise to a sudden challenge.
gums. (II) Under this condition, the gums (IV) All three describe the same wonderful
become red and swollen and bleed easily. (III) condition of the body. (V) This definition
An extremely common condition, gingivitis shows how fitness relates to everyday life.
can develop any time after a person’s teeth
come in. (IV) And it is almost always the A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
result of inadequate brushing and flossing,
which allows plaque to remain along the
gumline of the teeth. (V) Namely, it hardens
into tartar, which can’t be completely
removed by brushing and flossing.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

145
38- (I) The main diagnostic signs of autism 41- (I) With increasing age, teeth tend to be
are social isolation, lack of eye contact, poor darker in shade. (II) The process of tooth
language capacity and absence of empathy. whitening lightens the color of a tooth. (III)
(II) Other, less well-known symptoms, Tooth whitening can be achieved by either
however, are also commonly evident. (III) changing the intrinsic color or by removing
Many people with autism, for instance, have and controlling the formation of extrinsic
trouble understanding metaphors. (IV) Certain stains. (IV) The chemical degradation of the
brain cells are often referred to as motor- chromogens within or on the tooth is termed
command neurons. (V) Moreover, they also as bleaching. (V) Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
have difficulty mimicking other people’s is the active ingredient most commonly used
actions. in whitening products and is delivered as
either hydrogen peroxide or carbamide
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
peroxide.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
39- (I) Viral infections of the respiratory tract
are certainly the most common cause of
infectious illness in most countries. (II) 42- (I) The value of certain foods in
People in all age groups are susceptible, but maintaining health was recognized long
for those at the extremes of life these before the first vitamins were actually
illnesses are particularly hazardous. (III) Viral identified. (II) This term soon came to be
respiratory infections are more common in applied to the accessory factors in general.
children under the age of five years. (IV) (III) In the 18th century, for example, it had
Adequate ventilation and avoidance of been showed that the addition of citrus fruits
crowds are clearly advisable. (V) But, in the to the diet would prevent the development of
first year of life, they are more severe. scurvy. (IV) In the 19th century it was shown
that substituting unpolished for polished rice
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
in a rice-based diet would prevent the
development of beriberi. (V) In 1906 the
British biochemist Frederick Hopkins
40- (I) The liver receives blood from both the demonstrated that foods contained necessary
intestine and the heart. (II) For example, the "accessory factors" in addition to proteins,
liver manufactures about half of the body’s carbohydrates, fats, minerals and water.
cholesterol. (III) Tiny capillaries in the
intestinal wall drain into the portal vein, which A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
enters the liver. (IV) The blood then flows
through tiny channels inside the liver. (V) The
hepatic artery brings blood to the liver from
the heart.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

146
43- (I) Although people of any age may 45- (I) The usual spot where the cramp is felt
contract fifth disease, children attending is the calf of the leg. (II) And it sometimes
elementary school are the major group at comes with such violence that the muscles
risk. (II) The virus causing this condition, are gathered up into knots. (III) There is only
human parvovirus B19, is spread by exposure one method of proceeding under such
to airborne droplets exhaled by an infected circumstances. (IV) And if he succeeds in
person. (III) However, the majority of children grasping the person who is trying to save
who come into contact with the disease catch him, both will probably sink together. (V) Turn
it. (IV) The disease is seen mainly in the on the back at once, kick out the leg in the air,
spring months, and often occurs as an disregarding the pain, and rub the spot
outbreak in a geographically limited region. smartly with one hand, while the other is
(V) More than half of the children who are employed in paddling towards shore.
exposed to fifth disease will contract the
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
illness.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
46- (I) While cases of AIDS have been
reported in every nation of the world, the
44- (I) A good many animals also have special disease affects some countries more than
sensory receptors that help them as they others. (II) More than 95 percent of all HIV-
move about and search for food. (II) Some infected people live in the developing world.
birds use the sun and stars to navigate. (III) (III) In these areas, the disease has depleted
But when the sun or stars are not visible, the populations of young men and women
birds must rely on other senses. (IV) The who form the foundation of the labor force.
barnacle geese, for example, can detect the (IV) However, about 70 percent of all people
magnetic forces that surround the Earth. (V) infected with HIV live in this region. (V) Most
These senses helped it detect a wide variety die when they should be in the peak of their
of stimuli in the world around them. productive years.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

147
47- (I) Frostbite is a common injury in winter 49- (I) Some people suffer from hay fever
weather, particularly when low temperatures when pollen is in the air. (II) Many substances
are combined with wind. (II) The nose, ears, are so widespread, however, that it is difficult
fingers, toes and chin are the most to avoid them. (III) On the other hand, others
susceptible. (III) They may occur anywhere in develop skin rashes when they touch certain
any weather conditions. (IV) The involved part substances. (IV) Still others experience
begins to tingle or hurt mildly and then stomach cramps after eating particular foods.
becomes numb. (V) Frozen tissue usually (V) These ailments are all caused by allergic
ranges from distinctly white in light-skinned reactions to various substances.
persons to ashen grey in dark-skinned
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
persons.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
50- (I) Our unconscious mind contains many
millions of past experiences that, so far as
48- (I) Since aging and life span are broadly our conscious mind knows, are lost forever.
determined by the genetic plan of a species, (II) By means of several methods, we now
attention has been directed to the know how to bring back lost memories. (III)
possibilities of their modification by altering For example, a patient can't be made aware of
the environment. (II) For example, vitamin his forgotten experiences without drugs or
deficiency, disease, and poor medical care hypnotism. (IV) One these methods is "free
found in such groups complicate the association", used by psychiatrists. (V) If a
analysis. (III) The biologist Jacques Loeb patient lets his conscious mind wander at
showed early in the 20th century that the life will, it can give him clues to forgotten things
span of the fruit fly was halved by every ten- which, if skillfully pursued by the doctor, will
degree rise in temperature. (IV) This led to bring up whole networks of lost ideas and
impractical speculations about prolonging the forgotten terrors.
human life span by experimenting with
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
various degrees of cooling the body. (V)
Fairly severe restriction of caloric intake in
the laboratory rat can more than double its
life span, chiefly by prolonging the period of 51- (I) Anger, fear or the shock of sudden
immaturity. sorrow brings physical changes in our
bodies. (II) For example, the digestion is shut
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V down, the blood pressure is raised. (III) In
addition, the heart speeds up and the skin
becomes cold. (IV) Maintained over a
prolonged period, this emergency status
makes the body tight, dry and rigid. (V) That
is, in permitting ourselves to weep instead of
repressing the impulse, we help ourselves to
health.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

148
52- (I) In a recent survey, it was found that 25 54- (I) A change of work often gives a sense
per cent of the women interviewed reported of rest because it brings different muscles
drying and burning of the skin after using into play. (II) In the person who is constantly
certain soaps, 10 per cent had eye and nasal under a degree of nervous tension, who has
irritations after using certain perfumes. (II) poor general health or is undergoing
Moreover, 8 per cent had cracked lips after emotional disturbance, the cells are unable to
using certain lipsticks. (III) The most common regain their normal healthy condition. (III)
symptoms of allergic dermatitis are extremely They live, instead, in a state of almost
dry skin, scaling, and redness with swelling complete depletion, or fatigue. (IV) One result
and itching. (IV) The products most likely to of this fatigue is a slowing down of impulses
cause this condition are lipstick, nail polish, at the brain — a quicker loss of interest in
soap, hair preparations, deodorants, and what one is doing, the inability to stay at a
perfumes. (V) In summary, your best help is task till it is done. (V) It may become a
to convert to a cosmetic product to which you complete lack of interest in anything.
have no harmful reaction.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

55- (I) The aggressive act that frustration

53- (I) Visual deficiencies increase with age, produces may take a number of forms. (II) It
and eyes usually need some corrective care may be turned inward against oneself, with
as one grows older. (II) Undetected, suicide as the extreme example. (III) It may hit
uncorrected eye trouble can affect the entire back directly at the person or thing causing
personality structure and can make the the frustration. (IV) However, there are several
difference between success and failure in things we can do to channel off aggression,
one's working life or personal relations. (III) and the best way is, perhaps, by hard, useful
Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, was slow work. (V) Or it may be transferred to another
and backward till it was discovered that his object what psychologists call displacement.
vision was bad. (IV) The human eye is
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
nature's most intricate and delicate organ. (V)
After his defective sight was corrected, he
emerged as one of the leaders of his time.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

149
56- (I) Robert Holden, a psycho therapist and 58- (I) A team of researchers, from Harvard
counsellor is pioneering a new remedy for T.H. Chan School of Public Health in Boston,
countering stress and despair. (II) Five MA, set out to see if potential gender
months later, the fortnightly midday laughter differences in clinical practice had an impact
sessions bring about a dozen people on patient clinical outcomes. (II) To ensure
together. (III) The treatment has no harmful the reliability of the results, Tsugawa and
side effects and its applications are virtually team used three regression models. (III) The
limitless and it is called laughing. (IV) The authors were motivated by previous research,
idea of devoting whole therapy sessions to which suggested that male and female
laughter and smiling occurred to Mr. Holden physicians differed in their medical practice.
when he was doing one-to-one counselling. (IV) For instance, female physicians tend to
(V) His clients were trying to cope with adhere to clinical guidelines more strictly,
traumas including bereavement, divorce and provide more preventive care, and use more
sexual abuse. patient-centered communication than their
male counterparts. (V) Despite this, female
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
physicians are paid significantly less Trusted
Source than their male counterparts, with
various authors offering different
57- (I) Dementia often, but not always, starts explanations for this pay gap.
with a mild decline in the ability to think. (II)
Severe dementia can also cause muscle A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
rigidity and abnormal reflexes. (III) For
example, a person may forget a recent
conversation or the name of a familiar object. 59- (I) Cancer occurs when cells do not die at
(IV) Keep in mind that everyone has moments the normal point in their life cycle. (II) If a
in which something gets stuck on the tip of person's body cannot control the spread of
their tongue. (V) But, dementia goes beyond these cells, they can interfere with essential,
this because moments such as these happen life-sustaining systems and possibly lead to
with increased frequency, though they may death. (III) Everyone has some degree of risk,
not initially reduce the quality of life or a but for most cancers, the risk will increase
person's ability to function on a day-to-day with age. (IV) However, there are many ways
basis. to reduce the risk of accidental injury and
death. (V) Some people have a higher or
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
lower risk due to differences in exposure to
carcinogens, such as from smoking or
exposure to chemical pollutants.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

150
60- (I) Determining whether a person has 62- (I) The normal color of enamel varies from
osteoporosis as early as possible is light yellow to grayish (bluish) white. (II) At
important to prevent the condition from the edges of teeth where there is no dentin
becoming worse. (II) Radiology may be underlying the enamel, the color sometimes
divided into two different areas, diagnostic has a slightly blue or translucent off-white
radiology and interventional radiology. (III) tone, easily observable on the upper incisors.
Diagnostic radiology helps health care (III) Since enamel is semitranslucent, the
professionals see structures inside your color of dentin and any material underneath
body. (IV) Diagnostic radiology exams include the enamel strongly affects the appearance of
CT scan, MRI, mammography, bone scan, a tooth. (IV) Enamel formation is part of the
thyroid scan, X-rays, PET and ultrasound. (V) overall process of tooth development. (V) The
Interventional radiologists are doctors that enamel on primary teeth has a more opaque
use imaging such as CT, ultrasound, MRI and crystalline form and thus appears whiter than
fluoroscopy to help guide procedures. on permanent teeth.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

61- (I) Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a type of 63- (I) By the 1970s, psychologists had begun
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that occurs to develop research and treatment aimed at
when the lining of the large intestine or chronic disease and health promotion. (II)
rectum becomes inflamed. (II) As the disease Psychology’s involvement in health dates
progresses, there are periods of flare-ups back to the beginning of the 20th century, (III)
during which the symptoms become worse. This research and treatment led to the
(III) Together, these findings mean that about founding of two new fields: behavioral
two out of three women who get pregnant medicine and health psychology. (IV)
while their disease is active will continue to Behavioral medicine is concerned with
experience symptoms throughout pregnancy. applying the knowledge and techniques of
(IV) Women with ulcerative colitis may have behavioral research to physical health. (V)
concerns about the course of this disease Health psychology strives to enhance health,
during pregnancy. (V) However, the condition prevent and treat disease, identify risk
does not necessarily affect the chances of factors, improve the health care system and
becoming pregnant, and women with shape public opinion regarding health issues.
ulcerative colitis can have a healthy
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
pregnancy and a safe delivery.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

151
64- (I) Last November, the FDA was advised 66- (I) All of us care about how we look and
by the National Academy of Sciences, how other people see us. (II) In the past,
National Research Council, that use of plastic surgery was a field reserved for the
cyclamates should be restricted. (II) As a elite and notable public figures in society. (III)
result, the agency last April began Just like any operation, plastic surgery also
considering new labeling requirements for involves risks. (IV) Moreover, it was a taboo
artificially sweetened foods and beverages. subject, never discussed openly. (V)
(III) Cyclamates are also used in puddings, However, today plastic surgery is performed
gelatins, salad dressing, jams and jellies, ice on people and is no longer a luxury reserved
cream and practically all diet foods. (IV) The for the privileged few.
labels would indicate cyclamate content in
milligrams and would recommend a A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
maximum daily intake of 3,500 mg for adults
and 1,200 for children. (V) But the FDA has
not yet given any indication about when, or if, 67- (I) X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation
it will establish the requirements. and as such can be dangerous. (II) How can
you find out what is going on inside a
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
person's body without opening the patient
up? (III) Doctors use X rays to study and
65-(I) Being healthy today has very little to do diagnose diseases and injuries within the
with actual weight. (II) Therefore someone's body. (IV) Nonetheless, X rays can only locate
weight, although a health indicator, does not foreign objects inside the body or take
necessarily determine his or her overall pictures of some internal organs. (V) CAT
health. (III) There are plenty of slightly scanners, a special X-ray machine, however,
overweight people that are far healthier than can give a three- dimensional view of all the
many skinny people. (IV) Many of these organs.
people suffer from eating disorders in the
sake of being thin. (V) Exercising as a A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
teenager was as important as exercising an
adult.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

152
68-(I) Many types of toothpaste contain large 70- (I)While dieting or losing weight, there are
amounts of fluoride. (II) If ingested in often times when we are tempted to eat things
excessive amounts, fluoride can cause which we are not supposed to eat. (II)
various health problems. (III) However, there Therefore it is not very easy for someone to
are many other more dangerous chemicals, lose body fat and it can be very frustrating as
besides fluoride, that are also put in the well. (III) However, many studies nowadays
toothpastes. (IV) In addition, most people in support the idea that while dieting one should
developed countries consider toothpaste a allow himself to eat once a week whatever he
necessity. (V) These chemicals, when desires. (IV) Following a high-protein diet
absorbed, can be dangerous for health since over a long period of time can cause
they poison the bones, blood and other parts considerable health problems. (V) It has been
of the body. proved that this not only makes the dieter
happy but also helps the person to continue
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V his diet.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
69- (I)Newborn babies are immune to many
diseases. (II) Babies don't feel pain until they
are in their 29th week. (III) The reason is that 71- (I) Children vary greatly in the rate and
they have antibodies against some diseases pattern of normal development. (II) When a
they got from their mothers. (IV) However, the child does not speak it is because he cannot,
duration of this immunity lasts only a month not because he is lazy. (Ill) Many factors are
to about a year. (V) Further, they do not have involved in these variations apart from
maternal immunity against some vaccine- intelligence. (IV) For instance, environmental
preventable diseases. factors play an important part in
development. (V) Nevertheless, development
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V does depend on a sufficient stage of maturity
having been reached and so ultimately on
intelligence.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

153
72- (I)There is an old saying, "An apple a day 75- (I) From infancy, we are exposed to
keeps the doctor away and helps losing wordless messages such as voice tone,
weight." (II) In fact, studies have shown that a gesture and stance. (II) We send signals
number of components in apples help the through our choice of clothing, food and
body to fight many diseases. (III) Apples are work. (III) We also read signals and cues,
also a source of dietary fibre which helps making evaluations and judgments as to a
digestion and promotes weight loss. (IV) person's class, education and status long
Blackberries and apples are a traditional duo before a word is spoken. (IV) Sometimes the
for pies. (V) Unlike other snacks such as readings are accurate, sometimes not. (V) An
biscuits, raw apples contain almost zero fat early study of non-verbal communication was
and cholesterol. done in 1872.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

73- (I) Many medicinal claims have been made 76- (I) Cholera is an infection of the small
for yoghurt throughout the ages. (II) It has intestine that is caused by the bacterium
been claimed as a cure for everything from Vibrio cholera. (II) The main symptoms are
insomnia to yeast infections, as a cancer profuse watery diarhea and vomiting. (III)
preventive and a life-extender. (III) That is, it Transmission occurs primarily by drinking or
is the fermentation of milk sugar into lactic eating water or food that has been
acid that gives yoghurt its gel like texture. (IV) contaminated by the diarhea of an infected
Whether or not it can extend life, it is person or the feces of an infected but
unarguable that low-fat or non-fat yoghurt is asymptomic person.(IV) The severity of the
nutritious. (V) It is put forward that it is an diarhea and vomiting can lead to rapid
excellent source of calcium and protein. dahydration and death in some cases.(V)
Children are also more susceptible with two
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V to four olds having the highest rates of
infection.

74- (I) In humans, the heart and the stomach A)I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
are on the left, while the appendix is on the
right. (II) Externally, humans and all other
vertebrates have bilateral symmetry. (III) This
means that their left side is a mirror image of
their right. (IV) However internally,
vertebrates are not symmetric. (V) There are
differences in the internal organs on the left
and right sides of the body.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

154
77- -(I) Historically doctors have promoted 79- -(I) People choose to wear contact lenses
alcohol for its perceived health benefits and for various reasons.(II) A contact lens is a
most recently for protection against coronary corrective, cosmetic, or therapeutic lens
heart disease.(II) The long term effects of usually placed on the cornea of the eye.(III)
alcohol range from possible health benefits Many consider their appearance to be more
for low levels alcohol consumption to severe attractive with contact lenses than with
detrimental effects in case of chronic alcohol glasses.(IV) Contact lenses are less affected
abuse.(III) There is a strong correlation by wet weather and provide a wider field of
between high levels of alcohol consumption vision, so they are more suitable for a number
and an increased risk of developing of sporting activities.(V)Additionally,
alcholism, cardiovascular disease, alcholic ophthalmological conditions such as
liver disease, and cancer.(IV) Damage to the keratoconus and aniseikonia may not be
central nervous system and peripheral accurately corrected with glasses.
nervous system can occur.(V) Long-term use
of alcohol is capable of damaging nearly A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
every organ in the body.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 80-(I) Ingestion of large amounts of tea may

cause nutritional and other problems because
78- (I)The first study found an association of the strong binding activities of tea
between time spent on Facebook and polyphenols and the caffeine content (II) The
depressive symptoms for both genders.(II) possible beneficial health effects of tea
Although social comparison processes have consumption have been suggested and
been examined at length in traditional supported by some studies, but others have
contexts, the literature is only beginning to not found beneficial effects.(III) Studies claim
explore social comparisons in online social that the polyphenol content of green tea has
networking settings. (III) However, the results antioxidant properties that can help prevent
demonstrated that making Facebook social cancer, however research is ongoing.(IV)
comparisons mediated the link between time There is also a suggestion that it can increase
spent on Facebook and depressive endurance in exercise by improving fat
symptoms for men only.(IV) Similarly, the metabolism.(V) One should consult a doctor
second study found a relationship between before using high concentrations of tea for
the amount of time spent on Facebook and disease prevention.
depressive symptoms was mediated by social
comparisons on Facebook.(V) Unlike the first A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
study, gender did not moderate these
associations.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

155
81-(I) Shyness is a feeling of fear or 83-(I)During a physical examination, your
discomfort caused by other people, doctor will review your symptoms and
especially in new situations or among medical history and observe the way you
strangers.(II) Shyness is an unpleasant walk to diagnose your walking abnormality.(II)
feeling of self-consciousness—a fear of what He or she may order tests to check your
other people are thinking.(III) Children who nerve or muscle function. (III) This will help
are not allowed to experience things may your doctor determine if there is a structural
have trouble developing social skills.(IV) This problem causing your condition.(IV) If you’ve
fear can inhibit a person's ability to do or say had a recent injury or fall, the doctor may
what he wants.(V)It can also prevent the order an imaging scan, such as an X-ray, to
formation of healthy relationships. check for fractures or broken bones.(V)
Walking abnormalities are separated into five
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
groups based on their symptoms.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
82-(I) Kwashiorkor is caused by not eating
enough protein.(II) They may order tests to
measure a patient’s level of protein and sugar 84-(I) Experts found that 56% of 166 bacteria
in the blood.(III) It is most common in strains isolated from the urine of people with
countries where there is limited food supply UTI showed a high degree of resistance to
or in places with low levels of antibiotics.(II) Urinary tract infection is the
education.(IV)The disease is most frequently second most common infectious disease
found in children and infants in Africa and encountered in community practice. (III)
Central America.(V)It is especially common in However, about 82% of the antibiotic resistant
developing countries that are experiencing bacteria were susceptible to a crude aqueous
famine, political unrest, natural disasters, extract of Allium sativum. (IV)According to
such as earthquakes, landslides, hurricanes the researchers, "ours is the first study to
and floods report the antibacterial activity of aqueous
garlic extract against multidrug resistant
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
bacterial isolates from infected urine samples
leading to UTI.(V)However, it is necessary to
determine the bioavailability, side effects and
pharmacokinetic properties in more detail."
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

156
85- (I) Ear candling involves placing a hollow 87-(I) One of the most important stages of
candle in the ear canal and burning it, with sleep is known as rapid eye movement
the goal of creating a suction force for (REM).(II) At this stage, your eyes move back
removal of wax from the ears. (II) According and forth very quickly, though your muscles
to the American Academy of Otolaryngology- are relaxed.(III)Your breathing may become
Head and Neck Surgery, ear candling or ear irregular and your pulse may increase
coning is not considered a safe option for ear slightly.(IV) Many adults suffer from insomnia,
wax removal. (III) Studies have shown that the and though there are a number of causes,
procedure does not create a vacuum that can stress and anxiety are the main culprits.(V)
remove the wax effectively, and it the wax left This is the dream state, though you don't
inside candle is from the candle itself, not always remember it when you awake.
from the ear. (IV) These are oils or ear drops
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
that soften or break up the wax to help in
removal. (V) The procedure also carries
health risks that include burns to the ear
canal, development of new blockage of the 88-(I) Eye allergies mainly involve the
canal from the candling wax, ear infection, conjunctiva, which is the tissue lining (mucus
and perforation of the eardrum. membrane) that covers the white surface of
the eyeball and the inner folds of the eyelids.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V (II) Approximately 54 million people, about
20% of the U.S. population, have symptoms of
allergies. (III) The conjunctiva is a barrier
86- (I) Health organizations reminded people structure that is exposed to the environment
of the importance of regular handwashing and the many different allergens that become
with warm water and soap. (II) People who airborne. (IV) Moreover, when you open your
developed the flu were advised to stay home eyes, the conjunctiva becomes directly
to recover and avoid spreading the virus to exposed to the environment.(V) It is rich in
others.(III) For example, one such study was blood vessels and contains more mast cells
conducted by a team of researchers from the than the lungs.
University of Michigan on more than 1,000
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
students living in residence halls. (IV)Then,
some people started doing something most of
us hadn't seen before: wearing surgical
masks.(V) Learn more about whether
facemasks can really prevent spread of the
flu, and which masks are the most effective.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

157
89-(I) Why do some people eat sweet or fatty 91- (I) Combat stress may arise when an
foods when they’ve heard bad news or feel event, situation or condition in a fighting zone
depressed? (II) A study of the link between requires a soldier to alter his or her behavior
chronic stress and overeating has found that in response to new demand. (II) As a result,
longterm stress overstimulates the adrenal certain situations could have placed so much
system. (III) The consumption of sugar and fat strain on an individual that he or she could
counters that response by producing a not maintain a normal level of functioning. (III)
feeling of calm. (IV) Most people enjoy eating This change in behavior typically presents
a meal together with friends or family. (V) cognitive, physiological and emotional
Besides the immediate effects of fats and challenges. (IV) Such stress is a normal and
sugar, there is a feeling of comfort caused by expected experience for deployed personnel,
eating many of these foods. and the vast majority of soldiers manage it
effectively. (V) Many actually perform better
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
under reasonable levels of stress.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
90- (I) High blood sugar in diabetes causes
the lens of the eye to swell, which changes
your ability to see. (II) To correct this kind of 92. (I) The statistics are staggering. (II) Since
eye problem, you need to get your blood 1981, an estimated 28 million people have
sugar back into the target range (90-130 died of AIDS. (III) Today, 42 million men,
milligrams per deciliter or mg/dL before women and children are believed to be living
meals, and less than 180 mg/dL one to two with HIV. (IV) What is even more disturbing, 5
hours after a meal).(III) It may take as long as million new infections are occurring each
three months after your blood sugar is well year. (V) Indeed, vaccines have helped to
controlled for your vision to fully get back to eradicate some of the worst diseases of the
normal. (IV) Blurred vision can also be a 20th century.
symptom of more serious eye problem. (V) At
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
this time, new blood vessels start to grow in
the back of the eye.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

158
93- (I) Deep brain stimulation (or DBS) is a 95- (I) The popular belief that coffee is bad for
way to inactivate parts of the brain that cause the teeth is apparently wrong. (II) It may, in
Parkinson's disease and its associated fact, do some good. (III) New research
symptoms without purposefully destroying indicates that coffee might help to prevent
the brain. (II) In deep brain stimulation, cavities thanks to antibacterial elements that
electrodes are placed in the thalamus (to treat work against certain microorganisms. (IV)
essential tremor and multiple sclerosis) or in The method of roasting the beans, however,
the globus pallidus (for Parkinson's disease). may affect them adversely. (V) Among these
(III) In deep brain stimulation electrodes are is Streptococcus mutens, a major cause of
connected by wires to a type of pacemaker dental caries.
device implanted under the skin of the chest,
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
below the collarbone. (IV) Another significant
advantage of deep brain stimulation relates to
future treatments. (V) Once activated, the
device sends continuous electrical pulses to 96- (I) Sutures have a long and bizarre
the target areas in the brain, blocking the history, dating back to ancient Egypt, where
impulses that cause tremors. everything from tree bark to hair was used to
stitch human flesh back together again. (II) In
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V Egypt’s wars with its neighbors, unknown
numbers of young men were wounded while
fighting. (III) Fifty years ago, a soldier injured
94- (I) Food poisoning is a brief illness that is on the battlefield would have been sewn up
caused by toxins produced by bacteria. (II) by medics using sheep’s gut.(IV) A hundred
The toxins cause abdominal pain and years earlier, they would have used silk;
vomiting, and also cause the small intestine before that, metal wire. (V) Today, surgeons
to secrete large amounts of water that leads often prefer plastics such as polypropylene.
to diarrhea. (III) The nature of the symptom or
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
symptoms provides the most important clues
to these causes of dysphagia. (IV) The
symptoms of food poisoning usually last less
than 24 hours. (V) With some bacteria, the
toxins are produced in the food before it is
eaten, while with other bacteria, the toxins are
produced in the intestine after the food is
eaten.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

159
97- (I) The government of Botswana, knowing 99- (I) Infections in the roots of teeth are very
that up to a third of its population had HIV or difficult to treat. (II) This may help to explain
AIDS, announced in 2001 that it would offer the related mystery of why dentists have one
free antiretroviral treatment to every citizen of the highest suicide rates among
with AIDS. (II) It was a major medical step professions. (III) The tooth needs to be drilled
forward for SubSaharan Africa. (III) By the into, right down to the bottom of the nerve
time the HIV drugs had hit the shelves, just carrying canal that runs through the root. (IV)
about everybody in Botswana knew of it. (IV) The infected material must then be cleaned
And yet, on the last day of 2003, more than out completely and the drilled section filled
two years after the launch of the programme, in. (V) Although the procedure is routine, it is
only about 15,000 people had come forward common for some of the bacteria to survive
for treatment. (V) Due to widespread and, therefore, for infections to reemerge
starvation and disease, the African continent shortly after treatment.
will always be a risky place to raise children.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

100- (I) Like many other activities, global

98- (I) Some pathogens are spread from one health has fashions.(II) Recently, For the past
person to another by direct contact. (II) They couple of decades, AIDS has captured both
leave the first person through body openings, the imagination and the research dollars.(III)
mucous membranes, and skin wounds, and This tropical disease kills a million people a
they enter the second person through similar year, most of them children, and debilitates
channels. (III) Many pathogens that once hundreds of millions more.(IV) In Eastern
meant certain death for these people are now Europe, for example, there has been much
dealt with easily by wide spectrum concern about illicit drug use since the Cold
antibiotics. (IV) Other pathogens involve an War ended.(V) That is why researchers are
intermediary carrier, such as an insect. (V) racing against one another to be the first to
The malarial parasite, for example, spends devise an effective vaccine.
part of its life cycle in mosquitoes, then
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
enters a person's bloodstream when the
mosquito bites the person.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

160
 PARAGRAF TAMAMLAMA TEST

1-During the Crimean War, Florence 3- Laughter’s social role is definitely

Nightingale showed extraordinary qualities of important. Today’s children may be heading
determination and organizing ability. ------ . for a whole lot of social ills because their play
Still, Florence Nightingale gradually built up a and leisure time is so isolated and they lose
highly disciplined nursing staff and, together out on lots of chances for laughter. When
with more adequate medical supplies. children stare at computer screens, rather
However, the work was hard, and, as a result, than laughing with each other they get so
her own health suffered. involved that they forget to laugh at all. ------ .

A) She was liked by this nursing staff because of A) This is contrary to what’s natural for them
her hard discipline B) They gain new social skills with their help
B) That is, she volunteered to serve in the C) We need to take part in group activities
Crimean War D) Computer games have a beneficial effect on
C) She is able to succeed in her work social behavior
D) In the English hospital where she worked, E) This helps them to form relationships with
conditions at first were terrible dirt others
E) In addition, she was not selected by the army
to work as a nurse in the hospital 4- Narrowly defined, fitness refers to the
characteristics that enable the body to
2- In many countries in the process of perform physical activity. These
industrialization, overcrowded cities present characteristics include flexibility of the joints,
a major problem. The overpopulation of strength and endurance of the muscles,
towns is mainly caused by the drift of large including the heart muscle, and a healthy
numbers of people from the rural areas. The body composition. ------. This definition shows
only long-term solution is to make life in the how fitness relates to everyday life.
rural areas more attractive. ------ . Moreover,
facilities in the rural areas, such as transport, A) Psychological depression is more or less
health and education services should be inevitable
improved. B) The idea of fitness relates more to the sports
enthusiasts than to ordinary people
A) This could be achieved by providing C) This includes not only physical fitness, but
motivations for people to go and work in the also the psychological one
villages D) A broader definition of fitness is the ability to
B) This led to a massive migration from the meet routine physical demands with enough
countryside to cities reserve energy to rise to a sudden challenge
C) One of them is the decline of health services E) For people who are not fit exercise is tiring
in cities and should be avoided
D) But, transport facilities were renewed
completely
E) For example, population of Europe increased
dramatically
161
5- Most infamous of all plagues was Black 7- Good food is a celebration of life, but it
Death, a medieval pandemic that swept seems strange to some people that in order to
through Asia and Europe. It reached Europe live we have to kill. ------. They see no need for
in the late 1340’s, killing an estimated 25 killing. There are increasing numbers of
million people. ------ . Named after the people who, like themselves, no longer want
Byzantine emperor Justinian I, it killed up to to eat meat, fish and poultry and are turning
10,000 people a day in Constantinople ( to a vegetarian diet.
Istanbul ), according to the ancient historians.
A) Many of us are turning to vegetarianism in our
A) The cause of plague was not discovered until own interests
the recent outbreak B) More and more foods have now become the
B) Rats showed very similar plague symptoms to products of factories rather than farms
people C) That is why they do not eat meat
C) Human victims often had fleabites D) So, the results are unknown dangers to
D) The disease chiefly affects lowland tropical human consumers
regions E) Besides, it can be made up of several equally
E) The first well-documented pandemic was the important dishes
Plague of Justinian which began in 541 A.D.
8- Food directly affects your physical and
6) Sugar beets grow in temperate climates of emotional health. ------ . On the other hand, if
the world. Sugar is contained the white roots you eat good food and control what you eat,
of the beet. These beets are dug out of the your chances of being healthy are much
ground and brought to a factory, where they better. The place to begin a healthy lifestyle is
are washed and cut. ------. As the juice in your choice of food, that is in your diet.
evaporates sugar crystals start to form. They
are separated from the juice and processed A) If you eat non-nutritious junk food and do not
further. Raw sugar is brown or yellow. It is pay attention to your diet, then you have an
chemically bleached to make it white. Then unhealthy life
sugar is packaged and sold. The syrup that B) People follow diets for many reasons
is eventually left over is called molasses. C) Many of them nowadays eat only food that
is grown organically
A) The process after that is similar to the way D) Their goal is not to lose or gain weight, but
sugar beets are processed. simply to stay healthy
B) Afterwards they are heated to a juicy mixture E) Others, such as bodybuilders and fitness
C) Early inhabitants of Pacific Island used sugar enthusiasts, go on special diets to gain weigh
thousands of years ago
D) Our body changes them to energy and
transports them into the bloodstream
E) The food industry adds sugar to soft drinks
and ice cream

162
9- ------ . Your breathing is also affected, and 11- Many scientists believe that an average
you begin to take quick, shallow breaths. adult should get eight hours sleep per night.
Although this is a natural reaction to being However, some people can live without
under stress, it is actually not good for you. feeling sleepy after as little as six hours of
Long ago, in prehistoric times, this stress sleep. Yet, other people need about ten hours
response served an important purpose. When a night. -----. Usually they only stay awake for
early humans found themselves in danger, one to three hours.
their muscles tensed and their breathing
became quick and shallow. A) Newborn babies usually sleep between 14 to
17 hours a day
A) The causes of stress are usually different B) Some adults and children need to nap
B) When you are nervous, you automatically C) Man is the only mammal that stops
tense your muscles themselves from going to sleep
C) The effects of deep breathing go much further D) A hormone called leptin falls when we don’t
than just relaxation sleep enough and this makes us hungrier
D) Most of us have forgotten how to breathe E) Most of us need to do it for seven to nine
Deeply hours a night
E) We breathe from the chest itself and take
shallow breaths 12) ------. One of the main topics was how to
measure happiness. While some experts state
10- Not only does happiness feel good, but it that there are many ways to measure
appears to provide a variety of psychological happiness, like capturing a person’s feelings,
and physical benefits. Happiness plays a satisfaction in life or being healthy and
significant role in enhancing good health, physically fit, others say that you can’t really
strengthening the immune system, promoting measure happiness but you can see it.
longevity, improving productivity and
performance, and increasing resilience. ------ . A) Engaging in informative conversations can
A happy person also lives an average of nine contribute to more satisfaction and happiness
years longer than a miserable one. B) Doctors, psychologists, economists and other
experts have got together to find what makes us
A) What makes happiness so important to human happy and have come to surprising results
existence? C) Reports say that if you happen to have a
B) There are two unfortunate life events that member of your family or a friend near you who
induce profound unhappiness is happy, chances are you will be happy too
C) Income is not a primary factor in determining a D) Our body has certain hormones that it
person’s level of happiness releases during times of stress
D) Happy people have an active social life and E) Managing stress is not an easy thing to do
experience good health
E) Being married may not increase one’s
potential for happiness

163
13) A recently published medical report 14) Alcohol is drunken by a large part of the
issued by the University of Oxford claims that population as a social drink. It makes you
fewer people would die if doctors gave them happy and loosens you up. When it enters the
blood pressure drugs . ------. Up to now, brain it produces a chemical called dopamine.
doctors started prescribing drugs when a ------. However , too much alcohol
patient had a blood pressure above 140 consumption can lead to the destruction of
mmHg. The study found that reducing blood almost all parts of your body. People who
pressure by 10 mmHg would lower the risk of drink alcohol are more likely to drive in a
a heart attack by 2o%. Research experts say drunken state or commit violent acts.
that doctors should try to keep the blood
pressure of their patients to below 130 mmHg. A) The World Health organization estimates that
alcohol causes about 3 million deaths every year
A) Heart specialists argue that there is a natural B) Banning alcohol is not the same as forbidding
way of bringing down blood pressure LSD, cocaine or other drugs
B) There are two chambers on each side of the C) Especially younger people are at a high risk
heart D) This makes you feel happy and without stress
C) Even though your heart is inside you, you can E) State health costs could also be significantly
see it work by feeling your pulse reduced
D) A newborn baby has a heart rate of about 130
and an eight-year old’s heart beats about 90 15) In many cases doctors perform abortions
times a minute through operations. In a very common
E) Medical experts have analyzed results coming method the unborn baby is sucked out of a
from over 100,000 patients in two decades mother’s womb with a tube. An abortion can
also be carried out with drugs. RU-486, a
drug that was developed in France stops a
natural hormone from preparing a woman
from bearing a child. ------. As a result the
unborn baby passes out of a female body.

A) Unsafe abortions are carried out in countries

where they are banned or performed by unskilled
doctors
B) In some cases doctors use other methods and
drugs to end a pregnancy
C) Namely, spontaneous abortions happen
naturally
D) In addition, abortions have been performed for
thousands of years

164
16) During the 14th century about 25 million 18- A newborn baby can see, hear and feel.
people died from a disease that became By the age of five, a child can talk and ride a
known as the plague, or Black Death. It swept bike. How does this development happen?
through Europe and killed about 40% of the We don’t really understand the way language
continent’s population ------. Rats and fleas and thinking develop in the brain. Now
spread the infectious disease. In 1347 the scientists are using new technology to help
plague hit Messina in Sicily and soon spread them in their studies. ------.
to cities all over the Mediterranean Sea. It
struck London in 1348 and Scandinavia and A) These experiences affect the development of
Russia soon after that. the brain
B) They are discovering new information about
A) Historians think the Black Death originated in the way a baby’s brain develops
Central Asia C) The first group watched videos. In the second
B) They could not prevent it from spreading and group, people spoke the same sounds to the
didn’t have any cure babies
C) For example, tumors, sometimes as big as an D) The study showed that children received more
egg or an apple , as well as purple dots covered attention from their parents
the whole body E) There are three stages in child development
D) The population used strange methods to fight
against the plague 19- ------ . Your doctor says to give him a bath
E) Life in Europe during the Middle Ages was every few days, the parenting magazines say
very hard to bathe every day, your friends have their
own opinions, and your mother, of course,
17- There is a stage of culture shock which has hers. So, how often should you really
many people don't know about. This is called bathe your toddler?
"reverse culture shock". Surprisingly, this
occurs when you go back to your native A) Children do not need their hair washed every
culture and find that you have changed and day
that things there have changed while you B) The toddler years are also years when a
have been away. ------ . Life is a struggle! child’s body is still developing
C) You hear so many different things about
A) Many people choose to go back to their bathing and grooming your toddler
homeland or spend all their time with people from D) Children are supposed to come into contact
their own culture with germs
B) We may feel very comfortable in a different E) Children need adult supervision in the bath
culture until at least age 4
C) We may be suffering from jet lag
D) International tourism can be recorded but
domain tourism cannot
E) Now you feel a little uncomfortable back home

165
20- People like to talk about the good old 22- More than 95 percent of all HIV-infected
days but, actually, the cities of the 19th people live in the developing world. In these
century were dirtier than today. ------. When areas, the disease has depleted the
one of these diseases was seen, the situation populations of young men and women who
was dangerous for all of the people in that form the foundation of the labor force. ------ .
area. Examples of such diseases were Moreover, the epidemic has overwhelmed
smallpox, yellow fever, malaria, cholera and health-care systems, increased the number of
typhoid. orphans, and caused life expectancy rates to
plummet.
A) Because of the dirt, communicable diseases
were a great problem A) People are aware of the dangers of AIDS
B) The planning of cities and their neighborhoods B) Most die when they should be in the peak of
was controlled by real estate developers their productive years
C) Crime was a great concern then, too C) AIDS is almost non-existent in the developed
D) The situations and problems of American world
cities have not changed so much D) The AIDS crisis is completely under control
E) There was a lot of pollution from horses and E) Both diseases have affected almost equally
other animals in American cities in the 19th every nation in the world
century
23- Diabetes is a chronic, and largely
21- A person who cannot swim feels much as preventable, disease that can lead to a lot of
if he was falling through air, and problems. ------ . This increase is strongly
consequently clutches instinctively at the associated with increasing trends towards
nearest object. And if he succeeds in overweight and obesity, unhealthy diets,
grasping the person who is trying to save physical inactivity and socioeconomic
him, both will probably sink together. ------ . In disadvantage.
addition, the drowning man should always be
seized from behind, and pushed as he is in A) Type 1 diabetes is characterized by deficient
front. insulin production
B) But, its frequency has declined in all age
A) The usual spot where the cramp is felt is the groups
calf of the leg C) The disease may be diagnosed several years
B) It cannot be applied without the help of after onset
another person D) The prevention of diabetes is rather difficult
C) Most people affected never go swimming E) Prevalence of diabetes is increasing in the
again European Region
D) Every precaution should be taken to prevent
such a misfortune
E) One should not attempt to help someone
struck by cramp

166
24- Whatever diet you follow, you must be 26) Modern medicine and progress in public
careful not to go to extremes. ------ . For health services have allowed people in the
example, there is the danger of developing an western world to live longer. While an
"eating disorder" – the term used for average American lived for only 47 years
unhealthy overeating or under-eating. One of around the 1900s they extended their lives to
these, the compulsion not to eat, is called 68 in 1950 and almost 80 today. ------. More
"anorexia". It often begins as a harmless diet, and more people in developed countries have
but later can become a serious and become couch potatoes. They eat too much
dangerous illness. and exercise too little. Some experts even
predict that today’s children may, in fact, live
A) They eat food high in protein in order to build shorter than their parents.
muscle
B) Extreme diets can be dangerous A) For example, obesity in children has tripled
C) Many people follow diets as a way of life since 1970
D) Their lifestyle affects their attitude to food B) Therefore, most of them take pills for high
E) It is in your power to lead a healthy, active life blood pressure or a higher cholesterol level
C) However, some health experts warn that we
25) In the past few years AIDS awareness has are not doing enough to stay healthy
gone down. ------. But, still, HIV remains a D) There are many doctors who see no problem
threat to men and women and children with being overweight as long as you exercise
around the world. World AIDS Day is enough
supposed to make sure that we don’t forget E) Babies born in the United States in 2005 are
AIDS. Politicians must keep it on their expected to live an average of 77.9 years,
agenda, even though there are many other according to a 2007 study
global crises to deal with.

A) People no longer talk about it as much as they

had done in previous years
B) World AIDS Day was first organized by two
WHO officials in 1988
C) About 40 million people around the world are
infected with HIV
D) The virus can be transmitted in different ways
E) The virus can also be passed to an unborn
baby from its mother

167
27) A study carried out by the World Health 29- Most of us have forgotten how to breathe
Organization (WHO) says that in the year 2004 deeply. When we were babies we did it
passive smoking killed over 600,000 people naturally. If you watch the way a baby
around the world. A quarter of them were breathes, you will notice that the area below
children. There are 1.2 billion smokers the chest goes in and out. ------ . Instead we
worldwide. ------. Both active and passive breathe from the chest itself and take
smoking kill almost 6 million people a year. shallower breaths.
The report says that passive smoking led to
almost four hundred thousand deaths from A) The increased oxygen intake allows blood
heart diseases, 150,000 from respiratory pressure to return to normal
infections and thousands from asthma and B) This causes higher blood pressure
lung cancer. C) The blood has to move through the system
faster
A) For example, most adults who smoke do so at D) As adults we don't breathe that way
home and in front of their children E) When you are nervous, you automatically
B) They are not only risking their own lives but tense your muscles
the lives of non-smokers as well
C) Right now only 7% of the world’s population 30- The word “vitamin” goes back to the
lives in areas with strict anti-smoking laws Polish scientist Casimir Funk in 1912. He was
D) There are over a hundred different types of studying a substance in the layer that covers
cancer rice. ------ . Funk believed the substance
E) Unlike infectious diseases like AIDS or the flu belonged to a group of chemicals known as
cancer is not contagious amines. He added the Latin word "vita,"
meaning life.
28- ------ . Yet, in the last three decades we
have become fatter and fatter, despite the fact A) This substance was believed to cure a
that we actually consume fewer calories than disease called beriberi
in the past. Since body fat cannot appear out B) Scientists have discovered fourteen kinds of
of thin air, the explanation for our increasing vitamins
weight must be that we are using up a lot C) In the 1740s, Lind was a doctor for the British
fewer calories than we are consuming. navy
D) Vitamin A helps prevent skin and other tissues
A) We are surrounded by machines and gadgets from becoming dry
that make moving unnecessary E) his can result in infections and lead to
B) On the whole, Europeans don’t exercise much blindness
C) Most of us constantly go on diets
D) We hardly have to lift a finger to get through
the day
E) Obesity is increasingly becoming a problem
around the world

168
31- The channels of spread of infection are 32- The first Ebola virus species was
from person to person, either through direct discovered in 1976 in the Democratic
contact, or via the medium of water, food or Republic of the Congo near the Ebola River,
materials. ...... . This is, however, not as easy where it received its name. ………. A
in the case of food, drink and public water simultaneous outbreak occurred in Sudan
supplies, which involve schemes of sanitary and caused a mortality rate of 53%. Since
engineering and control of the sale of food. then, sporadic outbreaks have occurred in
Central and West Africa, with no cases
A) Spread of infection by droplet spray from the reported between 1979 and 1994.
nose and throat can be prevented through
cleanliness when coughing and sneezing A) It is considered the worst outbreak in Ebola
B) It must be remembered that germs live in virus history with a rising death toll in Guinea,
people and cannot survive any length of time Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Nigeria.
outside people B) There is no licensed drug or vaccine available,
C) Every member of the community should but experimental therapy is being tested.
regard it as a social duty not to spread infection, C) One way to prevent exposure to ebolavirus is
and this always requires fastidiousness and may to not travel to an area where the outbreak has
involve occurred.
inconvenience D) The first outbreak of Ebola virus disease
D) Strict measures of environmental control are infected 318 people and caused 280 deaths, with
the only weapon against the spread of infection a mortality rate of 88%.
E) Today the human race represents a bigger E) It is also important to avoid contact with
threat to its own security than do the infectious patients who have died of the disease.
diseases

169
33- ……… .The most important aspect of 34-Depending on the status of the bite wound,
prevention is to stop smoking and avoid local-wound care varies. If the wound was
secondhand smoke, particularly for people sutured on the first visit, then the wound
with asthma, and environmental allergies. For should be kept clean and dry. ……….. .No
people with GERD, prevention is aimed at diet baths or submersion of a sutured wound
modification, sleeping with the head of the should occur until the stitches are removed
bed elevated, and taking all medications as and the patient it told it is allowed. If the
prescribed. wound was left open, then the doctor may
recommend daily soaks or other treatments.
A) Prevention of a cough is based on avoiding
the medical problems that cause cough. A) Leaving behind any of these would increase
B) A cough occurs when cells along the air the risk for infections significantly.
passages get irritated and trigger a chain of B) Dog bites are noted for being crush type
events. injuries.
C) The treatment of a chronic cough will also be C) Showers are permitted, but the area should be
directed at treating the underlying condition. dried by patting it softly to avoid disrupting the
D) The prognosis for a cough will vary depending sutures.
on the underlying cause D) First aid should consist of getting away from
E) smoking will make a chronic cough last longer the animal to a safe area.
and should be avoided. E) Most doctors will recommend a reevaluation of
bites in 48 hours to look for infection.

170
35- ………. . Cholesterol is naturally present 37- Although water does not give us energy it
in cell walls or membranes everywhere in the is the most important nutrient. We may be
body, including the brain, nerves, muscles, able to live on without the others for weeks,
skin, liver, intestines, and heart. If a person but we cannot go on without water for more
has too much cholesterol in the bloodstream, than a few days. Water has many functions in
the excess may be deposited in arteries, our body. It helps break down food. ------ . The
including the coronary arteries of the heart, body carries away waste products in a watery
the carotid arteries to the brain, and the solution.
arteries that supply blood to the legs.
A) There are six main groups of nutrients:
A) High cholesterol is a risk factor for coronary proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals
heart disease in adults and water
B) Cholesterol is a waxy, fatlike substance that B) What is left over passes through the large
the body needs to function normally. intestine and leaves our body
C) There are two broad categories of risk factors C) They provide us with energy and also help
when considering high cholesterol control the way our body grows
D) One should eat a healthy diet low in saturated D) It also cools the body down when it becomes
fat and rich in fruits and vegetables. too hot
E) Echocardiogram is a test in which moving E) All living things need food to survive
images of the heart can be visualized on a
screen with an ultrasound probe 38- Euthanasia groups appeared for the first
time in England and America in the early 20th
36- Infections in the roots of teeth are very century. ------ . They let people die who were
difficult to treat. ……….. .The infected material not worthy and healthy enough to survive,
must then be cleaned out completely and the especially children and older people. Many
drilled section filled in. Although the groups that promote the right to die have
procedure is routine, it is common for some emerged in the second part of the 20th
of the bacteria to survive and, therefore, for century.
infections to reemerge shortly after treatment.
A) During the Second World War the Nazis in
A) Wound infections bear some similarity to this Germany had their own euthanasia program
B) The tooth needs to be drilled into, right down B) Everyone has a right to decide when their life
to the bottom of the nervecarrying canal that should end
runs through the root. C) Many religions think that euthanasia is
C) This may help to explain the mystery immoral
D) Salty foods are just as damaging D) Euthanasia comes from the Greek language
to the teeth as sweet desserts like candy and and means „good death“
cake are. E) In the past years there has been much
E) Unfortunately, most medical insurance discussion about euthanasia all over the world
plans do not cover such procedures

171
39- There are two main types of headaches- 41) Food allergies occur when our body’s
tension headaches and migraines. Tension immune system attacks harmless food
headaches cause a mild to strong pain in the proteins that it thinks are dangerous. ------.
head. ------ . About 20% of all headaches are These chemicals can affect skin, blood cells,
migraines. They are strong headaches that lungs the stomach and even the heart. The
can cause extreme pain. foods that are mostly responsible for such
allergies are cow’s milk, eggs, peanuts, fish,
A) Such a forewarning is called an aura nuts and wheat.
B) These Migraines are often passed down to
you from your parents and grandparents A) But why are food allergies increasing ?
C) Pain relievers and other drugs are often used B) Our body does not have the training to fight off
to combat headaches attackers
D) In any case, you should exercise regularly and C) The body develops chemicals called
get a lot of fresh air histamines
E) Many people describe such headaches as a D) Genetic engineering has changed most of the
tightening feeling food we eat today
E) Many symptoms are related to a food allergy
40) ------. Many people simply cannot believe
they might reach such a biblical age and are 42) ------ . But, there have been cases in the
afraid of getting old. Living longer is not past in which people who were in close
desirable if the quality of life decreases. contact with pigs got the illness. The new
Nobody really knows in which shape they will outbreak of the swine flu, however, is passed
be in once they get to 80 or 90. They don’t on from person to person through coughing
know if they are physically active or are tied and sneezing. The World Health Organization
to their bed for their remaining life. And that’s says that the current flu is an unknown strain
what makes them afraid. of the H1N1 virus, which causes normal flu in
people. Flu viruses can exchange genes with
A) According to a British survey we have more each other and can mutate. Thus, they
chances of reaching the biblical age of a hundred change and affect different species.
than we did many years ago
B) In the United States there are currently over A) The swine flu, as it is spreading at the
40 million people aged 65 and over, moment, has the same symptoms as normal flu
C) There is a psychological problem attached to B) The current swine flu affects younger people
getting old than older ones
D) Traditionally care for the elderly has taken C) British scientists say they have made a
place in an extended family discovery that could defeat the common cold
E) There are more than 10,000 organizations that D) Vaccines are substances that help the body
provide care for the elderly fight off diseases and illnesses
E) Normally the swine flu does not infect humans

172
43) Deaths caused by anaesthesia are 45- ------ . Scientists have found that a virus
increasing . ------. The reason for this is that, has been attacking Cavendish bananas, the
because of modern medicine, more and more most widely-eaten banana, in Asia and
older patients undergo operations. More than Australia for some years. At the moment there
70 years ago, for every one million patients is no way to fight off the disease. Because
that were operated on, about 640 died during bananas are grown in plantations, a disease
or shortly after an operation. By the end of can attack all of the bananas of the same
the 1980s that rate was down to four per one kind.
million operations, thanks to modern
medicine and new forms of anaesthesia. A) About 12 % of the world's banana production
of over 140 million tons are exported
A) The study states that, on average, patients B) Bananas is the most promising vaccine for
who undergo operations have become older Hepatitis B
B) This rate is up again to seven anaesthesia- C) Eating fruit lowers heart attack risk
related deaths per one million operations D) Bacteria are small living things that can be
C) Methods of anaesthesia have changed over found almost everywhere
the ages E) The banana, one of the world's most popular
D) A German study published in a medical fruits, is in danger of becoming extinct
journal states that more people are dying after
operations because of anaesthesia than before 46- Studies have shown that about 30% of all
E) Anaesthetists give them a drug that stops children in America aged 6 to 19 are either
muscle movement overweight or obese. That is almost one out
of three young Americans. The situation in
44- The first vaccines were created towards the countries of the European Union is
the end of the 18th century. ------ . He found similar. ----- . It uses a combination of height
out that people who got cowpox rarely got ill and weight. A BMI score of 25 or higher
from smallpox. In France, Louis Pasteur shows that you are overweight and a BMI of
developed a weak form of rabies to protect over 30 indicates obesity.
people from dog bites.
A) The body mass index (BMI) is a formula to
A) Today there are vaccines for many illnesses measure obesity
B) An English scientist, Edward Jenner, carried B) Children and young adults need nutrients in
out experiments with cowpox, a milder form of order to grow
smallpox C) Bowed legs at an early age can be a warning
C) The World Health Organization is fighting to signal for obesity
provide vaccines for these children D) Genes determine how your body stores food
D) Most people already have a certain amount of and how well it turns food into energy
immunity in their bodies E) Our free time activities have changed
E) In the 20th century polio had been wiped out
completely

173
47- If the blood in your body does not 49- Over the past many dream theories have
circulate properly it may result in shock. Any emerged. ------ . At the end of the 19th century
serious injury or illness may lead to shock. he found out that a part of our brain is the
When a person is in shock blood does not subconscious. Our mind keeps everything
carry enough oxygen and food to the brain that we might want but cannot have there. It is
and other organs. ------ . Moreover, the skin a place where we keep our desires and
appears pale and feels cold. Pulse and wishes. In dreams we act out these wishes.
breathing are fast.
A) Our sleep is divided into five stages
A) Warm the victim by putting blankets around B) There can be up to seven such REM phases
them in one night
B) The best way to stop bleeding is to press on C) The most famous expert on dreaming was
the wound itself Sigmund Freud, an Austrian doctor
C) A victim who suffers from shock may look D) It produces electrical waves which can be
afraid, confused, weak and be extremely thirsty measured with an electroencephalograph
D) There are four ways in which a victim may be E) People often have the same dreams over and
poisoned over again
E) Remove it carefully and put ice on the sting or
run cold water over it 50- The first aid treatment of burns depends
on how severe the burns are. First degree
48- Animals have billions of cells. The burns show a reddening of the skin. ------ .
nucleus of such a cell has genetic And third degree burns destroy tissue of
information called DNA. ------ . But each cell deeper layers of skin. To treat a first and
only uses a part of this information in order to second degree burn put ice on it or run cold
work properly. The other part of the DNA is water over it. Then put on sterile bandages. A
not active. person who has third degree burns should
not be treated at home.
A) Otherwise a full organism would not develop
B) This is because they live in different A) Frostbite occurs when a person has been in
environments extremely cold weather for a long time
C) All the nuclei of an animal have the same B) Do not put oil or other greasy substances on
information the burn
D) Cloning animals started way back in the C) Second degree burns damage deeper skin
1950s layers
E) Many countries have put bans on cloning D) The most efficient way is mouth-to mouth
resuscitation
E) Sometimes a victim may have an allergy
towards bite or stings

174
51- ------. It is an old Chinese form of healing 53- Depending on the type, female bats are
in which your skin is pierced with thin pregnant for up to five or six months and
needles to relieve pain. Today acupuncture is have their babies one at a time. They are
also very popular in Europe, America and usually born in late spring or early summer.
Australia. Acupuncture can control pain and Babies hang on to their mother’s fur with their
sickness. It can also be used if you have a own sharp teeth and claws. ------ . Bats can
headache or back pain. live up to 30 years, but many of them die
shortly after birth.
A) People who practice acupuncture took
courses to learn how to did it correctly A) These most famous bats are the vampires of
B) For more than 4,000 years people in Asia South and Central America
have used acupuncture to treat illnesses B) These signals bounce off anything that is in a
C) Doctors use their fingers to press the points of bat’s flight path
the body C) It is similar to the radar that planes and the
D) Some think that needles cause the body to sonar that submarines use
produce pain killing substances D) Baby bats grow to their full size after about a
E) Almost half of all people have a headache at month
least once a year E) These bats are dangerous because they
spread infections
52- Amphibians are cold blooded animals.
------ . Most animals move to other places to 54- According to the World Health
adjust their body temperature if it gets too hot Organization, there was a new massive
or too cold. Depending on the climate, outbreak of measles in Europe last year.
amphibians hibernate or are inactive during There were four times as many cases in 2017
the year when it gets too hot or cold. than there were in 2016, a record low year.
------ .The outbreak affected 15 countries.
A) Their body temperature is about the same as Romania, Italy and Ukraine reported the
their surroundings highest number of measles cases.
B) This stage can take from a few weeks to
several years A) Italy, for example, reported that only 85% of
C) Often it also changes its appearance all under two-year-olds are vaccinated
D) Others produce poison that protects them B) German cities are planning to start free public
from enemies transport services
E) Some amphibians, for example frogs have C) Thus, The WHO has not put pressure on
thick bodies and four powerful legs that they use European countries to raise public awareness
to leap and swim D) Across Europe, over 20,000 people fell ill and
35 died
E) Many of them are introducing measures to
encourage parents to have their children
vaccinated

175
55- First aid is the help that you give 57- ------ . Lifting weights in a gym is not the
someone quickly after they have hurt only way to increase strength. You can build
themselves or have had an accident. ------ . In strength just by helping to do things at home
some cases, it can even save a person’s life. like lifting or bringing grocery bags from the
Only someone who knows first aid well car to the kitchen. To increase strength, try
should try to treat an injured or sick person. moving a heavier object than normal. This
Usually, you give first aid until a doctor or an could be a heavier weight or a heavier
ambulance arrives. grocery bag.

A) Here are some important rules for immediate A) To strengthen your muscles, you must make
help them work harder than usual
B) It can stop a person from becoming more ill B) Physical activity also helps people stay
C) In this situation, the nose, mouth and throat healthy
should be clear in order for them to breathe C) It helps them look and feel good
D) Any serious injury or illness may lead to shock D) Your body will quickly become tired when it
E) Then put a sterile handkerchief , cloth or towel should be active
on the wound and press it down with your hand E) A good pair of shoes gives support to the feet
during exercise
56- Instead of chemicals, organic farming
uses a lot of organic matter to give crops the 58- Having a dog could not only make your
nutrients that they need to grow. Clover, for life more worthwhile but actually save it.
example, has a lot of nitrogen in it and Apart from being great companions,
farmers use it to make the soil better. ------ . especially for single individuals, dog
These fertilizers also help conserve the soil, ownership may lengthen your life. ------ . The
not destroy it after a few years. study found out that owning a dog reduces
the risk of cardiovascular diseases by almost
A) More and more farmers have been returning a third. The risk of suffering a heart attack is
to more natural ways of producing farm products 11% lower compared to singles without a
B) Manure from animals and compost are also dog. People who owned hunting dogs, like
used to enrich the soil terriers and retrievers, benefited the most.
C) The raising of animals and growing of plants
have always been organic A) Dog owners are more active because they
D) They do not need to buy expensive chemicals exercise with their dogs
and fertilizers B) Extensive physical activity reduces the risk of
E) More animals and plants can live in the same heart diseases
place in a natural way C) A survey studied Swedish individuals between
40 and 80 over a 12-year period
D) Dogs are increasingly used as a therapy after
a severe illness
E) In other words, dogs have a calming effect on
people
176
59- Obesity at a young age can lead to heart 61- - ------ . Since then cows, pigs, dogs and
disease and diabetes as well as social other mammals have been cloned. The
problems like bullying and teasing . ------ . cloning of primates was thought to be more
Apart from that, the effects of childhood difficult than the creation of other mammals
obesity are estimated to cost the world’s in a lab. The Chinese team has brought the
health care systems over $1 trillion in the scientific community one step closer to the
next ten years. cloning of humans.

A) However, it is still at a very high rate A) Two monkeys have been cloned in a Chinese
B) Schools offer healthier products in their laboratory
canteens B) China has invested heavily in science
C) It also can affect the progress of pupils at C) American and European scientists have
school backed away from using monkeys and apes for
D) Many children in poor countries remain ethical reasons
underweight and malnourished D) Over two decades ago, Dolly, became the first
E) Countries with the highest number of successfully cloned mammal
underweight children include India, Pakistan, E) Scientists use fetal cells instead of adult cells
Bangladesh and Afghanistan
62- Untreated teeth can lead to a number of
60- Canada plans to allow the limited use of diseases, including infections, ear and throat
marijuana for adults by the middle of 2018. pain. Tooth decay starts in the outer layers of
For some time now, Prime Minister Justin our teeth. ------ . As a result small holes need
Trudeau intends to legalize recreational to be filled in order to prevent teeth from
marijuana. With the new law, Canada is falling out at an early age.
joining some US states which have also voted
to allow marijuana. ----- . A short time, ago A) Bacteria and acids in the mouth cause them to
Uruguay became the first country to officially dissolve
allow its citizens the use of pot. B) They recommend avoiding snacks and sugary
soft drinks
A) The Canadian plan allowed users to possess C) In addition, this milk teeth of about 600 million
30 grams of the drug children are also affected
B) It will become the second country in the world D) Researchers have conducted their studies
to legalize marijuana on a nationwide basis between 1990 and 2010
C) Moreover, it won’t control producers and give E) While most treatment concentrates on children
special licences to sellers adults are neglected
D) Even so, the new law will stop the spread of
illegal marijuana
E) Illegal drugs spread throughout the world

177
63- Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that 64- Before a bone marrow transplant, the
forms in the cells of the breast. Although doctor will run tests to determine the best
mostly found in women, men can get breast type of procedure. ------. If they can use the
cancer too. There are a number of symptoms person's own cells, they will collect the cells
associated with breast cancer, but the first in advance and store them safely in a freezer
noticeable symptom is often a lump or area of until the transplant. The person will then
thickened breast tissue. ------. However, it is undergo other treatment, which may involve
always best to have them checked by your chemotherapy, radiation, or a combination of
doctor. the two.

A) Advances in screening and treatment for A) They will then locate an appropriate donor, if
breast cancer have improved survival rates necessary
dramatically since 1989 B) These procedures typically destroy bone
B) A lump in the breast does not necessarily marrow cells as well as cancer cells
mean you have cancer - most breast lumps are C) Chemotherapy and radiation also suppress
not cancerous the immune system
C) The ACS estimate that 268,600 women will D) Others need to stay for several weeks or
receive a diagnosis of invasive breast cancer months
D) In rare instances, breast cancer can also E) Therefore, some people die as a result of
affect men complications from bone marrow transplants
E) There are different ways of staging breast
cancer

178
65- Dementia, which affects around 5.8 67- An ultrasound can be done at a doctor's
million people in the United States, can cause office, at an outpatient clinic, or in the
a decline in a person's ability to solve hospital. Most scans take between 20 and 60
problems, remember, speak, and think. In its minutes. ------. In most cases, no special
most severe form, dementia has a significant preparation is needed, but patients may wish
impact on a person's ability to carry out daily to wear loose-fitting and comfortable
tasks. But what if there was a way to clothing.
understand the factors that may affect
cognitive decline? ------ . A) On the other hand, the patient should drink
plenty of water
A) Predicting what may influence cognitive health B) A doctor or a specially-trained sonographer
in later life could help stave off cognitive will carry out them
impairment C) During pregnancy, there may be slight
B) These researchers looked at 502 people who discomfort because of the full bladder.
had all been born in the same week in 1946 D) It is not normally painful, and there is no noise
C) The participants took a number of tests E) This could be cancerous, or a fluid-filled cyst
D) They found that the ability to think as a child
tallied with the scores they achieved over 60 68- Decreased estrogen levels can result in
years later reduced blood flow to the vagina, which can
E) Higher socioeconomic status did not have a cause the tissues of the vagina and labia to
significant impact on cognitive performance become thinner. If this happens, they become
less sensitive to sexual stimulation. ------. As
66- Leukemia does not usually run in families, a result, a woman may not enjoy sex as much
so in most cases, it is not hereditary. and may have difficulty achieving orgasm.
However, people can inherit genetic Sex may be uncomfortable or even painful.
abnormalities that increase their risk of
developing this form of cancer. ------. Such A) Decreased blood flow also affects vaginal
factors include exposure to toxic chemicals lubrication and overall arousal
and smoking. B) Menopause can also affect a woman's mental
health
A) We will explore the links between leukemia, C) Sexual problems are more common in
family history, and genetics postmenopausal women
B) Leukemia is a genetic disease because it is D) A woman may also choose to see a therapist
related to a person's DNA who specializes in sexual dysfunction or
C) But, these mutations do not always run in enhancing sex
families E) Some women use natural supplements to try
D) In other cases, environmental and lifestyle to increase their libido
factors can increase a person's risk of leukemia
E) For example, they can lower their risk of
leukemia by making lifestyle changes

179
69- ------. This is the pigment that gives the 71- Iron makes up a major part of hemoglobin.
skin its color and helps protect the cells from Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying pigment
some forms of sun damage. This makes and main protein in the red blood cells; it
people with darker skin less likely to carries oxygen throughout the body. During
experience sunburn. A study found that pregnancy, the amount of blood in the
around 66% of black people living in the mother's body increases by almost 50
United Kingdom claimed that they had not percent. ------. Most women start their
experienced sunburn. Similarly, it found that pregnancy without adequate stores of iron to
around 66% of black people living in the U.K. meet the increasing demands of their bodies,
had not used any form of sun protection. particularly after the 3rd or 4th month. If iron
stores are inadequate, the mother may
A) The Fitzpatrick scale is a way to classify skin become anemic.
types based on how they respond to UV rays
B) Dark skin is not susceptible to sun damage A) Since all these functions are involved in
C) Darker skin has more protection from the sun growth and cell division, zinc is important for the
because it contains higher levels of melanin development of the fetus
D) People of all skin tones should use sun B) She needs more iron to make more
protection to prevent skin damage hemoglobin for all that extra blood
E) Sun protection is important for everyone C) Pregnant women who ate seafood had lower
levels of anxiety compared with those who did
70- According to the Arthritis Foundation, not
between 7% and 25% of people with PsA D) They also need to make sure that her body is
develop uveitis, which is inflammation of the healthy enough to deal with the changes that are
uvea — the middle layer of the eye between occurring
the retina and the sclera. Uveitis is painful, E) The exception to this rule is when a doctor
and it can also threaten a person's sight. PsA advises it for a specific reason
may also affect the skin around the eyes.
Steroids can help reduce inflammation and
protect the eyes. ------. It is important to
discuss the risks and benefits with a doctor.

A) For example, psoriasis causes chronic

inflammation
B) By contrast, severe joint pain is a common
symptom of PsA
C) PsA also increases the risk of kidney disease
and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
D) The joints may also be red and warm to the
touch
E) However, they also have side effects

180
72- Most people are now aware that cigarette 73- Suicidal thoughts are common, and many
smoking is a major preventable cause of people experience them when they are
premature death and disease: It causes undergoing stress or experiencing
cancer, heart disease, stroke, and lung depression. ------. However, in some cases,
disease. For this reason, many people are they place the individual at risk for attempting
eager to stop. ------. The main reasons for this or completing suicide. Most people who
are that nicotine is addictive and changing a experience suicidal ideation do not carry it
habit is hard. But there is help at hand. through, although some may make suicide
attempts.
A) It is possible to break with the unhealthy
routine and kick the habit once and for all A) Anyone who has suicidal thoughts should ask
B) In spite of the health risks involved, one in five for help
American adults still smoke on a regular basis B) In most cases, these are temporary and can
C) That is, people experience unpleasant be treated
withdrawal symptoms when they try to quit C) Causes of suicidal thoughts can include
D) Particularly, inhalers, gum, lozenges, and depression, anxiety, and eating disorders
sprays work quickly D) Suicidal ideation can also occur when a
E) However, there is some controversy in the person feels they are no longer able to cope with
literature about this approach to smoking an overwhelming situation
cessation E) For instance, genetic factors may increase the
risk of suicidal ideation

181
74- Allergic asthma is a type of asthma that 75- The three main parts of the foot are the
causes symptoms when a person is around forefoot, the midfoot, and the hindfoot. ------
certain triggers, for example, pet dander. The midfoot, or arch, consists of five
These allergens lead to an immune system irregularly shaped tarsal bones, which are
response that affects the lungs and makes it connected to the forefoot and hindfoot by
harder to breathe. ------. In allergic asthma, as muscles and the plantar fascia (arch
well as non-allergic asthma, an asthma ligament). The hindfoot, which is comprised
attack, or exacerbation, can also be fatal of three joints, links the midfoot to the ankle
occasionally. (talus) and includes the heel bone
(calcaneus).
A) Allergies can be dangerous if they cause a
life-threatening response known as anaphylaxis A) The components of the feet work together to
B) Doctors do not know exactly why some people provide support, balance, and mobility.
have allergic asthma B) Pain can occur anywhere in the foot, including
C) Allergies can be dangerous if they cause a the toes, the ball of the foot, the arch, the instep,
life-threatening response known as anaphylaxis the sole, the heel, and the ankle
D) In others, they can make breathing difficult C) The forefoot consists of the toes and the
and trigger an asthma attack connecting long bones (the metatarsals).
E) Next, a doctor may perform respiratory D) A structural abnormality or malfunction in any
function tests to determine the impact on the part of the foot can cause pain
airways E) The feet should be washed regularly and dried
thoroughly

182
76- Toddlers are curious and eager to learn 78- There are many ways to prevent gingivitis.
and explore. Unlike infants, most toddlers are Brushing your teeth at least twice a day using
able to walk, climb, open cabinets, remove a soft nylon-bristle toothbrush is one of them.
caps, and maneuver themselves in ways You can also brush your tongue because it
adults cannot even imagine. Appropriate collects the same bacteria that stick to your
safety precautions are critical. ------. teeth. ------. Avoiding smoking and drinking
Moreover, they must note any new abilities alcohol can also be helpful.
that increase the risk for danger.
A) Seeing a dentist at least once a year is
A) Child safety seats should be installed in the another way
back seat of the car B) Poor or improper oral hygiene is the most
B) Even so, certain foods, particularly ones that common cause
are round or cylindrical should be avoided in C) In addition, smoking makes it harder for gum
children under the age of 2 tissue to repair itself
C) In addition, adults can further reduce choking D) Gingivitis is an inflammation of the gums
risks at mealtimes by teaching children to stay usually caused by the buildup of plaque at the
seated while eating base of the teeth
D) Proper lighting is important, especially at night E) it may reduce your risk of skin infections
when he has moved into a toddler bed
E) Therefore, adults must be vigilant to watch a 79- ------. Burning mouth syndrome is
toddler's behavior characterized by burning pain on the tongue,
the gums, other parts of the mouth or the
77- It's not uncommon for a tooth to be throat. This may come from dry mouth or an
knocked out because of an accident, fight, oral fungal infection. If you experience this
sports injury, or rough play. A hard blow to sensation, see your dentist. He or she may
the tooth often can be enough to dislodge it prescribe saliva replacement tablets or an
or shear it off. ------. Primary teeth, however, oral antifungal medication, depending on the
can rarely be saved, and replanting them may cause.
damage the underlying tooth bud.
A) People with diabetes are two times more likely
A) Accomplishing this may not sound difficult to develop gum disease
B) If dealt with promptly and calmly, a dislodged B) While you may consume less sugary food
permanent tooth, in most cases, can be than people without diabetes, you may be more
successfully reattached and retained for life susceptible to dry mouth
C) Wearing a sport mouth guard can prevent a C) Dental plaques can damage your gums
great number of tooth injuries D) Dry mouth and diabetic nerve damage can
D) Once a head injury has been ruled out, cause burning sensations in the mouth or on the
contact your dentist immediately tongue
E) Tooth survival rate is highest if the tooth is re- E) Flossing and brushing can hinder many
implanted by these dentists within 1 hour infections

183
80- Physical therapy often is used following 81- The main features of panic disorder
surgery. ------. It also may be used to treat include sudden but short-lived attacks of
patients who have been involved in an terror and fear of losing control. ------.
accident or suffered another type of injury Affected individuals often go to the
(e.g., traumatic brain injury [TBI], spinal cord emergency room or consult a cardiologist
injury, sports-related injury [broken bone; because the physical symptoms are similar to
muscle, ligament, or tendon damage]). those of a heart attack. (If you ever suspect
Physical therapy can be provided in a number that you’re having a heart attack, see a doctor
of different settings, often depending on or go to the nearest emergency room
whether it is designed to promote health, to immediately. Panic attacks generally peak
prevent disability, or to provide treatment. within 10 minutes and dissipate within 20 to
30 minutes.
A) To assess the patient's condition, the physical
therapist takes a family and personal medical A) Treatment of panic disorder often involves
history both psychotherapy and medication
B) In other words, diagnostic tests can be used to B) Attacks begin without warning during non-
assess the function of the brain threatening activities
C) Knee pain and shoulder pain should be C) Thus, the age of onset of panic disorder
prevented before it varies, but is usually in the early 20s
D) Which of them is safe and appropriate for D) There is no laboratory test for panic disorder
you? E) There are two types of theories about what
E) It can be an important part of recovery for causes panic disorder: biological and behavioral
patients who have experienced heart attack or
stroke 82- Poisons are substances that are harmful
when they get into the body. Poisons also are
called toxins, toxic substances, or hazardous
substances. Poisoning occurs when a toxin is
swallowed (ingested), breathed in (inhaled),
absorbed or injected into the skin, or gets
into the eyes. ------.

A) Personal care products are common causes

for acute childhood poisoning
B) Lead is a highly-toxic metal that can build up
in the body
C) Poisoning can be a medical emergency
D) Poisoning prevention is an important part of
child care
E) Treatment for poisoning depends on the type
of exposure

184
83- An open wound is an injury involving an 84- While the progressive changes of
external or internal break in body tissue, osteoporosis do not cause painful symptoms,
usually involving the skin. ------ . Most open it increases your risk for breaking a bone.
wounds are minor and can be treated at According to the American Academy of
[Link], accidents with sharp objects or Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), an estimated
tools, and car accidents are the most 50 percent of women and 25 percent of men
common causes of open wounds. older than age 50 will experience a broken
bone because of osteoporosis. ------ . The
A) Nearly everyone will experience an open most serious injury is a broken hip, which
wound at some point in their lives can severely affect a person’s movement,
B) There are five types of open wounds, which quality of life, and in certain elderly
are classified depending on their cause populations actually carries a high risk of
C) An avulsion is a partial or complete tearing death.
away of skin and tissue
D) Your doctor may use different techniques to A) Unsurprisingly, the second stick is much
treat your open wound easier to break then the first.
E) Other treatments for an open wound include B) This includes wrist, hip, arm, and leg breaks
pain medication and penicillin C) Your bones are your body’s support structure
and frame
D) However, your body starts to lose more bone
than it replaces
E) Treatments for osteoporosis focus on retaining
a person’s current bone mass level

185
85- A urinalysis is a laboratory test done to 86- People of all ages have nightmares. -------
detect problems with your body that can Girls are more likely to be troubled by their
appear in your urine. Many illnesses and nightmares than boys. Nightmares seem to be
disorders affect how your body removes a part of normal development, and except in
waste and toxins. ------ . Problems with any of the case of post-traumatic stress disorder
these parts of your body can affect the (PTSD), they usually aren’t symptoms of any
appearance, concentration, and content of underlying medical condition or mental
your urine. disorder.

A) Urinalysis is not the same as drug screening A) This can lead to insomnia and difficulty
or pregnancy tests, although all three tests functioning during the day
involve a urine sample B) Nightmares can be triggered by a variety of
B) There are several reasons your doctor may factors
order you to undergo urinalysis C) However, nightmares are more common in
C) Urinalysis carries no risks to the patient as it children, especially those under age 10.
simply requires you to urinate in a cup D) They may also have a tendency to sleepwalk
D) This could include blood tests, imaging tests or urinate in bed during night terrors
(CT scans, MRI, etc.), or other diagnostic E) Moreover, you should schedule an
procedures appointment with your doctor if nightmares
E) The system that takes care of that is broadly persist over an extended period of time
called the excretory system, and includes your
lungs, kidneys, urinary tract, and bladder

186
87- “The New Beverly Hills Diet” is an 89- ------ . When these tubes become inflamed,
updated version of the original “The Beverly mucus can build up. The coughing and
Hills Diet,” which was published in 1981. The shortness of breath this causes is known as
bronchitis. Acute bronchitis usually occurs
plan involves eating the right foods at the
due to a viral chest infection. Several types of
right time while paying particular attention to viruses can cause it.
what foods you are eating together. ------ .
Rather, she writes, the foods that are
A) Approximately 5 percent of adults report
inefficiently digested are to blame for having acute bronchitis annually
expanding waistlines. B) It’s important to distinguish acute bronchitis
from chronic bronchitis
A) The New Beverly Hills Diet includes all of the C) Acute bronchitis could be contagious if the
food groups, and promotes the benefits of eating virus that causes it is contagious
fruits and vegetables D) Both the common cold and influenza can lead
to acute bronchitis
B) According to Judy Mazel, the creator and
E) Your bronchial tubes are responsible for
author, it isn't food that causes weight gain. delivering air to your lungs
C) However, Mazel's this theory that weight loss
is only achieved by conscious food combinations 90- Staying active as you age has many
D) And dieters are required to keep track of what health benefits. ------ . It also helps you
foods they have eaten and when, which may be maintain a healthy body mass index (BMI).
confusing and difficult to follow This in turn lowers your risk for health
E) The New Beverly Hills Diet offers a more conditions like cardiovascular disease and
balanced approach to weight loss than its original type 2 diabetes.
version
A) Regular physical activity keeps down your
88- ------- . This cuts off circulation to your blood pressure and cholesterol levels
B) Always be sure to check with your doctor
feet, increases your chances of blisters, and before starting any new fitness routine
make walking or standing uncomfortable, if C) But it doesn’t have to be done all at once
not unbearable. Getting your feet properly D) You don’t have to run a marathon to be fit
sized can help you make better decisions E) These can not help with balance and flexibility
when it comes to purchasing shoes and
reducing discomfort.

A) Muscles can become stiff and painful as you

stand or walk all day
B) Pain is a sign that something is wrong
C) Flat sole shoes may seem like the obvious
choice if you work on your feet
D) Many people wear shoes that are too small
E) Work shoes should provide good arch support

187
91- Magnesium is thought to affect changes 93- The ovaries are small, almond-shaped
in the blood vessels in the brain. ------ . They organs located on either side of the uterus.----
are also recommended to treat acute -- . Ovarian cancer can occur in several
migraines. Magnesium may be helpful for different parts of the ovary. Ovarian cancer
menstrual migraines, according to some can start in the ovary’s germ, stromal, or
research. Treatment of migraines during epithelial cells. Germ cells are the cells which
pregnancy requires great care. become eggs. Stromal cells function like
connective tissue. They make up most of the
A) Other potential therapies include feverfew, ovary. Epithelial cells are the outer layer of
butterbur, riboflavin, coenzyme Q10, and vitamin the ovary.
B12
B) Magnesium supplements are sometimes A) Epithelial cells were the outer layer of the
recommended to prevent migraines ovary
C) our body needs magnesium to be healthy B) About half of all cases occur in women over
D) Magnesium is essential to muscle and nerve the age of 63.
function C) These symptoms have a sudden onset D)
E) Some forms of magnesium tablets may cause They are where eggs are produced
abdominal cramps and diarrhea E) It’s also the fourth most common cause of
cancer death in women
92- ------ . These include high blood pressure,
type 2 diabetes, joint pain, cancer, heart 94- Although doctors do not know all the
disease, and reduced life expectancy. And it’s causes of high blood pressure, they know
not just adults. According to the CDC, nearly that overweight people and people with a
20 percent of American children are obese, family history of hypertension often suffer
and the numbers are worse in African- from this problem. ----.Therefore, it is
American and Hispanic communities. advisable to have regular periods of
relaxation, and avoid stimulants.
A) As our waistlines grow larger, so too does our
A) The usual treatment for mild cases was a
diet and weight loss industry
change of diet
B) You can do it via smart dietary changes and
B) they can be correctly treated to avoid
portion control
rheumatic fever
C) Being overweight or obese has dangerous,
C) In severe cases of high blood pressure this
and often deadly, consequences
specialist should be consulted
D) Weight loss comes through a determined
D) Thus, high blood pressure can never be
effort of portion control versus activity
brought under control
E) Healthy weight loss is sustainable weight loss
E) Emotional stress and worry can also cause
the blood pressure to rise

188
95- Swallowing a fish bone is a common 96- Are omega-3 supplements as beneficial as
occurrence, especially for people who eat a researchers once believed? ------. Recent
lot of fish. Though fish bones are often small, studies show that taking supplements to
oddly shaped, and sharp, the bone will increase vitamin D and omega-3 levels may
usually pass through the digestive tract not reduce systemic inflammation. The new
without any issues. ------. If this occurs, the research, which drew from the VITAL study,
lodged bone can cause discomfort and panic, aimed to determine the biomarker levels of
though it is not usually painful. several inflammation indicators in people
either taking or not taking vitamin D and
A) However, some people may end up with a fish omega-3 fatty acid supplements, or fish oil.
bone stuck in their throat
B) Therefore, there are many established A) After 1 year, the study found no marked
methods that can help dislodge the fish bone difference in levels between the two groups
from the throat B) Inflammation is a key prognostic marker of
C) Most fish bones are very sharp several life threatening conditions
D) In addition, each person is different and C) Not when it comes to inflammation, a new
results can vary study suggests
E) Another tip for prevention is to eat only fillets D) Many people take vitamin D and fish oil
of fish supplements believing that they can help reduce
inflammation
E) This is because there is a lack of clinical trial
data to inform treatment

97- One sign of sleep deprivation is requiring

an alarm clock to wake up.------ . Well-rested
people drop off in 10 to 15 minutes. A third
clue is napping at will.

A) Another is falling asleep within 5 minutes after

going to bed
B) When people get enough rest, they remain
awake whatever the provocation
C) Moreover, lack of sleep makes people irritable
D) Most people sleep longer at weekends
E) Inadequate sleep is a major factor in human
error

189
\98- J.T. Clover was another leading British 100- The connections between brain cells
anaesthetist. He perfected the well-known double the size of an infant's brain in the first
Clover's inhaler, which embodied the two years of an infant's life. These
rebreathing principle.------ . Further, a nitrous connections develop in response to how we
oxideether sequence was also possible with experience our environment. ------. It's
this apparatus. therefore absolutely clear how critical early
love and stimulation are to the newborn child.
A) This gas is a potent narcotic and can be given
with a high percentage of oxygen A) So chaotic childhood environments have thus
B) The beginning of the 20th century marked the led to disruptive tendencies in later life
start of modern anaesthesia B) The damage that stimulus deprivation causes
C) All of the "big four" anaesthetics used in the among young children needs to be more widely
19th century had, however, certain known
disadvantages C) They are also what give rise to our sense of
D) It also permitted a rapid onset of anaesthesia self
with a gradually increasing vapor concentration D) Learning disabilities are similarly related to a
E) It should have been possible to alter the lack of stimulation
proportions of the gases used E) Alcoholism is, in many cases, related to a
childhood spent in a constant state of anxiety
99- Vitamin D deprivation looks likely to prove
a significant factor in schizophrenia. ------. In
many, if not all, cases, a genetic disposition
also seems to be involved. And there is
evidence that other triggers, such as maternal
viral infections, may play a role.

A) This looks like a disparate collection of facts

B) Yet, unlike these, vitamin D deficiency is
easily dealt with
C) Sunlight is admittedly an important source of
vitamin D
D) It is certainly not, however, the whole cause
E) Both of these anatomical changes can be
observed in schizophrenics

190
 PASSAGE TEST

Allergies are caused by allergens , which are 3- It can be inferred from the passage that
basically harmless substances that the immune ----- .
system tries to fight . Victims suffer from a variety
of symptoms including redness of the skin, A) doctors recommend eating small amounts of
vomiting, diarrhea and breathing difficulties. In possibly allergic food and observe how the body
the United States 8% of children have some form reacts
of allergy. In Australia, 5% of all children are B) more and more families must change their diets in
affected. The UK has seen a 500% increase in order to fight allergies
peanut allergies alone in the past 20 years. While C) symptoms of a food allergy can range from mild to
industrialized countries are hardest hit, allergy severe
rates in developing countries are lower. Cities are D) in the United States, the number of children who
affected more than rural areas. Scientists have have some form of allergy outnumbers children in
been trying to reveal why we are becoming more Australia
allergic to food. One reason may be improved E) most food-related symptoms occur within two
hygiene , which leads to children having fewer hours of ingestion
infections. Another cause may be the lack of
vitamin D which helps our immune system fight
allergies. 4- The word “ reveal“ refers to :

1- According to the passage, diarrhea ------ . A) withdraw

B) supply
A) is not only a symptom but also a disease seen in C) uncover
people around the world D) restrict
B) leads to vomiting besides skin allergies E) decline
C) cannot be cured by health care providers
D) is accepted as one of the signs of allergies
E) can lead to dangerous and even life-threatening
situations

2- We can understand from the passage that

because of the lack of vitamin D, ------.

A) we may become allergic to food

B) all children are affected from breathing problems
C) some allergies affects children more than adults
D) we must take some precautions
E) it is very difficult to determine which food children
are allergic to

191
According to the World Health Organization, there 6- We can understand from the passage, ------ .
was a new massive outbreak of measles in
Europe last year. There were four times as many A) Over 20,000 children and adults have died since
cases in 2017 than there were in 2016, a record 2016 due to measles
low year. Across Europe, over 20,000 people fell B) apart from Europe, measles has been on the
ill and 35 died. The outbreak affected 15 decline worldwide
countries. Romania, Italy and Ukraine reported C) only 15% of all under 2 years olds are not
the highest number of measles cases. One of the vaccinated in Italy
reasons for the new outbreak is that more and D) about 85 % of the world’s children receive
more adults don’t want to get vaccinated. Most immunization by the time they reach their first
children in European countries are vaccinated at birthday
an early age, however, recently more and more E) measles may cause serious diseases and even
parents have not wanted their children treated. lead to blindness
Italy, for example, reported that only 85% of all
under two-year-olds are vaccinated. The WHO has 7- According to the passage, the WHO ------ .
now put pressure on European countries to raise
public awareness. Many are introducing A) has solved insufficient vaccination problem around
measures to convince parents to have their Europe
children vaccinated. B) helped countries improve their people’s health
C) make pressure European countries to make more
5- It is stated in the passage that many parents ---- and more people know and understand something
-- . about childhood vaccination
D) is not so effective as other organzoations in terms
A) are not aware of the importance of childhood of contagious diseases
vaccination E) will support families whose children have died in
B) are vaccinated together their children recent outbreak
C) have supported never the campaigns of childhood
vaccinations. 8- The word “ convince “ refers to:
D) think that measles is now more common than the
past A) demolish
E) want always want their children treated B) anticipate
C) obtain
D) interrupt
E) persuade

192
A new test, conducted by scientists from the 11- We can understand from the passage that in
State University of New York, shows that bottled each liter of water, ------ .
water has micro-plastic particles in them. 250
bottles of water from nine different countries were A) plastic particles were removed by companies
examined. More than 90% contained tiny pieces of B) rather slim 10 plastic particles were found
plastic. Sometimes concentrations were as high C) tiny pieces of plastic pieces involved human hair
as thousands of plastic pieces per liter of water. D) there were many great particles
Only 17 examined bottles were free of plastic. On E) it is impossible to see plastic particles
average, 10 plastic particles, about the width of a
human hair, were found in each liter of water. The 12- The word “ different “ refers to:
companies, whose bottled water was examined,
claim that their production met the highest quality A) temporary
standards. In most cases, the plastic gets into the B) imperative
water through the packaging process. C) obscure
D) various
9- It is emphasized in the passage that according E) huge
to claims of some companies, ------ .

A) any plastic productions are not controlled

B) the results are not catastrophic
C) bottled water is the fastest growing beverage in the
world
D) the smallest particles of plastic can cause damage
to your body
E) their productions satisfy the expectations in terms
of standards

10- It is mainly stated in the passage that ------ .

A) bottled water and plastic particles were checked

according to a new test
B) bottled water has no contaminated particles in
many countries
C) plastic particles have been found in beer, tap
water, seafood and even in the air
D) the packaging process is always checked by the
governments
E) Scientists from the State University of New York
always participates in experiments

193
Researchers at the John Hopkins University in 15- It can be easily understood from the passage
Baltimore have announced that they are close to that early diagnose ------ .
developing a new blood test that could detect
common cancer forms. The new test, called A) is unlikely to be carried out
CancerSEEK , would cost about $500 and be able B) will be used in some cancer forms
to identify early forms of cancer cells in the body. C) was able to identify many cancer forms
The ultimate goal may be to find cancer at early D) is likely to be the main aim of the experts
stages of the illness among scientists. According E) helps to cure many cancer forms, especially
to the scientists, the test concentrates on the stomach cancer
most frequent types of cancers including lung,
breast, colon, and stomach cancer. After testing 16- The word “ detect “ refers to ------ .
about 1000 people diagnosed with these cancer
forms the new blood test found signs of cancer in A) exclude
70% of them. Tumors release tiny amounts of B) notice
altered DNA into the bloodstream. The test looks C) expire
for mutations in 16 genes that frequently come up D) delay
in cancer. E) attend

13- We can concluded from the passage that, ------

.

A) new test will focus on all types of cancer

B) new blood test may be able to detect prevalent
cancers
C) a few test were carried out on lung and stomach
cancer
D) blood test cannot pinpoint where exactly in the
body tumors appear
E) symptoms show up in the late stages of the illness

14- According to the passage, modified DNA ---- .

A) gives rise to tumors

B) is kept away from bloodstream
C) is produced by tumors
D) is diagnosed by new test
E) is unrelated to some cancer forms

194
According to a new publication by American 19- According to the passage, if we want to have a
neurologists, regular exercise can improve your healthy heart, ------ .
memory and thinking skills. We know that regular
and mild exercise has proven to be good for your A) exercise should be part of our life despite some
heart and overall fitness, but now doctors say that risks
it can actually help you remember things. As we B) we have to take advice from our doctor
get older most of us have problems with memory, C) intense exercise is inevitable
language and thinking about certain things. This D) we should do exercise daily and in moderation
is called mild cognitive impairment (MCI) .In most E) we should avoid stressful works
cases, such problems don’t influence our
everyday life but we realize them. Exercising may 20- The word “ mild “ refers to:
slow down the rate of MCI and reduce the risk of
getting dementia at a later phase in life. A) moderate
B) hazardous
17- It is easily understood from the passage that C) cautious
mild cognitive impairment ( MCI ) ------ . D) enormous
E) indispensable
A) is not recognized except adults
B) has increased among older adults in recent times
C) affects our speech skills more than our memory
D) is a disease which is related to memory and
thinking problems
E) will be wiped out with the help of new technologies

18- It is stated in the passage that exercise ----- .

A) is useful both for thinking and memory skills and

for reducing dementia risk
B) affects our daily performance
C) is advised for only our physical strength by experts
D) may be the first step to stop Alzheimer’s disease
or dementia
E) will rise the possibility of dementia

195
Sweden, one of the world's most advanced 22- According to health experts, ----.
countries, has started to introduce a six-hour
work day for its employees. Around the country, A) working 50 to 60 hours a week can help decrease
companies are making this change in order to the possibility of heart attacks and strokes
make workers more productive and happier. At B) Swedish people are frequently faced with health
the same time breaks and meetings are kept to a problems because of long working hours
minimum at work, so that workers can C) the traditional eight-hour work day improves
concentrate on their job and not get distracted. physical strength and endurance
Labor experts say that the traditional eight-hour D) employees can have sufficient energy to do
work day is very hard to endure. Workers cannot something at home after concentrating on their job for
focus on their job for such a long period of time. 6 hours at work
On the other hand many workers have a hard time E) it is not good for health to continue working after
going through their private life after a hard day at the age of 65
work. Health experts say that after six hours of
focused work, people still have enough energy to 23- It is understood from the passage that in the
do things at home. The change comes at a time Swedish model, ----.
when many employees around the world work 50
to 60 hours and more a week. Some of them are in A) both working hours and time breaks are decreased
danger of burning out after a certain time. B) working hours are decreased while meetings last
Working for long hours mounts the danger of longer
heart attacks, strokes and other illnesses. The C) retirement at the age of 65 is a must
Swedish model hopes for workers to be able to D) employees work 50 to 60 hours and more a week
work through to a higher age and not retire at 65. E) there are some rules that are disapproved by labor
experts
21- The reason why Sweden has introduced the
new working model is that ---- 24- The word “ mount “ refers to:

A) It enables employees to endure heavy working A) oppose

conditions. B) emphasize
B) It encourages younger adults to work harder than C) acquire
before. D) annoy
C) It makes lunch breaks longer at work to increase E) raise
productivity.
D) It lowers the retirement age to a certain level.
E) It increases the productivity and welfare of workers
at the same time.

196
Tooth decay is a major health problem for billions 27- It is stated in the passage that ------ .
of people around the world. According to a
recent study 2.4 billion people, or a third of the A) there are connections between bad teeth and heart
world's population, are suffering from bad teeth. disease or strokes
In addition, the milk teeth of about 600 million B) tooth decay can be painful and lead to fillings,
children are also affected. Experts estimate that crowns or inlays
200 million new cases come up every year. While C) it is always better to prevent problems rather than
most dental problems start during childhood, have to cure them when they happen
there are many adults who suffer from tooth D) tooth decay continues to affect billions of people
decay. Researchers have conducted their studies and new cases come to existence every year
between 1990 and 2010. According to the study E) a tooth may die quickly, in a matter of days, or
Latin America, Northern Africa and the Middle slowly, over several months or years
East are the most affected regions. In the Baltic
state of Lithuania almost 70% of the population 28- The word “ neglect “ refers to:
have some form of tooth decay. The study
suggests that once a child suffers from decaying A) evaluate
teeth the problem will continue into adulthood. In B) initiate
addition, the study shows that while most C) ignore
treatment concentrates on children adults are D) adjust
neglected. E) declare

25- We can understand from the passage that

most of the dental problems ------ .

A) affect both children and adults

B) can lead to a number of diseases
C) start in the outer layers of our teeth
D) can be avoided with regular tooth brush
E) should be treated before adulthood

26- According to the study, ------ .

A) children are thought to tend to tooth decay

B) children should avoid snacks and sugary soft
drinks
C) tooth decay starts in the outer layers of our teeth
D) adults are ignored in terms of dental treatment
E) Latin America is more likely to be affected from
dental problems than other regions

197
The American pharmaceutical company Pfizer has 31- The pronouns “ them “ refers to:
said it will no longer sell drugs that can be utilized
for lethal injections to the American government. A) Pfizer
A total of 7 substances on the list are mostly used B) Buyers
for operations and certain illnesses but are also in C) institutions
liquids used for executions. According to a Pfizer D) Liquids
representative, the company’s aim is to save lives E) Drugs
and not help kill people. Pfizer says it will closely
monitor buyers who try to resell the drugs to state 32- The word “ utilized “ refers to:
institutions, which may use them for executions.
After Pfizer’s decision, there are no more A) exploited
companies in the USA and Europe that sell lethal B) responded
injection drugs to the American government. The C) withdrew
European Union has banned the export of such D) satisfied
drugs to the US. As a result, state authorities are E) investigated
trying to find new drugs and combinations of
substances that can be used for executions.

29- It can be inferred from the passage that state

authorities are attempting to find new drugs due
to ------ .

A) the some laws

B) state institutions hindering injections
C) the prohibition of the lethal injection drugs
D) a few regulations about drug selling
E) substances harming human health

30- According to the passage ------ .

A) Pfizer’s lethal injection drugs still lead to many

deaths
B) new drug will certainly prevent executions
C) the number of executions has decreased, in part
due to the availability of lethal drugs
D) many states use lethal injections as the main
method of execution
E) Pfizer used to sell lethal injection drugs

198
Bird flu, also called avian flu or avian influenza, is 34- It is understood from the passage that ------ .
an infectious disease caused by strains of
influenza A viruses. Avian influenza is highly A) in domestic birds all forms of influenza are
contagious in bird populations throughout the common
world. It often spreads through the migration of B) human infection appears to have resulted from
water birds. While many types of wild birds can exposure to the saliva
carry the influenza virus without becoming ill, C) except in rare cases, influenza viruses don’t infect
other types of birds (e.g., domestic birds such as other species
chickens, turkeys, and ducks) develop disease D) there is no evidence of ongoing human-to-human
when infected with avian flu viruses. In domestic transmission of bird flu
birds, one form of avian flu is common and E) the avian influenza outbreak was first detected in
usually mild, and one form is rare and more west countries
severe. The mild form of the disease is called
LPAI (low pathogenic or "low path" avian 35- The pronoun “ they “ refers to:
influenza). Symptoms of this type include ruffled
feathers and low egg production. The severe form A) influenza viruses
is called HPAI (high pathogenic or "high path" B) people
avian influenza). In birds, HPAI develops C) domestic birds
suddenly, spreads quickly, and often causes D) species
death within 48 hours. Influenza viruses rarely E) pigs
infect other species; for example, viruses that
infect pigs usually do not infect horses. When 36- The word “ contagious “ refers to:
people are infected with these viruses, they
usually develop only mild symptoms. A) hazardous
B) endemic
33- We can understand from the passage that low C) harmless
pathogenic avian influenza ------. D) various
E) tedious
A) is a mild disease but it is more common than other
types
B) can be treated harsh treatments
C) can infect humans and can occur suddenly
D) is a moderate form of the avian flu
E) is caused by many types of viruses

199
Sipping matcha daily which is a kind of tea can 38- According to the passage, before intensive
have a positive impact on your energy levels and work, ------ .
overall health. Matcha is rich in the antioxidant
catechins, a plant compound found in tea. Unlike A) matcha can help improve mental function as well
coffee, matcha provides a less jittery pick-me-up. as alertness
This is due to matcha’s high concentration of B) matcha and a cup of tea may be helpful for
flavonoids and L-theanine, which increases the reducing stress level
brain’s alpha frequency band and produces C) the stress we have could disrupt our
relaxing effects by raising serotonin, GABA, and consciousness
dopamine levels. Research suggests that L- D) matcha doesn’t appear to cause significant side
theanine is especially helpful for high levels of effects
stress and anxiety, increasing relaxation without E) all kinds of drinks have numerous health benefits
causing drowsiness. These effects have even for your body and brain.
been found at doses given in a cup of tea. In
addition, L-theanine does some amazing things 39- It is strongly mentioned in the passage that
when paired with caffeine, à la matcha — the ------ .
amino acid can help improve cognitive function
and increase focus and alertness. So sipping A) matcha and some kinds of tea is useful both for
matcha is great before a hectic work day or when our health and for our psychology
cramming for a test. B) matcha is grown differently and has a unique
nutrient profile
37- It can be inferred from the passage that ---- . C) everybody must be given matcha before starting
job
A) if we want to improve our concentration, we must D) matcha can help protect the liver, promote heart
drink matcha every day health and even aid in weight loss
B) following intensive work, matcha may hinder our E) matcha can have beneficial effects on our general
alertness health
C) cognitive function can be improved by only coffee
D) L-theanine does not lead to tiredness 40- The word “ provide “ refers to:
E) matcha may lead to anxiety
A) cease
B) supply
C) enlarge
D) own
E) achieve

200
Caring for someone with Parkinson’s disease is a 42- It is mentioned in the passage that ------ .
big job. You’ll have to help your loved one with
things like transportation, doctor visits, managing A) it can be helpful for you to sit in on doctor’s
medications, and more. They may need many appointments to find out how your loved one is doing
things. Parkinson’s is a progressive disease. B) caregivers should get in touch with patients lovely
Because its symptoms get worse over time, your and honestly
role will eventually change. You’ll likely have to C) living with a chronic condition like Parkinson’s can
take on more responsibilities as time passes. trigger a range of emotions, from anger to depression
Being a caregiver has many challenges. Trying to D) to be a good caregiver, you’ll need rest and energy
handle the needs of your loved one and still E) take time for yourself whenever possible while
manage your life can be difficult. It can also be a caring for someone with Parkinson’s disease
gratifying role that gives back as much as you put
into it. Communication is key to caring for 43- The pronoun” they “ refers to:
someone with Parkinson’s. Speech issues may
make it hard for your loved one to explain what A) someone with Parkinson’s disease
they need, and you may not always know the right B) caregivers for Parkinson’s disease
thing to say. In every conversation, try to be open C) doctors caring for patients
and sympathetic. Make sure you listen as much D) medications
as you talk. Express your concern and love for E) symptoms of Parkinson’s disease
the person, but also be honest about any
frustrations you have. 44- The word “ concern “ refers to:

41- It can easily understand from the passage that A) ignorance

------ . B) calmness
C) authority
A) medication is the mere chance for the treatment of D) worry
Parkinson’s disease E) difference
B) some caregivers have more difficult tasks than
others
C) caregiving for Parkinson’s disease is versatile job
D) the ability to communicate is the main factor in
treating the diseases
E) day-to-day Parkinson’s care may not require a lot
of coordination and organization

201
The varicella vaccine is recommended in many 46- According to the passage, ------ .
countries. Some countries require the varicella
vaccination before entering elementary school. A A) in some countries, the predisposition toward the
second dose is advised five years after the initial disease plays a crucial role in vaccination
immunization. A vaccinated person is likely to B) almost all countries have a vaccination program
have a milder case of chickenpox if they become except undeveloped countries
infected. Immunization within three days C) the varicella vaccine has an infamous history
following household contact reduces infection D) in addition to chickenpox, some other diseases
rates and severity in children. Some European have been eradicated with the help of effective
countries include it as part of universal treatment programs
vaccinations in children, but not all countries E) after a chickenpox infection, the virus remains
provide the vaccine due to its cost. In the UK and dormant in the body's nerve tissues
some other countries as of 2014, the vaccine is
only recommended in people who are particularly 47- It is mentioned in the passage that we can
vulnerable to chickenpox. This is to keep the experience subtle cases of chickenpox ------ .
virus in circulation thereby exposing the
population to the virus at an early age, when it is A) when we are vaccinated every year
less harmful, and to reduce the occurrence of B) only after we absent ourselves from other people
shingles in those who have already had C) as long as we are exposed to high doses of
chickenpox by repeated exposure to the virus medicines
later in life. In populations that have not been D) but still we can request tests from our health care
immunized or if immunity is questionable, a providers
clinician may order an enzyme immunoassay. E) if we are vaccinated

45- We can infer from the passage that ------ . 48- The word “ rate “ refers to:

A) An immunoassay measures the levels of A) influence

antibodies against the virus that give immunity to a B) condition
person C) amount
B) The spread of chickenpox can be prevented by D) ambition
isolating affected individuals E) avoidance
C) The cost of the varicella vaccine prevent some
countries to carry out the vaccine
D) The diagnosis of chickenpox is primarily based on
the signs and symptoms
E) All vaccinations must be employed every year

202
Antibiotics have been used since ancient times. 50- We can easily understand from the passage
Many civilizations used topical application of that ------ .
mouldy bread, which is accepted as the first
antibiotic, with many references to its beneficial A) there is about 400 years between the initial use of
effects arising from ancient Egypt, China, Serbia, antibiotic and its modern use
Greece and Rome. The first person to directly B) in general, west cultures uses antibiotics more
document the use of moulds to treat infections than China and Egypt
was John Parkinson (1567–1650). Antibiotics C) the widespread usage of the antibiotic may result
revolutionized medicine in the 20th century. in resistance to all viruses
Alexander Fleming discovered modern day D) The WHO didn’t play active role in the health
penicillin in 1928. After realizing the great problems as to contagious diseases
potential there was in penicillin, Fleming pursued E) commercial use of penicillin will spread among
the challenge of how to market it and translate it people
to commercial use. With help from other
biochemists, penicillin was finally available for 51- It is implied in the passage that the resistance
widespread use. This was significantly beneficial to penicillin ------ .
during wartime. Unfortunately, it didn't take long
for resistance to begin. Effectiveness and easy A) occurred shortly after the widespread use of it
access have also led to their overuse and some B) led to overuse the penicillin
bacteria have developed resistance. This has led C) is estimated to have given rise to financial
to widespread problems, and the World Health problems
Organization has classified antimicrobial D) may be useful in some fields
resistance as a serious threat. E) was recognized late

49- According to the passage, Alexander Fleming 52- The word “ available “ refers to:
------- .
A) inconvenient
A) led to huge problems in health surveys despite B) usable
many efforts of his friends C) wide
B) was the only person declared antibiotic as an D) cheerful
hazard for our health E) terrible
C) used antibiotics along with a few pills to treat or
prevent bacterial infections
D) contributed enormously to the development of the
penicillin is in company with other biochemists
E) did not know whether antibiotic use would
increases the risk of oral contraceptive failure

203
Alcohol abuse encompasses a spectrum of 54- The passage is mainly about ------ .
unhealthy alcohol drinking behaviors, ranging
from binge drinking to alcohol dependence. A) statistics as to alcohol abuse
Alcohol abuse was a psychiatric diagnosis in the B) comparison with the effects of the alcohol and
DSM-IV, and has been merged with alcohol tobacco use
dependence into alcohol use disorder in the DSM- C) alcohol abuse and its effects on people
5. Globally, alcohol consumption is the seventh D) social problems among people and alcohol abuse
leading risk factor for both death and the burden E) the prevention of the alcohol use disorder
of disease and injury. In short, except for tobacco,
alcohol accounts for a higher burden of disease 55- The pronoun “ it “ refers to:
than any other drug. Alcohol use is a major cause
of preventable liver disease worldwide, and A) tobacco
alcoholic liver disease is the main alcohol-related B) DSM-5
chronic medical illness. In addition, it has claimed C) a psychiatric diagnosis
many victims. Millions of men and women of all D) alcoholic liver disease
ages, from adolescents to the elderly, engage in E) patient
unhealthy drinking in the United States. Alcohol
use disorder reportedly most often affects young 56- The word “ encompass “ refers to:
men of lower socioeconomic status. Individuals
with an alcohol use disorder will often complain A) inhibit
of difficulty with interpersonal relationships, B) hamper
problems at work or school, and legal problems. C) dedicate
Additionally, people may complain of irritability D) cease
and insomnia. Alcohol abuse is also an important E) involve
cause of chronic fatigue.

53- It is mentioned in the passage that alcohol use

disorder ------ .

A) shows its effect on chronic diseases more than

other problems
B) is harmful specially for people with mental
diseases
C) is the major cause of liver diseases
D) does not attention it should
E) has different influences among young people,
depending on their status within the society

204
For the first time, a new study has observed that 58- It can be understood from the passage that ----
cerebrospinal fluid washes in and out of the brain -- .
in waves during sleep, helping clear out waste.
Person asleep in bed Cerebrospinal fluid helps A) researchers are not sure whether sleeping affects
clear toxic waste from the brain during sleep. our spinal chord
Recently, Medical News Today reported on a B) clearing out of brain waste may not occur in the
study that found that specialized immune cells course of sleeping
are more active in the brain during sleep, busy C) the cerebrospinal fluid needs to increase, so as to
performing maintenance work. Researchers know maintain normal pressure in the absence of blood
that sleep is important — not just in terms of D) cerebrospinal fluid does not need to synchronize in
allowing the brain to reactualize, but also for order to "flush out" the waste
"making space" for "cleaning" processes to take E) cleaning process may reduce blood flow in the
place. However, many of the mechanisms through brain
which this clearing out of brain waste takes place
during sleep remain unclear. Now, researchers at 59- It can be inferred from the passage that
Boston University in Massachusetts have found ------ .
that during sleep, the fluid present in the brain
and spinal chord — called the cerebrospinal fluid A) people can't fall asleep because they're in a really
— washes in and out, like waves, helping the loud metal tube
brain get rid of accumulated metabolic "trash." B) getting enough sleep is essential for helping a
person maintain optimal health and well-being
57- We can understand from the passage that C) the movement of specialized immune cells has
------ . been observed newly
D) it is important that people make an effort to get
A) immune cells in the brain are in charge of caring enough sleep after working
B) cerebrospinal fluid appears to "synchronize" with E) there have been several studies throughout the
brainwaves years that have linked metabolic trash and poor sleep
C) normal aging may be associated with poorer self- patterns.
cleaning in the brain
D) with age, human brains tend to generate fewer 60- Which could be the best tittle for this
slow waves passage?
E) when neurons switch off during sleep, they need
less oxygen A) How waste gets 'washed out' of our brains during
sleep
B) The relationship between cerebral chord and
brainwaves
C) Why do people need to sleep regularly?
D) Cleaning process and its effects on our brain
E) What to know about deep sleep

205
About a third to a half of individuals with autism 62- It can be understood from the passage that ---
do not develop enough natural speech to meet --- .
their daily communication needs. Differences in
communication may be present from the first year A) judgement of low social competence cannot be
of life, and may include delayed onset of made as early as 24 months of age
babbling, unusual gestures, diminished B) at 9 months of age, infants begin to display triadic
responsiveness, and vocal patterns that are not joint attention
synchronized with the caregiver. In the second C) unusual social development becomes apparent
and third years, children with autism have less only early in childhood
frequent and less diverse babbling, consonants, D) autistic children have difficulty alternating their
words, and word combinations; their gestures are attention towards a partner and third object
less often integrated with words. Children with E) early behavioral interventions or speech therapy
autism are less likely to make requests or share can help children with autism gain self-care, social,
experiences, and are more likely to simply repeat and communication skills
others' words (echolalia) or reverse pronouns.
Joint attention seems to be necessary for 63- It is clear in the passage that differences in
functional speech, and deficits in joint attention communication may include ------ .
seem to distinguish infants with ASD. For
example, they may look at a pointing hand instead A) following outward directed gaze of adults
of the pointed-at object, and they consistently fail B) restricted interests of parents
to point at objects in order to comment on or C) health problems such as anxiety
share an experience. Children with autism may D) socioeconomic background
have difficulty with imaginative play and with E) tardiness of the chattering
developing symbols into language.
64- The word “ deficit “ refers to:
61- According to the passage, ------ .
A) inadequacy
A) the symptoms of autism can differ between men B) sensation
and women C) deepness
B) after first year, children with autism have more D) difference
integration problems with words E) liability
C) children with autism can never repeat other words
D) living with ASD can be challenging, but receiving a
diagnosis can provide access to certain autism
supports and services
E) the symptoms of autism in adults can differ from
those in children

206
The Royal National Institute for the Blind (RNIB) is 66- According to the passage, in the 18th century
trying to help the 130,000 blind people in Britain. ------ .
Most of these people are 75 or older, which is an
age when it is difficult to make a new onset. A) 130,000 people tried to help blind people
Things are difficult if you are born blind but if you B) [Link] Armitage was considered as one of the
lose your sight later in life, it is worse. It takes most creative people
time to adjust to your new life without sight. How C) blind people did not have good education
easily you do this depends on your age, your D) there were no schools for the blind
character and the help you get from people E) RNIB was founded
around you. Think of the things we do every day
like pouring a cup of tea, telling the time, or 67- Which could be the best tittle for this
playing a game of cards. Imagine how difficult it passage?
will be to do any one of them if you are blind.
RNIB grew from the idea of one man, Dr. Thomas A) The Royal National Institute for the Blind and its
Armitage, who formed a committee in 1868 to find contributions to blind people
the best method of reading by fingers. Armitage B) [Link] and his concerns about blind people
was a physician who had lost his sight and C) The effect of the age on the treatment of blindness
decided to spend the rest of his life improving D) Difficulties of blind people
conditions for blind people. He thought the first E) Treatment methods of blindness
thing thev needed was a good education. Schools
for blind children in the nineteenth century used 68- The word “ onset “ refers to:
many different kinds of raised alphabet.
A) density
65- It is stated in the passage that ------ . B) accordance
C) beginning
A) with so many methods in use very few books could D) removing
be published in each type E) hardness
B) schools for blind children was founded by Armitage
with the help of other scientists
C) reading by finger is not impossible today
D) Even if you are blind, you can tell the time
E) it is difficult to help blind people who is over 75

207
To prevent cavities and maintain good oral health, 70- It is mentioned in the passage that people who
your diet is an important factor. Changes in your cannot ingest dairy products ------ .
mouth start the minute you eat certain foods.
Bacteria in the mouth convert sugars and A) can prefer to eat green vegetables
carbohydrates from the foods you eat to acids, B) should consult with a dietician
and it's the acids that begin to attack the enamel C) should avoid stay away from chicken
on teeth, starting the decay process. The more D) can only consume broccoli
often you eat and snack, the more frequently you E) don’t experience tooth decay
are exposing your teeth to the cycle of decay. The
best food choices for the health of your mouth 71- Which could be the best tittle for this
include cheeses, chicken or other meats, nuts, passage?
and milk. These foods are thought to protect
tooth enamel by providing the calcium and A) Kicking The Sugar Habit
phosphorus needed to remineralize teeth (a B) Tooth Decay and Its Symptoms
natural process by which minerals are C) Tooth Enamel and Acids
redeposited in tooth enamel after being removed D) Sugary Foods and Its Effect On Teeth
by acids). For those people that are lactose E) Diet and Oral Health
intolerant and cannot ingest milk products, green
vegetables such as broccoli and spinach are high 72- The word “ prevent “ refers to:
in calcium.
A) withdraw
69- It can be concluded from the passage that B) allow
------ . C) withhold
D) devise
A) calcium is less important than other choices in oral E) eliminate
health
B) dairy products should always consumed against
tooth decay
C) what you eat and how often you eat are important
factors in maintaining good oral health
D) we should limit your consumption of sugar-
containing drinks
E) saliva helps protect against decay by washing
away food particles

208
Experts say that if you feel drowsy during the day, 74- According to the National Sleep Foundation,
even during boring activities, you haven’t had you cannot drive safely ------- .
enough sleep. If you routinely fall asleep within
five minutes of lying down, you probably have A) when you drink little coffee
severe sleep deprivation, possibly even a sleep B) until you sleep at least 8 hours in a day
disorder. Microsleeps are another mark of sleep C) if you have trouble focusing and remembering the
deprivation. In many cases, people are not aware last few miles
that they are experiencing microsleeps. Many D) because all highways are dangerous today
studies make it clear that sleep deprivation is E) as long as you don’t have a driving license
dangerous. Sleep-deprived people who are tested
by using a driving simulator perform as badly as 75- It can be easily understood from the passage
those who are intoxicated. Sleep deprivation also that the behaviors of sleep-deprived people ------.
magnifies alcohol’s effects on the body, so a
fatigued person who drinks will become much A) are similar to drinkers
more impaired than someone who is well rested. B) differ from drivers
Driver fatigue is responsible for an estimated C) were studied by few institutions
100,000 motor vehicle accidents and 1,500 deaths D) are not understood by anyone
each year, according to Traffic Safety E) have an effect on their concsiousness
Administration. Since drowsiness is the brain’s
last step before falling asleep, driving while 76- The word “ overcome “ refers to:
drowsy can lead to disaster. Caffeine and other
stimulants cannot overcome the effects of severe A) boost
sleep deprivation. The National Sleep Foundation B) decline
says that if you have trouble keeping your eyes C) cope with
focused, if you can’t stop yawning, or if you can’t D) experience
remember driving the last few miles, you are E) perform
probably too drowsy to drive safely.

73- According to the passage, ------ .

A) microsleeps are among the symptoms of the sleep

deprivation
B) alcohol is not a factor that effect the performance
of people
C) due to sleep deprivation, people drink alcohol
D) recently, sleep deprivation has led to thousands of
deaths in Europe
E) caffeine is more effective than other stimulants

209
Autism, from the Greek word for “self,” was first 78- It is pointed out in the passage that it has
identified as a disorder in 1943. Initially, it was taken the medical world several decades to ------ .
thought to be a psychological disorder brought
on by cold or unemotional mothers, and curable A) decide to what extent psychotherapy can be
by intensive sessions of psychotherapy. During used in the treatment of autism
the 1960s, specialists realized that autistics B) decide on which antidepressants are the best
frequently had epilepsy and abnormal brain for the treatment of autism
scans, which led to the condition being C) discover how the relationship between
recognized as a brain disorder by the 1970s. mothers and their children has an effect on
Autism is now known to be a hereditary autism
neurological condition, about three times more D) establish clearly which methods are most
common in boys than girls. Usually, autistics lack efficient to alleviate the symptoms of autism
the ability to relate normally to other people and E) understand clearly what autism is and the
they have an anxious desire to maintain a routine, causes that lead to it
which evolves with age into intense interests or
obsessions. Many autistic people deliver 79- According to the passage, ------ .
monologues on topics while unaware of other
people’s comments or possible discomfort. There A) autistics experience communication problems
are several related, but different, forms of autism. B) autistic children don’t always have difficulty in
Depending on the severity, symptoms can controlling their life
sometimes be alleviated with carefully controlled C) psychotherapy is the only way to diagnose the
antidepressants, although sufferers typically find autism
it difficult to function normally in society. D) before 1960’s, autistic children were known to
have epilepsy
77- As is clear from the explanation given in E) autism is not understood completely by experts
the passage, ------ .
80- The pronoun “ they “ refers to:
A) antidepressant drugs should not be used in
order to reduce the severity of autism symptoms A) boys
B) autism should not be regarded as a B) autistics
neurological disorder inherited from the family C) girls
C) autism is not a single type of disorder with D) people
only one level of severity E) scans
D) autism was a condition recognized by the
ancient Greeks
E) autistics can usually have a normal
relationship with other people

210
 GRAMMAR REVISION TEST
1- Until now, pathologists ------ that different 4- In 1960, before the advent of oral
tissues, bodily substances, and foreign contraceptives, the teenage rate in America
objects (such as bullets) ------ X-rays in ------ more than double what it ------ today.
varying amounts.
A) was / is
A) had found / absorbed B) will be / had been
B) are finding / will absorb C) has been / was
C) have found / absorb D) is / will be
D) will find / had absorbed E) would be / has been
E) found / have absorbed
5- In the future, kidney patients ------ with
2- The vast sums of money spent to fight them a mobile device, like a phone, that ------
diseases such as AIDS and malaria in the the dialysis.
past ten years ------ many lives but also they
------ health systems in poor countries. A) would carry / had did
B) will carry / will do
A) have saved / have undermined C) will have carried / would be done
B) had saved / undermined D) had been carried / does
C) saved / will undermine E) carried / has been done
D) had been saved / undermine
E) are saved / will have been undermined 6- Previous month, researchers in Northern
Ireland ------ a group of young mothers to find
3- The medical team, whose findings were out why they ------ breastfeeding.
published in a leading American medical
journal, ------ bones in the mummies to work A) question / have given up
out their ages when they ------. B) questioned / had given up
C) will question / give up
A) analyze / die D) had questioned / gave up
B) will analyze / would die E) have questioned / will give up
C) has analyzed / dah died
D) analyzed / died 7- No pharmaceutical company ------ to invest
E) had analyzed / will die heavily in drugs for the treatment of a disease
nowadays that ------ only one in a hundred
thousand people.

A) wants / affects
B) wanted / affected
C) had wanted / had affected
D) will want / has affected
E) has wanted / will affect

211
8- In addition to urine, water ------ by the lungs 12- Some 54 million Americans ------
as vapor and by the skin as sweat. disabilities and that number ------ within the
last years despite effective precautions.
A) gave off
B) had been given off A) had / had been increasing
C) will be given off B) have / has been increasing
D) is given off C) will have / would increase
E) gives off D) had had / increased
E) have had / increases
9- The presence of fever in a patient ------ that
he or she ------ from an infection. 13- Cataracts ------ lead to blindness are age-
related thickenings in the lenses of the eyes
A) did not prove / was suffering ------ impair vision.
B) had not proved / has been suffering
C) will not prove / had suffered A) whose / where
D) have not proved / would suffer B) who / which
E) does not prove / is suffering C) of which / in which
D) which / that
10- If we ------ the contraceptive pill, it ------ our E) whom / whose
chances of conceiving at a later date.
14- The cooperation is important in the time
A) used / would hinder of the crisis ----- the food shortage is
B) had used / had hindered widespread and health providers should
C) use / will hinder inform people ------ are affected by it.
D) would use / had hindered
E) have used / could hinder A) when / who
B) where / that
11- Antibiotic ---- no longer ---- but ------ in the C) in which / whose
1970s to treat intestinal infections. D) that / where
E) of whom / which
A) was manufactured / had been used
B) will manufacture / has been used 15- The British Medical Association is coming
C) manufactures / will use under pressure to support compulsory
D) manufactured / will be used childhood vaccinations, most ------ were of
E) is manufactured / was used value after a certain age.

A) of whom
B) whose
C) in which
D) of which
E) that
212
16- Certain kidney disorders are diagnosed 19- Sutures have a long and bizarre history,
by ------ a radioactive chemical into the ------ back to ancient Egypt, where everything
patient’s blood and then ------ the amount of from tree bark to hair was used ------ human
radioactive material passed in the urine. flesh back together again.

A) injected / measure A) dated / to be stitched

B) injecting / measuring B) to date /stitching
C) to inject / to be measured C) date / stich
D) to be injected / measured D) dating / to stitch
E) inject / being measured E) to be dated / stitched

17- Exercise is indispensable in order to ------ 20- Unlike asthma, eczema is not dangerous,
the risk of heart disease by half, but a ------, people rarely worry about it.
growing number of adults refuse ------ their
recommended exercises. A) for example
B) thus
A) reduced / to be done C) however
B) reduce / to do D) whereas
C) reducing / doing E) so that
D) being reduced / to have done
E) be reduced / do 21- Viruses containing gold particles could be
used ------ tiny cameras to take photographs
18- It’s hard ------ that cigarette smoking, ------ within living cells.
inside most places now for health reasons,
used to be encouraged by the government. A) so that
B) only if
A) to believe / banned C) such as
B) to be believed / banning D) as
C) believed / to ban E) except
D) believing / ban
E) believe / to be banned 22- Chewing destroys the structure of the
food mechanically, ------ the saliva starts
breaking down the food chemically.

A) however
B) whereas
C) because
D) since
E) therefore

213
23- Some research in Belgium has shown that 27- Humans have around five million body
lung damage may occur in children and hairs which is ---- many ---- a chimpanzee has,
adults ------ swimming in an indoor pool. although ours are smaller and finer.

A) despite A) so / that
B) thereby B) such / as
C) as a result of C) hardly / when
D) although D) both / and
E) before E) as / as

24- Growth is perhaps the most fundamental 28- Health care professionals may quickly
aspect of child development, ------, it does not dismiss alternative therapies as ineffective
happen uniformly. and perhaps even dangerous, ------ their
clients think otherwise.
A) for example
B) however A) so
C) in contrast to B) nor
D) by means of C) in case
E) hence D) but
E) thus
25- Too little B12 can disrupt a child's
attention span, ------, it can also reduce 29- Sometimes many procedures can extend
motivation and hinder learning. life, ------, the quality of life and function can
also decline.
A) in addition
B) in fact A) for instance
C) as a consequence B) even so
D) nevertheless C) even if
E) for example D) likewise
E) just as
26- According to researchers, the developing
tumor needs help from neighboring cells ------ 30- An annual scientific meeting will be held
become cancerous. ------ facilitate communication among
surgeons whose primary interest lies in the
A) besides field of oncology.
B) because of
C) as well as A) so as to
D) in order to B) with a view to
E) rather than C) whether
D) unlike
E) despite
214
31- ------ medication can alleviate the 35- The cause of the ulcer dictates the type of
symptoms of depression, it cannot remove drug treatment, ------, people with ulcers
the disease. caused by infection receive antibiotics.

A) Even so A) therefore
B) So that B) however
C) Although C) That is
D) Because D) for example
E) As long as E) such as

32- Around 4,000 people died of bronchitis in 36- Anaesthetics are drugs given to patients
London in 1952 ------ their lungs had been ------ undergoing surgery to evaluate the
poisoned by a mixture of smoke particles and sense of feeling either in a localized area or
acid they were breathing in. across the whole body.

A) even if A) before
B) in spite of B) unless
C) because C) since
D) so D) although
E) unless E) despite

33- ------ urine, water is given off by the lungs 37- About 60 million people ------ Europe
as vapor and by the skin as sweat. before World War II, which ------ a great
migration to the US.
A) For example
B) In addition to A) had to leave / caused
C) Despite B) should leave / causes
D) Unlike C) could leave / will cause
E) As if D) must be left / had been caused
E) should have been left / was caused
34- There is evidence that some triggers, ------
maternal viral infections, may play a role in 38- A gene that ------ through a significant
vitamin D deficiency. change in humans ------ responsible for the
rapid evolution of our brain.
A) as
B) because of A) had gone / could be
C) such as B) has gone / may be
D) in order that C) will go / had to be
E) in spite of D) goes / would be
E) went / can be

215
39- Memory often ------ best when we have a
visual representation of past events, because 43- Laser light usually ------ easily through
this mental picture ------ us bring out many bone, except in cases where its use ------.
details.
A) passes / has been ruled out
A) worked / would help B) is passed / has ruled out
B) has worked / had helped C) will be passed / ruled out
C) will work / helped D) passed / was ruled out
D) works / will help E) has been passed / rules out
E) had worked / has helped
44- Because Harald zur Hausen ------ that
40- Continuous improvements in medical human papilloma viruses caused cervical
technological resources, as well as their cancer, he ------ one of three people awarded
potential to answer certain questions, ------ in the 2008 Nobel Prize for Medicine.
a number of distinct areas in recent years.
A) has discovered / will be
A) had appeared B) discovers / would be
B) had been appeared C) will discover / had been
C) has been appeared D) would discover / is
D) has appeared E) discovered / was
E) appeared

41- Numerous studies ------ that when 45- After they ------ middle age, many women
smokers quit smoking, they ----- better for a ------ the opportunity to take some preventive
period of up to ten days. action against bone thinning.

A) show / slept A) entered / had welcome

B) had shown / will help B) had entered / welcomed
C) will show / had helped C) enter / will welcome
D) have shown / sleep D) will enter / would welcome
E) showed / have slept E) have entered / have welcomed

42- Since scientists ------ how to manipulate 46- The European Union ------ the export of
genes, doctors and patients ------ their hopes some drugs to the US; therefore, state
on this knowledge. authorities ------ to find new drugs now.

A) had learned / had pinned A) had banned / had been trying

B) have learned / pinned B) banned / tried
C) learned / have pinned C) will ban / would try
D) will learn / pin D) has banned / are trying
E) learn / will pin E) would ban / try
216
 50- When people are exposed to a new
47- Although it ------ Miranda years of environment ------ language, attitudes and
substance abuse counseling to finally behavior are completely different, they are
achieve assistance; her addiction to drugs sure to suffer from culture shock.
and alcohol still ------.
A) whe
A) took / continues B) that
B) will take / continued C) of whic
C) takes / has continued D) whose
D) had taken / will continue E) where
E) is taking / had continued
51- All living things need food ------ gives us
48- The term medical ethics first ------ back to energy for everything ------ we do to survive.
1803, when English physician Thomas
Percival ------ a document describing the A) where / in which
requirements of medical professionals. B) that / who
C) whom / of which
A) dated / publishes D) which / that
B) had dated / will publish E) whose / whom
C) dates / published
D) will date / had published 52- More than 95 percent of all HIV-infected
E) has dated / has published people live in the developing world ------ the
disease has depleted the populations of
49- Unless the cause of your balance problem young men and women ------ form the
------ or incurable, your doctor ------ you on foundation of the labor force.
various ways to reduce your risk of injury.
A) when / that
A) knows / must be instructed B) of whom / whose
B) knew / would be instructed C) where / who
C) has been known / had instructed D) in which / whose
D) should be known / are instructed E) who / which
E) is known / might instruct
53- Finns, some ------ are married or live with a
partner, are less likely to develop dementia in
later life.

A) of whom
B) which
C) who
D) in which
E) of whose
217
54- Acid reflux is a common condition ------ 58- Dietary needs change throughout life,
features a burning pain, ------ is known as from ------ well during pregnancy to ------ the
heartburn, in the lower chest area. correct nutrients as you get older.

A) whose / that A) eating / getting

B) which / which B) to eat / get
C) where / who C) eaten / to be gotten
D) whom / in which D) eat / to get
E) that / where E) to have gotten / gotten

55- Health care providers ------ try to cope with 59- Baby dropping sometimes makes women
contagious diseases work in Africa ------ ebola ------ as if they ------ a bowling ball between
has affected thousands of people. their legs.

A) who / where A) felt / were carrying

B) when / in which B) to feel / carried
C) that / whose C) feeling / are carried
D) which / who D) feel / are carrying
E) of which / that E) to be felt / have carried

56- Many people must visit their dentist 60- Anesthesia is a way------ pain during
regularly for their teeth ------ health depend on surgery or a procedure by ------ medicine
good dental hygiene and oral care. called anesthetics.

A) when A) controlling / used

B) whose B) controlled / to use
C) in which C) to control / using
D) where D) to be controlled / having used
E) that E) control / use

57- ------ a good nutritional status can help a 61- Bronchiolitis ------ the lower airways may
person ------ their well-being. be severe enough ------.

A) To maintain / improved A) to affect / evaluating

B) Maintained / to be improved B) affect / evaluated
C) To have maintained / improving C) affecting / to be evaluated
D) Maintaining / improve D) to be affected / evaluate
E) To be maintained / to improve E) affected / to evaluate

218
62- It is never too late to stop smoking ------ 66- It's common for a tooth to be knocked out
your health. For example, if you stop smoking ------ an accident, fight, sports injury, or rough
in middle age, before ------ cancer, you avoid play.
most of the increased risk of death due to
smoking. A) as well as
B) because of
A) to benefit / having C) instead
B) to be benefitted / had D) in case of
C) benefit / to have E) such as
D) benefitted / having had
E) benefitting / have 67- Being able to identify someone's risk of
cancer is vital for saving lives; -------, it is
63- Artificial sweeteners are used ------ sugar challenging to predict how likely a person is
intake and many people think ------ their steps to develop a specific type.
toward them.
A) for example
A) reducing / turned B) even if
B) to be reduced / turning C) however
C) to have turned / to be turned D) that is
D) reduced / turn E) moreover
E) to reduce / to turn
68- People may be able to reduce the
64- TB is an infection ------ by a type of appearance of dark circles under the eyes
bacteria ------ Mycobacterium tuberculosis. with simple home remedies, ------, tea bags
may help lessen dark circles and puffiness
A) cause / to call under the eyes.
B) caused / called
C) to cause / to be called A) for example
D) causing / calling B) therefore
E) to be caused / call C) unlike
D) whereas
65- ------ your child gets older, teach proper E) nevertheless
brushing and flossing techniques.
69- Some people with bulimia lose weight
A) Despite ------ others maintain their body weight.
B) After
C) As A) when
D) Unless B) because
E) Whereas C) while
D) since
E) in spite of
219
70- There is currently no licensed treatment 74- Pregnancy can make diabetes
for Ebola, ------ new vaccines and drug management more difficult, and ------ a doctor
therapies are being developed and tested. should describe possible benefits and risks
before developing a treatment plan.
A) now that
B) whenever A) even if
C) although B) but
D) for instance C) for example
E) only if D) rather
E) therefore
71- A stroke can also occur ------ a blood
vessel in the brain ruptures and bleeds out. 75- Regular insulin helps many people with
diabetes manage their condition, ------ it may
A) even if not suit everyone.
B) though
C) when A) so
D) before B) but
E) whereas C) neither
D) for
72- Pancreatitis can happen ------ mumps, E) thereby
gallstones, trauma and the use of alcohol,
steroids, and drugs. 76- ------ providing new treatment strategies,
the presence of neutrophils in the eye could
A) despite provide a biomarker to detect the disease or
B) as well as measure its severity.
C) though
D) as a result of A) In addition to
E) instead of B) Despite
C) Instead
73- Dermatology focuses on the diagnosis D) Such as
and treatment of conditions related to skin, E) Like
hair and nails; ------, It concentrates on
maintaining the health of your skin.

A) hence
B) in addition
C) except that
D) even so
E) until

220
77- Male breast cancer is a relatively rare 81- In 2013, 6.8 million people in the U.S. had
disease, ------, very few studies have been diagnosed with dementia, ------, by 2050,
evaluated the factors that have associations the numbers are expected to double.
with better outcomes.
A) further
A) Nonetheless B) for example
B) In case C) thereby
C) Thus D) so that
D) In contrast E) even if
E) Otherwise
82- There are several advantages to inhaling
78- Everybody must brush their teeth steroids, ------- taking them by mouth.
regularly, ------, they may experience many
health problems. A) fairly
B) rather than
A) except that C) despite
B) further D) because of
C) however E) since
D) otherwise
E) likewise 83- some hospitals are ---- eager to implement
iPad technology ---- they are developing their
79- ------ it is mostly found in women, men can own apps.
get breast cancer too.
A) as / as
A) Conversely B) such / as
B) Similarly C) both / and
C) Whereas D) so / that
D) Whether E) hardly / when
E) Although
84- ------ everyone with heart disease may
80- Bone problems may include ------ have gum disease, everyone with gum
deformities ------tumors and fractures. disease may have heart disease.

A) neither / nor A) Although

B) so / as B) Just as
C) so / that B) In contrast
D) both / and D) Because
E) such / or E) So that

221
85- Gingivitis commonly occurs ------ a film of 89- Many doctors are not sure ------ drinking
plaque, or bacteria, accumulates on the teeth. coffee is useful for human beings or not.

A) before A) just as
B) since B) unlike
C) as well C) whether
D) likewise D) through
E) though E) besides

86- ------ can oral diseases reduce a person's 90- Darker skin has more protection from the
quality of life, ------ they can increase the risk sun ------ it contains higher levels of melanin.
of other serious conditions.
A) because
A) Too / to B) so
B) Such / as C) but
C) So / as D) even if
D) Not only / but also E) whereas
E) Neither / as well

87- Antidepressants can help relieve

symptoms of depression, social anxiety
disorder, anxiety disorders, and dysthymia,
or mild chronic depression, ------ other
conditions.

A) as well as
B) unlike
C) but
D) instead of
E) even though

88- Many people enjoy drinking tea, coffee, or

other hot beverages. ------, according to our
report, drinking very hot tea can increase the
risk of esophageal cancer.

A) therefore
B) for example
C) instead
D) however
E) though
222
TENSES TEST ANSWER KEY IF CLAUSE TEST ANSWER KEY

1-B 2-A 3-C 4-C 5-D 1-C 13-B 25-A 37-C 49-B
2-D 14-D 26-A 38-E 50-B
6-A 7-E 8-C 9-B 10-D
3-C 15- C 27-E 39-B 51-E
11-A 12-C 13-D 14- 15-B 4-A 16-E 28-D 40-D 52-C
16-A 17-C 18-E 19- 20-E 5-D 17-C 29-D 41-B 53-E
21-E 22-B 23-B 24-A 25-D 6-C 18-C 30-A 42-C 54-A
26-B 27-C 28-A 29-C 30-A 7-A 19-D 31-E 43-B 55-D
31-A 32-B 33-D 34-E 35-A 8-E 20-D 32-C 44-B 56-D
36-C 37-A 38-D 39-B 40-B 9-B 21-A 33-D 45-E 57-A
41-C 42-A 43-D 44-D 45-D 10-A 22-D 34-D 46-D 58-B
46-A 47-C 48-D 49-A 50-E 11-D 23-C 35-E 47-A 59-B
12-A 24-B 36-A 48-D 60-E
51-C 52-C 53-E 54-B 55-B
56-A 57-D 58-C 59-C 60-B
RELATIVE CALSUE TEST CEVAP ANAHTARI
61-A 62-C 63-A 64-E 65-B
66-A 67-B 68-D 69-A 70-C
1-D 19-D 37-B 55-C 73-C
71-D 72-B 73-A 74-A 76-D 2-A 20-D 38-A 56-E 74-A
76-A 77-C 78-E 79-A 80-C 3-C 21-A 39-D 57-D 75-C
81-D 82-C 83-D 84-B 85-C 4-D 22-D 40-D 58-A 76-E
86-D 87-A 88-D 89-A 90-B 5-A 23-D 41-A 59-B 77-B
91-B 92-A 93-D 94-C 95-C 6-E 24-C 42-A 60-D 78-C
96-C 97-B 98-D 99-A 100-B 7-B 25-B 43-B 61-C 79-B
101-C 102-D 103-A 104-D 105-B 8-C 26-D 44-A 62-E 80-D
106-B 107-C 108-C 109-A 110-D 9-D 27-E 45-A 63-A 81-B
10-E 28-E 46-D 64-D 82-A
111-C 112-A 113-B 114-D 115-A
11-A 29-B 47-D 65-B 83-B
116-C 117-D 118-A 119-C 120-A 12-C 30-B 48-C 66-C 84-A
13-D 31-C 49-C 67-E 85-A
PASSIVE VOICE TEST ANSWERR KEY 14-E 32-A 50-A 68-B 86-B
15-C 33-D 51-A 69-D 87-A
16-C 34-C 52-B 70-A 88-B
1-B 15-B 29-C 43-D 57-B 17-D 35-E 53-B 71-B 89-C
2-A 16-B 30-C 44-A 58-A 18-C 36-D 54-B 72-B 90-A
3-D 17-A 31-D 45-D 59-D
4-D 18-C 32-B 46-D 60-E
5-A 19-C 33-C 47-D 61-B
6-D 20-D 34-D 48-C 62-C
7-D 21-C 35-A 49-C 63-B
8-B 22-A 36-C 50-D 64-A
9-B 23-D 37-B 51-D 65-E
10-B 24-A 38-B 52-B 66-E
11-A 25-E 39-B 53-D 67-E
12-C 26-C 40-A 54-A 68-A
13-D 27-A 41-B 55-E 69-C
14-A 28-D 42-D 56-B 70-B

223
GERUND – INFINITIVE TEST ANSWER KEY CONJUNCTIONS AND ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
1-B 19-B 37-C 55-A 73-E ANSWER KEY
2-C 20-B 38-B 56-D 74-C 1-E 31-C 61-D 91-B 121-C 151-A
3-D 21-D 39-E 57-A 75-E 2-C 32-C 62-B 92-C 122-B 152-D
4-C 22-A 40-A 58-A 76-E 3-E 33-B 63-A 93-A 123-C 153-E
5-A 23-B 41-B 59-E 77-A 4-E 34-C 64-C 94-D 124-B 154-B
6-B 24-E 42-C 60-B 78-B 5-B 35-D 65-D 95-D 125-E 155-B
7-C 25-B 43-A 61-D 79-C 6-D 36-E 66-D 96-B 126-D 156-B
8-A 26-D 44-A 62-C 80-B 7-B 37-A 67-B 97-E 127-A 157-D
9-C 27-B 45-E 63-C 81-D 8-A 38-B 68-A 98-B 128-D 158-C
10-A 28-A 46-E 64-B 82-C 9-D 39-B 69-E 99-A 129-C 159-D
11-D 29-E 47-B 65-C 83-A 10-A 40-A 70-A 100-B 130-D 160-B
12-E 30-C 48-C 66-B 84-D 11-E 41-B 71-B 101-C 131-A 161-B
13-A 31-B 49-B 67-A 85-A 12-C 42-B 72-A 102-B 132-C 162-A
14-E 32-A 50-B 68-C 86-C 13-E 43-C 73-E 103-C 133-B 163-B
15-A 33-C 51-C 69-D 87-C 14-A 44-E 74-E 104-B 134-B 164-E
16-B 34-A 52-C 70-A 88-C 15-A 45-B 75-D 105-B 135-D 165-D
17-C 35-D 53-B 71-D 89-B 16-C 46-C 76-D 106-E 136-D 166-B
18-A 36-A 54-C 72-D 90-A 17-D 47-A 77-A 107-D 137-E 167-C
18-A 48-D 78-B 108-D 138-E 168-B
19-D 49-D 79-E 109-C 139-C 169-A
20-D 50-E 80-A 110-E 140-C 170-D
21-D 51-A 81-D 111-C 141-B 171-A
22-C 52-D 82-B 112-C 142-E 172-C
23-B 53-B 83-B 113-A 143-D 173-B
24-D 54-C 84-D 115-B 144-B 174-E
25-A 55-C 85-A 115-B 145-C 175-E
26-C 56-A 86-B 116-B 146-C 176-C
27-E 57-E 87-C 117-C 147-D 177-C
28-B 58-C 88-D 118-A 148-B 178-A
29-C 59-C 89-B 119-B 149-C 179-B
30-B 60-A 90-A 120-E 150-A 180-A

224
CLOZE TEST ANSWER KEY ENGLISH TURKISH TRANSLATION TEST
1-B 11-C 21-E 31-E 41-C 51-E ANSWER KEY
2-A 12-E 22-D 32-B 42-B 52-B 1-B 6-B 11-C 16-A 21-E 26-B
3-C 13-A 23-C 33-C 43-A 53-A 2-D 7-E 12-D 17-B 22-A 27-A
4-E 14-B 24-C 34-D 44-E 54-E 3-D 8-B 13-A 18-C 23-B 28-E
5-A 15-A 25-A 35-B 45-B 55-B 4-A 9-C 14-B 19-D 24-C 29-D
6-C 16-B 26-D 36-A 46-C 56-E 5-C 10-D 15-C 20-A 25-A 30-A
7-D 17-D 27-A 37-D 47-C 57-B
8-B 18-B 28-A 38-D 48-A 58-A
9-E 19-A 29-D 39-A 49-D 59-D
10-C 20-A 30-C 40-C 50-E 60-A TURKISH ENGLISH TRANSLATION TEST
ANSWER KEY
1-C 6-D 11-B 16-B 21-C 26-C
2-A 7-A 12-C 17-E 22-A 27-A
SENTENCE CONMPLETION ANSWER KEY 3-C 8-B 13-C 18-B 23-D 28-B
1-A 25-D 49-E 73-A 97-D 4-C 9-C 14-A 19-A 24-E 29-D
2-B 26-C 50-B 74-C 98-A 5-E 10-A 15-D 20-D 25-D 30-A
3-D 27-B 51-B 75-D 99-D
4-B 28-A 52-E 76-A 100-E IRRELEVANT SENTENCES TEST ANSWER KEY
5-A 29-D 53-E 77-A 101-E 1-C 21-B 41-A 61-C 81-C
6-C 30-B 54-D 78-C 102-D 2-C 22-A 42-B 62-D 82-B
7-D 31-D 55-C 79-A 103-C 3-D 23-A 43-C 63-B 83-E
8-A 32-D 56-A 80-D 104-E 4-E 24-C 44-E 64-C 84-B
9-B 33-E 57-A 81-B 105-A 5-B 25-C 45-D 65-E 85-D
6-B 26-C 46-D 66-C 86-C
10-A 34-A 58-B 82-A 106-D
7-B 27-A 47-C 67-A 87-D
11-D 35-B 59-C 83-D 107-B 8-A 28-D 48-B 68-D 88-B
12-B 36-B 60-C 84-C 108-B 9-C 29-B 49-B 69-B 89-D
13-A 37-A 61-B 85-E 109-C 10-E 30-D 50-C 70-D 90-D
14-A 38-A 62-D 86-C 110-B 11-B 31-E 51-E 71-B 91-B
15-B 39-C 63-B 87-B 111-D 12-B 32-D 52-E 72-D 92-E
13-E 33-C 53-D 73-C 93-D
16-C 40-D 64-A 88-D 112-A 14-B 34-A 54-A 74-A 94-C
17-E 41-D 65-E 89-C 114-C 15-E 35-E 55-D 75-E 95-D
18-C 42-D 66-A 90-C 114-B 16-E 36-A 56-B 76-E 96-B
19-B 43-A 67-C 91-D 115-A 17-A 37-D 57-B 77-A 97-E
20-E 44-E 68-B 92-C 116-A 18-C 38-D 58-B 78-B 98-C
21-A 45-B 69-B 93-D 117-C 19-D 39-D 59-D 79-B 99-B
20-D 40-B 60-A 80-A 100-D
22-C 46-A 70-D 94-C 118-D
23-C 47-C 71-A 95-C 119-A
24-C 48-D 72-E 96-C 120-B

225
PARAGRAPH COMPLETION TEST ANSWER GRAMMAR REVISION ANSWER KEY
KEY 1-C 16-B 31-C 46-D 61-C 76-A
1-D 21-D 41-C 61-D 81-B 2-A 17-B 32-C 47-A 62-A 77-C
3-D 18-A 33-B 48-C 63-E 78-D
2-A 22-B 42-E 62-A 82-C
4-A 19-D 34-C 49-E 64-B 79-E
3-A 23-E 43-D 63-B 83-A 5-B 20-B 35-D 50-E 65-C 80-D
4-D 24-B 44-B 64-A 84-B 6-B 21-D 36-A 51-D 66-B 81-A
5-E 25-A 45-E 65-A 85-E 7-A 22-B 37-A 52-C 67-C 82-B
6-B 26-C 46-A 66-D 86-C 8-D 23-C 38-B 53-A 68-A 83-D
7-C 27-B 47-C 67-D 87-B 9-E 24-B 39-D 54-B 69-C 84-B
10-C 25-A 40-D 55-A 70-C 85-B
8-A 28-C 48-C 68-A 88-D
11-E 26-D 41-D 56-B 71-C 86-D
9-B 29-D 49-C 69-C 89-E 12-B 27-E 42-C 57-D 72-D 87-A
10-D 30-A 50-C 70-E 90-A 13-D 28-D 43-A 58-A 73-B 88-D
11-A 31-A 51-B 71-B 91-B 14-A 29-B 44-E 59-D 74-E 89-C
12-B 32-D 52-A 72-B 92-C 15-D 30-A 45-C 60-C 75-B 90-A
13-E 33-A 53-D 73-B 93-D
14-D 34-C 54-D 74-C 94-E
15-B 35-B 55-B 75-C 95-A
16-A 36-B 56-B 76-E 96-C
17-E 37-D 57-A 77-B 97-A
18-B 38-A 58-C 78-A 98-D
19-C 39-E 59-C 79-D 99-D
20-A 40-C 60-B 80-E 100-C

PASSAGE TEST ANSWER KEY

1-D 17-D 33-D 49-D 65-E
2-A 18-A 34-C 50-A 66-C
3-D 19-D 35-B 51-A 67-A
4-C 20-A 36-B 52-B 68-C
5-A 21-E 37-D 53-E 69-C
6-C 22-D 38-A 54-C 70-A
7-C 23-A 39-E 55-D 71-E
8-E 24-E 40-B 56-E 72-C
9-E 25-A 41-C 57-A 73-A
10-A 26-D 42-B 58-B 74-C
11-B 27-D 43-A 59-C 75-A
12-D 28-C 44-D 60-A 76-C
13-B 29-C 45-C 61-B 77-C
14-C 30-E 46-A 62-D 78-E
15-D 31-E 47-E 63-E 79-A
16-B 32-A 48-C 64-A 80-B

226