10/3/22
EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC AND
PLANETARY SCIENCES 111
FALL 2022
Igneous Processes I
- Igneous Rocks and Textures
-Plate Margin Types and the Associated
Igneous Rocks
- Magma generation, movement and
emplacement
Lecture Schedule for EAPS 111 FALL 2022
1
Month Day T/TH Wk LEC # Topic Labs
Aug 22 M 1 1 Introduction, Course Topics and Structure, Expectations Introduction to the Earth
1
Aug 24 W 2 Plate Tectonics: The Big Picture; Part 1 Sciences
Aug 29 M 2 3 Plate Tectonics: The Local Picture; Part 2
2 Evidence of Plate Motion
Aug 31 W 4 Earthquakes: Part 1; EQ Basics, Mechanics & Location
Sept 5 M 3 - Labor Day - No Classes Plate Tectonics and
3
Sept 7 W 5 Earthquakes: Part 2; Damage & Hazards, Earth's Interior Earthquakes
Sept 12 M 4 6 Rock Deformation I: Basics, Faults and Folds Earth's Interior and Rock
4
Sept 14 W 7 Rock Deformation II: Faults and Folds, Building mountains Deformation
Sept 19 M 5 8 Catch up - Case Studies
LE-1 Lab Exam #1 (In Lab)
Sept 21 W - Lecture Exam 1
Sept 26 M 6 9 Earth Materials I - Minerals, Rocks and the Rock Cycle
5 Minerals and Rocks
Sept 28 W 10 Earth Materials II - Mineral and Rock Systematics
Oct 3 M 7 11 Igneous Processes I
6 Igneous Rocks and Volcanoes
Oct 5 W 12 Igneous Processes II
Oct 10 M 8 - October Break (10 -11) - No Class on Monday
No Lab - October Break
Oct 12 W 13 Sedimentary Processes and Rocks
Oct 17 M 9 14 Sedimentary Rocks II and Metamorphism Sedimentary and
7
Oct 19 W 15 Geologic Time I - Philosophy, Relative Dating, Correlation Metamorphic Rocks
Oct 24 M 10 16 Geologic Time II - Correlation, Radiometric Dating, history
8 Geologic Time
Oct 26 W 17 Catch up - Case Studies
Oct 31 M 11 - Lecture Exam 2
LE-2 Lab Exam #2 (In Lab)
Nov 2 W 18 Tectonics and Climate
Nov 7 M 12 19 Flowing Water: Part 1 - Ice
9 Glaciers and Climate Change
Nov 9 W 20 Flowing Water: Part 2 - Water
Nov 14 M 13 21 Freshwater: Resources and Ground water
10 Rivers and Floods
Nov 16 W 22 Flowing Ground: Ground Collapse and Slope Failure
Nov 21 M 14 23 Water meets Earth: Coastal processes and Shorelines
No Lab - Break
Nov 23 W - Thanksgiving Break - No Class Wednesday (24 -27)
Nov 28 M 15 24 Catch up - Case Studies
LE-3 Lab Exam #3 (In Lab)
Nov 30 W - Lecture Exam 3
Dec 5 M 16 25 TBD
No Lab
2 Dec 7 W 26 Warp up and Review for the Final
Dec 12-17 17 - Final (Lecture) Exam (cumulative)
* These topics are subject to change in response to unforeseen events (e.g., weather or other campus emergency)
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Things to think about …
• (Quickly Review) How can you use Bowen’s
Reaction Series to predict the structure and
composition of silicate rocks ?
• How are magma cooling rate and chemical
composition related to rock type and texture?
• What controls how molten rock will flow (its
viscosity) ?
Direction of Solidification from a Mantle Source
Solidify at high T Single Tetrahedra
Mafic
Single chain silicates
Olivine Double chain silicates
Pyroxene
Amphibole Sheet silicates
Biotite
Muscovite &
Potassium Feldspar (k-spar)
Quartz
Solidify at low T Felsic Framework
silicates
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Direction of Melting (solid rock)
Melt at high T Single Tetrahedra
Mafic
Single chain silicates
Olivine
Double chain silicates
Pyroxene
Amphibole
Sheet silicates
Biotite
Muscovite &
Potassium Feldspar (k-spar)
Quartz
Source rock usually doesn’t
fully melt – partially melts
Felsic Framework
Melt at low T silicates
Bowen’s
Reaction Series
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Viscosity: Resistance to Flow in a fluid
Low viscosity:
lava spreads out
High
viscosity:
lava piles up Liquid only at
Higher temp.
and fewer
silica chains
Still liquid at
Lower temp.;
abundant silica 05.09.c1
chains
7
Viscosity: Resistance to Flow in a fluid
Is related to:
• Temperature
- Viscosity increases as a fluid cools
(e.g., hot syrup vs. cold syrup)
• Composition
• Viscosity increases with the strength of the internal bonds
In Silicates the Si–O bond is the most common, and largely determines
the behavior of the melt – the more bonds the higher the viscosity
Increasing # of SI-O bonds
Increasing viscosity of melt
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What Can Happen to a Rock?
Weathering Erosion and transport
How are igneous rocks
classified? Deposition
Sedimentary Rocks
How is rock composition01.06.a1
and
cooling rate related to a rock’s
appearance?
Bur
ia
l
Up
Igneous Rocks Metamorphic Rocks
U
lift
pl
ift
Deformation
Melting and
Solidification metamorphism
Classifying Silicate Igneous Rocks
Observe these
igneous rocks
and devise a
way to classify
them
05.02.a1
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Classifying Igneous Rocks …
Composition
related to the elements in the magma which
directly affects which minerals form as the magma
cools (i.e., mafic, intermediate or felsic)
Mafic: A rock or melt with relatively
LOW silica (~50-55%) and HIGH
concentrations of iron and magnesium
Felsic: A rock or melt with relatively
HIGH silica (~65-70%) and LOW
concentrations of iron and magnesium
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Classifying Igneous Rocks …
Composition
related to the elements in the magma which
directly affects which minerals form as the magma
cools (i.e., mafic, intermediate or felsic)
Texture
related to the size of the individual mineral
grains in the solidified rock
-Consequence of the cooling rate of the magma
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1 cm
Texture
related to the size of the individual mineral grains in the solidified rock
-Consequence of the cooling rate of the magma
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05.01.a
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1 cm
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05.01.a
Coarse textured
crystals in finer
textured matrix
No crystals have
formed very fast
cooling rate
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Cooling Rate and Texture
Slow cooling
Moderate
cooling
Slow then fast
Fast cooling
05.10.b
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Some Useful New Terms
Intrusive Cools slowly underground
(Plutonic) (1000s to millions of years)
Extrusive
Reaches the surface, cools quickly
(Volcanic) (seconds to 1000s of years)
Magma Molten rock underground
Lava Molten rock at the surface
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Granite Diorite Gabbro Peridotite 05.02.b1-8
Slower cooling – larger crystals
INTRUSIVE
Felsic Intermediate Mafic Ultramafic
Rhyolite Andesite Basalt Ultramafic lava
Examples of Intrusive
and Extrusive rocks
EXTRUSIVE with same composition
Fast cooling – smaller crystals
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Where do
Eruption as lava or ash
Igneous
Rocks Form
Forms magma chamber (solidifies or rises)
Accumulates into rising magma body
Partial melting of source
05.03.a1
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Settings of Large Magma Chambers
Observe these settings where large magma chambers
form, and propose causes of melting for each site
Subduction beneath Continental
Mid-ocean ridge continent collision
05.11.b1
Oceanic hot spot Continental hot spot
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Irregular Plutons
area of less than 100 km2
05.11.c
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Igneous Intrusion
Shale
(Sedimentary
rock)
Granite
(intrusive igneous)
Intrusive granitic pluton in marine shale
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Batholith
area of greater than 100 km2
05.11.c
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Granitic Batholiths, CA
•Pluton
–Large, blob-shaped intrusive body, Batholith > 100 km2
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Magma Injected as Sheets
Dike Sill
05.12.a
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Granite Diorite Gabbro Peridotite 05.02.b1-8
Felsic Intermediate Mafic Ultramafic
Rhyolite Andesite Basalt Ultramafic lava
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Let us consider the different
environments where these rock
typically form …
Consider the source material, associated
heating and melting and possible mixing …
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Consider Role of
Source Area
C ont
i nent
al C r
ust ls ic Melting
Fe
continental
crust forms
felsic or
intermediate
Ma n
tle magma
f ic
m a
Melting mantle
forms mafic 05.03.b2
magma
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How could melting occur along a divergent boundary
(mid-ocean ridge)?
05.06.a1 05.06.c2
Solid asthenosphere Decompression
rises to fill gap melting
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Gabbro 05.02.b1-8
Slow Cooling
Mantle source, Mafic
Mafic composition Basalt
Fast cooling
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How could melting
occur in a
continental
rift?
05.06.c
Decompression
Crustal Heating
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Granite Gabbro 05.02.b1-8
Felsic Mafic
Rhyolite Basalt
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Magmatism with Hot Spots
Oceanic island
Rising
mantle
plume
05.08.a
Crustal Huge
melting basalt
and flows on
caldera in continents
continent
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Melting in a Ocean-Ocean Convergent Boundary
(Subduction Zone)
Mostly
intermediate
rocks
Add water to
05.07.a hot mantle
35
05.02.b1-8
Diorite
Intermediate
Andesite
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05.10.c1
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How could melting occur along an ocean-
continent convergent boundary? Mostly intermediate
and some felsic
rocks
Mafic magma melts crust
-mixing
Enrichment of SiO
05.07.b1
Adding water
melts mantle
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05.02.b1-8
Granite Diorite
Felsic Intermediate
Rhyolite Andesite
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Bowen’s
Reaction Series
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Viscosity: Resistance to Flow
Low viscosity:
lava spreads out
High
viscosity:
lava piles up
Viscosity is directly related to composition
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Independent Tetrahedra
• No oxygens and are linked
• Olivine Group
• Garnet Group
Garnet
Kyanite
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Single Chain Silicates
• Single chains bonded with Fe and Mg.
• Pyroxene Group
Pyroxene
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Double Chain Silicates
• Double chain of silica tetrahedra
bonded with variety of cations.
• Amphibole Group
Hornblende
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Sheet Silicates
• 2 dimensional sheets of linked tetrahedra.
• Characterized by one direction of perfect
cleavage.
• Mica Group
• Biotite, Muscovite.
• Clay Mineral Group
• Residue of feldspar weathering.
Muscovite Mica
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Framework Silicates
• All 4 oxygens in the silica tetrahedra are
shared.
• Feldspar Group
• 2 Major types
• Potassium feldspar
• Plagioclase feldspar
• Silica (Quartz) Group
• Contain only Si and O.
Quartz Crystals
Potassium Feldspar
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