Blood ➔ Plasma Proteins

Kate Ariane S Madrid - Most abundant solutes

- Liver makes plasma protein
a. Albumin
Blood - Acts a carrier to shuttle certain
- Is the river of life molecules through circulation
- Transport everything (nutrients, hormones, - Important in blood buffer
wastes, and body heat through blood - Contributes to osmotic blood
vessel) pressure
- Life sustaining fluid
- The only fluid tissue in the body b. Clotting Proteins
- Both solid and liquid composition - Help stem blood loss when blood
vessel is injured
COMPOSITION
➔ Formed Elements c. Antibodies
- Living blood cells - Help protect the body from
- 45% pathogens
➔ Plasma
- Nonliving fluid matrix d. Acidosis
- 55% - Blood starts to become acidic
➔ Buffy Coat
- Thin whitish layer e. Alkalosis
- Junction between erythrocytes and - too much base in the body, resulting
plasma in a blood pH above 7.45
- Fraction containing white blood cells
and platelets
➔ Hematocrit
- Fraction made up of red blood cells

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND VOLUMES

- Blood is sticky
- 5 times heavier than water
- Scarlet (oxygen rich)
- Dull red or Purple (oxygen poor)
- Metallic and salty
- Slightly alkaline (7.35 - 7.35)
- 38o C or 100.4 o F
- 8% of the body weight
- Volume in healthy adults 5 - 6 Liters

➔
Plasma
-
Nonliving fluid matrix
-
55%
-
90% water and dissolve substances
are nutrients, sales, respiratory
gasses, hormones, plasma proteins
and waste.
 ➔ Formed Elements
- Living blood cells ➔ Amoeboid motion
- 45% of the blood - they form flowing cytoplasmic
extensions that help move them
3 Cell Types along (movement)
- By following the diffusion gradient, it
➔ Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) destroys microorganisms and
- Transport oxygen and carbon disposes of dead cells.
dioxide
- 4 - 6 million mm3 WBS 2 MAJOR GROUPS
- Anucleate (no nucleus)
- Small flexible cells shaped like 1. Granulocytes
biconcave discs (mini donuts) - Granules visible in their cytoplasm
- have lobed nuclei, which typically
a. Hemoglobin consist of several rounded nuclear
- a iron bearing protein in red blood areas connected by thin strands of
cells that carries oxygen throughout nuclear material.
the body:
- More hemoglobin the Rbc’s contain a. Neutrophils
the more oxygen it will carry - are the most numerous WBCs
- Normal blood contains 12 - 18 - They have a multilobed nucleus and
grams of hemoglobin per 100 ml of very fine granules that respond to
blood both acidic and basic stains.
- Active phagocytes
➔ Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) - Kill bacteria during respiratory burst
- they are crucial to body defense
- there are 4,800 to 10,800 WBCs/mm3 b. Eosinophils
- 1% of the total blood volume - Kill parasitic worms by deluging
- contains nuclei and organelles them with digestive enzymes; play a
- defend the body against bacteria, complex role in allergy attacks
viruses, fungi, parasites and tumors
cells c. Basophils
- slip into and out of the blood vessel - Release histamine (vasodilator
– the process called diapedesis chemical) at sites of inflammation;
- circulatory system is simply contain heparin, an anticoagulant
their means of transportation where - Histamine - an inflammatory
their services are needed for chemical that makes the blood
inflammatory or immune responses vessel leaky and attracts other WBS
to the inflamed site.
➔ Positive Chemotaxis
- Capability of the WBCs can locate 2. Agranulocytes
areas of tissue damage and infection - lack visible cytoplasm
in the body by responding to certain - spherical, oval, or kidney shaped
chemicals that diffuse from the
damaged cells
 c. Polycythemia
a. Lymphocytes - excessive or abnormal increase in
- Occupies the cell volume the number of erythrocytes
- Part of immune system; B
lymphocytes produce antibodies; T 1. Polycythemia Vera
lymphocytes are involved in graft - may result from bone marrow cancer
rejection and in fighting tumors and
viruses via direct cell attack 2. Secondary Polycythemia
- Play important role in immune - the air is thinner and less oxygen is
response available

b. Monocytes TYPES OF ANEMIA

- Active phagocytes that become
macrophages in the tissues Decrease in RBC number
- Macrophages - important in fighting
chronic infections ➔ Sudden hemorrhage
- Hemorrhagic anemia
➔ Platelets
- Needed for normal blood clotting ➔ Lysis of RBCs as a result of bacterial
- initiate clotting cascade by clinging infections
to torn area - Hemolytic anemia
- 250, 000 - 400, 000 mm3
- are fragments of bizarre ➔ Lack of vitamin B12 (usually due to lack of
multinucleate cells called intrinsic factor required for absorption of the
megakaryocytes vitamin; intrinsic factor is formed by
- stops blood loss from broken blood stomach mucosa cells)
vessels - Pernicious anemia

Homeostatic Imbalance ➔ Depression/destruction of bone marrow by

cancer, radiation, or certain medications
a. Anemia - Aplastic anemia
- Lacking blood
- decrease in the oxygen-carrying Inadequate hemoglobin content in RBCs
ability of the blood, whatever the
reason 1. Iron-deficiency anemia
- may be the result of - Lack of iron in diet or slow/prolonged
- (1) a lower-than-normal number of bleeding (such as heavy menstrual
RBCs flow or bleeding ulcer), which
- (2) abnormal or deficient hemoglobin depletes iron reserves needed to
content in the RBCs. make hemoglobin; RBCs are small
and pale because they lack
b. Sickle cell anemia (SCA) hemoglobin
- the body does not form normal
hemoglobin ➔ Leukemia
- abnormal hemoglobin is formed that - literally “white blood,”
becomes spiky and sharp (crescent - the bone marrow becomes
shape) cancerous, and huge numbers of
WBCs are turned out rapidly
Hematopoiesis (Blood Cell Formation) ➔ Thrombopoietin
- produced by the liver, accelerates
➔ Blood cell formation, or hematopoiesis the production of platelets from
- occurs in red bone marrow, or megakaryocytes
myeloid tissue
- Each type of blood cell is produced ➔ Bone Marrow Biopsy
in different numbers in response to - When bone marrow problems or a
changing body needs disease condition such as leukemia
- After they mature, they are is suspected, a special needle is
discharged into the blood vessels used to withdraw a small sample of
surrounding the area. red marrow from one of the flat
- containing 100 billion new cells bones
every day.
- hormonal Blood Group and Transfusion

➔ Hemocytoblast - Losses 15 - 30 percent of blood lead

- “blood cell former” to pallor and weaknesses
- Blood stem cell that produces all - Loss of over 30% causes severe
formed elements shock
- common stem cell -
➔ Whole Blood transfusions
➔ Hemocytoblast differentiation - are routinely given to replace
a. Lymphoid stem cell - produces lymphocytes substantial blood loss and to treat
b. Myeloid stem cell - produces other formed severe anemia or thrombocytopenia
elements - The usual blood bank procedure
involves collecting blood from a
➔ Erythropoietin donor and mixing it with an
- Rate is controlled by a hormone anticoagulant to prevent clotting
- Stimulate RBC Production - The treated blood can be stored
- Kidneys produce most (refrigerated at 4°C, or 39.2°F) until
erythropoietin as a response to needed for about 35 days.
reduced oxygen levels in the blood
- Homeostasis is maintained by Human Blood Groups
negative feedback from blood
oxygen levels - Blood contains genetically determined
proteins
Formation of White Blood Cells
➔ Antigen
- The formation of leukocytes and platelets is - is a substance that the body
stimulated by hormones. recognizes as foreign; it stimulates
- These colony stimulating factors (CSFs) the immune system to mount a
and interleukins not only prompt red bone defense against it.
marrow to turn out leukocytes, but also
enhance the ability of mature leukocytes to
protect the body.
 ➔ Agglutination
- Finding of the antibodies causes the
foreign RBCs to clump, a
phenomenon called agglutination
which leads to the clogging of small
blood vessels throughout the body.

➔ ABO blood groups

- are based on which of two antigens,
type A or type B, a person inherits

➔ Type O
- Absence of both antigens

➔ Type A (presence of A Antigens)

➔ Type b (presence of B Antigens)

➔ Rh blood group
- most Americans are Rh+
- Rh− people do not have preformed
antibodies to Rh+ RBCs but form
them once exposed (sensitized) to
Rh+ blood

Developmental Aspects of Blood

- Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) has a higher

affinity for oxygen (binds more easily) than
does HbA (adult hemoglobin)
- Physiologic jaundice in a newborn reflects
immaturity of the infant’s liver
- Leukemias are most common in the very
young and very old
- Older adults are at risk for anemia and
clotting
disorders