Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM

Background of the Study

Over the last decade, social media has become an outlet for

people to share and acquire knowledge and information. From

categories such as fashion and beauty to gaming and photography,

people can surf to what caters to their interests. The creativity

opportunity is endless and through social media, those with

similar interests can form communities and interact with people

of the same interests.

YouTube is just one of the many social media platforms with

wide categories of content with which individuals are free to

choose what corresponds to their liking. It gives people the

opportunity to create, view, and communicate through videos, its

content ranging from brand-promoted material to clips of TV shows

and movies (Pace, 2008). According to globalmediainsight.com

(2022), after Google, YouTube is the second-largest search

engine. And after Instagram, is the second-most popular social

media site. Almost one billion hours of videos are watched each

day, resulting in many billions of views. After India, which has

four hundred sixty-seven (467) million active users, the USA has

the platform's second-largest user base with two hundred forty-

six (246) million users. Meanwhile, Philippines is at the

Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

University of the Cordilleras Students

thirteenth (13th) spot as one of the countries worldwide with the

most YouTube users that has fifty-six point five (56.5) million

users (demandsage.com).

Out of the endless categories to choose from, fitness has

been one of the most popular during the worldwide lockdown. And

according to globalmediainsight.com, YouTube is the most widely

used internet platform in the US, with seventy-four percent (74%)

of adult users. In 2020, seventy-two percent (72%) of people

watched fitness-related videos on YouTube. According to Google

Philippines from an article by gmanetwork.com, YouTube watch time

has increased by more than fifty percent (50%) especially during

the peak of the pandemic. From gardening videos to arts, and

video games. Additionally, there was a more than 90% watch time

increase for knowledge & trivia videos and fitness content that

tripled in a short period of time.

Throughout the years, people have been engaging in exercise

classes, going to the gym, walking the dog, and doing other

physical activities to stay active. Through the rapid improvement

of technology and social media, it has made it a whole lot easier

to fit in a quick workout from home without having to head to the

gym (Nguyen, 2021).

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

University of the Cordilleras Students

Since the COVID-19 outbreak at the beginning of 2020, social

media usage has increased significantly. Due to lockdowns, people

all around the world were ordered to stay at home to reduce the

chances of spreading and contracting the virus (Siani, 2020).

Additionally, Robinson et al., (2020), also justified the fact

that quarantines gave rise to weight gains due to sedentary

lifestyle, and carelessness in nutrition. During this time the

getting fit trend has started to make some noise online.

According to a major fitness club operator in Asia, more gym-

goers are turning to online workout sessions as a result of the

coronavirus illness 2019 (Covid-19), which has restricted

mobility. Moreover, a statement released by Evolution Wellness

Philippines country manager Mark Ellis, the company's most recent

poll reveals that more gym members now use online platforms than

they did before the pandemic. In a poll conducted by Kantar,

respondents from the Philippines reported increasing their online

exercise from 35% before the pandemic to seventy-seven percent

(77%) during lockdowns (Crismundo, 2021). People were exposed to

fitness influencers. Through social media, those who are

knowledgeable and experienced in health and fitness have allowed

themselves to share their workout plans and routines along with

diets via the internet for others to follow and thus gaining a

large following. These fitness influencers post videos on social

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

University of the Cordilleras Students

media sites such as YouTube with routines designed to help others

achieve their goals while some even provide a nutrition guide to

healthy meals (Nguyen, 2021).

An online article by Siani (2020) discusses how the rise of

fitness influencers came to the advantage of those who wish to

get fit during the peak of the pandemic due to the reason and

thinking that investing in a personal trainer who will help

achieve their goals and understand how the body works will be

costly. Also, not everyone has the time and money to invest in a

personal trainer, leading some people to turn to social media

fitness influencers that have helped many people around the world

stay active through their workout and diet plans and guides.

These fitness influencers started to rise in popularity simply

because they are able to fit in quick 10-20 minute workouts in

their busy schedule from home.

A lot of fitness influencers are not technically

professionals. According to Blanco-Herrero et al., (2021), some

may have degrees in physiotherapy, exercise science or are a

certified personal trainer, but a lot of these influencers are

into content creation of fitness and health because they benefit

from the monetary gains, they get off their videos and they enjoy

an active and healthy lifestyle. Proportionately, the advice and

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

University of the Cordilleras Students

tips they are presenting to their audience are based on their

personal experiences and opinions. Individuals differ in body

structures and their level of athleticism affect their

performance in doing certain exercises. As a result, a specific

workout or diet plan will not work for every single individual.

Young people are on their mobile devices on a daily basis,

and they expose themselves to influencers and celebrities living

their “best lives” with the best-looking body, plugging or

promoting so called “health products” like detox teas. Upon

seeing such products, they are then influenced to try them so

that they can achieve the same body as their idols. The desire of

many users to lose weight was evidenced, for example, in the

increase in the advertising of slimming products (Nguyen, 2021).

One of the most prominent names that made noise in the

fitness influencer world is Chloe Ting, an Australian YouTuber

and fitness influencer based in Singapore. Her quick follow-along

workout videos, especially her “Two Weeks Shred” program gained

so much popularity during the rage of COVID-19. She also has an

active website, chloeting.com where all her free workout programs

are posted along with recipes for weight loss and muscle gain.

However, the functionalities and practices of users and

influencers in the digital realm have adapted to the need to

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

University of the Cordilleras Students

appear perfect, focusing more and more on the use of filters,

image enhancement, and digital manipulation to appear closer to

these “ideals” in body measurements, skin color, eyes, and hair,

among other factors. Contrary to what they know, detox teas can

be rather damaging to the body long-term and have a list of side

effects such as stomach pains, diarrhea, and dehydration

(McNamara, 2019).

Working out for weight loss does not have a quick route.

Hence, taking miracle weight loss pills or detox teas will do

nothing to you and your fitness goals. Also, one questionable

issue that the online fitness community has is the belief of spot

reducing. Many fitness influencers share the idea that spot

reduction on areas of the body is possible, when in fact it is

not. You cannot work on a specific area of the body and hope that

fat loss will happen there. Fat loss is no easy process that is

why many would believe in the theory of spot reduction, which

until today has no scientific findings to prove its effectivity.

To understand how fat loss works, a direct quotation from Kubala,

J. (2018) is here to simplify the process, “The fat in your cells

is found in the form of triglycerides, which are stored fats that

the body can use for energy. Before they can be burned for

energy, triglycerides must be broken down into smaller sections

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

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called free fatty acids and glycerol, which are able to enter the

bloodstream. During exercise, the free fatty acids and glycerol

used as fuel can come from anywhere in the body, not specifically

from the area that is being exercised.” Because of that, you must

workout your entire body to engage your muscles and burn fats all

over your body. Therefore, spot reducing does not work and must

not be promoted at all.

Dieting like Crash Diet, on the other hand, is an unsafe

practice that has been around for years. The said kind of diet

for weight loss is designed for weight loss goals for short span

of time. It was found to be effective but unsafe and dangerous in

the long run; it’s not sustainable for an overall fitness goal.

Crash dieting in nature is the restriction of calorie intake

below the recommended amount an individual must consume per day.

According to Kreitzman et al., (1992), the weight that is being

lost during the short amount of time is mainly water weight

because it is not safe to burn through that much fat in such

little time. After an individual goes through the short-term

diet, and goes back to consuming food like normal, an individual

might gain even more weight than before (Kreitzman et al., 1992).

An alarmingly high prevalence of insufficient physical

activity among young Filipinos was studied and recorded by

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

University of the Cordilleras Students

surveillance data. In particular, the 2019 Philippine Food and

Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI) reported eighty-four-point

six percent (84.6%) of Filipino adolescents aged 10-17 years are

not meeting the recommended amount of physical activity for

health. Moreover, data gathered from the Global School-based

Health Surveys (GSHS) show that a percentage of Filipino

adolescents meeting the global physical activity recommendation

has remained significantly low since 2003 (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).

With the spread of misinformation about fitness on YouTube,

negative effects such as the development of eating disorders

and/or body dysmorphia in teens and early adults is not just

alarming but needs to be controlled. Hence, the main objective of

this research is to study the alarming impacts of misinformation

on fitness especially behavioral effects to the selected students

from the University of the Cordilleras. The perceptions and

knowledge of students about fitness misinformation is also a

concern of this study. As social media users, we are exposed to

different content and materials every day having no certainty

about it. According to the study by Wong et al., (2017) this

digital ecosystem sources of information and genres converge,

makes it increasingly difficult for users to identify and discern

reliable messages from inauthentic ones, thus reducing the

ability to differentiate scientific information from opinions and

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

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advertising (Allgaier, 2019). YouTube, being one of the leading

online platforms, serves as one of our main sources when it comes

to gaining information and among the many categories it provides,

fitness is one of the top topics many engage into.

Presently, YouTube is currently at an all-time high for

fitness misinformation. According to Fiona Abellera, is due to

the power that people seem to be aware they possess when it comes

to information sharing. Making a YouTube account is fairly

simple, and posting information online is even simpler. I make

sure that every piece of information I provide for readers on

social media sites is based on facts. I research things. Adding

on that, based on a YouTube video by Sean Nalewanyj, a fitness

coach and content creator, people have been discussing recently

that YouTube has to "fix" their algorithm in order to reward

content that is factually accurate rather than pushing all these

clickbait overhype videos that are full of misinformation. This

is true for both fitness content providers and users as well.

Now, that sounds great in principle, but when it comes down to

it, whether it's on YouTube, over on Instagram, or on TikTok, the

major focus of these platforms has little to do with the material

itself, which many people are unaware of or fail to consider.

They don't believe their algorithms are faulty, and they are not

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

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interested in changing them the way many people believe they

should be fixed (Nalewanyj, 2022).

At the end of the day, these are businesses, and the main

objective is to make profit. They make a profit through

advertisers, and they maximize those earnings by keeping you on

the platform for as long as possible so that they can then show

you as many ads as possible. They do this by promoting those

pieces of content that are most effective at grabbing attention

(Nalewanyj, S. 2022). Additionally, if the material is not

generating a high degree of engagement across a large audience

that keeps users of the app, accurate and scientifically based

information on fitness becomes useless.

Significance of the Study

The advancement of technology has necessitated people to

shift from physical or face-to-face to online in relation to

working out, and the reliance to such specific shifting was

exacerbated by COVID-19 that caused the worldwide lockdown.

Social media, like YouTube, has become an outlet for people to

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

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acquire knowledge and information in which the getting fit trend

became popular among YouTube users.

With the immeasurable amount of content creators online who

are legitimate in their field of expertise, a complication

emerges when self-proclaimed fitness influencers and fitness

enthusiasts post or upload contents that are inappropriate,

unsuitable, and untrue specifically in diet plans, exercise, and

working out. These led the researchers to study, share awareness,

and bring to light the drawbacks of misinformation on fitness

being consumed on YouTube.

A well-informed individual will not only save him or herself

but also save others with the correct knowledge acquired by

influencing his or her peers about the proper use of YouTube as a

channel for students to acquire information about fitness and

health in general.

Theoretical Framework

This research aims to use two theories to understand the

continuous existence of misinformation on YouTube about fitness

and how the students of the University of the Cordilleras

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perceptions are affected by it. These theories are namely the

Mere Exposure Effect and Conspiracy Theory.

Mere Exposure Effect

Mere Exposure Effect, also known as Familiarity Principle,

is our tendency to develop preferences for things simply because

we are familiar with them. According to Lewis et al., (2022), the

theory explains that an individual, during a decision-making

process, is more likely to opt for a choice that he or she is

familiar with. It also pointed out that when faced with options,

we should not be choosing things familiar to us because it

deprives us to experience and appreciate alternatives that are

around.

In relation to the study at hand, students of University of

the Cordilleras has the tendency to follow along online workout

videos or exercise routines that they have seen before or fitness

influencers that they are familiar with.

On contrary, students must be educated further on the

dangers of misinformation about fitness that they see online,

specifically on YouTube. It must also be stressed that fitness is

not just something that people engage in when it is trendy or

popular but something that must be included in their daily lives.

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

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Conspiracy Theory

On the other hand, Conspiracy Theory is defined as “an

attempt to explain harmful or tragic events as the result of the

actions of a small powerful group. Such explanations reject the

accepted narrative surrounding those events; indeed, the official

version may be seen as further proof of the conspiracy” by Reid

(2022). As a theory, it aims to explain the functions, existence,

and origin of such phenomena.

In this case, by conspiring that an alternate truth is the

ultimate truth, it now becomes a truth that spreads as a false

information being consumed by the masses. Fitness misinformation

is not being deemed to be alerting for the YouTube committee

because the misleading fitness videos garner views, comments,

both negative and positive, and in their algorithm, engagement is

engagement, and online consumers, UC students to be exact,

interact with these misleading contents generate income not just

for the online influencers but to the YouTube committee to be

exact.

Deceptive contents that tracts views and engagement become

popular and trending, overshadowing their opposites-

scientifically accurate contents, and the deceiving and

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

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pretentious workout contents suddenly becomes the “real thing”

because they are the ones that sold the audience.

Watch and assess the

UC Students YouTube Videos of

Chloe Ting

 Gym goers
1. “Do This Everyday to
 Physically
Lose Weight”
Active
2. “Get Abs in 2 WEEKS”
 Works out
3. “Sexy Back and Abs
 Active YouTube
Workout”
users

Produce a Promotional

Infographic on the 14
Misinformation found

in Fitness Videos on
 YouTube and the

Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

University of the Cordilleras Students

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of “A Study on the Negative

Impacts of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube” (Maxion and

Hangdaan, 2022)

Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study. The

researchers seek to answer four (4) questions; the level of

fitness misinformation on YouTube, level of knowledge of UC

students about fitness misinformation, how often do students

encounter fitness misinformation, and the impacts fitness

misinformation to them.

The conceptual framework begins with the UC students who

are gym goers or are physically active. They are then subjected

to watch and assess three (3) selected workout videos from a

popular fitness influencer, Chloe Ting. Upon their viewing of the

said videos, they are to assess the videos according to title and

description, thumbnail, and content through the Google Docs

prepared by the researchers. With the gathered responses from the

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

University of the Cordilleras Students

UC students, the researcher will land on the behavioral effects

of fitness misinformation that are present on the YouTube videos

attached to the Google Forms that the students have answered.

Producing a promotional infographic about misinformation on

fitness videos and how to start a fitness journey the right way

is the expected outcome the researchers achieved.

Input Process Output

Three YouTube Collection and Production of a

videos about analysis of promotional
fitness by survey infographic-
Chloe Ting: questionnaires
from poster about
1. Get Abs in 2 respondents the proper way
Weeks of embarking on
fitness journey
2. Do this Interview with
Everyday to experts
Lose Weight| 2
Weeks Challenge
3. Toned Arms
in 10 Minutes 16
Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

University of the Cordilleras Students

Figure 2. Paradigm of the Study

Figure 2 follows the Input-Process-Output (IPO) in this

mixed (qualitative and quantitative) research. Below the input

section are the researchers’ tools used in gathering information

from their study sample. Under the process are steps the

researchers utilized to gather data from their respondents and

information from selected experts related to the study. Lastly,

beneath the output is the oeuvre of this study produced and laid

out by the researchers in relation to the misinformation found in

fitness videos on YouTube and the proper way to start your

fitness journey.

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

University of the Cordilleras Students

Statement of the Problem

The primary purpose of this study is to divulge the

behavioral effects of misinformation on fitness across YouTube to

its audience.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the level of misinformation about fitness on

YouTube?

2. What is the level of knowledge of UC students regarding

misinformation on fitness on YouTube?

3. How often do students encounter misinformation

regarding fitness on YouTube?

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

University of the Cordilleras Students

4. How do these misinformed fitness contents on YouTube

affect the students at University of the Cordilleras?

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 Chapter 2

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design and methodology,

the population and locale, as well as procedure.

Data Gathering Method

Quantitative research was defined as explaining phenomena by

collecting numerical data that were analyzed using mathematically

based methods, according to Alliaga and Gunderson (2000), through

surveys, questionnaires, and polls (Babbie, 2010).

As a data gathering tool, the researchers utilized YouTube

videos of Chloe Ting, an Australian YouTuber and fitness

influencer who gained popularity during the height of the

pandemic because of her home workout videos. The researchers

handpicked three (3) of her videos that gained millions of views.

The researchers used a survey questionnaire for the students

and interviewees to gather data and information. The gathered

data and information were used to assess how misinformed fitness

contents on YouTube affect the students at the university of the

Cordilleras.
Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

University of the Cordilleras Students

Population and Locale of the Study

This study focused on finding out how misinformed fitness

contents on YouTube affect the students of the UC, particularly

students who are avid gym goers or those who workout regularly.

The researchers see that the students who go to the gym or do

workout regularly are mostly exposed to physical activities and

just like others, they are also social media users. As social

media consumers, they encounter YouTube content about fitness.

The respondents will be coming from different college departments

from UC who are qualified under the sampling description

identified by the researchers.

Data Gathering Tool

In order to acquire the sufficient data needed, the

researchers opted a data gathering tool, namely, survey for the

respondents and interview for the experts. It is to assess how

misinformation in fitness across YouTube affects the students at

the University of the Cordilleras in behavioral well-being,

particularly from students who go to the gym, those who work out,

student-athletes, and have an active lifestyle. The researchers

used the snowball sampling method in which their online survey

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

University of the Cordilleras Students

forms, Google Forms, will be referred to random yet qualified

respondents. The standards or the sampling frame that the

researchers intend to study are students who go to the gym, those

who work out, student-athletes, and have an active lifestyle. The

research does not have a specific number of respondents; given

that the researchers opted for a snowballing method, the number

of respondents will be determined by the respondents themselves.

As for the YouTube videos, the researchers curated three (3)

workout videos because of their popularity.

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

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Table 1. YouTube Videos utilized and assessed by the Respondents

Title Thumbnail Engagement Rate

“Do this Everyday to 3.9 million likes

Lose Weight" 204,779,720 views

“Get Abs in 2 WEEKS | 8.5 million likes

Abs Workout 497,025,173 views

Challenge”

“Sexy Back & Abs 133 thousand likes

Workout | 10 Mins (No 6,980,764 views

Equipment)”

Data Gathering Procedure

First thing the researchers did was to get approval of the

following university personnel through communication letters:

Head of the Thesis Committee, Thesis subject adviser, and head of

the College of Arts and Sciences (CAS).

Upon approval, the researchers crafted an effective survey

questionnaire. The researchers proceeded in distributing the

questionnaires by sending links of the Google Forms to their

respondents. The respondents watched the three (3) workout videos

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

University of the Cordilleras Students

of Chloe Ting. The researchers handpicked the specific videos

because the said videos by Chloe Ting are the ones that garnered

the most views during the hype of the at home workout trend.

With the gathered amount of information, the researchers

reviewed and evaluated the answers of their respondents.

Treatment of Data

In analyzing the gathered data, the researchers used the

Descriptive Analysis wherein the data were analyzed and

interpreted in the form of averages and weighted mean.

Frequency count (E) refers to the number of times a score or

value occurs in a group of scores or values. Percentage (%) is a

numerical value that shows the proportion of a single frequency

value from the total population.

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

University of the Cordilleras Students

The percentage formula is:

P=f/n x 100%

Where:

P= Percentage

F=Frequency

N= Total number of respondents

To measure the degree of responses of the respondents, the

statistical mean computation was used.

The mean formula is:

X=E fx/N

Where:

X= Mean

F= Frequency

X- Value of variable

N- Total number respondents

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

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Table 2. Scale for Mean

Numerical Value Descriptive Value

3.26-4.0
STRONGLY AGREE = VERY HIGH

2.51-3.25
AGREE = HIGH

1.76-2.50
DISAGREE = LOW

1.0-1.75
STRONGLY DISAGREE = VERY LOW

The table above shows the numerical value and descriptive

value of the results gathered from the respondents. Under the

descriptive value, it shows that questions with the highest

collected responses of “strongly agree” would equate to very high

when it comes to the respondents’ knowledge, while “agree” would

mean that their knowledge is high. In contrast, “disagree”

equates to low and “strongly disagree” would mean very low.

Scope and Delimitations

This study focused on determining the behavioral effects of

misinformation on fitness across YouTube based on the assessment

of the students at the University of the Cordilleras. The study

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

University of the Cordilleras Students

was carried out at the University of the Cordilleras, Governor

Pack Road, Baguio City during the second trimester of the S.Y

2022-2023.

The researchers administered a survey through Google Forms.

The respondents of this study have no specific number as the

researchers have used the snowball sampling method, wherein, each

respondent will have to refer to someone they know with the same

lifestyle or criteria. It is a non-random sampling as the

respondents need to meet a specific criterion identified by the

researchers.

The researchers came up with the study as people, especially

the young adults nowadays are exposed and are very active on

browsing or watching content such as fitness on social media

platforms like YouTube.

Although fitness is complementary to the overall health of a

person, the study focused more on the misinformation that

revolves around the topic on YouTube. Health, as a term, was

encountered during the study but the researchers solely focused

on the effects of misinformed fitness content om YouTube to

University of the Cordilleras students who fall under the

specifics that the study needed.

27
 Chapter 3

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents, analyzes, and interprets results from

the data acquired for this study. Specifically, this chapter

covers the level of knowledge of the University of the

Cordilleras students, how often they encounter misinformation

regarding fitness on YouTube and how it affects them. The chapter

further discusses the findings of the study under which the

research questions were answered.

Tallied Results of the Data Gathered

Table 3. Assessment of the Level of Knowledge of UC Students

Regarding Misinformation on Fitness Contents on YouTube using the

Mean value

CRITERIA MEAN DESCRIPTION

Thumbnail/ Picture 2.94 Agree/ High

Title and 2.96 Agree/ High

Description

Content 2.57 Agree/ High

Grand Mean 2.83 Agree/ High

Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

University of the Cordilleras Students

Table 3 shows the level of knowledge of UC students as

perceived by the respondents classified into these three

dimensions, namely: 1) Thumbnail/Picture; 2) Title and

Description; and 3) Content. It has a computed grand mean of 2.83

with a descriptive value of Agree/High as an overall assessment

for the level of knowledge of UC students regarding

misinformation on fitness on YouTube. This implies that the

respondents from UC confirmed the presented misinformation on the

YouTube videos about fitness they were tasked to watch. It also

means that the respondents perceived the fitness videos haven a

high level of misinformation. The thumbnail/picture has a

computed mean of 2.95, while the title and description have a

computed mean of 2.96, and the content has 2.57 that are all

interpreted as High. These results only imply that the students

have a high level of knowledge when it comes to fitness

misinformation on YouTube.

According to Sean Nalewanyj (2022), a fitness coach and

expert, the majority of individuals who consume fitness material

are unaware of the differences between right and wrong, but even

if they did, it is still true that the general public will lean

toward flashier and more attention-grabbing content. Here is

where it gets alarming. Even if an individual is aware that a

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

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piece of material contains just useless information, he or she,

nevertheless, is likely to watch and interact with it for that

same reason. Even a negative response still garners attention and

keeps the audience on the platform. For better or worse, sharing

it with someone else still tells YouTube that this is an

interesting piece of material overall. The important thing to

note in this situation is that the algorithm ultimately revolves

around that.

Moreover, Fiona Abellera (2023), a social media manager,

believes that the audience of fitness industry or target market

is one of the most accessible. It is because everyone wants to

discover the quickest and most convenient approach to lose weight

or become healthier. When I've been writing for clients in the

fitness business, I've mostly run against that. They want the

information they produce to reflect this. It's a good thing that

some social media platforms, like Facebook, have rules on posting

stuff about weight loss. You cannot share before and after

pictures with them. I believe YouTube is less restrictive. That

might also be a factor in why YouTube has a higher rate of

misinformation than other websites.

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

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Table 4. Assessment of UC Students on How Often they Encounter

Misinformation on Fitness on YouTube

SOP 3 (4) (3) (2) (1)

Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly Weighted

Agree Disagree Mean

Q1 6 34 5 1 2.98

Q2 5 28 10 3 2.76

Q3 2 26 14 4 2.57

Q4 4 25 13 4 2.63

Q5 3 30 11 2 2.74

Q6 4 37 5 0 2.98

Q7 5 22 15 4 2.61

Q8 10 32 4 0 3.13

Total:

2.8

Table 4 shows how often UC students encounter misinformation

regarding fitness on YouTube. The researchers presented three

YouTube videos to their respondents: 1) Get abs in 2 weeks; 2) Do

this every day to lose weight for 2 weeks; and 3) Toned arms in

10 minutes. The said videos have information that does not truly

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

University of the Cordilleras Students

reflect reality which the researchers used to test their

respondents. From the three dimensions presented by the

researchers in SOP 2, the same is used to categorize the

questions for the respondents to easily evaluate the said videos.

For the overall assessment of the UC students on the three

presented videos, a grand mean of 2.8 was totaled with a

descriptive value of Disagree/ Low on how often the UC students

encounter misinformation on fitness on YouTube. This implies that

the UC students do not often encounter misinformation on fitness

on YouTube as it was described as low by its grand mean or has a

low encounter rate for misinformation. The algorithm plays a huge

role here, in simplest way, if an individual, in this case a UC

student watches the videos curated by the researchers, he or she

now became exposed and related videos will start appearing to his

or her YouTube newsfeed.

In truth, according to Nalwenyj (2022) the algorithm is

humans. Regardless of whether the information contained within

that video is factually accurate or not, the algorithm is

essentially a reflection of the collective brain and what that

collective brain is most drawn towards. The goal isn't to provide

people with the information they need; rather, it's to provide

them with the information they want—or at least believe they want

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

University of the Cordilleras Students

—and the big irony in all of this is that the information that is

most factually accurate about training, nutrition,

supplementation, and other topics is frequently the opposite of

what people want to hear (Nalewanyj, 2022).

According to Abellera (2023), content creation will largely

depend on the target market and niche of a fitness or content

creator. One should be aware of the most effective ways to grab

the attention of the audience, in this case click baits, people

will be able to understand the subject of a video thanks to

titles. This is also excellent for ranking, optimization, and

keywords.

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

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Table 5. Assessment of the UC Students on How Misinformed

Contents on YouTube Affect Them

(4) (3) (2) (1)

SOP 4 Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly Weighted

Agree Disagree Mean

Q1 6 26 9 5 2.72

Q2 3 33 5 6 2.76

Q3 3 26 14 3 2.63

Q4 2 30 11 3 2.67

Q5 1 20 19 6 2.35

Q6 4 26 12 4 2.65

Q7 2 24 14 6 2.48

Total:

2.61

AGREE

Table 5 shows how the fitness contents affect the students

of UC. The questions presented are reactions or phrases that

enforces an action from the same videos that were presented in

SOP 2 and SOP 3. It has a computed grand mean of 2.61 with a

descriptive value of Agree/High on how these misinformed contents

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

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on YouTube affects the students of UC. This implies that most of

the students have agreed that the videos affect them by

influencing them to make an action- such as to exercising more

because they are even more motivated and lured with what they

watched based on the three dimensions mentioned which are the

content, thumbnail/picture, and title/ description of the videos.

The click baited titles on the videos only requires 2-3 weeks of

workout and highlight the toned body physique of the influencer.

Elaborately, the average student is considerably more likely

to just follow the crowd and judge the value of online content

solely based on social proof and other flimsy criteria. According

to Sean Nelwanyj, they simply infer that something must be

valuable information if someone has an established following or

if a particular piece of content receives a lot of likes and

views, if that person is attractive and speaks with confidence.

They won't even truly question it.

In a negative way, Dr. Proserfina Ruiz, a medical doctor

said that, without prior advice from specialists and assistance

from trained fitness instructors, exercising can damage or even

injure a person instead of encouraging wellbeing, especially when

using machines or other equipment. In order to modify a workout

to a person's needs, it is crucial to first study and consult

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

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about the exercises that are suitable for them while taking into

account their general wellbeing (whether they are taking medicine

or are ill in any way).

To counteract the possible effects of misinformation on

fitness across YouTube, particularly behavioral impacts, Dr. Ruiz

reminds students that before implementing anything, whether it be

a new exercise routine or a diet strategy, it is always vital to

perform some research. Furthermore, Fiona Abellera explains that

you are your own gatekeeper when it comes to the material you

consume on social media sites like YouTube, after all. Therefore,

whether it has a favorable or bad impact on you depends on the

user. I believe the problem has been resolved if YouTube could

filter all of these videos to provide only stuff that is factual.

However, YouTube is a platform where anyone can share anything at

any time. This makes it almost difficult. Perhaps we might inform

viewers about how to pick trustworthy YouTube fitness video

producers, such as duly qualified medical professionals or

accredited experts in the subject. Before believing or even

sharing the information, look for verified accounts alone or

carefully check the facts.

36
Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

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37
 Chapter 4

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the conclusions derived from the

study, and the pertinent recommendations from the researchers.

Conclusions

Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions

are drawn:

There is a high level of misinformation on fitness on

YouTube as assessed by the knowledge of the UC students who

responded to the questions from the three videos presented to

them. It has a grand mean of 2.83 wherein most of the respondents

have agreed on the videos that contain misinformation.

A grand mean of 2.8 was totaled with a descriptive value of

Disagree/ low on how often the UC students encounter

misinformation on fitness on YouTube. This implies that the UC

students don’t often encounter misinformation on Fitness on

YouTube as it was described as low by its grand mean or has a low

encounter rate for misinformation.

Basing on the results of the data gathering, the level of

knowledge that the UC students have about misinformation on

Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

University of the Cordilleras Students

fitness across YouTube is high yet their encounter rate when it

comes to misinformed fitness contents on YouTube is low which, it

only means that they encounter misinformed fitness videos on

YouTube infrequently and when they do, they could not discern

which is factual and which is inaccurate, causing their knowledge

on fitness misinformation to be low.

The result of the study shows that there is a negative

impact to the UC students from misinformation on fitness across

YouTube. A grand mean of 2.61 was computed with a descriptive

value of Agree/High which implies that the students are affected

with these videos that gives them the urge to follow and pursue

these misinformed contents. Moreover, they find the workout

videos to be somewhat helpful despite the click baited titles and

thumbnails.

Recommendations

Based on the findings, the following are the recommendations:

Future researchers may conduct similar studies since

research about misinformation on fitness is only a few. Research

such as this will help the people understand that there is also

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

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misinformation on fitness and will help them understand more of

the exercises or diets that are fit to each and everyone.

If students choose to tackle research similar to this one,

they must be willing and really be interested in this topic. They

may continue what was started here and they have the option to

pattern a new study with a different take or angle when it comes

to misinformation on fitness. They may choose to highlight a

different social media platform such as TikTok and Instagram.

They are also encouraged to widen the number of their

respondents. For instance, they may choose to go after

respondents outside the university realm as long as their

prospective respondents fall under the requirements that they

will be setting.

Students who wish to start their fitness journey, like one

of the researchers of this thesis, must be aware of the contents

they will engage-in to the online realm. It is understandable

that not everyone will pay fitness coaches or gym membership to

be fit and healthy, hence home workout is the most convenient

option. Not all online fitness influencers are credible but has

accurate content and not all accredited fitness influencers

online have scientifically backed contents. One does not

necessarily have to reject the material in front of their screen

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

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but rather strain what is important and what is useful for your

study or journey.

Online fitness influencers who have the vison to help others

kick start their fitness journey must keep their contents and

information truthful and consistent. They must be honest in

disclosing what are the exact procedures or techniques to follow

in order to do everything the right wat. They must be direct on

the “dos and the don’ts” and they must not practice fitness myths

nor disseminate misinformation just because they are being paid

to produce a certain video or content.

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

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References

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Nalewanyj, S. (2022, November 22). The Sad Reality Of YouTube

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Pandemic [COVID-19]. Bulkly. Retrieved October 26, 2022,

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Appendices

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Appendix A. Letter to the Experts:

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Appendix B. Letter to the Respondents

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Appendix C. Survey Questionnaire for the UC Students

Survey Questionnaire for the UC Students

Thesis Title: A Study on the Negative Impacts of Misinformation on Fitness Across

YouTube

Name (optional): _________________________________

College: _________________________________________

A. Please check below the appropriate answer for your response.

Level of knowledge of UC students regarding misinformation on health and fitness on

YouTube.

Assess the thumbnail/picture based on the

three (3) videos:
1. Get abs in 2 weeks.
2. Do this everyday to lose weight. Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly
3. Sexy back and abs workout. Agree Disagree

1. The body/physique of the influencer

on the picture/thumbnail grabbed
my attention.

2. The body physique of the influencer

portrayed in the video makes the
workout routine more enticing and
truthful.

3. The influencer has abs shown in the

picture making the said workouts
believable and encouraging.

4. The picture shown is the exact

expected result of everyone that will
try these videos.

5. The influencer’s back and arms are

toned up well, making the video
reliable.

Assess the title/description based on the

three (3) videos:
1. Get abs in 2 weeks.
2. Do this everyday to lose weight. Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly
3. Sexy back and abs workout. Agree Disagree

1. The titles fitted or are in line to both

the content and the description.

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

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2. The title is enticing but not

believable and achievable.

3. The title has all the appropriate

information needed for the video as
it shortens and summarizes the
description.

4. The description of each video is very

informative as to what you should
expect and what basic necessary
information of the workout routine
presented.

5. The title is short and catchy which is

more important than its lengthy
information.

Assess the content based on the three (3)

videos:
1. Get abs in 2 weeks.
2. Do this everyday to lose weight. Strongly Strongly
3. Sexy back and abs workout. Agree Agree Disagree Disagree

1. Two weeks is enough time to lose

weight with a moderate exercise
routine.

2. The duration or shortness of the

videos makes it look easy and
convincing to try.

3. Getting abs in 2 weeks for an 11-

minute workout routine is
achievable.

4. All the exercises done are

appropriate and are all focused on
losing weight and toning up.

5. A sexy back and abs can be

achieved in 10-minutes without any
equipment.

6. A 10-minute workout for 3 weeks

straight can tone up my arms and
build my upper body strength.

7. The exercises are well executed and

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

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have used a lot of tension that

makes it look effective for everyone.

B. Please check below the appropriate answer for your response.

Frequency of students encountering misinformation regarding health and fitness on YouTube.

Example fitness Videos/Titles on YouTube:

a. Get Abs in 2 Weeks

b. Do this Everyday to Lose Weight| 2

Weeks Challenge
Strongly Agree
c. Toned Arms in 10 Minutes Agree Disagree Strongl
y
Disagre
e

1. I always encounter these types of videos

on YouTube.

2. I watch these kinds of videos on YouTube.

3. I follow along with the contents similar to

the videos mentioned.

4. I find these types of videos to be accurate

and believable.

Next page…

5. I practice the contents I watch on

YouTube about fitness.

6. I check the contents of the fitness videos

I watch on YouTube.

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

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7. Videos with similar titles to:

“Burn 400 Calories in 30 Minutes at Home”

“12 Minute Weight Loss”

“Abs in 2 Weeks|No Equipment”

always grabs my attention.

8. I encounter fitness influencers with click

baited titles on their YouTube videos.

C. Please check below the appropriate answer for your response.

Effects of misinformed fitness and health contents on YouTube affect the students at the
University of the Cordilleras.

Strongly Agree Strongly Agree

Agree Disagree

1. I was ultimately
motivated by the
influencer’s body or
physique.

2. I was enticed to
the influencer
knowing that the
workout routine had
a good effect on her.

3. I am convinced
and encouraged to
follow the influencer
and her workout
contents.

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

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4. I have constantly
been watching
workout videos on
YouTube as
inspiration to
achieve my fitness
goals.

5. I have been
exercising everyday
to be able to achieve
the 2-weeks
challenge weight
loss with minimal
workout.

6. I am hesitant to
do some of the
workout because of
their intensity.

7. I was motivated
by the title saying I
can lose such weight
in 2 weeks only with
easy exercise
workouts.

Appendix D. Questionnaire in Google Forms

The researchers
made this as the
header for their
Google Forms
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Appendix E. Sample Answered Questionnaire on Google Forms

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Appendix F. Profile of Experts

Expert No. 1

Name: Fiona Katherine Abellera

Field of Expertise: Radio Production and Social

Media

Occupation: Audio Jock

Location: 003 Barangay Upper Market Subdivision, Baguio City

Expert No. 2

Name: Dr. Proserfina Retuta-Ruiz

Field of Expertise: Medical

Occupation: Medical Doctor

Location: University of the Cordilleras,

Governor Pack Road, Baguio City

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Appendix G. Proposed Infographics (A)

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(B)

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(C)

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Appendix H. Timeline of Data Gathering

Date

(April Activity

2023)

4-6 The researchers started looking

for their initial group of

respondents.

7 Finalization of the Google Forms

Survey Questionnaire

8 The Researchers started sending

links of their Google Forms to

their respondents.

9 Rest Day

10 While waiting for initial set of

responses, the researchers

worked on other chapters of

their paper.

11-13 After working during the Holy

Week, the researchers gave

themselves a short academic

break.

14-16 The researchers resumed in

monitoring their respondents and

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

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looking for more respondents.

17 With the initial data collected,

the researchers started to align

it to their interpretation.

18 The researchers were tapped by

Thesis Group No. 5 in

collaborating and working

together on their chapters 3 and

4.

19-20 All the data acquired from the

respondents are tallied,

interpreted, and chapter 3 has

been finalized.

Curriculum Vitae

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

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A. Personal Information

Name: Zvi Von Balajo Hangdaan

Age: 21

Date of Birth: January 2, 2022

Address: Runruno, Quezon, Nueva Vizcaya

Father: Martin B. Hangdaan

Mother: Ofelia B. Hangdaan

B. Educational Background

Elementary: Cudog National High School

Junior High School: Runruno National High School

Senior High School: Runruno National High School

Motto: Always aspire to be better, situation change.

Curriculum Vitae

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Behavioral Effects of Misinformation on Fitness Across YouTube Among

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A. Personal Information

Name: Dwight Tyra Byang Maxion

Age: 24

Date of Birth: September 23, 1998

Address: 129 Greenwoods Subdivision,

Km. 6 Asin Road, Baguio City

Father: Joven G. Maxion

Mother: Lillian B. Maxion

B. Educational Background

Elementary: Philex Mines Elementary School- Inc.

Junior High School: Saint Louis High School- Philex Mines

Senior High School: University of the Cordilleras

Motto: When you were born you cried, and the world rejoiced. Live

your life so that when you die, the world will cry, and you

rejoice.

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Documentation

The researchers after checking the first set of

results from their target respondents with their
associates.

The researchers at the school library discussing

the contents of their chapter 3 and 4.

Documentation

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The researchers getting help from Group 5 about the

tallying of tables and results from data gathering.

The researchers, together with Group 5, accomplishing the last

pages of their Initial Draft.

79