SET NUMBER:1 [Big Data]
Q4]
2] Write an R program to find out number is positive or negative
# Function to check if a number is positive, negative, or zero
check_number <- function(num) {
if (num > 0) {
return("The number is positive.")
} else if (num < 0) {
return("The number is negative.")
} else {
return("The number is zero.")
# User input
number <- as.numeric(readline(prompt = "Enter a number: "))
result <- check_number(number)
cat(result, "\n")
3] Write an R program to sort a Vector in ascending and descending order
# Function to sort a vector
sort_vector <- function(vec) {
ascending <- sort(vec)
descending <- sort(vec, decreasing = TRUE)
list(ascending = ascending, descending = descending)
# User input
user_input <- as.numeric(unlist(strsplit(readline(prompt = "Enter numbers separated by spaces: "), "
")))
sorted_results <- sort_vector(user_input)
# Display results
cat("Ascending Order: ", sorted_results$ascending, "\n")
cat("Descending Order: ", sorted_results$descending, "\n")
4] Write an R Program to print Multiplication Table of 2.
# Function to print multiplication table of 2
print_multiplication_table <- function(num, range) {
for (i in 1:range) {
result <- num * i
cat(num, "x", i, "=", result, "\n")
# Set the number and range
number <- 2
range <- 10
# Print the multiplication table of 2
print_multiplication_table(number, range)
5] Write an R program to check number is Armstrong or not.
# Function to check if a number is an Armstrong number
is_armstrong <- function(num) {
# Convert the number to a string to split it into digits
digits <- as.numeric(unlist(strsplit(as.character(num), "")))
# Calculate the number of digits
n <- length(digits)
# Calculate the sum of each digit raised to the power of n
sum_of_powers <- sum(digits ^ n)
# Check if the sum equals the original number
return(sum_of_powers == num)
# User input
number <- as.numeric(readline(prompt = "Enter a number: "))
if (is_armstrong(number)) {
cat(number, "is an Armstrong number.\n")
} else {
cat(number, "is not an Armstrong number.\n")
SET NUMBER:2 [Big Data]
Q4]
a) Explain Naive Bayes with the help of an example.
Naive Bayes is a classification algorithm based on Bayes' Theorem, with the assumption of
independence between predictors. It’s particularly useful for text classification tasks.
Example: Suppose you want to classify emails as "Spam" or "Not Spam" based on the words they
contain.
1. Training Data:
o Emails labeled as Spam: "Win money", "Free offer"
o Emails labeled as Not Spam: "Meeting tomorrow", "Project update"
2. Calculate Prior Probabilities:
o P(Spam) = Number of Spam emails / Total emails
o P(Not Spam) = Number of Not Spam emails / Total emails
3. Calculate Likelihoods: For each word, calculate the probability of it appearing in Spam and
Not Spam emails. For example:
o P(Win | Spam) = Count(Win in Spam) / Count(Spam)
o P(Win | Not Spam) = Count(Win in Not Spam) / Count(Not Spam)
4. Prediction: Given a new email "Win a free phone", calculate:
o P(Spam | "Win a free phone") using Bayes' Theorem.
o P(Not Spam | "Win a free phone") similarly.
Choose the class with the higher probability.
b) What is data visualization? Explain with example in R.
Data Visualization is the graphical representation of information and data. It helps to understand
trends, patterns, and insights from data.
Example in R: Let’s create a simple bar plot using R to visualize the frequency of categories in a
dataset.
# Sample data
categories <- c("A", "B", "C", "D")
values <- c(10, 15, 5, 20)
# Creating a bar plot
barplot(values, names.arg=categories, col="blue", main="Category Frequency", xlab="Categories",
ylab="Values")
c) Write an R program to accept temperatures in Fahrenheit (F) and print it in Celsius (C).
# Function to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius
fahrenheit_to_celsius <- function(f) {
c <- (f - 32) * 5/9
return(c)
# Accept user input
f <- as.numeric(readline(prompt="Enter temperature in Fahrenheit: "))
c <- fahrenheit_to_celsius(f)
cat("Temperature in Celsius:", c, "\n")
d) Accept three dimensions length (l), breadth (b) and height (h) of a cuboid and print its volume.
# Function to calculate the volume of a cuboid
cuboid_volume <- function(l, b, h) {
volume <- l * b * h
return(volume)
# Accept user input
length <- as.numeric(readline(prompt="Enter length of the cuboid: "))
breadth <- as.numeric(readline(prompt="Enter breadth of the cuboid: "))
height <- as.numeric(readline(prompt="Enter height of the cuboid: "))
volume <- cuboid_volume(length, breadth, height)
cat("Volume of the cuboid:", volume, "\n")
e) Write an R program to accept any year as input and check whether the year is a leap year or not.
# Function to check if a year is a leap year
is_leap_year <- function(year) {
if ((year %% 4 == 0 && year %% 100 != 0) || (year %% 400 == 0)) {
return(TRUE)
} else {
return(FALSE)
# Accept user input
year <- as.numeric(readline(prompt="Enter a year: "))
if (is_leap_year(year)) {
cat(year, "is a leap year.\n")
} else {
cat(year, "is not a leap year.\n")
