BS ISO 8528‑5:2018

BSI Standards Publication

Reciprocating internal combustion engine

driven alternating current generating sets

Part 5: Generating sets

BS ISO 8528‑5:2018 BRITISH STANDARD

National foreword
This British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 8528‑5:2018. It
supersedes BS ISO 8528‑5:2013, which is withdrawn.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical
Committee MCE/14, RIC engines.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on
request to its secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions
of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
© The British Standards Institution 2018
Published by BSI Standards Limited 2018
ISBN 978 0 580 98136 4
ICS 27.020; 29.160.40
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
legal obligations.
This British Standard was published under the authority of the
Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 October 2018.

Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication

Date Text affected
 BS ISO 8528‑5:2018
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 8528-5

Fourth edition
2018-10-12

Reciprocating internal combustion

engine driven alternating current
generating sets —
Part 5:
Generating sets
Groupes électrogènes à courant alternatif entraînés par moteurs
alternatifs à combustion interne —
Partie 5: Groupes électrogènes

Reference number
ISO 8528-5:2018(E)

© ISO 2018
BS ISO 8528‑5:2018
ISO 8528-5:2018(E)


COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

© ISO 2018, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
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ISO 8528‑5:2018


Contents Page

Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iv
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Other regulations and additional requirements...............................................................................................................17
5 Frequency characteristics.........................................................................................................................................................................17
5.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
5.2 Safety frequency.................................................................................................................................................................................. 18
6 Voltage characteristics.................................................................................................................................................................................18
7 Sustained short-circuit current..........................................................................................................................................................18
8 Factors affecting generating set performance.....................................................................................................................18
8.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
8.2 Power............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 18
8.3 Frequency and voltage................................................................................................................................................................... 18
8.4 Load acceptance................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
9 Cyclic irregularity..............................................................................................................................................................................................21
10 Starting characteristics...............................................................................................................................................................................22
11 Stop time characteristics...........................................................................................................................................................................24
12 Parallel operation..............................................................................................................................................................................................24
12.1 Generating sets coupled with each other without grid...................................................................................... 24
12.1.1 Active power sharing................................................................................................................................................. 24
12.1.2 Reactive power sharing............................................................................................................................................ 27
12.2 Generating sets connected to the grid.............................................................................................................................. 29
12.2.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
12.2.2 Influence on operating behaviour................................................................................................................... 29
12.2.3 Design features................................................................................................................................................................ 29
13 Rating plates...........................................................................................................................................................................................................33
14 Additional factors influencing generating set performance.................................................................................34
14.1 Starting methods................................................................................................................................................................................. 34
14.2 Shutdown methods........................................................................................................................................................................... 35
14.3 Fuel and lubrication oil supply................................................................................................................................................ 35
14.4 Combustion air...................................................................................................................................................................................... 35
14.5 Exhaust system..................................................................................................................................................................................... 35
14.6 Cooling and room ventilation................................................................................................................................................... 35
14.7 Monitoring................................................................................................................................................................................................ 36
14.8 Noise emission...................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
14.9 Coupling...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
14.10 Vibration..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 37
14.10.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 37
14.10.2 Torsional vibration....................................................................................................................................................... 37
14.10.3 Linear vibration.............................................................................................................................................................. 37
14.11 Foundations............................................................................................................................................................................................. 37
15 Performance class operating limit values................................................................................................................................38
15.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
15.2 Recommendation for gas engine operating limit values.................................................................................. 38
Annex A (informative) Low voltage ride through capability.....................................................................................................41
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 42

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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www.iso.
org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 70, Internal combustion engines.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 8528‑5:2013), which has been technically
revised. The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— Clause 3 has been updated to take into account the minimum and maximum safety frequency;
— new Subclause 14.2 has been added;
— new Annex A has been created.
A list of all parts in ISO 8528 series can be found on the ISO website.

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 BS ISO 8528‑5:2018
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8528‑5:2018

Reciprocating internal combustion engine driven

alternating current generating sets —
Part 5:
Generating sets

1 Scope
This document specifies design and performance criteria arising out of the combination of a
reciprocating internal combustion (RIC) engine and an alternating current (a.c.) generator when
operating as a unit. This unit can run paralleling or not to the grid.
It applies to a.c. generating sets driven by RIC engines for land and marine use, excluding generating
sets used on aircraft or to propel land vehicles and locomotives.
For some specific applications (e.g. essential hospital supplies and high-rise buildings), supplementary
requirements can be necessary. The provisions of this document are a basis for establishing any
supplementary requirements.
For generating sets driven by other reciprocating-type prime movers (e.g. steam engines), the provisions
of this document can be used as a basis for establishing these requirements.

2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3046‑5, Reciprocating internal combustion engines — Performance — Part 5: Torsional vibrations
ISO 8528‑1:2018, Reciprocating internal combustion engine driven alternating current generating sets —
Part 1: Application, ratings and performance
ISO 8528‑3:2005, Reciprocating internal combustion engine driven alternating current generating sets —
Part 3: Alternating current generators for generating sets
IEC 60034‑1, Rotating electrical machines — Part 1: Rating and performance

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
frequency
f
reciprocal of the period
Note 1 to entry: The symbol f is mainly used when the period is a time.

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3.2
maximum transient frequency rise frequency
overshoot frequency
fd,max
maximum frequency which occurs on sudden change from a higher to a lower power
Note 1 to entry: The symbol is different from that given in ISO 3046‑4:2009.

3.3
maximum transient frequency drop frequency
undershoot frequency
fd,min
minimum frequency which occurs on sudden change from a lower to a higher power
Note 1 to entry: The symbol is different from that given in ISO 3046‑4:2009.

3.4
operating frequency of over frequency limiting device
fdoa
frequency at which, for a given setting frequency, the over frequency limiting device starts to operate
3.5
setting frequency of over frequency limiting device
fds
frequency of the generating set, the exceeding of which activates the over frequency limiting device
Note 1 to entry: In practice, instead of the value for the setting frequency, the value for the permissible over
frequency is stated (also see ISO 8528‑2:2005, Table 1).

3.6
no-load frequency
fi
frequency at which the generating set is operating without load
3.7
rated no-load frequency
f i,r
frequency at which the generating set is designed to operate without load
3.8
maximum permissible frequency
fmaxb
frequency specified by the generating set manufacturer which lays a safe amount below maximum
safety frequency
Note 1 to entry: See ISO 8528‑2:2005, Table 1.

3.9
declared frequency
rated frequency
fr
frequency at which the generating set is designed to operate
3.10
maximum no-load frequency
f i,max
maximum frequency at which the generating set is operating without load

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3.11
minimum no-load frequency
f i,min
minimum frequency at which the generating set is operating without load
3.12
frequency at actual power
farb
frequency at which the generating set is actually operating
3.13
maximum safety frequency
fmaxs
frequency which causes a stop of production
3.14
minimum safety frequency
fmins
frequency which causes a stop of production
3.15
envelope width oscillation of generating set
∧
f
∨
envelope width oscillation of generating set frequency at constant power around a mean value
3.16
steady short-circuit current
Ik
steady-state current in the armature winding when after short-circuited, the speed being maintained
at its nominal value
3.17
duration
t
range of a time interval
Note 1 to entry: The duration of a time interval is a non-negative quantity equal to the difference between the
dates of the final instant and the initial instant of the time interval, when the dates are quantitative marks.
Different time intervals may have the same duration, e.g. the period of a time-dependent periodic quantity is a
duration that is independent of the choice of the initial instant.

Note 2 to entry: The duration is one of the base quantities in the International System of Quantities (ISQ) on
which the International System of Units (SI) is based. The term “time” instead of “duration” is often used in this
context and also for an infinitesimal duration.

Note 3 to entry: The coherent SI unit of duration and time is second, s (see IEC 60050‑112). The units minute
(1 min = 60 s), hour (1 h = 60 min = 3 600 s), and day (1 d = 24 h = 86 400 s) are accepted for use with the SI.

Note 4 to entry: “Time” is used as a synonym for continuous time scales.

3.18
total stopping time
ta
time interval from the stop command until the generating set has come to a complete stop
Note 1 to entry: ta = t i + tc + td.

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3.19
load pick-up readiness time
tb
time interval from the start command until ready for supplying an agreed power, taking into account a
given frequency and voltage tolerance
Note 1 to entry: t b = tp + tg.

3.20
off-load run-on time
cooling run-on time
tc
time interval from the removal of the load until generating set off signal is given to the generating set
3.21
run-down time
td
time from the generating set off signal to when the time when generating set has come to a complete stop
3.22
load pick-up time
te
time interval from start command until the agreed load is connected
Note 1 to entry: te = tp + tg + ts.

3.23
frequency recovery time after load decrease
tf,de
time interval between the departure from the steady-state frequency band after a sudden specified
load decrease and the permanent re-entry of the frequency into the specified steady-state frequency
tolerance band
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 4.

3.24
frequency recovery time after load increase
tf,in
time interval between the departure from the steady-state frequency band after a sudden specified
load increase and the permanent re-entry of the frequency into the specified steady-state frequency
tolerance band
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 4.

3.25
total run-up time
tg
time interval from the beginning of cranking until ready for supplying an agreed power, taking into
account a given frequency and voltage tolerance
3.26
time of coupling to the grid
tcg
time interval between the starting order and the moment when the generating set is coupled to the grid
3.27
run-up time
th
time interval from the beginning of cranking until the declared speed is reached for the first time

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3.28
on-load run-on time
ti
time interval from a stop command being given until the load is disconnected (automatic sets)
3.29
start preparation time
tp
time interval from the start command until the beginning of cranking
3.30
load switching time
ts
time from readiness to take up an agreed load until this load is connected
3.31
interruption time
tu
time interval from the appearance of the criteria initiating a start until the agreed load is connected
Note 1 to entry: tu = tv + tp + tg + ts.

= tv + te.

Note 2 to entry: Recovery time (ISO 8528‑12) is a particular case of interruption time.

3.32
voltage recovery time after load decrease
tU,de
time interval from the point at which a load decrease is initiated until the point when the voltage
returns to and remains within the specified steady-state voltage tolerance band
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 5.

3.33
voltage recovery time after load increase
tu,in
time interval from the point at which a load increase is initiated until the point when the voltage returns
to and remains within the specified steady-state voltage tolerance band
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 5.

3.34
start delay time
tv
time interval from the appearance of the criteria initiating a start to the starting command (particularly
for automatically started generating units)
Note 1 to entry: This time does not depend on the applied generating set. The exact value of this time is the
responsibility of and is determined by the customer or by special requirements of legislative authorities. For
example, this time is provided to avoid starting in case of a very short mains failure.

3.35
cranking time
tz
time interval from the beginning of cranking until the firing speed of the engine is reached

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3.36
pre-lubricating time
t0
time required for some engines to ensure that oil pressure is established before the beginning of cranking
Note 1 to entry: This time is usually zero for small generating sets, which normally do not require pre-lubrication.

3.37
rate of change of frequency setting
vf
rate of change of frequency setting under remote control

( f i, max − f i, min )/ f r
Note 1 to entry: v f = × 100 .
t
Note 2 to entry: Expressed as a percentage of related range of frequency setting per second.

3.38
rate of change of voltage setting
vu
rate of change of voltage setting under remote control

(U s,up − U s,do )/ U r
Note 1 to entry: v U = × 100 .
t
Note 2 to entry: Expressed as a percentage of the related range of voltage setting per second.

3.39
downward adjustment of voltage
Us,do
lower limit of adjustment of voltage at the generator terminals at rated frequency, for all loads between
no-load and rated output and within the agreed range of power factor
3.40
upward adjustment of voltage
Us,up
upper limit of adjustment of voltage at the generator terminals at rated frequency, for all loads between
no-load and rated output and within the agreed range of power factor
3.41
rated voltage
Ur
line-to-line voltage at the terminals of the generator at rated frequency and at rated output
3.42
recovery voltage
Urec
maximum obtainable steady-state voltage for a specified load condition
Note 1 to entry: Recovery voltage is normally expressed as a percentage of the rated voltage.

Note 2 to entry: It normally lies within the steady-state voltage tolerance band (ΔU). For loads in excess of the
rated load, recovery voltage is limited by saturation and exciter/regulator field forcing capability.

Note 3 to entry: See Figure 5.

3.43
set voltage
Us
maximum obtainable steady-state voltage for a specified load condition or line-to-line voltage for
defined operation selected by adjustment

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3.44
maximum steady-state voltage
Ust,max
maximum voltage under steady-state conditions at rated frequency for all powers between no-load and
rated output and at specified power factor, taking into account the influence of temperature rise
3.45
minimum steady-state voltage
Ust,min
minimum voltage under steady-state conditions at rated frequency for all powers between no-load and
rated output and at specified power factor, taking into account the influence of temperature rise
3.46
no-load voltage
U0
line-to-line voltage at the terminals of the generator at rated frequency and no-load
3.47
maximum upward transient voltage on load decrease
Udyn,max
maximum voltage which occurs on a sudden change from a higher load to a lower load
3.48
minimum downward transient voltage on load increase
Udyn,min
minimum voltage which occurs on a sudden change from a lower load to a higher load
3.49
maximum value of set voltage
Ûmax, s
maximum obtainable voltage for a specified load condition or line-to-line voltage for defined operation
selected by adjustment
3.50
minimum value of set voltage
Ûmini, s
miminum obtainable voltage for a specified load condition or line-to-line voltage for defined operation
selected by adjustment
3.51
mean value of set voltage
Ûmean, s
mean obtainable voltage for a specified load condition or line-to-line voltage for defined operation
selected by adjustment
3.52
voltage modulation
Ûmod, s
quasi-periodic voltage variation (peak-to-peak) about a steady-state voltage having typical frequencies
below the fundamental generation frequency
Note 1 to entry: Expressed as a percentage of average peak voltage at rated frequency and constant speed.

∧ ∧
∧
U mod,s,max − U mod,s,min
Note 2 to entry: U mod,s = 2 × × 100 .
∧ ∧
U mod,s,max + U mod,s,min
Note 3 to entry: This is a cyclic or random disturbance which can be caused by regulators, cyclic irregularity or
intermittent loads. Flickering lights are a special case of voltage modulation (see Figures 8 and 9).

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3.53
maximum peak of voltage modulation
Ûmod, s, max
quasi-periodic maximum voltage variation (peak-to-peak) about a steady-state voltage
3.54
minimum peak of voltage modulation
Ûmod, s, min
quasi-periodic minimum voltage variation (peak-to-peak) about a steady-state voltage
3.55
width of voltage oscillation
∧
U
∨
envelope width oscillation of generating set voltage at constant power around a mean value
3.56
steady-state frequency tolerance band
Δf
agreed frequency band about the steady-state frequency which the frequency reaches within a given
governing period after increase or decrease of the load
3.57
negative deviation from a linear curve
Δfneg
negative deviation from a linear curve that occurs between no load and rated load
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.

3.58
positive deviation from a linear curve
Δf pos
positive deviation from a linear curve that occurs between no load and rated load
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.

3.59
maximum frequency deviation from a linear curve
Δfc
larger value of Δfneg and Δfpos that occurs between no load and rated load
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.

3.60
range of frequency setting
Δfs
range between the highest and lowest adjustable no-load frequencies
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.

Note 2 to entry: ∆f s = f i,max − f i,min .

3.61
downward range of frequency setting
Δfs,do
range between the declared no-load frequency and the lowest adjustable no-load
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.

Note 2 to entry: ∆f s,do = f i,r − f i,min .

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3.62
upward range of frequency setting
Δfs,up
range between the highest adjustable no-load frequency and the declared no-load frequency
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.

Note 2 to entry: ∆f s,up = f i,max − f i,r .

3.63
steady-state voltage tolerance band
ΔU
agreed voltage band about the steady-state voltage that the voltage reaches within a given regulating
period after a specified sudden increase or decrease of load

Ur
Note 1 to entry: ∆U = 2δ U st × .
100
3.64
range of voltage setting
ΔUs
range of maximum possible upward and downward adjustments of voltage at the generator terminals
at rated frequency, for all loads between no-load and rated output and within the agreed range of
power factor
Note 1 to entry: ΔUs = ΔUs,up + ΔUs,do.

3.65
downward range of voltage setting
ΔUs,do
range between the rated voltage and downward adjustment of voltage at the generator terminals
at rated frequency, for all loads between no-load and rated output and within the agreed range of
power factor
Note 1 to entry: ΔUs,do = ΔUr + ΔUs,do.

3.66
upward range of voltage setting
ΔUs,up
range between the rated voltage and upward adjustment of voltage at the generator terminals at rated
frequency, for all loads between no-load and rated output and within the agreed range of power factor
Note 1 to entry: ΔUs,up = ΔUs,up + ΔUr.

3.67
frequency/power characteristic deviation
Δδ fst
maximum deviation from a linear frequency/power characteristic curve in the power range between
no-load and declared power
Note 1 to entry: Expressed as a percentage of rated frequency.

Note 2 to entry: See Figure 2.

∆f c
Note 3 to entry: ∆δ f st = ×100 .
fr

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3.68
frequency/power characteristic curve
curve of steady-state frequencies in power range between no-load and declared power, plotted against
active power of generating set
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.

3.69
relative steady-state voltage tolerance band
αU
ratio of magnitude of voltage change to rated voltage

∆U
Note 1 to entry: α u = × 100 .
Ur
3.70
relative steady-state frequency tolerance band
αf
ratio of the magnitude of frequency change to rated frequency

∆f
Note 1 to entry: α f = × 100 .
fr
3.71
steady-state frequency band
βf
∧
envelope width oscillation f of generating set frequency at constant power around a mean value
∨
Note 1 to entry: Expressed as a percentage of rated frequency.

Note 2 to entry: See Figure 3.

∧
f
∨
Note 3 to entry: β f = × 100 .
fr
3.72
transient frequency deviation (from initial frequency) on load increase (−) related to
initial frequency
δ f d-
temporary frequency deviation between undershoot frequency and initial frequency during the
governing process following a sudden load increase, related to initial frequency
Note 1 to entry: A minus sign relates to an undershoot after a load increase, and a plus sign to an overshoot after
a load decrease.

f d,min − f arb
Note 2 to entry: δ f d- = ×100 .
f arb
3.73
transient frequency deviation (from initial frequency) on load decrease (+) related to
initial frequency
δ f d+
temporary frequency deviation between overshoot frequency and initial frequency during the
governing process following a sudden load decrease, related to initial frequency
Note 1 to entry: A minus sign relates to an undershoot after a load increase, and a plus sign to an overshoot after
a load decrease.

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f d,max − f arb
Note 2 to entry: δ f d+ = ×100 .
f arb
3.74
transient frequency deviation (from initial frequency) on load increase (−) related to
rated frequency
−
δ f dyn
temporary frequency deviation between undershoot (or overshoot) frequency and initial frequency
during the governing process following a sudden load change, related to rated frequency
Note 1 to entry: A minus sign relates to an undershoot after a load increase, and a plus sign to an overshoot after
a load decrease.

− f d,min − f arb
Note 2 to entry: δ f dyn = ×100 .
fr
3.75
transient frequency deviation (from initial frequency) on load decrease (+) related to
rated frequency
+
δ f dyn
temporary frequency deviation between overshoot frequency and initial frequency during the
governing process following a sudden load change, related to rated frequency
Note 1 to entry: A minus sign relates to an undershoot after a load increase, and a plus sign to an overshoot after
a load decrease.

+ f d,max − f arb
Note 2 to entry: δ f dyn = ×100 .
fr
3.76
transient voltage deviation on load increase
−
δ U dyn
voltage drop when the generator, driven at rated frequency and at rated voltage under normal excitation
control, is switched onto rated load
Note 1 to entry: A minus sign relates to an undershoot after a load increase, and a plus sign to an overshoot after
a load decrease.

−
U dyn,min − U r
Note 2 to entry: δ U dyn = ×100 .
Ur
3.77
related range of frequency setting
δ fs
range of frequency setting
Note 1 to entry: Expressed as a percentage of rated frequency.

f i,max − f i,min
Note 2 to entry: δ f s = ×100 .
fr
3.78
related downward range of frequency setting
δ fs,do
range of downward frequency setting
Note 1 to entry: Expressed as a percentage of the rated frequency.

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f i,r − f i,min
Note 2 to entry: δ f s,do = ×100 .
fr
3.79
related upward range of frequency setting
δ fs,up
range of upward frequency setting
Note 1 to entry: Expressed as a percentage of the rated frequency.

f i,max − f i,r
Note 2 to entry: δ f s,up = ×100 .
fr
3.80
frequency droop
δ fst
frequency difference between rated no-load frequency and the rated frequency fr at declared power
expressed as a percentage of rated frequency at fixed frequency setting
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.

f i,r − f r
Note 2 to entry: δ f st = ×100 .
fr
3.81
range of frequency of use paralleling to grid
δ fr
acceptable extent of operation frequency imposed by coupling to a grid
3.82
cyclic irregularity
δs
periodic fluctuation of speed caused by irregularity of the prime mover torque
3.83
overfrequency setting ratio
δ f lim
difference between the setting frequency of the overfrequency limiting device and the rated frequency
divided by the rated frequency, expressed as a percentage

f − fr
Note 1 to entry: δ f lim = ds × 100 .
fr
3.84
steady-state voltage deviation
δ Ust
maximum deviation from the set voltage under steady-state conditions at rated frequency for all powers
between no-load and rated output and at specified power factor, taking into account the influence of
temperature rise
Note 1 to entry: The steady-state voltage deviation is expressed as a percentage of the rated voltage.

U st,max − U st,min
Note 2 to entry: δ U st = ± × 100 .
2U r
3.85
related range of voltage setting
δ Us
range of voltage setting
Note 1 to entry: Expressed as a percentage of the rated voltage.

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∆U s,up + ∆U s,do
Note 2 to entry: δ U s = × 100 .
Ur
3.86
related downward range of voltage setting
δ Us,do
downward range of voltage setting
Note 1 to entry: Expressed as a percentage of the rated voltage.

U r − U s,do
Note 2 to entry: δ U s,do = ×100 .
Ur
3.87
related upward range of voltage setting
δ Us,up
upward range of voltage setting
Note 1 to entry: Expressed as a percentage of the rated voltage.

U s,up − U r
Note 2 to entry: δ U s,up = ×100 .
Ur
3.88
voltage unbalance
δ U2,0
ratio of the negative-sequence or the zero-sequence voltage components to the positive-sequence
voltage components at no-load
Note 1 to entry: Voltage unbalance is expressed as a percentage of rated voltage.

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Key
P power
f frequency
Pr rated power
1 frequency/power characteristic curve
2 power limit (the power limit of the generating set depends upon the power limit of the RIC engine (e.g. fuel stop
power) taking into account the efficiency of the a.c. generator)
a Upward frequency setting range.
b Downward frequency setting range.
c Range of frequency setting.

Figure 1 — Frequency/power characteristic, range of frequency setting

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Key
P power
f frequency
1 linear frequency/power characteristic curve
2 frequency/power characteristic curve
3 Δfpos
4 Δfneg
a Frequency/power characteristic deviation.

Figure 2 — Frequency/power characteristic, deviation from the linear curve

Key
t time
f frequency

Figure 3 — Steady-state frequency band

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Key
t time
f frequency
1 power increase
2 power decrease

Figure 4 — Dynamic frequency behaviour

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Key
t time
U voltage
1 power increase
2 power decrease

Figure 5 — Transient voltage characteristics without quadrature-current compensation

voltage droop

4 Other regulations and additional requirements

For a.c. generating sets used on board ships and offshore installations which have to comply with rules
of a classification society, the additional requirements of the classification society shall be observed.
The classification society shall be identified by the customer prior to placing of the order.
For a.c. generating sets operating in non-classified equipment, any additional requirements are subject
to agreement between the manufacturer and customer.
Any additional requirements shall be subject to agreement between the manufacturer and customer.

5 Frequency characteristics

5.1 General
The generating set steady-state frequency characteristics depend mainly on the performance of the
engine speed governor.
The dynamic frequency characteristics, i.e. the response to load changes, depend on the combined
behaviour of all the system components (e.g. the engine torque characteristics, including type of
turbocharging system, the characteristics of the load, the inertia's and the damping (see Table 1) and
thus on the individual design of all the relevant components. The dynamic frequency behaviour of the
generating set can be related directly to the generator speed.

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5.2 Safety frequency

The threshold of the maximum and minimum safety frequency shall be different according to the
operating mode of the generating set: islanded or coupled to the grid. These values shall be higher or
lower than the range of frequency of each operating mode.

6 Voltage characteristics
The generating set voltage characteristics are determined mainly by the inherent design of the a.c.
generator and the performance of the automatic voltage regulator. Both the steady-state and the
transient frequency characteristics can also influence the generator voltage (see Figure 5).

7 Sustained short-circuit current

The sustained short-circuit current, Ik , which can be important to current-operated protective devices,
may be lower in service than the “ideal” value specified by the generator manufacturer for a fault at the
generator terminals. The actual value is influenced by the circuit impedance between the generator and
the location of the fault (also see ISO 8528‑3:2005, 10.3).

8 Factors affecting generating set performance

8.1 General
The frequency and voltage performance of a generating set depends on the characteristics of
components and parts of the generating set.

8.2 Power
Among other factors with respect to the power, the following are particularly relevant and shall be
considered when “sizing” the generating set and switchgear:
a) application;
b) power requirements of the connected load;
c) load power factor;
d) starting characteristics of any connected electrical motors;
e) diversity factor of the connected load;
f) intermittent loads;
g) effect of nonlinear loads;
h) characteristics of the grid to which the generating set can be coupled.
Consideration shall be given to the profile of the connected load in “sizing” the RIC engine and generator,
as well as the switchgear.

8.3 Frequency and voltage

The effect on the transient frequency and voltage characteristics of the generating set to a sudden load
change depends on such influences as the following:
a) the turbo-charging system of the RIC engine;
b) brake mean effective pressure, pme, of the RIC engine at declared power;

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c) speed governor behaviour;

d) a.c. generator design;
e) a.c. generator excitation system characteristics;
f) voltage regulator behaviour;
g) rotational inertia of the whole generating set. In order to establish the frequency and voltage
characteristics of the generating set due to load changes, it is necessary to determine maximum
switched-on or switched-off loads given by the connected load equipment;
h) characteristics of the grid to which the generating set can be coupled.

8.4 Load acceptance

Since it is practically impossible to quantify all influences on the generating set response to dynamic
loading, reference values for load application are given based on the permissible drop in frequency. A
higher brake mean effective pressure, pme, usually makes loading in several steps necessary. Figures 6
and 7 show reference values for suddenly applied load steps depending on pme at declared power for
RIC engines.
The response behaviour of spark ignition engines is quite different to the response behaviour of diesel
engines because of completely different combustion phenomena. The procedure of dynamic loading
shall be decided by mutual agreement between the customer and the manufacturer.
The time intervals between the application of consecutive load steps depend on:
a) the swept volume of the RIC engine;
b) the RIC engine brake mean effective pressure;
c) the RIC engine turbo-charging system installed;
d) the type of RIC engine governor installed;
e) the installed voltage regulator characteristics; and
f) the rotational inertia of the complete generating set/RIC engine combination.
If necessary, these time intervals shall be agreed between the generating set manufacturer and
the customer.
Criteria for establishing the required minimum rotational inertia are:
g) the permitted drop in frequency;
h) the cyclic irregularity; and
i) if appropriate, the behaviour in case of parallel operation.

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Key
bmep brake mean effective pressure of declared power in bar
P power increase referred to declared power at site conditions
1 first power stage
2 second power stage
3 third power stage
4 fourth power stage
5 fifth power stage
6 sixth power stage

Figure 6 — Reference values for maximum possible sudden power increases as a function of
brake mean effective pressure, bmep, at declared power (four-stroke engines)

For decision-making purposes, the actual power acceptance behaviour of the engine to be used should
be considered (see ISO 3046‑4).

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Key
bmep brake mean effective pressure of declared power in bar
P power increase referred to declared power at site conditions
1 first power stage
2 second power stage
3 third power stage

Figure 7 — Reference values for maximum possible sudden power increases as a function of
brake mean effective pressure, bmep, at declared power (two-stroke high-speed engines)

For decision-making purposes, the actual power acceptance behaviour of the engine to be used should
be considered (see ISO 3046‑4)

9 Cyclic irregularity
The cyclic irregularity, δs, is the periodic fluctuation of speed caused by the rotational irregularity of
the prime mover. It is the ratio of the difference between the maximum and minimum angular velocity
to the mean angular velocity at the generator shaft at any constant load. In the case of single operation,
the cyclic irregularity takes effect in a corresponding modulation in generator voltage and is therefore
determined by measuring the variation in generated voltage and is given by Formula (1):
∧ ∧
U max,s − U min,s
δs = (1)
∧
U mean,s
Special consideration shall be given for generating sets working in parallel with low-speed (100 min−1 to
180 min−1) compression ignition (diesel) engine sets in order to avoid resonance between engine torque
irregularity and electromechanical frequency oscillation of the set (see ISO 8528‑3:2005, Clause 11).
NOTE It is possible to alter the cyclic irregularity of rotational speed at the generator relative to the
measured value of the cyclic irregularity at the internal combustion engine by installing a resilient coupling
between the internal combustion engine and the generator and/or by modifying the mass moment of inertia.

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Key
t time
U voltage

Figure 8 — Sinusoidal voltage modulation of an amplitude a10 and a regular frequency of 10 Hz

Key
f frequency
gf frequency weighting factor corresponding to af

Figure 9 — Curve giving equivalent perceptibility due to change in brightness

10 Starting characteristics
The starting characteristics depend on several factors, for example:
a) ambient air temperature;

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b) temperature of the RIC engine;

c) starting air pressure;
d) starter battery condition;
e) oil viscosity;
f) total inertia of the generating set;
g) fuel quality; and
h) state of the starting equipment.
They are subject to agreement between the customer and the generating set manufacturer
(see Figure 10).

Key
t time
f frequency
U voltage
1 starting pulse
2 firing speed
3 voltage curve
4 frequency curve

Figure 10 — Starting characteristics

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11 Stop time characteristics

Key
t time
f frequency
U voltage
1 stop command
2 power removed
3 fuel stop signal

Figure 11 — Stopping characteristics

12 Parallel operation

12.1 Generating sets coupled with each other without grid

12.1.1 Active power sharing

12.1.1.1 Factors influencing active power sharing

Active power sharing (see Figure 12) can be influenced by any one or more of the following:
a) the speed governor droop characteristic;
b) the dynamic behaviour of the RIC engine and its speed governor;
c) the dynamic behaviour of the coupling;
d) the dynamic behaviour of the a.c. generator taking into account the characteristics of the network
or the consumer's equipment;
e) the automatic voltage regulator characteristics.

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Key
P power
f frequency
1 tolerance band

Figure 12 — Example of power sharing in parallel running operation when power limit
is 100 % load

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Key
P power
f frequency
1 tolerance band

Figure 13 — Example of Power sharing in parallel running operation when power limit is
not 100 % load

12.1.1.2 Calculation method

The difference, ΔPi, expressed as the percentage between the proportion of power supplied by an
individual generating set and the proportion of the total power supplied by all generating sets at ideal
frequency characteristic, is given by Formula (2):

 n 

P
∑ Pj 
j =1
∆Pi =  i −  × 100 (2)
n
 Pr,i 
 ∑ Pr,j 
 j =1 
where
n is the number of parallel-operating generating sets;
i is the index for identifying the individual generating set which is considered within the group of all
parallel-operating generating sets;
Pi is the partial active power of the individual generating set considered;
Pr,i is the rated active power of the individual generating set considered;
ΣPj is the sum of the partial active power of all parallel-operating generating sets;
ΣPr, j is the sum of the rated active power of all parallel-operating generating sets.

If optimum active power sharing is achieved at the total rated active power, then the maximum deviation
in active power sharing for a particular generating set, in the active power range from 20 % to 100 % of
its rated active power, occurs when the engine speed governor settings remain unchanged. If automatic
active power sharing systems are employed, active power deviation can be reduced, compared with the

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values obtained through the engine speed governor characteristics alone. In order to avoid a motoring
operation in the event of power deviations between generating sets operating in parallel, appropriate
precautions, for example reverse power relays, are required.

12.1.1.3 Examples of active power sharing

The examples shown in Table 1 are given assuming a value of cos φ = 0,8.

Table 1 — Examples of active power sharing

Related n Partial n
Pi
∑ Pj
Example Genset
power
Pr,i
∑ Pr,j power
Pi
∑ Pj Pi ,p =
Pr,i
Ps,p =
j =1
n
ΔPi
j =1 j =1
∑ Pr,j
j =1

kW kW kW kW % % %
1 400 275 68,7 −6,3
1 2 400 1 200 300 900 75 75 0
3 400 325 81,3 +6,3
1 400 335 83,7 +8,7
2 2 300 900 210 675 70 75 −5
3 200 130 65 −10
NOTE   Power deviation resulting from constant hunting is included in the tolerances for active power sharing. In the event
of sudden load changes, the values for constant deviation and hunting in active power sharing can be temporarily exceeded.

12.1.2 Reactive power sharing

12.1.2.1 Factors influencing reactive power sharing

Reactive power sharing can be influenced by any one or more of the following:
a) the grade of the quadrature-current compensation voltage droop (δQCC);
b) whether stabilization by equalizer links is present;
c) the automatic reactive power sharing control characteristic;
d) the automatic voltage regulator characteristic.

12.1.2.2 Calculation method

The difference, ΔQi, expressed as the percentage between the proportion of reactive power supplied
by an individual generating set and the proportion of the total reactive power supplied by all the
generating sets at ideal voltage droop characteristic, is given by Formula (3):

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 n 

Q
∑ Qj 

j =1
∆Q i =  i −  × 100 (3)
n
 Q r,j 
 ∑ Q r,j 
 j =1 
where
n is the number of parallel-operating generating sets;
i is the index for identifying the individual generating set which is considered within the group of all
parallel-operating generating sets;
Qi is the partial reactive power of the individual generating sets considered;
Qr,i is the rated reactive power of the individual generating set considered;
ΣQj is the sum of the partial reactive power of all parallel-operating generating sets;
ΣQr, j is the sum of the rated reactive power of all parallel-operating generating sets.

If optimum reactive power sharing is achieved at the total rated reactive power, then the maximum
deviation in reactive power sharing for a particular generating set, in the reactive power range from
20 % to 100 % of its rated reactive power, occurs when the voltage control reference value settings
remain unchanged. Exact reactive power sharing is made possible, for example, by:
a) the grade of the quadrature-current compensation voltage droop;
b) whether stabilization equalizer links are present; and
c) the automatic reactive power sharing control characteristic.

12.1.2.2.1 Examples of reactive power sharing

The examples shown in Table 2 are given assuming a value of cos φ = 0,8.

Table 2 — Examples of reactive power sharing

n
Rated n
Partial n
Qi
∑Q j
reactive reactive
Example Genset power ∑ Q r,j power ∑Q j Q r,i
× 100
j =1
n
× 100 ΔQi
Qr,i j =1 Qi j =1
∑ Q r, j
j =1

kvar kvar kvar kvar % % %

1 300 206 68,7 −6,3
1 2 300 900 225 675 75 75 0
3 300 244 81,3 +6,3
1 300 251 83,7 +8,7
2 2 225 675 158 507 70,2 75 −4,8
3 150 98 65,3 −9,7
NOTE   In the event of sudden power changes, the permissible values for constant deviation and hunting in reactive power
sharing can be temporarily exceeded.

12.1.2.2.2 Influence on parallel-operating behaviour

The following can have influence on parallel-running behaviour:

a) the speed governor droop characteristic;

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b) the dynamic behaviour of the RIC engine and its speed governor;
c) the dynamic behaviour of the coupling;
d) the dynamic behaviour of the a.c. generator, taking into account the relevant reaction of the
connected mains or the other parallel-operating generators;
e) the automatic voltage regulator characteristic;
f) the grade of quadrature-current compensation voltage droop (δQCC) of the Automatic Voltage
Regulator (AVR);
g) the setting of the no-load voltage of each of the automatic voltage regulators.

12.2 Generating sets connected to the grid

12.2.1 General

When generating sets are connected to the grid, it is necessary to provide protection facilities with grid
connected operation.
This clause describes the guidance for power plants with such facilities.

12.2.2 Influence on operating behaviour

The following can have influence behaviour of generating set when coupled to a grid:
a) the speed governor droop characteristic which can be null in case of isochronous regulation;
b) the dynamic behaviour of the RIC engine and its speed governor;
c) the dynamic behaviour of the coupling;
d) the dynamic behaviour of the a.c. generator, taking into account the relevant reaction of the
connected mains or the other parallel-operating generators;
e) the automatic voltage regulator characteristic and the chosen regulation mode;
f) the grade of quadrature-current compensation voltage droop (δQCC) of the Automatic
Voltage Regulator (AVR) if the regulation mode voltage is selected and the voltage setpoint is
constantly controlled.

12.2.3 Design features

12.2.3.1 General

— Coupling voltage range;

— Coupling frequency range;
— Angular range for coupling.
The coupling to the grid shall be made with an angular variation as weak as possible to avoid any
disturbance to the grid.

12.2.3.2 Reactive power capacity

Any power plant with voltage control and connected to a public grid shall be able to provide or absorb
reactive power. When voltage at connection point to the grid deviated from the rated voltage the power
plant shall be able to modulate its production or its absorption of reactive power.

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The design features of the power plant for the production or the absorption of reactive power is defined
according to to the operating range of power factor (PF) (i.e., the a.c. generator’s capability of reactive
power P/Q diagram) and/or U/Q diagram. The zone of operation represented by diagram U/Q shall
take into account the maximum statoric current, the maximum excitation current, maximum statoric
voltage and of the limit of voltage stability of the considered unit or power plant.
The running minimal field shall be agreed with the client according to the local conditions of connection
to the grid.

Figure 14 — Example of U/Q diagram

This diagram represents reactive power capacity of generating unit against ratio voltage/rated voltage.
Whatever the output active power, the generating is able to provide or absorb reactive power in the
field defined by the U/Q diagram. At the rated power, the generating set is able to:
— at point a and d, absorb reactive power; and
— at point d and c, provide reactive power.
The shape of U/Q diagram depends on the characteristics of the considered generating set.

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Key
P active power 7 stability limit for Ur = 0,9 Un
Q reactive power 8 AVR reactive power limit
1 stator temperature limit 9 AVR safe operating area
2 active power limit of prime mover 10 rated operation set point at cos phi 0,8
3 cos φ = 0,8 PQ diagram for U = 0,9 Ur
4 rotor temperature limit PQ diagram for U = Ur
5 stability limit for Ur = 1,1 Un PQ diagram for U = 1,1 Ur
6 stability limit for Ur = Un

Figure 15 — Example of PQ diagram

12.2.3.3 Fault voltage ride through

This design feature can be required for coupling to the grid. Voltage against time profile describes the
voltages lower limits during a three phases fault as from the initial moment (to); Values of each point
of voltage against time profile at terminals of the generating set are communicated by the client to
the manufacturer. The generation set maintained coupled to the grid during voltage dip. Fault voltage
ride through capacity can demonstrated by measurement or using simulation tools base on the use of
validated models or by tests. Simulation or tests shall make it possible to demonstrate:
— the stability of operation during voltage dip and the holding of the coupling to the grid;
— the active and reactive power after fault;
— the reactive power during the fault;
— the holding of auxiliaries necessary to the correct performance of the generating set during the fault;
— that the simulation, or the tests results, of facing to fault ride through are published in the way of
curves recorded for the following electrical items:
— active power;
— reactive power;
— output voltage of the generating set;

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— internal angle of the alternator (in case of calculation).

Figure 16 — Example of Voltage against time profile

Generating unit can stay connected with the grid according to local grid codes or system requirements.
If no requirements are defined and communicated between client and manufacturer and that fault ride
through capability is requested then proposal values should be taken from Annex A (informative).

12.2.3.4 Voltage response according to under frequency

According to local conditions of connection to the grid, the generating sets coupled to a grid can be hold
coupled to the grid during the exceptional rate of frequency although the frequency beyond higher or
lower range relative of adjustment of the frequency (δ fs,do. δ fs,up). The power during the exceptional
rate of frequency is able to vary, for example, according to the figure below.

Figure 17 — Example of power reduction according to the frequency

Key
1 fdb

fdb point is decided in agreement with the client. The duration of operation at a frequency different of
rated frequency shall be agreed by the client.

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13 Rating plates
Generating sets shall bear the following rating plates:
a) generating set rating plate. This shall give at least the following information:
1) the words “Generating set ISO 8528”;
2) the manufacturer’s name or mark;
3) the set serial number;
4) the set year of manufacture. However, by agreement between purchaser and manufacturer, for
low power generating sets, when the set year of manufacture can be known by the set serial
number, it may be omitted;
5) the rated power (kW) with one of the prefixes COP, PRP, LTP, ESP, MAX and DCP in accordance
with the requirements of ISO 8528‑1:2018, Clause 13;
6) the set performance class in accordance with the requirements of ISO 8528‑1:2018, Clause 7
can be omitted by agreement between purchaser and manufacturer;
7) the rated power factor;
8) the set rated frequency (Hz);
9) the set rated voltage (V);
10) the set rated current (A);
11) the mass (kg);
b) rating plate for the RIC engine;
c) rating plate for generators, in accordance with IEC 60034‑1 and ISO 8528‑3:2005, Clause 14;
d) rating plate for switchgear, where the switchgear is an integral part of the generating set.
NOTE 1 Figure 21 shows an example of a rating plate for a generating set.

NOTE 2 With units rated at less than 10 kW, the information can be combined on a single rating plate.

NOTE 3 Information related to the maximum side altitude above sea level (m) and the maximum site ambient
temperature (°C) are not relevant for the rating plate but can be made available in a technical documentation.

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Figure 18 — Example of an RIC engine driven generating set rating plate

Figure 19 — Space for indicating the power output category (see ISO 8528‑1) selected
from Table 3

Table 3 — Power output category

COP Continuous operating power
PRP Prime power
LTP Limited time running power
ESP Emergency standby power
MAX Maximum power for low-power generating sets
DCP Data center power

14 Additional factors influencing generating set performance

14.1 Starting methods

Depending on the size, design and application of the generating set, different starting methods,
according to energy source, are used. For example:
a) mechanical (e.g. crank);

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b) electrical (e.g. electric starting motor); and

c) pneumatic (e.g. compressed air introduced to the RIC engine cylinders or pneumatic starting motor).

14.2 Shutdown methods

Depending on design and application, different shutdown methods, according to the type of shutdown
signal, are used. For example:
a) mechanical;
b) electrical;
c) pneumatic; and
d) hydraulic.

14.3 Fuel and lubrication oil supply

The fuel and lubrication oil supplies shall be designed so that the generating set is able to operate
satisfactorily under all operating conditions. Furthermore, safety requirements (e.g. for fire and
explosion protection) shall be taken into account.

14.4 Combustion air

The quality of air required for combustion shall be taken into account to determine the degree of
filtration required.

14.5 Exhaust system

The exhaust system shall be designed in accordance with the permitted exhaust gas back pressure
(stated by the engine manufacturer) and the required noise attenuation. The following criteria can be
important in designing the system:
a) structure-borne sound insulation is installed/required;
b) heat insulation and cladding (radiation, penetrations through walls, protection against contact) is
installed/required;
c) piping expansion compensation is installed/required;
d) drainage;
e) prevention of water ingress;
f) protection against exhaust gas explosion;
g) configuration of the exhaust outlet (e.g. direction of wind, protection against birds);
h) support;
i) gaseous emissions;
j) exhaust after treatment is installed/required;
k) spark arrestor is installed/required.

14.6 Cooling and room ventilation

The RIC engine cooling system type, the generator and the switchgear as well as ventilation and air
extraction are of particular importance for stationary power plants when designing the site building.

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In order to design the site building correctly, the required technical data shall be obtained from the
generating set manufacturer.

14.7 Monitoring
The extent of monitoring of a power plant depends, for example, on:
a) the intended application;
b) the mode of operation;
c) the size and type of the generating set;
d) requirements of the consumer’s equipment;
e) the manufacturer’s requirements; and
f) the customer’s requirements.
In observing the above criteria, the monitoring equipment shall be chosen to ensure readiness for use
and operation.

14.8 Noise emission

If the fixed installation generating set noise emission is to be limited to certain values, then a special
agreement shall be made between the manufacturer and the customer at the project stage.
If sound level measurements are agreed for mobile generating sets, then measurements shall be
carried out at the manufacturer’s works using near field (e.g. 1 m distance) measurements or far field
(e.g. 7 m distance).
NOTE 1 An enveloping surface method is given in ISO 8528‑10.

NOTE 2 In practice, the expensive measurements according to the long-range field measurements give no
appreciable difference from those of short-range measurements.

As with fixed equipment, treatment for noise attenuation is usually taken on site, and the sound level
measurements at the manufacturer’s works can only be carried out without this noise attenuation. If
noise attenuation of the generating set is required, the measurement is likely to be carried out as for
mobile generating sets.

14.9 Coupling
The generating set/RIC engine coupling selection shall take into account the stresses imposed on it by
the torsional vibration of the system which is influenced, for example, by:
a) up to RIC engine fuel stop power;
b) the inertia of the RIC engine and generator;
c) the short-circuit torque;
d) misalignment; and
e) RIC engine misfiring.
The greatest short-circuit torque occurs as a result of a two-phase line-to-line short circuit at the
generator terminals.
The generating set manufacturer is responsible for component compatibility.

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14.10 Vibration

14.10.1 General

The generating set manufacturer shall demonstrate that, for the vibrating system (engine/coupling/
generator/baseframe) of the generating set, the vibration characteristic in its normal operating range
lies safely outside the range of critical values.
The vibrations caused by other parts of the power station (e.g. exhaust gas system, foundations) shall
also be taken into account.

14.10.2 Torsional vibration

The provisions of ISO 3046‑5 shall be used to perform the torsional vibration analysis of the
generating set.

14.10.3 Linear vibration

14.10.3.1 Dynamic bending deformation

Dynamic bending deformation in the rotating system consisting of the engine/coupling/generator

combination can occur due to the effects of combustion and inertial forces in the engine and the
magnetic forces in the generator. Dynamic bending deformation shall be taken into account in the
design of individual components and of the baseframe.

14.10.3.2 Structural vibrations

14.10.3.2.1 General

Apart from the torsional and linear vibrations, there exist vibrations of the generating set caused by
the reciprocating forces and torques present in the RIC engine. The manufacturer of the generating set
shall be responsible for the compatibility of the components relative to each other, so that the maximum
permitted vibration velocity for individual components is not exceeded.

14.10.3.2.2 Measurement location and measurement conditions

Measurements shall be carried out in the horizontal and/or vertical direction at the generating set
bearings. When a bearing is not accessible, or for single-bearing a.c. generators, the measurement shall
be carried out on the bearing casing. The measurement of the vibration velocity shall preferably be
carried out with the generating set installed on the manufacturer’s test-bed and running at its rated
output and, if possible, under simulated site installation conditions. Where the rated output cannot be
applied for this test, then the highest possible output shall be applied.
NOTE Vibrations measurement’s and evaluation method is given in ISO 8528‑9.

14.11 Foundations
In order to be able to establish the dimensions of the generating set baseplate foundations or any
supporting surfaces, data on static and dynamic loads to be expected shall be obtained from the
generating set manufacturer.
To reduce the effect of free inertia forces on the environment, a suitable resilient mounting can
be necessary.
Any openings required for cables, pipelines, etc., at the site shall be taken into account.
If a resilient mounting is provided, then flexible connections shall be provided for cables and pipes.

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BS ISO 8528‑5:2018
ISO 8528‑5:2018


15 Performance class operating limit values

15.1 General
The operating limit values Iisted in Table 4 shall be satisfied in order to determine the major
characteristics of significance for the voltage and frequency behaviour of a generating set as given
in ISO 8528‑1.
The numerical values for the individual performance classes shall be selected so that they are matched
for the compatibility of their individual component parts.
The appropriate performance class for a generating set shall be selected when all the limit values for
this performance class have been fulfilled.
It is recommended that customers select the minimum performance class that fulfils their requirements.

15.2 Recommendation for gas engine operating limit values

The performance of gas engine generating sets should be specified by AMC (agreement between
manufacturer and customer). This agreement should consider the impact of the fuel gas methane
number and lower heating value on transient performance. It should also consider the impact of
ambient conditions.

Table 4 — Performance class operating limit values

Operating limit values
Parameter Symbol Unit Performance class
G1 G2 G3 G4
Frequency droop δ fst % ≤−8 ≤−5 ≤−3r AMCa
Steady-state frequency band βf % ≤±2,5 ≤±1,5b ≤±0,5 AMC
Related range of downward frequency
δ fs,do % >(2,5 + δ fst) AMC
setting
Related range of upward frequency
δ fs,up % >+2,5c AMC
setting
Rate of change of frequency setting vf %/s 0,2 to 1 AMC
Transient 100 % sudden power
≤+18 ≤+12 ≤+10
frequency decreasep
difference from δ fd % AMC
initial frequen‑ sudden power
≤−(15 + δ fst) d ≤−(10 + δ fst) d ≤−(7 + δ fst) d
cy increased,e,q

Transient fre‑ 100 % sudden power

≤+18 ≤+12 ≤+10
quency devia‑ decreasep
δ fdyn % AMC
tion from rated sudden power in‑ ≤−15d ≤−10d ≤−7d
frequency creased,e,q ≤−25e ≤−20e ≤−15e
tf,in ≤+10f ≤+5f ≤+3f
Frequency recovery time s AMC
tf,de ≤+10d ≤+5d ≤+3d
Related frequency tolerance band αf % 3,5 2 2 AMC
≤+5 ≤+2,5
Steady-state voltage deviation δ Ust % ≤+1 AMC
≤+10g ≤+10 h
Voltage unbalance δ U2,0 % 1i 1i 1i 1i
Related range of voltage setting δ Us % ≤±5 AMC
Rate of change of voltage setting vU % s−1 0,2 to 1 AMC

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ISO 8528‑5:2018


Operating limit values

Parameter Symbol Unit Performance class
G1 G2 G3 G4
100 % sudden power +
δ U dyn ≤+35 ≤+25 ≤+20
Transient voltage decrease
% AMC
deviation sudden power in‑ −
δ U dyn ≤−25d ≤−20d ≤−15d
creased,e
tU,in ≤+10 ≤+6 ≤+4
Voltage recovery timej (see Figure 5) s AMC
tU,de ≤+10 d ≤+6d ≤+4d
∧
Voltage modulationk,l (see Figure 8) % AMC 0,3m,n 0,3n AMC
U mod,s
between 80 % and
100 % of the nominal % — ≤+5 ≤+5 AMC
Active power rating
ΔP
sharing o between 20 % and
80 % of the nominal ≤+10 ≤+10 AMC
rating
between 20 % and
Reactive power
100 % of the nominal ΔQ % — ≤+10 ≤+10 AMC
sharing
rating
a   AMC = by agreement between manufacturer and customer.
b   In the case of generating sets with single- or two-cylinder engines, the value can be up to 2,5.
c   To the extent that parallel operation is not necessary, fixed setting of the speed or voltage is permissible.
d   For generating sets with turbo-charged engines, these data apply with use of the maximum possible power
increase according to Figures 6 and 7.
e   For spark-ignition gas engines.
f   The stated values are typical only when removing 100 % load; break torque is only provided by mechanical
losses of the generating set so the recovery time will depend only on the total inertia and mechanical efficiency
of the generating set, which can vary widely due to the application and/or type of engine.
g   For small units up to 10 kV⋅A.
h   Minimum requirements for generating sets with synchronous generators in parallel operation, when the
reactive current characteristics shall be taken into consideration; the frequency swing range shall be less than
or equal to 0,5 %.
i   In the case of parallel operation, reduce these values to 0,5.
j   Unless otherwise stated, the tolerance band used to calculate voltage recovery time is equal to:

Ur
     2× δ U st ×
100
k   Operating limit values not included in steady-state limits.
l   If it appears that torsional vibration of the generator, forced by the engine, will cause voltage modulation
to exceed the limits, the generator manufacturer shall collaborate as necessary to reduce the vibration, or to
provide special excitation control.
m   For generating sets with single- or two-cylinder engines, the value can be ±2.

© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved  39

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ISO 8528‑5:2018


Operating limit values

Parameter Symbol Unit Performance class
G1 G2 G3 G4
n   Highest perceptibility of eyes in case of light flickering due to changes in brightness gives a 10 Hz voltage
∧
fluctuation with a threshold for irritability of U mod10 <0,3 %.
∧
The given operating limit values for U mod10 relate to a sinusoidal voltage fluctuation at 10 Hz. For voltage
fluctuations at frequencies f having amplitudes af, the equivalent 10 Hz amplitude is:
    a10 = g f a f
    where gf is the weighting factor for frequency corresponding to af according to Figure 8.
Taking into consideration all harmonics of a voltage fluctuation, there is an amplitude corresponding to an
equivalent 10 Hz voltage modulation of:
∧ n
     U mod10 = ∑ g f,2i a f,2i
i =1
o   When using the tolerances, the amount of the effective nominal load or nominal reactive load of the paral‑
lel-operating sets decreases by the tolerance value.
p   The operating limit values are valid only for farb = f i in the case of decreasing load.
q   The operating limit values are valid only for farb = fr in the case of increasing load.
r   For some applications, the frequency droop is 0 % (isochronous).

40  © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

 BS ISO 8528‑5:2018
ISO 8528‑5:2018


Annex A
(informative)

Low voltage ride through capability

Table A.1 — Example of parameter values for LVRT capability of generating sets with an
interface to the grid
Parameters Residual voltage in per unit Ride through time in seconds
U1, t1 0,30 ~ 0,70 0,0 ~ 0,15
U2 , t 2 0,70 ~ 0,85 0,0 ~ 0,70
U3 , t 3 0,70 ~ 0,85 0,0 ~ 1,50
U3, t4 0,70 ~ 0,85 0,0 ~ 0,70
U4, t5 0,9 0,0 ~ 180,0

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BS ISO 8528‑5:2018
ISO 8528‑5:2018


Bibliography

[1] ISO 3046‑4:2009, Reciprocating internal combustion engines — Performance — Part 4:

Speed governing
[2] ISO 8528‑2:2005, Reciprocating internal combustion engine driven alternating current generating
sets — Part 2: Engines
[3] ISO 8528‑9, Reciprocating internal combustion engine driven alternating current generating sets —
Part 9: Measurement and evaluation of mechanical vibrations
[4] ISO 8528‑10, Reciprocating internal combustion engine driven alternating current generating
sets — Part 10: Measurement of airborne noise by the enveloping surface method
[5] ISO 8528‑12, Reciprocating internal combustion engine driven alternating current generating
sets — Part 12: Emergency power supply to safety services

42  © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

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